Developmental Model Powerpoint

7/30/2019 Developmental Model Powerpoint

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DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL

OF INTERCULTURALSENSITIVITY


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ASSUMPTIONS OF THE MODEL

Grounded theory

Majority/dominant color model-process

for non-dominant members slightly

different.

Developmental model--linear


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ETHNOCENTRISM

Ethnocentrism assumes that theworldview of ones own culture is central to

all reality.

Similar to egocentricity, in which an

individual assumes that his or herexistence is central to the reality of

everyone with whom they come in contact.


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DENIAL OF DIFFERENCE

Basic unconscious belief:


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DENIAL: 2 FORMS


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DENIAL: 2 FORMS

2.


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DEFENSE

Attempts to preserve the centrality of ones

worldview & leave identity unchallenged.

People recognize specific culturaldifferences and erect specific defenses

against them.

Defense can take 3 forms: Denigration,

superiority, or reversal.


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DENIGRATION

Negative stereotyping: Bad

characteristics are applied to every

member of the group (Stage, not an isolatedact).

May include a group-belief system that

offers an intellectual rationale for why theother group is inferior: For example,

Colonial rationale for the inferiority of

Indians and Africans; Nazi rationale.


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SUPERIORITY

Emphasizes the positive evaluation of

ones own culture, less overt emphasis on

the inferiority of the other. Difference is viewed as an inferior,

possibly temporary state.

Protection from seeing difference as aviable alternative; difference is tolerated

but still seen as less-than.


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REVERSAL

Denigration of ones own culture,

assumption of the superiority of the other.

Difference is still seen as less-than.

Avoids confrontation with self and identity

issues.


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MINIMIZATION

An attempt to bury difference under the

weight of cultural similarities.

Still ethnocentric because the naveassumption is that all people are basically

some particular way, almost always

derived from the persons native culture. Example: Reagan in Latin America--

entrepreneur.


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Minimization:

Physical Universalism

Assumes that all cultures are just

elaborations on fundamental biological

similarities.For cross-cultural interactions, this

assumption is meaningless

because it fails to address the uniquesocial contexting of physical behaviors,

reflecting unique worldviews.


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Minimization:

TRANSCENDENT UNIVERSALISM

Suggests that all humans, whether they

know it or not, are products of some single

transcendent principle, law, or imperative.Examples:

We are all gods children.(When the

group does not believe in the speakersgod).


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Minimization:

TRANSCENDENT UNIVERSALISM

Marxism

Capitalism (All value success most

highly)

Psychology (Archetypes)

On the surface minimization is less nasty

than preceding stages. There is more

tolerance for difference, and people are

often very nice.


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Minimization:

TRANSCENDENT UNIVERSALISM NEGATIVE ASPECTS

Latin American policy

With education, all will accept the truth.

May be willing to study diverse populations

in order to make conversion attempts more

effective.


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ETHNORELATIVISM

Assumes that cultures can only be

understood In relative terms. There is no

absolute standard of rightness orgoodness that can be applied to cultural

behavior.

Ones own culture is not more central toreality than any other culture.


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ETHNORELATIVISM

A major thinking and emotional divide-

shift from reliance on absolutes to an

acceptance of different realities. Does not imply an inability to make ethical

judgements, but they are now made on

grounds other than the ethnocentricprotection of ones own world view.


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ACCEPTANCE

Cultural difference is acknowledged and

respected.

2 stages: Behavioral difference

Value differences


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Acceptance

Behavioral differenceBehavior difference is seen as indicative

of profound cultural differences.

Example: Language as shaper and reflectorof cultural reality, not just different codes

to express the same ideas.

Most difficult: Seeing the cultural relativityof nonverbal behavior


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Adaptation

BehavioralPhilosophically: Differences must be

understood totally within the context of the

relevant culture. Cognitively, emotionally: The person in

behavioral adaptation has internalized two

or more cultural frames of reference.Respect for difference = respect for self.


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Acceptance

Value differences

Other interpretations of reality are

accepted as workable and worthy

Examples: Person-person or person-grouporientation

Ones own world view is accepted as a

relative cultural artifact. I know I believethis way because my culture taught me to.

High cultural self-awareness


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ADAPTATION

Can relate to and communicate with

people of other cultures, can switch

behaviors to those appropriate to the otherculture, and reestablish own frame of

reference later.

OCCURS IN TWO STAGES: Cognitive adaptation

Behavioral adaptation


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Cognitive Adaptation

Recognizes the value of having more than 1

cultural perspective available

Can take the perspective of anotherculture to understand or evaluate

Can intentionally shift cultural frame of

reference Cognitive adaptation can be

developmental or nondevelopmental


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Person first develops the ability to

empathize, not sympathize.

Empathize: The ability to shift into theframe of reference the other brings to that

situation.

Sympathize: Imagining how you would feelin those circumstances.


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Can produce situationally appropriate

behavior natural to the other culture, not

ones own--without conscious effort The person has internalized two or more

cultural frames of reference.

May not be more sensitive to a 3rd culture-may resist cultural training


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INTEGRATION

Difference becomes integral to identity

Can CHOOSE a cultural perspective from

which to evaluate

2 skills needed: Shifting of cultural context

Self-awareness needed to exercise choice

Judgements reinstated: But are specific to

a given cultural context.

Documents

Developmental Model Powerpoint