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Development plans of Viet Nam: Achievements, challenges and
orientation to successful SDGs
Prof. Dr. Nguyen The Chinh
General Director of ISPONRE-Vietnam
Contents
Sustainable Development Framework
Achieving MDGs and challenges recognized
SDGs agenda in Viet Nam possible focus
Part 1
Sustainable Development
Framework
Sustainable development has become a main direction of the
Government of Vietnam (GoV), expressing by:
- In 1992, GoV approved a “National Plan for Environment and
Sustainable Development 1991–2000: Framework for Action”.
- In 8/2004, the Strategic Orientation for Sustainable Development
(Vietnam Agenda 21) was approved. It is a framework strategy,
including major orientations as the legal basis for the ministries,
branches, localities, organizations and individuals concerned to
implement and coordinate actions to ensure sustainable development
country in the 21st century.
- In 2012, the Prime Minister of GoV approved Vietnam Sustainable
Development Strategy in period 2011 – 2020
- The Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) for 2011–2020
states “rapid development in close linkage with sustainable
development represents an all-thru requirement in the Strategy”
National Sustainable Development Plans
Agenda 21 Implementation
To achieve the goals of Agenda 21, Viet Nam established an
institutional framework:
• The National Council on Sustainable Development (NCSD) was
established in September 2005 (and then strengthened in February
2009), mandated to advise the Prime Minister, to guide the
implementation of the Vietnam Agenda 21 at the national scale, and to
monitor and assess the implementation of sustainable development
objectives in the country
• Sustainable Development Offices have also been set up at the
ministerial and local levels (Government of Vietnam, 2012). In addition,
Viet Nam has established the Vietnam Business Council on
Sustainable Development (VBCSD).
• A Sustainable Development Office in the Ministry of Planning and
Investment- MPI, which serves as the standing office of the NCSD.
Monitoring indicators to assess sustainable
development Vietnam in period 2011 - 2020
General
Indicators Economic Indicators Social Indicators Environmental Indicators
- Green GDP
- Human
Development
Index (HDI)
- Environmental
Sustainability
Index (ESI)
- Incremental Capital - Output
Ratio.
- The productivity of social
labor.
- The share contribution of total
factor productivity growth in
general.
- Reduction of energy
consumption to produce a unit
of GDP.
- The proportion of renewable
energy in energy consumption
structure.
- Consumer Price Index (CPI).
- The current balance.
- The state budget deficit.
- Liabilities of government.
- Foreign liabilities.
- Poverty rate.
- Unemployment rate.
- Percentage of trained
workers
- Coefficient of inequality in
income distribution (Gini
- The sex ratio at birth.
- The number of students per
10,000 inhabitants.
- The number of Internet
subscribers per 100
inhabitants.
- The percentage of people
got social insurance,
medical insurance,
unemployment insurance.
- The death toll from traffic
accidents per 100,000
inhabitants.
- Proportion of communes
gained new rural criteria.
- Forest cover.
- The percentage of
protected land
- The area of degraded
land.
- Reduction of ground
water and surface
water.
- The percentage of
days with
concentrations of
toxic substances in
the air exceeds the
permitted standards.
- The percentage of
urban areas, industrial
zones, export
processing zones and
industrial solid waste
treatment, wastewater
gained national
standards or national
technical regulations
- The percentage of
solid waste collection
and treatment
Part 2
Achieving MDGs and
challenges recognized
VIET NAM - 2/3 OF THE WAY ACHIEVING MDGs
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (achieved)
Goal 2. Universal primary education (achieved)
Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women (achieved)
Goal 4. Reduce child mortality (achievable by 2015)
Goal 5. Improve marternal health (strive to achieve by 2015)
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AID, malaria and other disease (strive to achive)
Goal 7. Ensure enviroment sustainability (difficult to achieve)
Goal 8. Develop global partnership for development (partly
achieved)
Some achieved goals
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
At the national level, the goal of halving poverty has been
realized, affirming the result of extraordinary efforts to
reduce poverty in Vietnam
Year: 1993 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012
Poverty rate (%): 58,1 28,9 16,0 14,5 14,23 17,2
Eradication of hunger
Eradication of hunger is a precondition for poverty
reduction, improvement of core living standard as well
as political stability.
Number of
households
and individuals
who suffer
from hunger
Poverty Reduction in Rural Area
Goal 2: Achieving universal primary
education
Vietnam has achieved universal primary
education. Literacy and schooling proportions
continue to increase
Enrollment in primary education
School Year: 2006-7 2010-111 2014-15
Net enrollment 96 97.6 99,0
rate in primary
education (%)
Goal 3 – Promote gender equality and
empower women
Vietnam has made significant achievement in
promoting gender equality and empowering women
Ratio of girls
to Boys in
Primary,
Secondary,
and Tertiary
Education
2000-2013 (%)
Goal 7 – Ensure environmental
sustainability (dificult to achieve)
Vietnam has recorded some initial achievements. However, the goal is
unlikely to achieve by 2015 given by the effects of climate change
Progress on forest coverage over the years (%)
Goal 7 – cont’
Consumption of
ODS
substances in
Viet Nam, 2000
– 2012
Challenges
- Ensure sustainable development goals can be
achieved for all subjects.
- The impact of the financial crisis, volatile food and
energy prices
- Increasing impacts of climate change to Vietnam
Challenges: Population growth rate has
decreased, population density is increasing
Vietnam:
- Population density is 5 times higher than the average world density: 55 people/km2
- Ranks the most 14th populous country and the largest population density: 40/200
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
Tốc độ tăng DS Mật độ
% Person/km2
Population Growth Rate Density
Challenges: Intensities of resource uses
have been increasing
Source: UNESCAP& CIEM
Compared to base year of 1990, GDP growths 3,5 times, the energy consumption
index increases 2 times, water consumption increases 1.8 times and land use
increases over 1.5 times
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
GDP index Water use index Energy consumption index Land use index
Challenges:
Increasing pressure on land use
Trends in land use for non-agricultural purposes has increased rapidly .
Change ratio of non-agricultural land with agricultural land in 2006-2013
Source: GSO
Challenges: Population growth and
Exploitable timber volume 1999-2013
Exploitable timber volume is proportional to the population growth . Compared
to 1999, with 76 million inhabitants , VN operates about 2,123, 000m3 wood. In
2013 , the number had risen to about 5.608.000m3 wood , more than 2.5 times
while the population only increased by 1.2 rolling
Exploitable timber volume Population
Thousand
Population
Source: GSO
Million people
Part 3
SDGs agenda in Viet Nam
possible focus
Research
Sustainable Development Goals and
Indicators for a Small Planet. Securing
Means of Implementation in Viet Nam
PROCESS:
• Team of national researchers
• Sectoral consultations
• Setting focus points:
+ Poverty: multidimensional poverty
+ Agriculture: rice production
+ Energy: electrification
• Identifying policy gaps and looking into possible actions to
address it
Selected findings
• Need to built on MDGs agenda and looking into
unfinished goals
• Matching as much as possible already existing
programme documents
• Prioritizing based on already existing programmes
Possible Implementation Mechanisms
for Poverty
Viet Nam could reduce social inequality and progress in poverty
reduction by implementing policies based on the
multidimensional poverty standard:
- First, classification of policy objectives and beneficiaries
must be based on monetary and multidimensional poverty
indicators.
- Second, periodic figures on multidimensional poverty could
be published centrally by the General Statistics Office. After
categorising the poor, policies could be more precise and
clear, with sound budget allocation and varying levels of
support. Policies on poverty reduction should have less
overlap, by targeting particular groups of the poor.
Possible Implementation Mechanisms for
Rice Production
Viet Nam can maintain its food security well:
• Rice land should be kept in healthy condition and managed
by large-scale growers. The government could establish
more flexible land use arrangements, agricultural
diversification.
• The effort to promote good farming practices in the rice
sector could initially concentrate in the “core rice belt”
• Establishing a farm monitoring system for rice growers
would be needed in order to ensure regular data collection
and analysis on a broad range of factors relevant to
sustainability.
Possible Implementation
Mechanisms Electrification
• Policies promoting electrification should include a development strategy with realistic action plans, transparent electricity pricing and financing policies.
• The involvement of international partners helps not only with securing funding but also with access to technical expertise on the management of rural electrification programmes.
• Public-private partnership schemes may be of use. They can offer lower tariffs of electricity, make project setup and implementation more efficient, and ensure the operation of rural electricity systems remain economically viable
• Local banks and microfinance institutions can also offer preferential micro-credits to rural villagers to pay for electricity services and to initiate or expand their productive activities.
Proposing orientation for VSDGs
implementation
Developing sustainable development objectives consistent
with the social economic context of Vietnam (VSDGs) and
implement the action program for our own VSDGs
Continue to implement measures issued by GoV, which
should be integrated comprehensive strategic objectives into
economic development plans at all levels.
Promoting enforcement systems to effective implement
SDGs
Implementation of the SDGs will require efforts of multiple
stakeholders at different governance levels
Integrating poverty issues and environmental protection to
create a livelihood for poor people in remote areas and
remote areas, in areas vulnerable ... associated with the
protection and preservation of ecosystems, strengthen
ecosystem resilience.
Promoting transformation of growth models, restructuring
the economy towards green growth and sustainable
development;
Proposing orientation for VSDGs
implementation (Cont’)
Can Gio Mangrove-HCM City
Before 1975 After 1990
Thanh Chuong District-Nghe An
Province
Before 2007 After 2010
Coal Mining Expoitation in Quang
Ninh Province
