Development of occlusion

By:Piyush VermaMDS 1st yrDept of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry

Index• Introduction• Evolution• Periods of occlusal development Neo-natal period. Primary dentition period. Mixed dentition period. Permanent dentition period• Developmental disturbances• Conclusion• References

Introduction Term occlusion is derived from the Latin word, “occlusio”; defined as the relationship between all the components of the masticatory system

in normal function, dysfunction and parafunction. An ideal occlusion is the perfect

interdigitation of the upper and lower teeth, which is a result of developmental process

consisting of the three main events, jaw growth, tooth formation and eruption

EvolutionTo develop a functional occlusion it became necessary for the teeth and bones to develop

synchronously. Over a period of time there was loss or fusion of cranial and facial bones, the number of bones have reduced and the dental formula has also

undergone changes.

Periods of Occlusal DevelopmentOcclusal development can be divided into the following

development periods:

o Neo-natal period.o Primary dentition period.o Mixed dentition period.o Permanent dentition period.

Neonatal Period(lasts upto 6 months after birth)

Gum Pads• Alveolar processes at the time of birth- gum pads.

• Pink in colour, firm and are covered by a dense layer of fibrous periosteum.

Gum Pads contd…• The gum pad soon gets segmented by a groove called transverse groove, & each segment is a developing tooth site.

•The pads get divided into ‘labio-buccal’ & ‘lingual portion’, by a dental groove.

• The groove between the canine and the 1st molar region is called the lateral sulcus, useful for judging the inter arch relationship at a very early stage.

Gum Pads contd…The upper gum pad is horse shoe

shaped & shows:o Gingival groove: separates

gum pad from the palate.o Dental groove: starts at the

incisive papilla, extends backward to touch the gingival groove in the canine region & then

moves laterally to end in the molar region.o Lateral sulcus.

Gum Pads contd…

The lower gum pad is ‘U’ shaped and rectangular,

characterized by:o Gingival groove: lingual extension of the gum pads.o Dental groove.o Lateral sulcus.

Relationship of Gum Padso Anterior open bite is seen at rest with contact only at the molar region.

o Complete overjet.

o Class II pattern with maxillary gum pad being more prominent.

o Mandible is distal to the maxilla of 2.7 mm- male and 2.5- female. ( Sillman JH 1938)

oThe range of variation of this distal relationship is from 0 to 7 mm. . ( Sillman JH 1938)

Relationship of Gum Pads

o Mandibular lateral sulci lies posterior to maxillary lateral sulci.

o Mandibular functional movements are mainly vertical, and to a little extent antero-posterior. Lateral movements are absent.

Neonatal Jaw RelationshipA ‘precise bite’ or jaw

relationship is not yet seen. Therefore, neonatal jaw

relationship cannot be used as a diagnostic criterion for

reliable prediction of subsequent occlusion in the

primary dentition.

Status of Dentition at Birth

Precociously Erupted Primary Teeth

Natal tooth Neonatal teeth

Pre-erupted teeth’ or ‘Early Infansive teeth’ are teeth that erupt during the 2nd or 3rd month.

Natal/neonatal teeth

Classification Hebling (1997) classified natal teeth into 4 clinical categories:

1. Shell-shaped crown poorly fixed to the alveolus by gingival

tissue and absence of a root;

2. Solid crown poorly fixed to the alveolus by gingival tissue and little or no root;

3. Eruption of the incisal margin of the crown through gingival

tissue

4. Edema of gingival tissue with an unerupted but palpable

tooth.

Gender Predilection for females Kates et al (1984) reported a 66% proportion for females

against a 31% proportion for males.

EtiologyIt has been related to several factors, such as:- Superficial position of the germ Infection or malnutrition Eruption accelerated by febrile incidents or hormonal

stimulation, Hereditary transmission of a dominant autosomal gene Osteoblastic activity inside the germ area related to the

remodeling phenomenon and hypovitaminosis


Associated syndromes Hallerman-Streiff Ellis-Van Creveld Craniofacial dysostosis Multiple steatocystoma Congenital pachyonychia Sotos Syndrome.


Complications Interfere with feeding Risk of aspiration Traumatic injury to the baby’s tongue

and/or to the maternal breast Riga-Fede disease- oral condition

found, rarely in newborns manifests as an ulceration on the ventral surface of the tongue or on the inner surface of the lower lip. Caused by trauma to the soft tissue from erupted baby teeth.

Riga-Fede disease

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riga-Fede.JPG

Diagnosis A radiographic verification of the relationship

between a natal and/or neonatal tooth and adjacent structures, nearby teeth, and the presence or absence of a germ in the primary tooth area would determine whether or not the tooth belongs to the normal dentition ( Almeida CM et al 1997)

Most natal and neonatal teeth are primary teeth of the normal dentition and are not supernumerary teeth ( Brandt Sk et al 1983)

Correspond to teeth of the normal primary dentition in 95% of cases, while 5% are supernumerary (Hawkins C 1932)

Treatment If the erupted tooth is diagnosed as a tooth of the normal

dentition -- maintenance of these teeth in the mouth is the first treatment option, unless this would cause injury to the baby (Chow MH 1980, Roberts MW 1992)

When well implanted-- these teeth should be left in the arch and their removal should be indicated only when they interfere with feeding or when they are highly mobile, with the risk of aspiration (Toledo AO 1996)

Reasons for removal -- The risk of dislocation and consequent aspiration, traumatic injury to the baby’s tongue and/or to the maternal breast, (Kates GA et al 1984)

Martins et al (1998) suggested smoothing of the incisal margin to prevent wounding of the maternal breast during breast feeding.

If the treatment option is extraction, certain precautions should be taken :

Avoiding extraction up to the 10th day of life to prevent hemorrhage

Assessing the need to administer vitamin K before extraction (0.5-1.0 mg IM)

Considering the general health condition of the baby Avoiding unnecessary injury to the gingiva Being alert to the risk of aspiration during removal.

Primary Dentition Period(From around the 6th month to 6 years)

Sequence of Eruption

Primary(upper)

First evidence of calcification(Weeks in utero)

Crown completed(months)

Eruption(months)

Root completed(years)

Central 14 (13-16) 11/2 10 11/2

Lateral 16 21/2 11 2

Canine 17 9 19 31/4

1st molar 151/2 6 16 21/2

2nd molar 19 11 29 3

Chronology of Primary Dentition

Wheelers…

Primary(Lower

First evidence of calcification(Weeks in utero)


Eruption(months)


Central 14 (13-16) 21/2 8(6-10) 11/2

Lateral 16 3 13( 10-16) 11/2

Canine 17 9 20(17-23) 31/4

1st molar 151/2 51/2 16( 14-18) 21/4

2nd molar 18 10 27 3

Wheelers…

Status of Dentition(during primary dentition period)

At around 5 – 6 Years There are 48 teeth/parts of teeth present in the jaw. It is at this

time that there are more teeth in the jaws than at any other time.

Features Of Primary Dentition

• Spacing- 2 types of dentition are seen:•A) Spaced dentition - usually seen in the deciduous dentition to accommodate the larger permanent teeth in the jaws.

• More prominent in the anterior region, and are called ‘physiological spacing’ or ‘developmental spacing’.• Absence of spaces in the primary dentition is an indication that crowding of teeth may occur when the larger permanent teeth erupt.

Features Of Primary Dentition contd…

• Most subhuman primates have it through out life and use it for interdigitation of the opposing canines. This space is used for early mesial shift.

primate spaces’, ‘simian spaces’ or ‘anthropoid spaces’.


Non- spaced dentition Teeth are present without any

spaces in between the teeth Due to narrow dental arches or

if teeth are wider than usual Usually indicates in developing

permanent dentition but it is not always the case


Shallow overjet & overbite. Initially a deep bite may occur due to the fact that the deciduous incisors are more upright than their successors. The lower incisal edges often contact the cingulum area of the maxillary incisors. This deep bite

is later reduced by:oEruption of deciduous molars.oAttrition of incisors.oForward movement of the mandible due to growth.


Almost vertical inclination of anteriors.


Ovoid arch form.

Molar RelationshipThe molar relationship in the primary dentition can be classified

into 3 types:oStraight/flush terminal plane.oMesial step.oDistal step.

Flush Terminal Plane• If the distal surface of maxillary and mandibular deciduous second molars are in the same vertical plane; then it is called a flush terminal plane

• Normal molar relationship in the primary dentition, because the mesiodistal width of the mandibular molar is greater than the mesiodistal width of the maxillary molar.

Mesial Step

Distal surface of mandibular deciduous second molar is mesial to the distal surface of maxillary deciduous second molar.

Distal Step

Distal surface of mandibular second deciduous molar is more distal to the distal surface of the maxillary second deciduous molar

Canine relationship

Relationship of maxillary & mandibular deciduous caninnes is one of the most stable in primary dentition

Classified as: Class 1 Class 2

Class 1

Class 2

Mixed

Dentition

Period

Mixed Dentition Period(Around 6 years- 12 years)

The mixed dentition period can be divided into three

phases:

o First transitional period.

o Inter-transitional period.

o Second transitional period.

First Transitional Period

Eruption of 1st Permanent MolarThe location & relation of the 1st permanent molar depends much upon the distal surface of the upper & lower 2nd deciduous molar.

Transition to Class I Molar Relation

The shift in lower molar from a flush

terminal plane to a class I relation can

occur in two ways:

oEarly shift.

oLate shift.

Early Shift• Early shift occurs during the early mixed dentition period.

• Since this occurs early in the mixed dentition, it is called early shift.

Late Shift

This occurs in the late mixed dentition period and is thus

called late shift.

Leeway Space of Nance

• Described by Nance in 1947

Maxilla: 0.9 mm/segment = 1.8 mm. Mandible: 1.7 mm/segment = 3.4mm.

• Although the deciduous posterior segment of teeth is larger than the permanent segment, converse is true of the anterior segments

• Nance did not consider large difference in mesiodistal size between the deciduous incisor teeth & their permanent successors– arch needs to be looked in its totality

• Maxillary incisors, as a group in one quadrant– 3.2to 3.5 mm larger

• Mandibular incisors, as a group in one quadrant – 2.4 to 2.5 mm larger

• The latter figures balance out or cancel the 1.7 mm of so called leeway space

• Moorrees -- measurements of deciduous & permanent teeth in the mouths obtained by longitudinal studies, there is no leeway space

• Total no. of permanent teeth destined to replace total no. of deciduous teeth in an average child – slighly less than 1mm more space in mandibular arch, 6mm more in maxillary arch

• 1.7 mm leeway space taken up by the larger permanent incisors, requires more distal eruption of permanent canines

• Allows reduction of incisor crowding in mandibular arch

• If the permanent molars were allowed or even encouraged to drift mesially and utilize the leeway space – no enough room in the arch for the incisor segment

• Initially – permanent incisors are forced into a crowded position

• If molars are held stable, incisors will utilize the leeway space, ultimately the average mandibular arch will have enough room for proper alignment

Secondary spacing

• Term was coined by Baume

• Observed in closed primary dentition

• Secondary spacing can also occur during the eruption of permanent central incisors

Distal Step

When the deciduous second molars are in a distal step, the

permanent first molar will erupt into a class II relation.

This molar configuration is not self correcting and will cause a class II malocclusion despite Leeway space and differential

growth.

Mesial Step

Primary second molars in mesial step relationship lead to

a class I molar relation in mixed dentition. This may

remain or progress to a half or full cusp class III with

continued mandibular growth.

Influence of terminal plane on the position of 1st permanent

molarDistal Step – 23.3% incidence, abnormal, Class II- 38.6%

Straight terminal plane – 49.2% incidence, Class I or II

Mesial Step - <2mm 26.7%, class I 58.9%>2mm 0.8%. Class III- 2.5%

Exchange of IncisorsDuring the first transitional period the deciduous incisors are replaced by the permanent incisors. The mandibular central

incisors are usually the first to erupt. The permanent incisors are considerably larger than the deciduous teeth they replace. This

difference between the amount of space needed for the accomodation of the incisors and the amount of space available

for this, is called ‘Incisal liability’.

The incisal liability is roughly about 7.6 mm in the maxillary arch & about 6 mm in the mandibular arch (Wayne).

Transition of IncisorsThe incisal liability is over come by the

following factors:Interdental physiological spacing in the primary incisor region.

(4 mm in maxillary arch & 3 mm in mandibular arch)

Transition of Incisors contd…

Increase in inter-canine arch width: Significant amount of growth occurs with the eruption of

incisors and canines.

Transition of Incisors contd…Increase in anterior length of the dental arches:

Permanent incisors erupt labial to the primary incisors to obtain an added space of around 2-3 mm.

Transition of Incisors contd…

Change in inclination of permanent incisors:

Primary teeth are upright but permanent teeth incline to the labial surface, thus decreasing

the inter-incisal angle from about 151 degrees in the

deciduous dentition to 124 degrees in the permanent

dentition. This increases the arch parameter.

Inter-Transitional Period

This is a stable phase where little changes take place in the dentition. The teeth present are the permanent incisors and first molar along with the deciduous canines and molars. This phase

prepares for the second transitional phase. Some of the features of this stage are:

o Any asymmetry in emergence and corresponding differences in height levels or crown lengths between

the right and left side teeth are made up.

Inter-Transitional Period contd…

Root formation of emerged incisors, and molars

continues, along with concomitant increase in alveolar process height.

Inter-Transitional Period contd…

Resorption of roots of deciduous canines and

molars.

Second Transitional Period

The second transitional period is characterized by the replacement of the deciduous molars and canines by the premolars and permanent

canines respectively.

At around 10 years of age the deciduous canines shed, but just before the shedding

there is a transient or self correcting malocclusion seen in the maxillary incisor

region between the age of 8 – 9 years.

Ugly Duckling Stage(Broadbent’s phenomenon)

Around the age of 8 - 9 years, a midline diastema is commonly seen in the upper arch, which

is usually misinterpreted by the parents as a malocclusion.

Its typical features are:oFlaring of the lateral incisors.oMaxillary midline diastema.

Ugly Duckling Stage contd…

Crowns of canines on young jaws impinge on developing

lateral incisor roots, thus driving the roots medially and

causing the crowns to flare laterally.


The roots of the central incisors are also forced together, thus causing a maxillary midline diastema.


With the eruption of the canines, the impingement from

the roots shift incisally thus driving the incisor crowns

medially, resulting in closure of the diastema as well as the correction of the flared lateral

incisors.

Ugly Duckling Stage contd…Hence this unaesthetic metamorphosis, eventually leads to an

aesthetic result.

Self correcting anomalies

Sequence of EruptionThe canines in the upper arch erupt only after the premolars

have replaced the deciduous molars, whereas the canine erupt before the premolars in the lower arch.

Second Transitional Period contd…

Favorable occlusion in this area is largely dependent on:

o Favorable eruption sequence.o Satisfactory tooth size to available

space ratio.o Attainment of normal molar

relation with minimum diminution of space available for the bicuspids.

Second Transitional Period contd…

Eruption of permanent second molars Before emergence- second molars, oriented in a mesial &

lingual direction

Teeth- formed palatally, guided into occlusion by Cone Funnel mechanism , upper palatal cusps (cone) slides into the lower occlusal fossa (funnel)

Arch length is reduced by mesial eruptive forces

Thereby, crowding if present is accentuated

The Permanent Dentition Period

The Permanent Dentition

This period is marked by the eruption of the four permanent

second molars.

Nolla’s Stages of Tooth Development

Moyers

In 1960 Nolla studied the stages of tooth development using panoramic & postero-anterior radiographs.

The Permanent Dentition contd…

Calcification begins at birth with the calcification of the cusps of the first permanent molar and extends as late as

the 25th year of life. Complete calcification of incisor crowns take place by 4 – 5 years and

of the other permanent teeth by 6 – 8 years except for third

molars.

Permanent(Upper)

First evidence of calcification ( weeks in utero)


Eruption( months)


Central 3-4 mo 4-5 yr 7-8 yr 10

Lateral 10-12 mo 4-5 yr 8-9 yr 11

Canine 4-5 mo 6-7 yr 11-12 yr 13-15

1st premolar 11/2-13/4 yr 5-6 yr 10-11 yr 12-13

2nd premolar 2-21/4 yr 6-7 yr 10-12 yr 12-14

1st molar At birth 21/3-3 yr 6-7 yr 9-10

2nd molar 21/3-3 yr 7-8 yr 12-13 yr 14-16

3rd molar 7-9 yr 12-16 yr 17-21 yr 18-25

Chronology of Permanent Dentition

Wheelers…

Permanent(Lower)

First evidence of calcification ( weeks in utero)


Eruption( months)

Root completed( years)

Central 3-4 mo 4-5 yr 6-7 yr 9

Lateral 3-4 mo 4-5 yr 7-8 yr 10

Canine 4- 5 mo 6-7 yr 9-10 yr 12-14

1st premolar 13/4-2yr 5-6 yr 10-12 yr 12-13

2nd premolar 21/4-21/2 yr 6-7 yr 11-12 yr 13-14

1st molar At birth 21/2-3yr 6-7 yr 9-10

2nd molar 21/2-3yr 7-8 yr 11-13 yr 14-15

3rd molar 8-10 yr 12-16 yr 17-21 yr 18-25

Wheelers…


The permanent incisors develop lingual to the

deciduous incisors and move labially as they erupt.


The premolars develop below the diverging roots of the

deciduous molars.


At approximately 13 years of age all

permanent teeth except third molars are fully erupted.

Features of Permanent Dentition

Coinciding midline. Class I molar relationship.

Features of Permanent Dentition contd…

Vertical overbite of about one third the clinical crown height of the mandibular central

incisors. Overjet and over bite decreases throughout the second decade of life

due to greater forward growth of the mandible.

Andrews keys to normal occlusion

Key I – Molar relationship

MB cusp of the max 1st molar falls into the mesiobuccal groove of the mand 1st molar and that the distal surface of the DB cusp of the upper first permanent molar should make contact and occlude with mesial surface of the MB cusp of the lower second molar.


Key II Crown angulation (Tip)

The angulation of the facial axis of every clinical crown should be positive

The gingival portion of the long axis of the all crowns must be distal than the incisal portion.


Key III Crown inclination

In upper incisors, the gingival portion of the crown’s labial surface is lingual to the incisal portion.

In all other crowns, including lower incisors, the gingival portion of the labial or buccal surface is labial or buccal to the incisal or occlusal portion.


Key IV – Rotations

The fourth key to normal occlusion is that the teeth should be free of undesirable rotations.


Key V – Tight contacts

contact points should be tight

(no spaces).

In absence of abnormalities such as genuine tooth size discrepancies, contact point should be tight.


Key VI – Occlusal plane or curve of spee

The curve of Spee should have no more than a slight arch.

Intercuspation of teeth is best when the plane of occlusion is relatively flat.

A deep curve of spee results in a more contained area for the upper teeth, making normal occlusion impossible.


Key VII – Correct tooth size or the bolton’s ratio

Bennett and McLaughlin in 1993 gave seventh key to normal occlusion. i.e. the upper and lower tooth size should be correct.

Roth (1981) added some functional keys to the previous six keys to normal occlusion by Andrew:

a) Centric relationship and centric occlusion should be coincident.

b) In protrusion, the incisors should disclude the posterior teeth, with the guidance provided by the lower incisal edges passing along the palatal contour of the upper incisors.

c) In lateral excursions of the mandible, the canine should guide the working side whilst all other teeth on that and the other side are discluded.

d) When the teeth are in centric occlusion, there should be even bilateral contacts in the buccal segments.

Abnormalities in dental arch

1. Arch Length Discrepancy

1. Crowding

2. Spacing

2. Deviation in no. of teeth-

1. Absence of teeth ( Agenesis)

2. Supernumerary teeth

Absence of teeth ( Agenesis)

Sequece of agenesis is – 3rd molar > Mand. 2nd premolars > Max

Lateral Incisors > Max. 2nd Premolar

Absence of teeth ( Agenesis)

Supernumerary teeth

Deviation in tooth size

Its relative in nature All teeth combined > or < relative to size of jaws or

head. Crowding Spacing

Deviation in size of individual teeth Tooth size Discrepancy

Tooth size Discrepancy

Ankylosis

Frequent in mand deciduous molars. In permanent 2 types

Due to abnormal position within jaw Max perm. Canine

Due to lack of space Mand 3rd molar

CONCLUSIONIn its simplest of definition, occlusion is the way the maxillary and

mandibular teeth articulate, but in reality dental occlusion is a much more complex relationship, because it not only involves the study of the teeth, but also their morphology and angulations, the

muscles of mastication, the skeletal structures, the temperomandibular joint, and the functional jaw movements. In addition to this, it also involves the relationship of the teeth in

centric occlusion, in centric relation, and even during function, and because all this, requires neuromuscular coordination, occlusion

should also involve an understanding of the neuromuscular systems, and if we need to determine an abnormal course of

development, it is the responsibility of we ‘pedodontists’ to have an adequate knowledge on these subjects, to help us differentiate

abnormal from normal, before initiating therapy.

References

• Handbook of Orthodontics: Robert E. Moyers.• Orthodontics the art & science: S. I. Bhalajhi.• Textbook of Orthodontics: M.S. Rani.• Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry: S.G. Damle.• Dental Anatomy, Physiology & Occlusion: Wheeler.• Textbook of Pedodontics: Shoba Tandon.• Textbook of Orthodontics: Samir E. Bishara.• Contemporary orthodontics –Proffit• Textbook of Pedodontics: Koch.• Orthodontics principles and practice: T. M. Graber.

Thank

You.

Documents

Development of occlusion