Development of - P3SEKPIpuspijak.org/publikasi/Buku ilmiah 2010/Buku ITTO/Development of... · Development of & Forestry Research and Development Agency Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia

STARLING RESOURCESPuterI N D O N E S I A

March 2013

Husbandry Practices

Sustainable Agroforestry System

Development of

&

Forestry Research and Development AgencyMinistry of Forestry, Indonesia

In Cooperation withInternational Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)

Center for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development

Development of

&

ISBN:978-602-7672-33-8


March 2013




Development of

Husbandry Practices


&


March 2013




Development of

Husbandry Practices


&

ii

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM AND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

Report for Activity 5 ITTO Project REDD+ Feasibility Study for the Bilateral Offset Scheme FY 2012 in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

By. Subarudi, Sulistyo A. Siran, and Arwin M. Harahap

ISBN: 978-602-7672-33-8

This work is copyright © 2013

Published byCenter for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development, MoFForestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry, IndonesiaITTO REDD+ Feasibility Study for the Bilateral Offset Scheme FY 2012 in Central Kalimantan, IndonesiaJl. Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor, West Java, IndonesiaPhone : + 62 – 251 – 8633944Fax. + 62 – 251 8634924

Photo by project team

Printed by CV. Nuansa Makro, Bogor

iiiDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

List of Contents

List of Contents ......................................................................iiiList of Tables .......................................................................... vList of Figures ........................................................................viiList of Appendices .................................................................. ixAcknowledgments ................................................................. xiForeword .............................................................................xiiiSummary ..............................................................................xvAcronyms and Abbreviations .................................................xvii

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 11.1 Objectives ..................................................................................21.2 Outputs .......................................................................................21.3 Scope .........................................................................................3

2. EXISTING AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES ....................................... 5

3. EVALUATION ON EXISTING AGROFORESTRY

AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES ...................... 93.1 Source of Seedlings ....................................................................93.2 Land Preparation Technique ...................................................103.3 Setting of Tree Spacing ............................................................113.4 Making of Planting Hole ..........................................................113.5 Tree Planting and Maintaining Technique .............................113.6 Harvesting Technique ..............................................................123.7 Marketing Channel ..................................................................13

4. DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES ....................154.1 Socialization of Agroforestry Demonstration Plot ...................154.2 Establishment of Agroforestry Farmer Group ........................154.3 Size and Location of Demplot .................................................174.4 Agreement as Legal Basis .........................................................204.5 Design of Agroforestry Model ...............................................214.6 Planting in The Field ...............................................................23

iv List of Contents

5. CAPACITY BUILDING TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY ..................................................255.1 Dissemination of Practical Guideline on Agroforestry ............255.2 Training on Biocharcoal .........................................................275.3 Training on Organic Fertilizer .................................................285.4 Training on Mycorrhiza ...........................................................295.5 Training on Peat Depth Measurement ....................................305.6 Study Tour to Lamandau District ............................................31

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...............336.1 Conclusion ...............................................................................336.2 Recommendation .....................................................................34

References ............................................................................35Appendices ...........................................................................37

vDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

List of Tables

1. General pictures of the two surveyed villages (2011) ......................5

2. Respondents’ valuation on their environmental condition ............8

3. Economic calculation between the use of ordinary and clonal rubber seedlings .............................................................................13

4. Composition of main tree species .................................................22

viiDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

List of Figures

1. FGD in Terantang and field visit .....................................................7

2. Rattan processing in small scale industry in Terantang village .....10

3. Socialization activities for agroforestry demonstration plot and participatory mapping ....................................................................16

4. Activities during the establishment of farmer agroforestry groups ..............................................................................................17

5. Acces to the agroforestry site which can be reached by small boat (chase) ....................................................................................18

6. Site of agroforesry demplot (3 ha) at Farmer Group Karya Bonot Bersatu .................................................................................19

7. Signing the MoU and given to one of farmer participants ............20

8. Rubber plantation ( 5 x 5 m) located on Mr. Darlan’s land area ..21

9. Design of agroforestry demonstration plot at the farmer group of Karya Bonot Bersatu ...................................................................22

10. First planting activity in the agroforestry demplot making ...........24

11. Dissemination activity on practical guidance on agroforestry .......27

12. Training activities for bio-charcoal making at demplot area ........28

13. Training activities for organing fertilizer making at demplot area ................................................................................................29

14. Training activities for Mycorrhiza making at demplot area ..........30

15. Training activities for peat depth measurement at demplot area ..31

16. Study tour activities on gaharu cultivation at Lamandau District ............................................................................................32

ixDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

List of Appendices

1. Result of testing of peat soil from Darlan’ lan .................................39

2. Memorandum of Understanding for Agriculture Demonstration plots ..................................................................................................40

3. Practical guidance for planting cloned rubber plantation ...............45

4. Biocharpos making manual for improved agroforestry system ........58

5. Organic fertilizer making process .....................................................70

xiDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

Acknowledgments

This report is one of the products of a joint REDD+ feasibility study for the fiscal year 2012, commissioned by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan, conducted by Marubeni Corporation, the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, Yayasan Puter Indonesia, Mazars Starling Resources, Hokkaido University, and the International Tropical Timber Organization. The study was conducted in Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Distric, Central Kalimantan from October 2012 through February 2013.

Lead Authors:

SubarudiSulistyo A. SiranArwin M. Harahap

Authors would also like to thank administrative, field survey and technical staff for their support.

xiiiDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

Foreword

Swidden farming and conversion for agricultural lands are among the direct drivers of deforestation in Indonesia, and particularly in the Katingan Project area of Central Kalimantan. While population and economic pressures on forest resources are arguably increasing and aggravating the rate of deforestation, local livelihoods still need be developed. In order to safeguard socio-economic benefits while addressing such resource-use pressures, there is a need to develop more sustainable agroforestry systems through reduced impact farming, better crop selection and intensification, and improved land husbandry practices.

The development of sustainable agroforestry systems and land husbandry practices follows the participatory community mapping process, and thus, the focal villages is the same as the ones selected for the community mapping activity. The activity aims to develop a new improved agroforestry model, which is locally adaptable, implementable, environmentally and economically sustainable, and consistent with the region’s low emission development strategies.

The ITTO project REDD+ for the Bilateral Carbon Offset FY2012 in Central Kalimantan facilitates the development of sustainable agroforestry at the village Terantang of subdistrict Seranau, at the district Kotawaringin Timur through the formation of a team from Consortium of Partners. These include Partners from R&D Center on Climate Change and Forest Policy of the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia (“FORDA/MoF”), Mazars Starling Resources (“Starling”), Yayasan Puter Indonesia (“Puter”), and Hokkaido University of Japan (“Hokkaido”). Location of the Project at the area designated for the Ecosystem Restoration under concession of PT. Rimba Makmur Utama (“RMU”).

Focussing on agroforestry and land husbandry practices, five main activities were conducted, they namely (i) identification and evaluation on existing agroforestry practices; (ii) development of pilot plots or demonstration areas; (iv) formulation of practical guidelines, and (v) dissemination the practical guidelines to farmer groups at the pilot village.

xiv Foreword

This report contains results from identification and evaluation of agroforestry and land husbandry practices conducted at the village Terantang on five hectares of farmlands under the utilization of three farmer groups, each named as farmer group Karya Bonot Bersatu, Warga Tani, and Mimbar Jaya. The report aims to share experiences in establishing sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry practices in particular at peat land area.

xvDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

Summary

Agroforestry is a land uses system that is suitable for supporting a sustainable agriculture management because it contributes to both the real and various productions and the conservation function of environment and social condition so that it guarantee local economic development and high food security. The agroforestry system in peat land is rarely handled, therefore, Forest Policy and Climate Change Center (FPCCC) FORDA in collaboration with MoF-ITTO Project PD 73/89 (Phase III) “ REDD+ Feasibility Study for Billateral Offset Scheme, FY 2012 in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia” has implemented sustainable agroforestry and husbandary practices in Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District. The objectives of the activity are: (1) to identify the existing agroforestry and land husbandry practices; (2) to evalute the existing agroforestry and land husbandry practices; (3) to develop sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry practices; (4) to design a practical guidelines on sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry; and (5) to diseminate the practical guidelines to the farmer groups. The results showed that the succesfull factors for sustainable agroforestry demonstration plots in Terantang village were: (i) source of seedlings, (ii) land preparation technique, (iii) setting of planting space, (iv) making of planting hole, (v) tree planting and maintaining technique, (v) harvesting teechnique, and (vi) marketing channel. Therefore, the development of sustainable agroforestry system should consider the follwong actions: (i) socialization of the program, (ii) establishment of agroforstry groups, (iii) size and location of agroforestry demonstration plot, (iv) design of agroforestry models, (v) agreement as legal basis, and (vi) planting trees. Another success factor is to implement relevant training courses and study tour to the successful agroforestry locations nearest the Terantang village areas.

Key Words: sustainable agroforestry, models, biocharcoal, organic fertilizer, and peat land management.

xviiDevelopment of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ARI : Relative Intensive Agroforestry SystemBIORANGPOS : Bio Arang Kompos BPD : Village representative body (Badan Perwakilan

Desa)Cm : centimeterCO2 : Carbon dioxideEM : Effective MicroorganismFGD : Forum Group DiscussionFORDA : Forestry Research and Development AgencyFPIC : Free Prior Informed ConcernFS : Feasibility StudyGHGs : Green Houses GassesHa : HectareIFOAM : International Federation of Organic Agriculture

MovementsIPR : Intellectual Property RightsIPR : Intellectual Property RightsITTO : International Tropical Timber OrganizationJAP : Jamur Akar PutihKg : kilogramLCC : Legume Cover CropsLIPI : Indonesian Institute of Sciences m : meterMoU : Memorandum of UnderstandingMPTS : Multi Purpose Tree SpeciesMSR : Mazars StarlingPGPR : Plant Growth Promoting RhizobacteriaPKK : Family welfare program (Program Kesejahteraan

Keluarga)

xviii Acronyms and Abbreviations

RAS : Rubber Agroforestry SystemsREDD+ : Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and

Degradation Plus sustainable forest management and carbon stock enhancement

RMU : Rimba Makmur Utama.SMS : Short Message ServiceToR : Term of Reference

1Development of Sustainable Agroforestry System and Husbandry Practices

INTRODUCTION

As it was recommended in the Report of Social Safeguard survey conducting during the Second Phase of Feasibility Study on REDD+ in Central Kalimantan 2011, there is a need to develop agroforestry system and land husbandry practices for communities living around Katingan Restoration Project areas. The majority of communities are farmers who cultivate their lands with agriculture crops, shuch as rattan, rubbers, rice, cassava, bean and other vegetable crops. The income derived from the agriculture activities is relatively low and often not enough in meeting the needs of their daily lives. Most of agriculture activities practiced by communities is slash and burn which needs extensive land to cultivate crops which in turn lead to deforestation in the areas. This traditional agriculture in the long run will also lead to unsutainable agriculture practice and pressure on forest resources.

In order to provide benefits to the communities while adressing the pressure on the resources, both agriculture and forest land, more sustainable agroforestry system and land husbandry practices should be promoted through reduce impact farming, better crops selection, improve land management as well as prevention of pest and deseas.

Taking into account of limited knowledge and experience of communities on the land management, the development of sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry practices should be aimed at improving agroforestry model which locally adaptable, implementable, environmentally sound and economically sustainable and importantly consistent with the region’s low emission development strategies.

With the current MoU signed by the Ministry of Forestry , Indonesia and the Executive Director of ITTO on September 2012 on the Feasibility Study for REDD+ in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, activity of sustainable of agroforestry will be undertaken. The consortium involved in this activities include: Marubeni Corporation, Starling Resources, Puter Foundation and Hokkaido University.

1

2 INTRODUCTION

The activity carried out to support agroforestry development are as follows: (1) to conduct FGD with the farmer groups with the same village from activity 4 (participatory community mapping); (2) to develop sustainable agroforestry; (3) to improve land husbandry practice; (4) to create a practical gidelines on sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry, and disseminate it to the farmer groups.

The project location is close to Ecosystem Restoration Concession of PT Rimba Makmur Utama in Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur and Katingan, Central Kalimantan with the total area of 203, 570 ha. There are four villages as a borderline to the project area, namely: (i) Terantang Hulu village, (2) Terantang village, (3) Hanaut village, and (4) Bappinang Hulu village.

In order to be consistent with the activities of participatory community mapping, Terantang village will selected as sustainable agroforestry system and land husbandry practice.

1.1 Objectives

In accordance with the activity 5 “Development of sustainable agroforestry and husbandry practices”, the objectives of the activity are: (1) to identify the existing agroforestry and land husbandry practices; (2) to evalute the existing agroforestry and land husbandry practices; (3) to develop sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry practices; (4) to design a practical guidelines on sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry; and (5) to diseminate the practical guidelines to the farmer groups.

1.2 Outputs

Output the activity of development sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry practices are:

1. List of agroforestry and land husbandry practices

2. Report of evaluation on the existing agroforestry and land husbandry practices


3. Report of development sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry practices

4. A practical guidelines on sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry 5. Final report of development sustainable agroforestry and land

husbandry practices

1.3 Scope

Agroforestry is a land uses system that is suitable for supporting a sustainable agriculture management because it contributes to both the real and various productions and the conservation function of environment and social condition so that it guarantee local economic development and high food security.

The scope of the activity was to establish agroforestry demonstration plots under a sustainable peat land management program. Some indicators for achieving sustainable agroforestry at peat land are: (i) maintaining of natural resource condition as plant production support for long period, (ii) less man power required, (iii) no encroachment cases, (iv) keeping out of land water environment, (v) less GHGs emission, and (vi) maintaining of biodiversity level.

The agroforestry demonstration plots (5 ha) were made in Terantang village, Seranau Sub-district, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan Province. The involvement of farmer participants in the agroforestry plots are very important and key success factors for reducing GHGs emission in peat lands and for improving farmers’ sustainable income generation.


EXISTING AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY

PRACTICES

There are about 20 villages which share borders with the project area. In order to explore social, culture and economic aspects of the communities in the village, the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) have been conducted. During the discussion it was revealed that the communities from four sample villages expressed a high curiosity for the upcoming project. From expected 15 representatives to conduct FGD in each village, there were around 30 - 40 peoples attended the discussion in each village. Men, women and youth with different educational backgrounds showed eagerness to get information about the project. Therefore, the Free Prior Informed Concern (FPIC) processes should be targetted to them, in forms and languages that understandable for them. Some criteria can be added for target audience are village government (head, secretary, staffs), village representative body (Badan Perwakilan Desa, BPD), farmer groups, cooperation, business groups (rattan trader, rubber trader, coconut trader, etc) women group (family welfare program, Program Kesejahteraan Keluarga, PKK), youth group, and weekly Islamic study group.

The last FGD conducted on 18 - 22 January 2011 include four villages, namely Terantang, Terantang Hilir, Bapinang Hulu dan Hanout. These four villages located in Kotawaringin Timur District (Figure 1 and 2). The description of the Terantang dan Terantang Hilir villages can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. General pictures of the two surveyed villages (2011)

SurveyedAspects

Villages Surveyed in Kotawaringin Timur Districts

Terantang Hilir Terantang

Population • 1,800 people/507 HH•Majority Dayak pesisir, Banjar• Majority Moslem

• 1600 people/497 HH• Dayak, Banjar, Jawa, Madura• Majority Moslem

2

6 EXISTING AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

SurveyedAspects



Education• Illiterate ES • JuniorHS• SeniorHS• University

30% (> 50 yrs old)60%10%

-70%20%10%

Sources of income • Rubber plantation & rattan (90%)-formerly 75% involved in illegal logging

• Labor at Oil palm plantation

• Rubber plantation & rattan (90%)-formerly 75% involved in illegal logging

• Labor at Oil palm plantation

Farmer’s group 4 (40 – 160 people/ group) –development of rubber plantation in burned forest, self-supporting activities

20 farming group @ min 20 HH/group)

Area 92,000 ha 40,000 ha

Housing •Owned by them selfs•Made by wood• Clean water from the river• 70% WC in the river

•Owned by them selfs•Made by wood• Clean water from the river• 70% WC in the river

Expenditure per month per HH

Rp. 1-1,5 juta

Average land ownership

2 – 4 ha (with land title issued by Sub District)

Minimum of 2-3 ha rubber plantation owned by the migrants

Planted Tress Rubber, Rattan, MPTS (Rambutan, Duku, Durian), Wood (Meranti, Jelutung and Sengon)

Rubber, Rattan, MPTS (Rambutan, Duku, Durian), Wood (Meranti, Jelutung and Sengon)

Village Land Use:• Villageroad• Rubber

and rattan plantation

√√

√√


SurveyedAspects



Development programs

• Rubber plantation in ex burned forest

• Canal development for drainage (PU)

• Road construction • Seedlings & fertilizer• (Extension worker – 1x/month)

• Rubber plantation in ex burned forest

• Canal development for drainage (PU)

• Road construction • Seedlings & fertilizer

Source: Sakuntala et al. (2011).

Figure 1. FGD in Terantang and field visit

When the participants of FGD were asked regarding the condition of

their environment for the last five years, they answered as shown in

Table 2.

8 EXISTING AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

Table 2. Respondents’ valuation on their environmental condition

Valuation Aspects TerantangTerantang

HilirBapinang

HuluHanaout

Forest condition Worse Worse Worse Worse

Water River Condition

Worse

Worse Worse Worse

Looking for Non Wood Forest Products

More difficult More difficult More difficult More difficult

Hunting Animal More difficult More difficult More difficult More difficult

Infrastructure Similar Similar Similar Similar

Economy Condition Worse Worse Worse Worse

Food Security Worse Worse Worse Worse

Housing Similar Similar Similar Similar

Education Similar Similar Similar Similar

Health Similar Similar Similar SimilarSource: Subarudi et.al (2011).


EVALUATION ON EXISTING AGROFORESTRY

AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

Based on the rapid asessment on the existing agroforestry, there are four techical aspects and cultural aspect influence the typology of agroforestry in Terantang village, namely: (i) source of seedlings, (ii) land preparation technique, (iii) setting of planting space, (iv) making of planting hole, (v) tree planting and maintaining technique, (v) harvesting teechnique, and (vi) marketing channel.

3.1 Source of Seedlings

Source of seedling of rubber and rattan cultivated by farmers in Terantang village coming from forest which is known as junggle rubber, while rattan planted by communities mostly small in size with diameter of 2 - 4 cm and semi processed in the village (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Rattan processing in small scale industry in Terantang village

3

10 EVALUATION ON EXISTING AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

The use of rubber seedling from the forest has been practiced since along time ago, because extension worker never visit their villages. Information gathered by villagers so far coming from other farmers living nearby their village. When asking about clonal rubber, some of farmers know about it from other farmers but when farmer want to develop clonal rubber, they have difficulty in procuring clonal seedling.

When clonal rubber and agarwood with their benefits promoted to the communities in Terantang, they welcomed shuch initiative and show antusiastic. They feel that by having clonal rubber and agarwood plantation will increase their income in the future.

3.2 Land Preparation Technique

Community in Terantang village usually use a fire for their land preparation due to the easy and cheapest way to clear the land.

As it is well known that the structure of peat land consists of strong wood fibers particularly in the unmature peat land. The digging of the land is the hardest way, therefore, they use a fire to burn the unintended bushes and trees.

Actually, the agroforestry team has disseminated the disadvantages of slash and burn technique in the peat land area, namely: (i) the height of the peat land will decrease signigicantly, (ii) burning of the peat land will cause underground fires, (iii) burning of the peat land wil produce smoke (CO2 emission), (iv) smokes will bring to respitory disease, and (v) smokes affect the social and economy of local community.

In addition to the burning of peat land, when the height of the peat land after burning is below the water table, the land cannot be used anymore and become idle land. It is caused by the water level has sink the roots of the plants for several days and the death of the plant really happen. In similar explanation, when the height of the peat land reduce significantly, the possibility of plant roots penetrate and touch the spirit is realy high and cause the death of the existing plants.

In land preparation, farmers in Terantang village still use slash and burn method besides it is cheap, it is also the fastest way to conduct land preparation. Though FORDA has created techonology for land preparation without burning, but it seems that the technology should be approved in different land and different ecosystem.


3.3 Setting of Tree Spacing

There is no uniform tree spacing used for rubber plantation by Terantang farmers. Thus, farmers tend to make tree spacing base on personal judgement. They cultivate rubberwood combine with rattan to optimize land as agroforestry so that land productivity will be higher.

From quick observation, in fact several farmers have been aware about land preparation, such as planting space with the 6 x 5 m or 5 x 5 m. When asking about the setting up of planting space they have selected, they don’t understand why it is so, and just know that from their observation to clonal rubber plantation in the nearby showing a good growth indicated by better and straight stem which can produce good yield.

3.4 Making of Planting Hole

As practiced in the rubber cultivation, farmers in Terantang Village make a plantation hole according to the size of polybag which contain seedling, and without waiting any longer, that seedling is directly planted. The plantation hole with such size actually will not allow root to grow well to support young plantation. This practice should accordingly be changed otherwise the growth of young plantation will be slowly and never reach optimum level. According to the Research Centre of Rubber Plantation, the ideal size of plantation hole is around 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm (length x widh x depth). The advantage of making plantation hole with a bigger size is to provide space for fertilizer and root of young tree to grow and spread to all direction.

3.5 Tree Planting and Maintaining Technique

As was discussed before, farmers in Terantang Village do not have certain pattern of tree planting. What they practice is base on past experience in which pattern of tree planting is adopted similar to rice planting in the mountenous dry lands. The size of planting hole is made just fit with the size of seedling in the polybag.

Maintenance activity is hardly undertaken by the farmers, since they believe that naturally land will provide enough nutrient for trees to grow normally.

12 EVALUATION ON EXISTING AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

Cosidering the above information, and if the agroforestry demplot would be developed, farmers are expected to continue maintaining plantation both rubber and gaharu in order to produce optimum yield. This point is one of the issues which will be addressed in the Agreement.

3.6 Harvesting Technique

Rubber tapping is not conducted using an appropriate technique, so that it cause negative impact on latext productivity. Currently production of latex is relatively low due to the fact that pattern and technique applied for tapping rubber is not effective and efficient.

Latex productivity is not only determined by harvesting technique of but also the quality of rubber plantation, and more specifically the quality of seedling. In terms of productvity, the difference between rubber plantation originating from forest and clonal rubber trees can been seen in Table 3.

Table 3. Economic calculation between the use of ordinary and clonal rubber seedlings

No. Description UnitRubber Seddling Quality

Ordinary (Jungle)

Clonal (Labeling)

1. Price of Seedling Rp./seedling 3,000 6,000

2. Ready Tapping Period Month 72 40

3. Latex Production per Tree kg/month 1.05 1.50

4. Income from Latex per Month (Latex price= Rp. 15,000/kg)

Rp/month 15,750 22,500

5. Productive Age of Rubber Tree (25 years)

Month 300 300

6. Cost of Seedling per Month Rp/Month 10 20

7. Profit from Latex per Month Rp/Month 15,740 22,480

8. Ratio Seedling Cost and Revenue

% 0.063 0.089

Source: Subarudi (2011).


Table 3 indicated that the use of high quality (clonal) rubber seedlings with its double price compared to price of junggle or ordinary rubber seedlings has many adavantages, such as (1) tapping period is more faster, (2) increased monthy income generation, and (3) the price difference for 25 years is only Rp. 10 per seedling per month.

3.7 Marketing Channel

Latex is marketed domestically in Terantang Village, where farmers are able to sell their product everyday because there is trader who always buy such products in that village. Price of latex is set up among traders and farmers.

Currently farmers do not get the latest information on price of latex directly except from the traders. In this situation, unbalance information will happen and often lead to the loss of farmers side. Considering this condition, therefore it is needed to adopt latest technique of information for farmers, as it has been done by Research Centre on Rubber in Sembawa, North Sumatera. This Research provide information on price of latex “ regularly” through SMS. The availability of price on latex is very strategic for the farmers, as input for consideration to sell the product.


DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY

AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

4.1 Socialization of Agroforestry Demonstration Plot

In the implementation of agroforestry demonstration plot activity, the first step is to socialize the activity to all community elements so that the community would fully understand the objectives and benefits of this plot activity. Finally, the community would accept and committ to implement this agroforestry plot in their own land. The ouput of socialization process is to achieve the commiitment of local community in imlementing the agroforestry plots including the time schedule for training courses and the establishment of farmer agroforestry groups (Figure 3).

4.2 Establishment of Agroforestry Farmer Group

At the establishment of agroforestry farmer group, the facilitators discussed intensively with local community as main implementers with focusing on the importance of group establishment, the understanding of rights and obligations of group members. Actually, the objective of group establishment is to work together and to collaborate among the members in order to achieve their common goal through this agroforestry activities (Figure 4).

Formerly there were 3 farmer groups who were interested to become member or participants for Agroforestry model, they are: (1) Karya Bonot Bersatu Farmer Group (2 ha), (2) Warga Tani Farmer Group (2 ha), (3) Mimbar Jaya Farmer Group (1 ha). Farmer Group of Karya Bonot Bersatu is represented by Mr. Darlan dan Upik, Farmer Group of Warga Tani is represented by Mr. Buhari Muslim and Mr. Syafarudin, while Farmer Group of Mimbar Jaya is represented by Mr. Abdul Rauf.

4

16 DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY AND LAND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES

Figure 3. Socialization activities for agroforestry demonstration plot and participatory mapping

During the process of negotiation, two people from Farmer Group of Warga Tani and Mimbar Jaya widraw from the membership, and it should be found for replacement. Finally it is agreed upon that Farmer Group of Karya Bonot Bersatu receive compact land amounting to 3 ha, in which Darlan, Upik dan Sarlim as representative of the group, while Mr. Buhari Muslim remain represent Farmer Group of Warga Tani for 1 ha, while Farmer Group of Mimbar jaya is represented by Mr. Hardina.


Figure 4. Activities during the establishment of farmer agroforestry groups

4.3 Size and Location of Demplot

As it was stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) that the Demonstration plot of sustainable agroforestry will be developed for the size of 10 ha for 2 villages, namely Terantang and Terantang Hilir. However, since there is Head Village election in Terantang Hilir, then communities was busy to focus their attention to choose the leader. It was afraid that if the demplot be developed in that village, it can be seen as part of political campaign for certain candidate. For that reason, sustainable agroforestry is decided to be established in Terantang Village for 5 hectare.

From the briefing conducted during the process of development of sustainable agroforestry, Team consisting of Reseacher from FORDA, Puter Foundation, Hokkaido University, Starling Resources remind the farmers that the plot will be monitored and evaluated continously, and if successful, the plot will be the venue of training for other farmers from outsides or surrounding the village of Terantang.


The plot will also be labelled as plot related to peat management and restoration which more environmentally sound and economically viable.

The area of Agroforestry Demplot located at two places, one of them is in Farmer Group of Karya Bonot Bersatu. This location can be reached about 30 minutes from Terantang Village by boat (small water chase) (Figure 5). This location can also be reached by walk since there is no access for motor cycle.

Figure 5. Acces to the agroforestry site which can be reached by small boat (chase)

During the field visit to the agroforestry site of Farmers Group in Karya Bonot Bersatu, sample of peat land has been taken and will be analized in terms of their phisical character in the Laboratory (Appendix 1).

Radius (2013) reported the ‘Surjan” cultivation tehnique for red onion (bawang merah) at peat land.


The planting area is made by stacking soil into 60 - 70 cm on high from soil water surface and the width is 100 cm. The distance between planting area is around 40 - 50 cm. It also equipped with drainase unit with the width of 40 cm and the depth of 60 cm. In order to reduce soil accidity, the soil is added with dolomit around 1.5 ton per hectare. The soil fertility in peat land is improved by giving guano fertilizer around 5 ton per ha for peat land and around 10 kg per ha for mineral soil.

Currently, the existing crops in Demplot site is paddy rice. However, the owner is ready to plant main crops for agroforestry demplot soon after the design and planting preparation is completed (Figure 6). With such condition, there is no need to conduct land preparation and planting hole can be directly established.

Figure 6. Site of agroforesry demplot (3 ha) at Farmer Group Karya Bonot Bersatu

Based on information from Farmer Group of Warga Tani, Mr. Buhari, the condition of his land is not the same with the condition of Farmer Group of Karya Bonot Bersatu, where shrubs and bushes still exist in his lands. It is therefore needed effort to slash and clean the shrub before doing plantation. It has been also discussed with Mr. Buhari that in the land preparation, slash and burn model will not be undertaken. Shrub and bushes will be cut off and collected in one big hole to be used as organic fertilizer (Bokashi) by puting certaint liquid formula (EM4). This activity is relatively easy to be done by Mr. Buhari since he is used to make organic fertilizer.


The problem of developing agroforestry will occure when the plot will be established on peat land owned by Mr. Hardin (Group Farmer of Mimbar Jaya) where the depth of peat land reach 30-100 cm. This problem should be discussed by expert including Prof. Osaki about the tree species which match with the site condition.

4.4 Agreement as Legal Basis

Although agroforestry is developed base on voluntary among the parties involved, however, it is necessary to build agreement as legal basis for cooperation. It is agreed by both sides (farmers and Forestry Research Centre/Puspijak) that the Memorandum of Understanding should be made and signed together and legally binding. Thus MOU will provide guidance for both parties to behave in developing Agroforestry. In the MOU, each party has the rights and obligation concerning the agroforestry plot (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Signing the MoU and given to one of farmer participants


In general, both parties express their satisfaction during the preparation of developing agroforestry and hoping to have the partnership long lasting. The complete MoU on developing sustainable agroforestry can be seen as attached in Appendix 2.

4.5 Design of Agroforestry Model

Base on the discussion among the parties involved in the agroforestry model, it is agreed that: main crops for agroforestry is Rubber trees: (70%), Agarwood: (10%), Multi Purpose Tree Species (Durian (Durio zebetinus), Rambutan (Nephellium lappaceum), Matoa (Poemeetia pinnata), Nangka (Artocarpus sp) around 20%. Inter crops species will be selected to provide weekly income such as Maize, Cassava, soybean, chilly, mustard plan,etc.

It is also agreed that line spacing for main crops will be made 5 x 5 meter. This decision is chosen base on experience of Mr. Darlan, after observing and comparing the growth of rubber plantation which have line spacing of 5 x 5 meter and 2 x 3 meter. Plantation which have line spacing 2 x 3 meter have less growth, compare to plantation 5 x 5 meter although both plantation already reach 3 years. (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Rubber plantation ( 5 x 5 m) located on Mr. Darlan’s land area

Agroforestry demplot which have been designed in peatland amounting to 3 ha and will be managed by Karya Bonot Bersatu can be seen at Figure 9 as follows.


K Ko D G M/R

K Ko D

X P $ S @ C # J V P X S $ C @ J

P S C J P S C J

X P $ S @ C # J V P X S $ C @ J

P S C J P S C J

X P $ S @ C # J V P X S $ C @ J

P S C J P S C J

X P $ S @ C # J V P X S $ C @ J

P S C J P S C J

X P $ S @ C # J V P X S $ C @ J

P S C J P S C J

X P $ S @ C # J V P X S $ C @ J

P S C J P S C J

X P $ S @ C # J V P X S $ C @ J

Remarks: Main trees: K= Karet Local (Hevea brasiliensis), Ko = Karet Klonal (clonal rubber tress), D = Durian (Durion zibethinus), G = Gaharu (Aquilaria sp), M = Matoa (Pometia pinnata), R = Rambutan (Nephellium lappaceum), dan spacing trees: P = Pisang (Musa paradisiaca), S = Sing-kong (Manihot esculeta) assava, C = Cabe (Collectoricum capsici), J = Jagung (Zea mays).

Figure 9. Design of agroforestry demonstration plot at the farmer group of Karya Bonot Bersatu

Total main trees planted in the demonstarion plots with the spacing of 5 x 5 meter was 400 trees with the composition for each trees was shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Composition of main tree species

No. Main Trees Species Percentage (%)

Number of Trees (stem)

Origin of Seedlings

1. Karet Lokal (Hevea brasiliensis) 70 280 Terantang village

2. Karet Okulasi (Hevea brasiliensis) 10 40 Certified seedling trader

3. Gaharu (Aqualaria malacensis) 5 20 Seedling trader at Lamandau district

4. Durian (Durio Zibethinus) 5 20 Local seedling trader

5. Rambutan (Lappaceum domesticum)

5 20 Local seedling trader

6. Matoa (Pommetia Pinnata) 5 20 Local seedling trader

Jumlah 100 400


Main trees composisition (Table 4) can be changed in according to the research interest for guarantee the succesful tree growth and for increasing farmer’s income at the same time. Since a long ago, farmers at Terantang village planted tree in “tugal” way (making a small hole with a wooden stick where its hole size is a little bigger than the polybag size of the seedling) and then the seedling put in the hole. This condition causes the tree roots did not develop optimally. Therefore, the planting hole should be changed into 30 x 30 x 20 cm that mean the hole wide of 30 cm, the hole long of 30 cm, and the hole deep of 20 cm. The depth of the hole is really in line with the existing seedling size.

4.6 Planting in The Field

On January 26, 2013 the project has conducted the first planting at Sarlim’s land with Gaharu tress and grafted rubber tress with the following activities: (1) Opening ceremony, (2) First planting of Gaharu tree by the Head of Terantang village, (3) Second planting of Gaharu tree by MoF representative, (4) Second planting of Gaharu tree by Yayasan Puter Indonesia, (5) Communal tree planting (grafted rubber trees and gaharu trees) as illustrated in Figure 10.

Other planting activities would be conducted by other farmer participant after the biochar making finished on February 12, 2013 and at Darlan’s land after rice harvesting period. Actually, the planting of grafted rubber trees can be planted in the rice field meanwhile waiting for its harvesting time because the rubber tree would not affect the rice plants by covering full sun lights. The main advantage is the rubber trees are still there after the rice was harvested. The farmer is only to maintain the existing trees with the clearing of bushes and the improving of land porosity around the seedling planting area.

Based on the discussion results, the following actions to be done for achieving sustainable agroforestry in peatland program with producing the following information: (a) other farmers outside of farmer participants are interested in and want to join the program, (b) key success for the sustainable forestry demplots is in the hand of seven farmer participants by showing their seriousness and commitment, and (c) the monitoring activity is really required for 3 months ahead regarding the development of farmer group and the demplots.


Figure 10. First planting activity in the agroforestry demplot making


CAPACITY BUILDING TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE

AGROFORESTRY

There are several activities undertaken to support the development of sustainable agroforestry and land husbandry practices. One activity related to Dissemination of Practical Guideline on Agroforestry, while another activity related to training on certain subjects, namely: (i) training on biochar making, (ii) training on mycoriza material for agroforestry, (iii) training on organic fertilizer making, (iv) training on peat dome measurement, and (v) training on tree planting and maintaining.

5.1 Dissemination of Practical Guideline on Agroforestry

The dissemination includes (1) the explanation on the aim and objectives of the four guidelines, (2) the main factors to be considered for the best results of the guidelines, (3) the answer and question approach for understanding the guidelines, and (4) the seeking inputs for the improvement of the guidelines.

Training on tree planting and maintenance was conducted by explaning the technical guidelines for agroforestry demonstration plots as an effort to support the succesful implementation of the demonstration plots. The technical guideline made by Budi et.al (2008) have been reviewed and discussed in this training were: (i) land preparation, (ii) planting hole making, (iii) planting activity, (iv) tree maintenance, (v) combatting of pests and diseases, and (vi) gum tapping technique when the harvesting time comes. In this dissemination activity, the film on clonal rubber tree cultivation has been displayed for grasping comprehensive understanding of farmer participants on many steps for successful cutivation of clonal rubber plantation (Figure 11).

Actually the good land preparation is fireless because the burning method is more disadvantages than its advantages. However, the technology of fireless land preparation is unavailable and expensive, people are still doing land preparation with a slash and burn method.

5

26 CAPACITY BUILDING TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY

In normal condition, the waste from land preparation should not be burnt, but it can be processed into organic fertilizer for improving soil fertility. High organic material content is not only adding the soil nutrients, but also it functions as water holding and improved soil infiltration force, erosion and run off reduction when rain falls. For clear and complete information related to land preparation and planting hole making can be seen in the practical guidelines (Appendix 3).

Activity done after making planting hole is planting activity. The important thing in the planting activity is the fertilizer giving, the handling of seedling in polybag, putting of the seedling and the covering of planting hole. Fertilizer putting in the planting hole aims to give nutrient deposite for the planted seedling to grow steadily. Taking out seedling from a polybag should be done carefully to avoid the broken soil in the polybag which make the seedling stress and has difficulty in its conditioning at the planting hole. Putting seedling in the planting hole should be stright and vertical from the surface of planting hole area. The covering of planting hole with soil should form a convex shape to prevent water clogging in the planting hole causing rotten seedling roots. Next activity is tree maintenance that should be done every 3 months for clearing bushes/herbs and for improving soil porosity and drainase. For clear and complete information related to tree planting and maintenance can be seen in the practical guidelines (Appendix 3).


Figure 11. Dissemination activity on practical guidance on agroforestry

5.2 Training on Biocharcoal

Training on bio-charcoal (biochar) making was conducted at demonstration plot location with an expert of Prof. Osaki with his special biochar design to produce biochar for capturing the peat land emission and for improving soil fertility. Biochar wold be given to several planting holes in the certain demontration plot as field experimentation. The training was followed up with the practical session in the field (Figure 12).


Figure 12. Training activities for bio-charcoal making at demplot area

Biochar making was implemented to capture emission from inside peat land and to hold nutrients when it mixtures with organic fertilizer so that soil fertility is maintained for certain period. Biochar implementation is done by putting it into planting hole or putting it around the surface of planting area. For clear and complete information on biochar making can be seen in the practical guidelines (Appendix 4).

5.3 Training on Organic Fertilizer

Training on organic fertilizer (beyonic startmic) making was conducted at demonstration plot location with an expert of Dr. Sarjiya Antonius from Indonesian Scientific Agency (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia), Jakarta. Organic fertilizer is important for planting tree in order to guarantee the succesful tree planting and growing in the field. In agricultural sector, beyonic starmic is used for increasing agriculture production. The training was followed up with the practical session in the field (Figure 13).


Figure 13. Training activities for organing fertilizer making at demplot area

In a simple way, organic fertilizer can be made by making a hole and filling it with organic materials and then giving an EM4 (Effective Microorganism) liquid. It was covered with plastic bag for 1 - 2 weeks. The organic materials should be steered for a week by taking material out from the bottom layer and putting in the above layer. Checking the organic material is done by grasping it. If the material is not longer hot, it indicates the material is ready for use due to a fermentation process completed. For clear and complete information on organic fertlizer making written by Aswandi (2009) can be seen in Appendix 5.

5.4 Training on Mycorrhiza

Training on mycorrhiza application in seedling was conducted at demonstration plot location with an expert of Dr. Maman Turjaman from the Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development (Pusat Litbang Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi), Bogor.


Mycorrhiza applied in seedling is important for Gaharu tree planting in order to guarantee its succesful planting and growing in the field. The training was followed up with the practical session in the field (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Training activities for Mycorrhiza making at demplot area

5.5 Training on Peat Depth Measurement

Training on peat depth measurement was conducted at demonstration plot location with an expert of Rumi Naito from Starling Resources. This measurement is to know how deep the peat land is and to select proper tree species that is suitable for the exsiting peat land so that it would support the succesful tree planting process. The training was followed up with the practical session in the field (Figure 15).


Figure 15. Training activities for peat depth measurement at demplot area

5.6 Study Tour to Lamandau District

To support the implemented training courses and to give clear and comprehensive pictures of agroforestry implementation, farmer participants were participated in a study tour dated`on 22 - 23 January 2013 to Forestry Service of Lamandau District, Central Kalimantan. The Farmers has got lesson learned from the study tour including: (i) discussion on gaharu tree cultivation, (ii) technical aspect of gaharu tree maintenance, (iii) gaharu boring tools, and (iv) practical session of gaharu boring process at the land owned by a farmer lived in Lamandau village (Figure 16).


Figure 16. Study tour activities on gaharu cultivation at Lamandau District


CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion

Agroforestry demonstration plots making in Terantang village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Kalimantan Tengah province is one of activities to support the program on sustainable peat land management that initiated by ITTO - Marubeni Project at surrounding concession area of PT Rimba Makmur Utama.

Farmers involved in agroforestry demonstration plots should conduct their rights and obligations for the succesful clonal rubber tree and gaharu plantation as describe in Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that committed and signed by both parties.

In order to support the succesful agroforesry plot implementation, the four training courses were conducted, namely: (i) training on biochar making, (ii) training on mycorrhyza materal for agroforestry, (iii) training on organic fertilizer making, (iv) training on peat dome measurement, and (v) training on tree planting and maintaining.

In order to grasp clear picture and comprehensive understanding of agroforestry demonstration plots, the farmer participants were brough to the study tour to Lamandau District, Central Kalimantan for seing the establishment and development of gaharu plantation from seedling, planting, maintenance to boring process so that the tree would content “agarwood” materials.

First planting activity was conducted by planting cloal rubber trees in one of farmer participants and then followed by other farmers meanwhile waiting for rice plants harvesting. It hopes that the farmers should not miss the planting season for the succesful tree planting and growing process.

6

34 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Based on the discussion results with the farmer participants, many farmers (out of farmer participants) are interested in the program and to be next farmer participants when the project would continue the same program in the same village so that their antusiasm should be followed up by discussing with main stakeholders (Forestry and Crop Estate Service of Kotim District, Marubeni Corporation and PT RMU) due to the end of the project in March 2013.

The main and crucial things to be done for supporting the successful agroforesry plot is the monitoring and coaching for the next 3 months and the results of the monitoring process can be used as guidance for next 6 month actions.

6.2 Recommendation

Contribution of Forestry and Crop Estate Service of Kotim District is really required to continue the monitoring and evalution activity toward the result of agroforestry demontration plots located in Terantang Village, Seranau Sub-district, Kotim District.

Establishment of agroforestry demontration plots located in Terantang Village should be a village developed by Puspijak due to closely related to the sustainable peat land management program. If necessary, Puspijak would work together with other FORDA’s Centers through implementing approriate technologies for improving the livelihood and prosperity of community living in the village.

Yayasan Puter, is still working for mapping project in the neigboor villages of Terantang, should be coordinator and facilitator for sustainability of demonstration plots in the Terantang village thorugh intensive communication with both the farmer participants and Puspijak as an initiator for sustainable peat land management program.


References

Aswandi. 2009. Proses Pembuatan Pupuk Organik (Bokashi). Bahan Panduan Pelaksanaan Pelatihan Pembuatan Kompos Pada Proyek ITTO PD 394/06 Rev. 1 (F) “Restoring the Ecosysteem Function of Lake Toba Catchment Area through Community Development and Local Capacity Building for Forest and Land Rehabilitation. Bogor.

Budi, G. Wibawa, R. Akiefnawati, L. Joshi, E. Penot, and Janudianto. 2008. Panduan: Pembangunan Kebun Wanatani Berbasis Karet Klonal. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Bogor.

Radius, D.B. 2013. Budidaya Hortikultura: Menanam Bawang Merah di Lahan Gambut. Harian Kompas, tanggal 8 Februari 2013, halaman 14. Jakarta.

Sakuntaladewi. N, Subarudi, and A.P. Suka. 2011. Study on REDD+ Instutional Setting at Feasibility Study Sites. Paper Submitted to MOF-ITTO Project PD 273/89 (Phase I) “Feasibility Study on REDD+ Implementation in Central Kalimantan”. Bogor.

Subarudi, Sukandar, and A.P. Suka. 2012. Implementing Social Safeguard Through Engagement of Local Communities: Study Case in PT Rimba Makmur Utama, Katingan, Central Kalimantan. Paper Submitted to MOF-ITTO Project PD 273/89 (Phase II) “Feasibility Study on REDD+ Implementation in Central Kalimantan”. Bogor.

Subarudi. 2011. Upaya Nyata Mewujudkan Pemanfaatan Kayu Karet Hasil Peremajaan. Makalah Penunjang Pada

Appendices


Appendix 1. Result of testing of peat soil from Darlan’ land

Testing of Peat Soil from Darlan’s

: 02/AF

G/I/201

3

: I Waya

n-

: Kehut

anan

: Bogor

: 02 Ja

nuari 2

013: 04

Janua

ri s/d 1

8 Janu

ari 201

3: : 11

Conto

h

XU

H2O

KCl

(cc)

%(gr)

(gr)(g/c

c)

113F

0I

0-1

00He

mik+M

ineral

490.63

425.90

56.3

128.9

186.1

0.38

62.68

37.32

19.42

Ketera

ngan: Ga

mbut sis

a anali

sis aka

n dibua

ng set

elah 2 b

ulan ha

sil anali

sis dise

rahkan

ke pem

ohon, p

engadu

an aka

n dilay

ani pali

ng lam

bat 2 m

inggu s

etelah

data d

iserahk

an ke p

emohon

Bogor,

18 Jan

uari 20

13

Pena

nggung

Jawab

Labo

ratorium

Fisika

Tanah

-------%

--------

----

---- %

--------

Nomo

rUru t

Conto

hSer

i

pHTot

al gam

-but

basah

Bahan

organi

kKem

atanga

nVol

ume

Kadar a

irKad

ar Abu

C -

organi

kKed

alama

n

(cm)

Bulk

Densi

tyTot

al gam

-but

kering

HASIL A

NALISIS

CONTO

H FISIK

A TANA

H

Kadar

serat

Nama

Pengi

rim

Surat P

erintah

No.

Nama

Instan

si Peng

irim

Alama

t Insta

nsi Pe

ngirim

Tan

ggal Pe

nerima

an Co

ntoh

Tan

ggal Pe

ngujian

Conto

h

Jud

ul/Obye

k Pene

litian

Jum

lah co

ntoh

Telepo

n No:

40 Memorandum of Understanding for Agriculture Demonstration plots

Appendix 2. Memorandum of Understanding for Agriculture Demonstration plots

JOINT AGREEMENT

NO. ...............................

BETWEEN CENTER FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLICY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PUSPIJAK)

WITH

FARMERS GROUP OF PARTICIPANTS OF AGOROFORESTRY DEMONSTRATION PLOT

ON

DEVELOPMENT OF DEMONSTRATION PLOT OF AGROFORESTRY IN THE TERANTANG

VILLAGE, SARANAU SUB-DISTRICT, EAST KOTAWARINGIN DISTRICT.

On Wednesday, date Seventeen, month January, year Two Thousand and Thirteen the undersigned below: Ir. Sulistyo Siran, M.Sc: Deputy Director for Center For Climate Change And Policy Research And Development, Puspijak, located in Jl. Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor West Java, hereinafter called as the FIRST PARTY. Darlan: Chairman of Farmers Group, in this case acting for and on behalf of Farmer Group of Karya Bonot Bersatu, which is located in the Terantang Village, Saranau Sub- District, East Kotawaringin District, Central Kalimantan Province, hereinafter referred to as the SECOND PARTY. By first explaining that each has the capabilities and functions that can be upgraded to the common good, and underpinned by a common desire to help each other according to the ability and function of each, to participate in the implementation of establishment of agroforestry demonstration plot, then the FIRST PARTY, SECOND PARTY, hereinafter referred to as the BOTH PARTIES agree to execute joint agreements with the following provisions:

ARTICLE 1 PURPOSE

Improving capabilities of BOTH PARTIES in carrying out the functions and mission of each in the field of community development and the development of agroforestry demonstration plots on land owned by members of farmer groups in order to create models of environmentally friendly and economic value peatland management.

ARTICLE 2 SCOPE

1. Prepare farmer groups plan of activities 2. Conduct training on nursery and making of bokashi fertilizer on site of farmer groups 3. Establish nursery which will be managed by farmer groups


4. Conduct planting on land belong to members according to their capability 5. Maintain and protect the growth of plants that have been planted 6. Maintain and protect the sustainability of the existing demplots that have been established 7. Report orally or in written on any developments related to the progress of demplot managed by

farmer group.

ARTICLE 3 FORM PARTNERSHIP

This agreement will be implemented in the form of cooperation: 1. Prepare farmer groups plan of activities 2. Conduct training on nursery and making of bokashi fertilizer on site of farmer groups 3. Establish nursery by ITTO which will be managed by farmer groups 4. Conduct planting on land belong to members covering one (1) hectare according to their

capability 5. Maintain and protect the growth of plants that have been planted 6. Maintain and protect the sustainability of the existing demplots that have been established 7. Report orally or in written on any developments related to the progress of demplot managed by

farmer group.

ARTICLE 4 ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES

1. To realize this joint agreement, then BOTH PARTIES agree and have agreed to appoint

representatives from each party, in which personnel engaged by the consent of each PARTY and will be described in the Implementation Agreement.

2. Any activities agreed by BOTH PARTIES will be described and set forth in a separate implementation agreement approved by each PARTY with reference to this Joint Agreement and adjusted its resources respectively.

3. FIRST PARTY is obliged to facilitate the development of agroforestry demonstration plots associated with the provision of tree seedlings and quality agriculture with the FIRTS PARTY as the executor of establishment of demonstration plots on his land.

4. SECOND PARTY is obliged to prepare the land, make planting, maintain seedlings and agricultural plated on land periodically based on technical guidelines to ensure the success of these plantations

5. FIRST PARTY shall provide guidance, direction and instruction for the process of development

of agroforestry demonstration plots in accordance with the main objective which is being a model of environmentally friendly and economic value peat management.

6. FIRST AND SECOND PARTY have obligation to monitor and to evaluate the implementation of

agroforestry demonstration plot establishment and to discuss if there are problems that arise and find solutions to these problems together.

7. SECOND PARTY is obliged to submit progress of growth of trees and agricultural plants to the

officer appointed by the FIRST PARTY.

42 Memorandum of Understanding for Agriculture Demonstration plots

8. SECOND PARTY is obliged to assist FIRST PARTY and to coordinate with relevant parties in

an effort to support the successful implementation of the demonstration site.

9. SECOND PARTY is entitled to all the crops that grow on the land as his own.

ARTICLE 5 LOCATION OF COOPERATION

Location of cooperation of establishment of agroforestry demonstration plot is in Terantang Village, Saranu Sub-District, East Kotawawringin District with geographic coordinates and map in attachment.

ARTICLE 6 DURATION

1. This Joint Agreement is valid for a period of 1 (one) year from the date of signing of the joint

agreement. 2. This joint agreement may be terminated prior to the validity period specified in section 5,

paragraph 1, and can be automatically extended by agreement of the BOTH PARTES with the provisions that party want to end or extend this agreement shall notify such intention in writing to the other party, at least 3 (three ) months before.

3. This agreement may be terminated or canceled by itself when there is no existing legislative or government policy that does not allow the course of the joint agreement.

ARTICLE 7 FINANCING

Financing arising from this collaboration will be set in the implementation of special arrangements or agreements that are determined by BOTH PARTIES based on budgets and respective capabilities, and assistance from others from within and outside the country whose revenue and expenditure are in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations.

ARTICLE 8

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)

1. Report the final results of the Joint Agreement will be the result of BOTH PARTIES 2. Matters relating to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) as a result of this Agreement, will be

discussed and determined later by the BOTH PARTIES in the Implementation Agreement. 3. All information and data in connection with this Agreement shall be kept confidential by the

BOTH PARTIES and BOTH PARTIES agreed not to inform or give part or all of the data to the THIRD PARTY unless a written consent of BOTH PARTIES.

ARTICLE 9

MISCELLANEOUS


1. If in the implementation of the Joint Agreement there are government policies and other regulations resulting in changes in the partnership, this will be further discussed and agreed together

2. Matters not provided in this Agreement shall be governed and defined later in the Addendum and or amendment agreed by BOTH PARTIES and as an integral part of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 10 CLOSING

This Agreement is made and signed in the Terantang village, on Wednesday, the Twelve, in December, and the year of Two Thousand and Twelve as mentioned at the beginning of this Agreement, with three (3) copies, each of which has equal legal powers and held by the FIRST PARTY and SECOND PARTY. Herewith, this Agreement is made in good faith by BOTH PARTIES.

FIRTS PARTY

Ir. SULISTYO A. SIRAN, M. Sc

DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CCCPRD

SECOND PARTY

DARLAN

HEAD OF FARMER GROUPS OF KARYA BONOT BERSATU

WITNESSED BY:

CHAIRIL ANWAR, S.H HEAD OF TERANTANG

VILLAGE

Appendix 3. Practical guidance for planting cloned rubber plantation

Subarudi

Sulistyo A. Siran

IN COOPERATION CENTER FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLICY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

WITH ITTO/FEASIBILTY STUDY ON REDD+ IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

PRACTICAL GUIDANCE

DEVELOPMENT OF AGROFORESTRY BASED ON CLONAL RUBBER


Appendix 3. Practical guidance for planting cloned rubber plantation

Subarudi

Sulistyo A. Siran

IN COOPERATION CENTER FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLICY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

WITH ITTO/FEASIBILTY STUDY ON REDD+ IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

PRACTICAL GUIDANCE

DEVELOPMENT OF AGROFORESTRY BASED ON CLONAL RUBBER

46 Practical guidance for planting cloned rubber plantation

PREFACE

This Manual for Rubber Agroforestry Development is developed based on Panduan Pembangunan Kebun Wanatani Berbasis Karet Klonal (Rubber Agroforestry System-RAS) by Budi at all. and it was issued by World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), year 2008.

The objective of this manual is to assist the commnities of Terantang Village, Sampit, Central Kalimantan in developing rubber agroforestry under Feasibility study on REDD+ in Central Kalimantan in 2012.

The content of this manual are in line with the level knowledge of the communities whose main household income sources from rubber cultivation. Rubber seedlings they use for plantation are mostly local species with low productivity of latex due to unintensive management.

This manual covers main activities of agroforestry management, such as land clearing, planting, intercropping, pest and disease control and tapping technique.

We believe that this manual will be beneficial for communities in developing rubber-based agroforestry, and it will be revised in compliance with field practice.

Authors


I. LAND PREPARATION

Land for clone rubber-based agroforestry can be ex-old rubber plantation, secondary forest, bushes or grass land. Originality of land use are crucial for land clearing activity by farmers/crops estate and advanced plantation management.

A. Land Clearing

In additon to high quality of growth of rubber trees, land clearing also aims to avoid Rigidoporus lignosus that cause disease of Jamur Akar Putih (JAP). If the areas that will be used for rubber plantation are ex-old rubber estate, stumps and their roots anchored in the ground should be removed from planting areas in order to curb JAP inoculant.

Land clearing for rubber cultivation can be carried out by means of slash and burn, and slash without burn techniques. As enviromental issues affected by forest fire, slash and burn technique has been prohibited.

Alternative to slash and burn is slash-without burn technique that has been applied to clone rubber based-agroforestry system. This technique covers felling and slash in planting strips which have been widely used by traditional rubber cultivators.

Land clearing in ex-old rubber plantation and secondary forest

Land clearing in these areas can be conducted by means of traditional method (using axe and handsaw) and mechanical method ( using chain saw). Farmers usually carry out land clearing and preparation activity with a mutal assisstance or rotation system among community members.

In general, activity steps are as follows:

1. Felling trees of <10 cm in diameter and slashing scrubs and bushes. 2. Felling big trees is done with axe, hand saw or chain saw. 3. Felling direction should be proper in order to enable next work activities. 4. Felled trees are quickly cut into a certain size for construction, supplied to wood industries or

for wood-fuel. 5. Branches and twigs are cut into a small size to order to transfer them in a certain collection

point. 6. Stumps and anchored roots in the ground are lifted, collected in a certain point and dried and

burn. 7. The piles of stumps are arranged in certain interval in order to avoid overlaping among others

and they should be outside planting strips. 8. Residual stumps and roots are destroyed using Garlon 480EC or Tordon 101 to accelerate

decay process.


Land clearing in scrubs and bushes or grass land

The step activities are:

1. Cutting all trees and weeds is conducted in planting areas or in planting strips of 2 meters in width.

2. Residual stems, woods and scrubs are collected between planting strips and removed from planting areas.

3. Planting strips are designed by using wooden stakes at certain planting interval. The row of stakes is a base for land clearing with slash.

4. Land clearing in grass land (Imperata cylindrica) can be conducted by using chemical herbicides since it is more effective and faster.

B. Soil Treatment

Soil treatment can be carried out in either the whole areas or cleared planting strips. In soil treatment, a hue or chopping knife can be used to loose soil and create terraces in planting strips especially in slope land.

C. Stake Marking

After land clearing and soil treatment, the next step is stake marking.

Stake marking aims to:

arrange planting interval prepar planting holes support trees in order to gain straight stem of plants simplify management and maintenance of young and productive rubber trees


Stake marking should be suitable with planting interval and density of rubber tree that ranges from 500 to 600 trees per hectare. However, in practice in the field, the density and planting interval should consider condition of land slope.

According to Boerhendhy (2003), based on land slope, stake marking technique divided in two categories, namely:

1. Flat land (slope<10%) In flat land, the density is 550 trees per hectare with planting interval 4x6 m. Some important things that should be considered in stake marking are: The row of stake must follow points of compass. For planting planting of 4x6 m, main stake of 6 m is placed in East-West direction. For large plantation areas, main stake is placed in the centre, whereas for planting areas

less than 1 hectare, it is put at the edge of planting areas. 2. Land slope (slope 10-25%)

Stake marking follows land contour at the same altitude points. The methods are: Determining the position of serial stake in the field is done by connecting points of the

same altitue Terrace stake is used for planting interval of 4 m. Planting interval of 6 m is for horizontal or terrace interval.


D. Planting hole preparation

After stake marking in all planting points, the next activity is planting hole preparation as follows:

1. Make planting hole of 40x40x40 cm with a hue. 2. Dig planting hole at one of edge of stake with

the distance of 20 cm. 3. This work is done in all planting points for a

good and straight rubber plantatation 4. Digged soils are separated from topsoil and

subsoil. 5. Put basic fertilizer into hole planting before

planting rubber trees. Fertilizing can be done as hole preparation completed. Use rock phosphate fertilizer with the dosage of 250 g per planting hole. Fertilizing is to accelerate root growth of rubber trees to make plants be able to adapt with field condition

II. PLANTING AND BRANCHING FORMATION A. Rubber Planting

Planting activity is done at the begining of rainy season that generally starts in September, so it will be completed by the beginning of dry season.

By using planting material OPAS (rubber seedling by single grafting), planting steps includes:

1. Remove polybag carfully in order to avoid a broken media that cause plant death 2. Make sure that prepared planting holes to be a proper condition 3. Put rubber seedling in the center of planting hole and cover it with firstly subsoil and then with

top soil. 4. Soil compaction is done from the edge to center part of the hole. 5. Make soil cover in a such a way to avoid flooding area close to the plant 6. Polybag is put on the tip of stake to indicate that seedling has been planted. B. Replanting

During the first duration of 3 months, the condition of planted seedlings is monitored. The dead plants are replaced with new ones of the same age with dead plants to stabilize plant population. Seedling for replacing dead plants should be procurred before planting activity (10% of seedlings for planting).


C. Removal of pseudo-shoots and side-shoots Pseudo shoot is shoot that grow outside grafting point. It accurs in seedlings in either polybag or seedling recently planted in the field. Pseudo shoots should be removed to avoid the death of clone rubber trees.

Side-shoot is a shoot that grows on the main stem of tree at the height of 2.75 to 3.0 meters above ground. Those shoots should be romeved in order to produce spherical, straight and up-right tapping field.

D. Branching Formation

The balance of branch of rubber canopies is very important for eluding plant damage by wind. Branch formation of rubber trees depends on the clone species. Clone GT1 and RRIM 600 are difficult to form branch, while PB 260, RRIC 100 are easy. For difficult-branching formation clones, there are some methods which have been applied to stimulate branch formation, namely folding, leave falling, stem girth, shoot tips removal, topping, and stem scratching (Boerhendhy, 2003). The widely recommended method is folding.

Folding is conducted if rubber tree has reached 3 m in height and branches are not yet formed. The methods are as follows:

1. Dark green leave umbrella is folded with rubber-ring or grass (Imperata cylindrica). 2. After 2 weeks, new shoot will appear under the leave. 3. If shoots have appeared, the folding is disclosed, so the main stem of shoot will remain grow

and its is resistant to wind. III. AGROFORESTRY DEVELOPEMNT

Rubber Agroforestry Systems (RAS) aims to improve rubber cultivation systems by combining rubber and non-rubber trees or intercrops . Based on differences in soil conditions and the ability of farmers in the field, there are three types of RAS that have been applied in the field. Those are preferred rubber management systems for farmers to increase the productivity of their crops. However, one system that will be described in this book is Intensive Relative Agroforestry.

Technically there are several same stages in developing rubber cultivation in the three types of RAS, namely rubber planting materials, land preparation, planting, fertilizing and disease control. Meanwhile, the different steps such as weeding around intercrops species which planted during processing of young rubber trees.

RELATIVE INTENSIVE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM (ARI)

ARI system is a complex agroforestry systems with relatively intensive processing, where the rubber clones grown intercropped with food crops, fruits and wood producing tree species or exudate tree


species. ARI system development aims to increase the income of farmers through product diversity of rubber crops (food, fruits and wood) and improve hydrology fucntion of rubber plantations. ARI system can be applied by farmers who have adequate financial capital and market security of rubber and other non-rubber products, but limited areas.

ARI Crops can be developed in ex- old rubber plantation, secondary forest or scrub.

The steps of ARI Development Preparation of rubber planting materials in the form of OPAS (a single grafting). Preparation of seedlings seasonal crops, fruit and timber tree seedlings. Preparation of the traditional slash-and-cut-and-slightly burn, followed by stake marking and

planting holes preparation until the land is ready for planting. Interval planting of rubber trees used is 4 X 6 m (density of 550 trees / ha) or with interval planting fence (3 x 6 m) x 14 m (density of 500 trees / ha) with the orientation of the rubber line of east-west direction. Rubber clones that have been tested and adapted in ARI namely PB 260, 100 and BPM 1 RRIC carefully tapping can be achieved in 4-5 years.

Planting rubber is conducetd in rainy season following the planting procedures Rubber intercropped with annual crops for three years after rubber planting. Upland rice,

pulses and vegetables grown at the beginning of the rainy season, followed by corn, beans or chili.

Perennial fruit trees / timber can be planted together or six months after rubber planting. For rattan cultivation, planting activity should be done when the rubber has reached 15 years old.

In rubber plantation with the inetrval of 4 x 6 m, non-rubber trees planted in the middle row of rubber with planting interval of 6-10 m on the row interval fence (2 or 3 x 6 m) x 12 m, non-rubber trees planted between the rows of 14 m rubber, 1-2 strips. The distance from rubber planting strips to planting strip of non-rubber ranges from 4 to 7 m, the number of non-rubber trees ranged from 90 to 120 trees / ha. Weeding is done every 4-6 six months during the first three years with line width of 1.5 m. Maintenance of non-rubber trees is conducted with weeding around the non-rubber tree by using hoes. Weeding can also be done by spraying herbicides.

Fertilization in the ARI system can be performed every three months to three years old rubber, while fertilizing for productive plants is done every six months and fertilizers used are urea 50 grams, 40 grams of SP-36 and 25 grams of KCL. The three types of fertilizers are immersed in a point with a radius of 50-75 cm from the rubber tree, but urea is not recommended to be mixed with the other two types of fertilizer.

Fertilization for upland rice in ARI can also be done at any planting period for three years. Application of urea fertilizer for upland rice, should be given three times at the time of planting, one month after planting and two months after the rice is planted with a dosage as shown in Table 1.


Table 1. Recommended dosage and fertilizer type for upland rice in ARI

Enrichment of tree species. In the third year, the rubber trees grow together with other non-rubber. At that time the number and type of non-rubber trees that grow can be recalculated. If the number of economically valuable trees growing in rubber plantations relatively small (<75 trees / ha), so, enrichment planting can be carried out with tree species tolerant to shade. Higher diversity of non-rubber trees planted between rubber trees, the higher the biodiversity in ARI. However, non-rubber plant population should be controlled so as not to interfere with the growth of the rubber trees.

Some advantages of ARI System

The efficiency of land use, and labor costs A sustainable source of income through diversity products of rubber crops (food, latex, agar

wood, fruits, resin and rattan). Conserving biodiversity, including timber producing and fruit spcies. Incease productivity of smallholder rubber plantation through clonal rubber and product

diversity. Prevent soil erosion in slopes areas.

For example, up to the second and third years, the average production of clone PB 260 in ARI system in West Kalimantan and Jambi ranges from 1100 to 1300 kg / ha / year. While fruit producing tree species that produces, among others are jengkol (Archidendron jiringa), nangka/jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Cempedak (Artocarpus integra), rambutan (Nephelium spp), banana and tengkawang (Shorea macrophylla).

IV. DISEASE CONTROL

In developing a rubber plantation, it is important to know the major diseases of rubber plants and how to control it. The disease can be detected by observing the symptoms that appear on each part of rubber tree. Some of the major diseases encountered in the ARI system including Jamur Akar Putih (JAP), Mushroom Upas, skin necrosis (Fusarium) and Dry Flow Tapping.

A. Jamur Akar Putih (JAP) This disease is caused by Rigidoporus lignosus or Rigidoporus microporus that attack the base of the stem down to the roots in the ground.

Year Dosages Kg/ha Urea SP-36 KCL 1 BPS 100 160 75 2-3 CRIFC 150 220 150


JAP’s attack symptoms in rubber trees are:

The leaves are pale yellow and edge or tip of leaf folded into the leaf tip. Increased attacks is marked by falling leaves and dead twigs Young leaves or flower and fruit appear early The plant roots which are attacked JAP will look white fibrous and slightly thick (Rizomorf). In severe attacks, plant roots rot, stem dries and it easily collapse and die. JAP’s attacks did

not stop at one tree, but will slowly spread by contiguity roots of diseased plants to other plants around it (Situmorang and udiman, 2003). Originality of rubber plantation influences the growth of JAP (Situmorang, 2004). The experimental on rubber plantations with relative intesive Agroforestry systems indicates that the highest mortality rate of rubber (10%) occure in the first four years in the rubber plantation that was developed in ex-old rubber cultivation, while the rubber plantations were on scrub, grass land only % (Ilahang, et al., 2006). JAP disease control techniques include 2 stages of prevention and treatment of diseased plants. Preventive measures is taken before the plants attacked by JAP to void the rubber plants affected by JAP.

Some methods that can be done to prevent JAP disease include: At the time of land preparation, the demolition and destruction of the remaining stump and

roots of the plant should be conducted because the remains of dead wood left on the land to be planted can be media and place to grow mushrooms. In the RAS system, cleaning and demolition of the remnants of the roots can be done in rows and alley of rubber plants.

Planting Legume Cover Crops ( LCC) in addition to improve soil fertility through free nitrogen fixation from the air, it can also increase the activity of microorganisms in the soil that contributes to decaying of stump or residual plant roots and helps inhibit the growth of JAP ( Situmorang and Budiman, 2003).

Development of rubber plantation uses selected seedlings to avoid JAP. The plant material should also be selected first before planting in the field.

Plant protection can be done by mean of OPAS planted in the field, including the sulfur of 100-200 g/tree that are sprinkled around the neck of the plant with the distance of 10 cm from the stem of plant.

Fertilization with active agent of Trichoderma (biological) at a dosage of 100 grams / tree is done every six months.

Maintenance of plants is periodically conducted in order to get a healthy and optimum rubber growth. Plant maintenance is carried out by fertilizing and weeding grass, weeds and other vegetation in the strip of rubber trees.

Do not plants that may allow the fungus among rubber plant, such as cassava or sweet potatoes.

On the condition of rubber that has been attacked by JAP, treatment measures should be taken. Treatment uses an agent with ingredient of Triadimefon (chemicals) at a proper recommended dosage. Treatment should periodically be done until the health recovery of plant.


B. UPAS MUSHROOM The disease is caused by a fungus Corticium salmonicolor that attacks productive young rubber plants. Fungi slowly attackes stemp part of plant or r branch with the following symptoms : Form a layer of white fungus until pink and it goes into the wood From the attacked part of plants, black sap appear and melt on the surface of the plant stem

that cause stem decomposed Branches are esealy to die dan to be broken by the wind (Situmorang and Budiman, 2003). Efforts are made to prevent fungal upas attack are: Planting rubber clones that are resistant to fungal diseases such PB 260, 100 and BPM RRIC

1 in an agroforestry systems (Situmoran and Budiman, 2003). Maintain humidity of circumtance by setting planting interval, weeding and slashing vegetation

in the row and between rows of rubber trees is done regularly. On the condition of the rubber plants which have been attacked should immediately be treated with application of fungicides in accordance with the recommended dosage, as Antico F-96. Scrape the bark of the trunk or branches of infected plants should be avoided since it will release spores and carried by the wind to healthy plants. C. Bark necrosis (Fusarium) Bark necrosis disease was encountered and it attacked the plant rubber clones PB 260. The disease is caused by Fusarium sp. and Botryodiplodia theobromate. Symptoms include: The blackish-brown stain with a size of 2-5 cm appear on the bark of plants. These stains

continuously expand and merge, it looks wet and decay. Decayed bark will usually invite bark beetles to come, nesting up to go into the plant timber part.

These symptoms arise from the elephant feet up to rubber branch. The symptoms will get worse in the condition of weather is humid and rainy.

Bark necrosis disease cantanmination is through spores carried by the wind to other plants that are still healthy. If it is allowed, then most of the plants in one area will be exposed to the disease. Stages of disease control are:

1. Applying fungicide Benlate 50WP or Antico F-96 on the infected bark by Fusarium. 2. The infected parts of bark are peeled with a tools made of metal, and then smeared with

Antico F-96 3. Healthy plants around the affected plants are sprayed with fungicide once a week to prevent

the spread of spores. 4. Trunks, dead branches or plants are collected and burned 5. Plants that suffer severe attack are not tapped until the plants recover.


D. DRY TAPPING FLOW (KAS)

Dry tapping flow disease is found in many clones PB 260 which are tapped with a high frequency, especially when it is associated with the uncontrolled use of stimulant agents for latex discharge, such as ethepon (Ethrel). Visible symptoms are:

Rubber trees undergo dryness in the part of tapping panel and it produce no latex (sap).

The dry parts will get brown and form irregular grooves in the trunk, and it is associated with cracks in the surface of the bark and cause bumps.

KAS disease does not cause death to rubber trees, but the ability of the plant to produces latex decreases. Up to the present, contamination to other healthy plants is not yet known, but the distribution and contamination that occurs in the the age bark of the same plant. Several stages KAS disease control are:

1. The frequency of tapping over 150 days/year should avoided, by following the recommendation for the clones that are planted.

2. Scrape dry bark with a tapping knife or a tool with the depth of 3-4 mm from the cambium. The scraped bark is smeared with agent, NoBB or antico F-96 (Situmorang and Budiman, 2003).

3. Avoid the use of stimulants.

4. Trees that have dryness on tapping flow are given extra fertilizer to accelerate the recovery of the bark.

V. RUBBER TAPPING

Tapping is an action to open latex vessels, so latex in rubber plants release.

Some steps in making rubber tapping are:

1. Determining tapping mature

The tree is considered to be tapping mature when the trunk girth at a height of 100 cm of convergence grafting has reached 45 cm or more at least 60% of the population. Generally girth by tapping mature size can be achieved at the age of 4-6 years.

2. Preparation of tapping open

Tapping mature trees are marked for field of tapping . The depiction of tapping areas is to determine:

The height tapping aperture of 130 cm


Directions of tapping flow from top left to bottom right with an angle of 30 - 40o to the flat field.

Lenght of tapping flow for smallholders is ½ S ( ½ spiral or 1/2 rubber girth)

The location of the field of tapping specified on the East - West in the short distance between plants.

Once the tapping field is drawn on plant stems, then tapping guuter and bowl are installed. Gutters tapping is installed a distance of 5-10 cm from the bottom end of the wedge tapping, while tapping bowl is put under tapping gutter using a rope tied to the stem of the plant at a distance of 15-20 cm.

3. Implementation of tapping

Recommended depth of wedge is 1 to 1.5 mm from the cambium with a slice thickness of tapped bark is an average of 1.5 mm each tapping, so plants can be tapped up to 25-30 years old.

Lenght of wedge is ½ letter "S"

Frequency of repeated tapping is recommended for smallholder rubber is d3 (one tapping every three days) in the first two years, and d2 (one tapping once every two days) for next years.

Toward the rejuvenation, lenght of wedge and tapping frequency can be carried out independently.

The right time of tapping is as early as possible, after the tapper can clearly see the plant at about 5:00 to 7:30, due to the turgor pressure of rubber can reach maximum at dawn. Turgor pressure will affect the amount of latex and flow rate (Junaidi and Kuswanhadi, 2003).

58 Biocharpos making manual for improved agroforestry system

Appendix 4. Biocharpos making manual for improved agroforestry system

BIORANGPOS making manual for improved agroforestry systems

January 23, 2013

This report was prepared for Marubeni Corporation by PT. Mazars Starling Resources to provide the summary of a two-day soil management training conducted as part of the REDD+ feasibility study, commissioned by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan. The training took place on January 14 and 15, 2013, and was

conducted by a team of Hokkaido University and the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, facilitated by Yayasan Puter Indonesia and PT. Mazars Starling Resources.


I. Background

In the Katingan Project area, agriculture shapes much of the local economy. Social safeguards survey conducted during the REDD+ FS 2011 identified that the majority of community members in all studied villages are farmers, and manage and cultivate lands among small farmer groups. In many villages, the cultivation of rattan and rubber trees is among the most important source of livelihoods. Additionally, local farmers often supplement their incomes by selling vegetables, rice, fish and other locally made products. Swidden farming and conversion for agricultural lands are one of the direct drivers of deforestation in the area. While population and economic pressures on forest resources are arguably increasing and aggravating the rate of deforestation, local livelihoods still need be sustained. In order to balance social, economic and ecological objectives, there is a need to develop more sustainable agroforestry systems through reduced impact farming, better crop selection and intensification, and improved land husbandry practices. However, the capacity of local farmers is limited, and it is important to provide them with knowledge and training to promote improved and sustainable agroforestry practices. As an approach to improving soil management on agroforestry lands, the combined application of bio charcoal (biochar) and organic compost was recommended by Hokkaido University. Biochar has three distinctive characteristics as a natural soil enhancer1. Firstly, charcoal improves physical properties of soil such as air and water permeability, while also enhancing the water holding capacity. Secondly, charcoal improves chemical properties of soil. It is an alkaline material, and thus rectifies acidic soil with a low pH value such as peat. Charcoal is also rich in carbon, calcium, potassium and sodium, as well as minerals such as phosphorous, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper and molybdenum, all of which are essential for crop growth. Thirdly, charcoal stimulates microbe activities in soil. Nitrogen fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi are activated when charcoal is applied, enhancing root system growth. For this reason, the combined application of biochar with organic compost, mycorrhiza and/or bio-fertilizer is considered most effective. To introduce this approach to a local agroforestry group, named as Harapan Bersama, in Terantang Village in the Katingan Project zone, a two-day training was provided on January 14 and 15, 2013 by Hokkadio University, Research and Development Center for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation (Puskonser) and Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), facilitated by Yayasan Puter and PT. MSR (see Table 1 for a list of participants). During the training, the making of biochar and compost was explained and demonstrated in the field (see Table 2 for the training agenda). Named as BIORANGPOS (the abbreviation of “Bio Arang Kompos” in Bahasa Indonesia, or Biochar Compost in English) by Hokkadio University and Harapan Bersama members, the combination of the two is likely to create healthy, balanced soil over time, and enhance the productivity of agroforestry systems either on peat or mineral soil. Among Harapan Bersama’s agroforestry sites, the plot for Mimbar

1 Tokyo Metropolitan Government (1997). Charcoal Handbook. Forest Management Section, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Division, Bureau of Labour and Economic Affairs. P.53.


Jaya (1 ha) consists of deep peat (deeper than 7 meters), whereas plots for Karya Bonot Bersatu and Warga Tani (3 ha and 1 ha respectively) are made of mineral soils. Table 1. List of participants

Institution Participants Hokkaido University Prof. Mitsuru Osaki, Febrina Natalia Research and Development Center for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation

Dr. Maman Turjanan

Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) Dr. Sarjiya Antonius Yayasan Puter Indonesia Arwin Hasan PT. Mazars Starling Resources Rumi Naito Harapan Bersama (Local agroforestry group) Pak Darlan, Pak Upik, Pak Sarlim (Karya Bonot Bersatu);

Pak Buhari Muslim, Pak Jarni, Pak Muhammad (Warga Tani); Pak Ardina (Mimbar Jaya)

Table 2. Training agendas

Agenda Time January 14, 2013 in Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan 1. Introduction 10:30 – 10:40 2. Presentation on biochar making by Prof. Mitsuru Osaki 10:40 – 11:10 3. Presentation on mycorrhiza and gaharu (agarwood) by Dr. Maman Turjanan 11:10 – 11:40 4. Presentation on composting and bio-fertilizers 11:40 – 12:10 5. Lunch 12:10 – 13:00 6. Site visit to Mimbar Jaya and Warga Tani agroforestry plots 13:00 – 16:30 January 14, 2013 in Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan 1. Site visit to Karya Bonot Bersatu 10:00 – 11:30 2. Lunch and training preparation 11:30 – 13:00 3. Biochar making training at Warga Tani plot 13:00 – 14:00 4. Compost making training at Warga Tani plot 14:00 – 15:00 5. Closing discussion 15:30 – 16:30

The demonstration was carried out, by using locally available materials and tools in order to develop a community-based sustainable soil management model. While the recommended approach by Hokkaido University is to mix biochar with compost, mycorrhiza and bio-fertilizers as one treatment, only the demonstration of biochar and compost making was conducted at this time due to limited time and resources. A biochar making steel pan, designed by Hokkaido University, was created in Sampit and brought to Terantang Village before the training. Dry bamboo, abundant in the area, was used to make biochar. Fresh leaves, dry grasses, rattan residues, cow manure, and a small amount of urea, all of which are available locally, were used to a make compost pile, and then mixed with biochar. This BIORANGPOS sample will be ready for application in 6 to 8 weeks. Based on the two-day training provided in Terantang Village, this report presents key steps to making basic on-farm BIORANGPOS with locally available materials. Following the manual, recommendations for a treatment-based BIORANGPOS monitoring method and further activities are provided.


II. BIORANGPOS making manual

1. What is BIORANGPOS? BIORANGPOS, an abbreviation of Bio Arang Kompos in Bahasa Indonesia, is a natural soil enhancer made of bio charcoal (known as “biochar”) and organic compost. It is a combination of organic compounds produced by the pyrolysis of biomass (for biochar) and by the aerobic decomposition of organic materials (for compost). BIORANGPOS creates healthy, balanced soil over time, and increases soil productivity within agroforestry systems. 2. Why BIORANGPOS? BIORANGPOS has three distinctive characteristics as a natural soil enhancer2. BIORANGPOS improves physical, chemical and microbial properties of soil by enhancing:

Air and water permeability Water and nutrient retention capacity; Soil pH; Soil productivity by adding carbon, calcium, potassium and sodium, as well as minerals

such as phosphorous, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper and molybdenum; Root system growth by stimulating microbe activities.

Another benefit of applying BIORANGPOS in soil is that it can sequester carbon by locking CO2 in biochar for a hundred of years, whereas otherwise CO2 would have been emitted in the atmosphere in the process of plant decomposition. It also reduces methane by turning agricultural waste into biochar. 3. How does BIORANGPOS work? BIORANGPOS can be easily made on farm by using feedstock that are locally available. Biochar is produced via the pyrolysis of organic feedstock such as bamboo and wood. Compost, on the other hand, is an aerobic process, by which the decomposition of organic materials such as plants and animal manure occurs in the presence of oxygen. Made of a pile of biochar and compost, BIORANGPOS can be added to soil to help plants grow, without a need for chemical fertilizers (see Figure 1). Figure 1. BIORANGPOS layers

2 Tokyo Metropolitan Government (1997). Charcoal Handbook. Forest Management Section, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Division, Bureau of Labour and Economic Affairs. P.53.

Dry biomass Animal manure, fish bones,

vegetable scraps

Fresh biomass

Biochar


4. How to make BIORANGPOS?

4.1. Preparation 4.1.1. Tools and equipment

1.

Make a carbonizing steel pan for biochar making. The shape of this steel pan is the key to make non-smoke carbonization of feedstocks such as bamboo and wood. The size may vary, but adequate dimensions of a funnel-shaped steel pan are as follows. 120 cm: above diameter 60 cm: bottom diameter 36 cm: height 1 mm: thickness For easier transport, the steel pan may be cut in half into two parts, connected with bolts.

2.

Prepare a shovel for taking biochar from the carbonizing pan and mixing it with a compost pile. The shovel can be used for charging biochar, if a long wooden stick is not available. A bucket is also necessary to pour water over the carbonized biochar for cooling.

3.

Prepare a large tarpaulin to be used to cover a BIORANGPOS pile throughout the heating, decomposing and curing process.

4.1.2. Feedstock

1.

Collect dry raw feedstock for biochar. Bamboo is the best material for the fast and efficient carbonization of raw materials, but dry wood may be used as well if bamboo is not available. Approximately 80-100 50 cm-long bamboos are needed to make a full pan of biochar. It is also recommended to plant bamboo trees nearby the agroforestry land so that the feedstock is readily available.

Above: 120 cm

H: 3

6

Bottom: 60 cm


2.

Collect dry leaves, twigs and branches to be used for ignition in making biochar.

3.

Collect locally available feedstock for compost. Either dry or wet organic matters can be used. These include rattan residues, leaves, chicken or cow manure, vegetable scraps, fish bones, and egg shells. A large amount of feedstock is needed to make a compost pile enough for one hectare of agroforestry land. Animal manure should consist of 20-50% of the compost pile. A small portion (approx. 1% of the total feedstock) of urea may be used as a starter (feeder) of a compost pile. Do not use meat since it may create diseases in compost piles.

4.1.3. Land

1.

Clean a small section of a flat agroforestry planting area by removing weeds, branches and leaves to create enough space for BIORANGPOS making. This may take place on farm or at a nearby area.

2.

Place the carbonizing steel pan onto the cleaned area.


4.2. BIORANGPOS making process

1.

Add dry leaves, twigs and branches into the carbonizing steel pan, and ignite them. These serve as fire starters and burn very easily.

2.

Add dry bamboos on top of burning leaves, twigs and branches.

3.

Charge feedstock while gently turning it. This process creates a whirlpool of high temperature air inside the pan.

4.

Continue to burn feedstock until it is completely carbonized.

5.

Pour water over the carbonized feedstock for cooling.


6.

Break biochar into smaller chunks for easy application.

7.

Make a bed of fresh organic materials such as wet rattan residues, leaves and weeds.

8.

Add a layer of dry organic materials. Dry rattan residues, leaves, twigs and weeds may be used.

9.

Add animal (chicken or cow) manure to the compost pile. Vegetable scraps, fish bones, and/or eggshells may be added to manure, if available. Also add a few handful of urea over the compost layer.

10.

Take biochar from the carbonizing steel pan, and add some to the compost layer.


11.

Add another layer of fresh feedstock, and repeat the process (step 7 to 10) until a few layers of compost pile are made. The amount of BIORANGPOS should be determined according to the size of the land and the number of trees planted. However, 200 kg of biochar mixed with 5,000 kg of compost should be sufficient for one hectare of agroforestry land.

12.

Sprinkle water over the pile to keep moist, while adding compost layers. Then finish the compost pile with fresh feedstock (e.g., fresh leaves and weeds) on top.

13.

Cover the compost pile with tarpaulin for heating, decomposing and curing.

4.3. Curing and application

1.

Approximately after 3 weeks of BIORANGPOS making, open the tarpaulin and mix bio-fertilizer such as effective microorganisms 4 (EM4) into the pile for fermentation. Cover the BIORANGPOS pile and let it decompose and cure for another 3-4 weeks under the tarpaulin.

2.

BIORANGPOS is ready to use when it becomes dark earthy color, crumbly, and can no longer recognize original feedstock in the pile. Finished BIORANGPOS should not be hot anymore, and has earthy odor instead of ammonia smell. It is recommended to let the finished pile sit for another week or so to make sure the decomposition process has stabilized. Do not use BIORANGPOS before it is ready. Unfinished BIORANGPOS may hinder the germination and growth of seedlings.


3.

Apply two big handfuls of BIORANGPOS directly to each planting hole or around seedlings and trees. BIORANGPOS should be applied at least twice a year to improve soil conditions and enhance plant growth.

4.

Plant Melastoma (local name: Karamunting) around seedlings and trees, with the distance of 50 cm apart from the tree. Native to peatlands in Kalimantan, Melastoma grows well in nutrient-poor soil, and is known for its ecological role of nitrogen fixation3. It enhances soil fertility with nitrogen inputs through its room systems. By planting various kinds of plant species with Melastoma in the agroforestry system, the soil condition is likely to improve over time.

III. Monitoring effects of BIORANGPOS After the application of BIORANGPOS in agroforestry lands, plant growth should be carefully monitored in order to evaluate the effects of BIORANGPOS. To do this, a monitoring method, which randomly segregates plants with different treatments, is recommended. Seedlings, which were treated with none (“control”), with biochar only (“biochar”), with compost only (“compost”) and with BIORANGPOS (“BIORANGPOS”), should be individually marked and monitored for

their growth (see Figure 2). Figure 2. Recommended monitoring layout The application of each treatment should be done randomly so that effects can be independent of soil conditions of certain areas. Monitoring activities should be conducted every month at least for one year. After a year of monitoring, BIORANGPOS may be applied around all seedlings.

3 Y. Hashidoko, et, al. (2009) “Characterization and ecological role of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from the rhizoplane of Melastoma malabathricum inhabiting acidic plain lands in Kalimantan”. Tropics. Osaka, Japan.

50cm 50cm

50cm

50cm

1. Control 2. Biochar only 3. Compost only 4. BIORANGPOS

0

0

0

4

0

0

1

1

1

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2

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2

2 3

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IV. Recommendations for BIORANGPOS-plus

In order to enhance the effect of BIORANGPOS as described in above sections, mycorrhizal fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) should also be added to BIORANGPOS making. We call this BIORANGPOS-plus. A mycorrhiza is a fungus which inhabits the host plant’s roots. It promotes a mutually beneficial relationship between the plant and root fungus4. Mycorrhizal fungi increase water absorption and nutrient uptake, by increasing the surface absorbing area of roots and releasing enzymes into soils. This makes the root system of plants healthier and more resilient to adverse weather and soil conditions. PGPR, on the other hand, is soil bacteria which colonize plant roots, and is also known to enhance plant growth. PGPR has been proven effective in assisting forest regeneration and phytoremediation of contaminated soils5. BIORANGPOS-plus can be applied with a dosage as follows:

Biochar – 200 kg/ha Compost – 5000 kg/ha Mycorrhizal fungi – 80 kg/ha PGPR – 40 litter/ha

Biochar is a house for mycorrhizal fungi and PGPR. Their populations and microbial activities increase in biochar. Thus, this symbiosis relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and PGPR could increase the productivity of plants.

4 Harrison MJ (2005). "Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis". Annu Rev Microbiol. 59: 19–42.

5 M. Lucy, E. Reed and Bernard R. Glick. (2004), “Applications of free living plant growth promoting rhizobacteria”. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 86(1):1-25.


January 15, 2013

Harapan Bersama members with the BIORANGPOS training team

at Warga Tani Agroforestry Plot

in Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

70 Organic fertilizer making process

Appendix 5. Organic fertilizer making process

Making Compost (Bokashi) by Aswandi6

Introduction

Planting success is influenced by many factors, one of which is fertilization. Fertilizer is given to plants with the goal of adding the necessary nutrients. Nutrients in the soil can be divided into two groups based on the number of plants needed. Much-needed nutrients called macro elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), meanwhile needed in small amounts are called micro elements that include chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo).

Type of fertilizer that can be used according to the origin of manufacture is an organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer / chemical. Plants that are still growing need different nutrients with the flowering or fruiting plants.

The use of chemicals (inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides) to increase agricultural production can not be denied and has shown real results, but in the long-term its negative effects are important to note, especially related to human health and environmental problems.

Seeing the danger posed by the food resulting from the use of chemicals, it is to encourage people in different countries using organic materials as fertilizer. Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from weathering remnants of living things such as plants, animals and animal waste. Fertilizer is generally a complete fertilizer with macro and micro elements content although small in number. The organic fertilizers that have been common knowledge include, manure, compost, humus, manure and birds green manure or guano.

Organic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizers have common characteristics, namely:

Low nutrient content. Organic fertilizer nutrient content is generally low but varies depending on the type of the base ingredients. Low nutrient content means the cost for each unit of the nutrients that are used relatively more expensive.

Availability of nutrients is slow. Nutrients derived from organic materials are needed for the activity of soil microbes to form complex bond of organic crops can not be used by plants to form simple organic and inorganic compounds that can be absorbed by plants.

Provide nutrients in limited quantities. Provision of nutrients from organic fertilizers is usually limited and not sufficient to provide the necessary nutrients required by plants.

1 Aswandi. 2009. Proses Pembuatan Pupuk Organik (Bokashi). Bahan Panduan Pelaksanaan Pelatihan Pembuatan Kompos Pada Proyek ITTO PD

394/06 Rev. 1 (F) “Restoring the Ecosysteem Function of Lake Toba Catchment Area through Community Development and Local Capacity Building for Forest and Land Rehabilitation. Bogor.


According Primantoro (2001) and Sutanto (2002) the benefits of utilizing organic fertilizer are as follows:

Organic Fertilizer serves as granulator that can improve soil structure. The presence of organic matter can bind soil grains into larger grains and crumbs so that the soil becomes more friable. On sandy-textured soils, materials organic will enhance inter-particle binding.

Soil capability to water absorption can be increased by the provision of organic fertilizer as it can bind longer and more water.

Organic fertilizers can improve the living conditions in the soil. Microorganisms in the soil are important for the change of organic matter. With the presence of organic fertilizer, active microorganisms actively break down organic materials such as organic manure into energy for the microorganisms in the soil so that the nutrients can be absorbed by plants. Soil rich in organic matter will accelerate the propagation of fungi, bacteria, soil micro-flora and micro fauna.

Nutrients in organic fertilizers are food source for plants. Although in small amounts, organic fertilizers contain elements of a complete and a source of nutrients of N, P and S.

Compost and Composting Process

Compost is the result of weathering of any material derived from living organisms, such as leaves, branches of plants, animal waste and garbage. The composting process can be accelerated with the help of human and lately more use of compost than manure as compost is more easily made.

The content of nutrients in compost varies depending composted materials, composting process and how it is stored. Good compost has a finer grain and has the color of blackish brown.

Composting is not a new idea or new thing. Composting is a natural process of microbiological decomposition of waste material / waste or parts of plants. Currently the composting process of different types of both solid and liquid waste has been developed therefore the organic wastes can produce more valuable final product. Composting technology has grown rapidly, especially by those who are more concerned about our environment, because the process is seen as the best alternative in waste utilization. Some important factors that must be considered from the composting process is the C / N ratio, moisture content, and porosity of mixed microbial populations.

Traditionally composting can be done in various ways. Traditional composting process in Indonesia is generally done on a small scale (individual) of organic waste or garden waste by anaerobic, or store in a hole in the ground and then close it, there is sometimes added urea as an additional source of nitrogen (N).

The process is done by digging and closing the hole. Other way of composting, in small scale occurring naturally to manure that piling up on the floor of cattle’s shade and dismantled after piling up a certain thickness. As a result, the quality of the manure is less perfect in terms of uniformity, stability, odor, texture, moisture content, the presence of grass grains that have not decayed etc..


A relatively large production and commercial scale also has been done by mixing of sawdust, husk and bamboo leaves, etc. with dirt from manure into compost that is sold in many ornamental plant nurseries.

Some of the real-estate areas also do self-management of organic waste, which is mainly derived from general landscaping, to produce compost product. Several industrial estates, such as palm oil, also began to seriously address how to deal with waste composting of empty fruit bunches.

In general, the image of composting that goes so far in Indonesia still relies on the destruction of waste / organic material, and still have not been socialized to take optimum advantage of the principle of the composting process. Prior to the development era of the new order, the process of composting in rural areas, especially from agricultural waste, was still quite popular. Such popularity has been fading along with the development of the agricultural industry which is relatively rapid, particularly in the use of subsidized chemical fertilizers.

Factors that Influence and Control the Process of Composting

Under natural conditions, organic waste on the surface of the soil with normal surface temperatures and aerobic conditions will decompose slowly. Natural decomposition process can be accelerated artificially by improving the condition of the decomposition process. Optimum decomposition conditions can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Optimal values that control the composting process (Sutanto, 2002)

No. Parameter Optimum Value 1. Size of material particle 25 – 40 mm

50 mm for natural aeratiuon and long piles 2. C/N Ratio 20 – 40 3. Relative humidity 50%-60% 4. Acidity (pH) 5,0-8,0 5. Temperature 55oC-60oC for 4-5 days 6. Aeration Periodicaly the pile is mixed 7. Finest of material The finest the faster to decompose 8. Size of heaps Length varies, height , 1,5 m and width 2,5 m 9. Activator

Early stage mesophilic (cellulophaty fungi, acid-producing bacteria), the temperature increases 40oC (thermophilic bacteria, and fungi actinomicetes), temperature> 70 ° C (thermophilic bacteria), ambient air temperature (mesophilic bacteria and fungi)

Technology of Effective Microorganisms (EM Technology) The development of biotechnology in agriculture has been able to overcome the disadvantages of traditional composting process. One of the modifications of composting techniques that has been


developed and is widely used today is by using effective microorganisms known as EM Technology. This technology was developed in the 1970's at the University of Ryukus, Okinawa, Japan by Prof. Teruo Higa. The technology is based on a mixture of different microorganisms that was further purified to obtain the three main types of microorganisms that can be found throughout the ecosystem that are lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, fungi fermentation and aktinomicetes. All three are mixed in molasses / sugar molasses media and stored in a low pH (pH 3-4) at room temperature. This technology was introduced to the international world in 1989 in Thailand and effectiveness testing performed successfully in 13 countries in Asia Pacific. Currently EM technology products are made in nearly 40 countries, using local microorganisms and not imported from Japan or the use of genetically modified microorganisms. The use of EM in general is in the field of agricultural and environmental management. Benefits in both fields have been reported in many countries and presented for the first time broadly at the International Conferences of IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) in 1987 and the International Conferences on Kyusei Nature Farming in 1989.

The use of EM inititally was for agriculture especially to improve the productivity of organic farming system. At the time, EM was directly applied on organic materials in the field or on compost to reduce time required to prepare biological fertilizer. EM was lao applied in form of Bokashi made of waste such as straws, saw dust, with rich nitrogent mixture such as fish powder, rice and sorghum. The success of EM application in research scale that has increased agricultural products has been widely reported such as on papaya in Brazil (Chagas et al, 2001), vegetables in New Zealand and Sri Lanka (Daly and Stewart, 1999, Sangakkara and Higa, 2000) and apple in Japan (Fujita, 2000). Increase of productivity using EM is caused by many factors including the release of higher nutrients from composted organic materials using EM (Sangakkara and Weerasekera, 2001), increase of photosysntesis process (Xu et al, 2001) and protein activity (Konoplya and Higa, 2001). Research results also showed higher resistance to water (Xu, 2000), higher mineralization of carbon (Daly and Stewart, 1999), increase of soil characteristics(Hussein et al 2000) and better root penetration (In Ho and Ji Hwan, 2001) with the use of EM. The influence of EM in supporting the growth of plants was also reported through the control of pest and disease (Kremer et al, 2001; Wang et al, 2000).

Application of EM in livestock was also reported effectively in some countries. EM was added to cattles diet and sprayed for sanitation such as in poultry or piggery in South Africa (Hanekon et al, 2001, Safalaoh and 2001). In this case, EM can improve the activity of physiology on cattles and efficiency of better food conversion (Safalaoh and Smith, 2001, Konoplya and Higa, 2000). Methods to Prepare Compost/Bokashi Generally, preparation of compost can be done with several ways, where the basic concept of each is similar. The general procedures that should be carried out include: preparation, arrangement of


piles, monitoring of piles temperature and humidity, turning and watering, maturing, screening the compost and packaging and storing. In preparation of compost/bokashi, potency of materials that consists of leaves of various undergrowth can be main materials that its composting time is accelerated using the technology of EM . For example, it is the process of making 100 kg mixed of organic materials consist of ferns (Figure 1) and other materials easily found in open areas of estate crops or forest plantation that can be carried out according to conditions as in Figure 2.

Figure 1. Raw materials for making compost consist of four types of ferns (lembiding, paku, uban and resam) and the processing chart in location of demplot

Figure 2. Process of making compost using EM-4 (Bokashi)

Ferns (80%)

Mixed wih water content of 30-40%

Manure (10%)

Dedak/ Rice grain

(10%)

EM 4 100 cc

Molase/ Sugar

25 gram

Water

Fermentation process Temp < 50oC

BOKASHI

Raw materials Liquid of EM 4

Subarudi (Born on February 6, 1961 in Jakarta, Indonesia) is a forest sociology researcher at Center for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development, Forestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia. He graduated bachelor degree in forestry from Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University in 1985, post-graduate diploma in Mechanical Wood Technology and Production Management, FTP-Kotka Forestry College, Finland in 1991 and he completed his master degree in Wood Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia in 1995. He participates in many training personal and professional development in domestic and overseas countries. In March until April 2011, he joined as a Training Consultant in ITTO Project PD 519/08 Rev. 1 (F) “Tropical Forest Conservation for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancing Carbon Stock in Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesia”. His latest publication is Initiation Process of PES in Lake Toba Catchment Area. University of Nommensen in collaboration with ITTO PD 394/04 Rev 1 (F) and Center for Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development. Prapat, 28 Pebruary 2010.

Sulistyo Ahmad Siran (Born on August 7, 1957 in Ngawi, Central Java, Indonesia) is a head division on Cooperation and Dissemination Research at Center for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development, Forestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia. He graduated bachelor degree in Forest Management from Bogor Agricultural University in 1981. He completed his master science in Agricultural in Forest Economic, Faculty of Graduate Studies on Rural Economy from University of Alberta, Canada in 1991. Many forest publications have been published, and the latest publication is Biological Conservation of Pegatan (2010).

Arwin Mangaraja Harahap (Born on January 26, 1973 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia) is a Facilitator at Puter Foundation from 1999 until now. He graduated bachelor degree from faculty of social and political science Jenderal Achmad Yani University in 1997. In 2008, he joined as a participant in Vegetation, Forest Cover and Carbon Training at ICRAF Bogor. In 2012, he worked as fasilitator and project leader REDD+ Feasibility Study 2012 – Phase 3 Program in Desa Terantang, Seranau, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.



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