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Ministry of Industry and UNDPSanur Paradise Plaza Suite
Bali, 8 - 9 Januari 2018
Enri [email protected]
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering – ITBJalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
SeminarElectronic industrial waste management
and waste as industrial resources to support reducing releases of PBDEs/UPOPs
Development of e-waste management and technology in Indonesia
Outline
1. Introduction
2. EEE and e-Waste flow in Indonesia
3. Informal sectors in e-Waste handling
4. Formal sectors in e-Waste handling
5. PBDE as flame retardant in EEE
6. Can we reduce the release of the PBDE in ‘old’ e-Waste
7. Closing remark
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 2
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017
Introduction
• E-waste is a relatively a new issue in Indonesia. Its physical existence, except used batteries, is not being so real yet, especially within the chain of waste management.
• In some area, particularly in Java, e-waste recovery and handling such as dismantling, segregation of parts, refurbishments of old products and recovery of metals are done by informal sectors. It handles almost 90% of the total waste generated, particularly from household, office, commercial areas, recovering materials and refurbishing products.
• These recyclers use processes and practices such as open burning, acid baths and heating of circuit boards, resulting in emissions and release of toxic elements (included brominated flame retardant) into environment.
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Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 4
• These activities have been in operational for many years, and handling extensively large volumes of e-waste without enough any personal protective equipment and pollution-control devices.
• There is very limited data generated from this sector to understand the relationship between such activity and its impacts on the environment and human health.
• There has been very few information regarding the issue of cross contamination from brominated flame retardants (BFR) in plastic.
Introduction
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017
Tendency EEE and e-Waste Flow in Indonesia
• The path flow for e-waste in Indonesia is different from developed countries. In Indonesia, e-waste is not disposed directly to final disposal sites or recycling plants, rather it is reused or deformed to be used again.
• E-waste cycle in Indonesia is unique. The life time of a product becomes longer. The path of e-waste is even more varied because it does not only involve the formal sectors but also the informal sectors.
New electric-
electronic
equipment
(New-EEE)
Secondhand
of EEE
e-Waste
Final disposal?
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Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 7
Tendency EEE and e-Waste Flow in Indonesia
• Exchange• Repair-refurbish• Pawn-shop
Municipal waste collection system
2nd EEE
E-Waste
• Local manufacturers• Formal importers
NEW EEE
• Distributors• Retailers
• Illegal ‘importers’
Formal collector
Consumers 2nd Consumers
Waste-tradersInformal collectors
Formal hazardous wastefinal disposal
or co-processing
Municipal landfillfinal disposal
Formal recyclersmostly scavengers
Uncontrolleddischarge
Electrical-Electronic Equipment (EEE) Flow
Electrical-Electronic waste (e-Waste) Flow
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017
Results from interviewed of 103 scavengersat Bandung Municipal Final Disposal (Sarimukti)
Broken lamp Small piece of PCBSmall capacitor and
small piece of wire
Most of those e-wastes have been
recovered before they arrival at the
final disposal
Obsolete electronics (TV, radio, and PC, etc.) never being found
They rarely found used EEE components, except batteries, and several
component such as broken lamps, small/broken PCB
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Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017
In developed country we will easy find obsolete TV, PC, refrigerator, or washing machine, but not in Indonesia
In disposal site, practically will be very hard to find such goods. Sometime it can be found as small piece of wire etc., that maybe miss from scavengers attention
The end-of-life of an intact electronic goods can not be predicted easily. It will be longer than developed countries
With the application of “cannibal system” of electronic/electrical components, the end-of-life should be addressed to the elements of any 3E
Material flows of e-waste in Indonesia
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e-Waste Computer FlowIn Greater Bandung
Consumers Repair service
Appointed Distributor
IntremediateCollector
Collectors
Trade wasteMarket of Used goods
End-Collector
Collector of e-waste computer
Producer Manufacture
Home Industri
Out Bandung
Out BandungJakarta
Out Bandung
?
Jakarta
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 11
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017 12
Used Electrical Equipmentat a big public utility at Cengkareng
Stock of e-waste at a big informal collector at Denpasar
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017 13
ComputerrepairedRepair service activity
Without components exchange
Up-Grade
Computer and its component
Monitor CRT
159,030Monitor LCD
15,360
Processor
104Motherboard
21,126
Hard Disk
7,497CD/DVD
5,921
VGA Card
559Memory
129
Others572
Sound Card
131Power Supply
4,880
To be sold
For ‘Cannibal’
Re-sold
Others
For ‘Cannibal’
Discarded
Storage54.311
Discaharded
With exchange components
Reject
InputStorageOutput
34,746
36,999
143,595
1,404 87,449
36,417
6,106
33,139
36,999
143,595
10,74375,662
Others
180,594
33,139
22,136
3,629
5,341
3,638
3,638
Unit : kg/year
‘Cannibal’ from stock
New components
‘Cannibal’From outside
to repair services
PC(91,080 unit)
Laptop(28,572 unit)
52,882
87.449
e-Waste flow in BandungExample of an academic study
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 14
IC BurningProbably:
Halogenated dioxin
IC Grinding IC panning Heating of tin
Gold smelting
Gold purification
Purified gold
Waste: PCB probably source of Brominated FR
PCB Copper Wastewater
Gold recovery from e-waste in informal sector
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 16
Formal sectors in e-Waste handling
E-WastePrinted
Circuit board
HIGH QUALITYWith IC
Formalcollector
Informalcollector
Exported(Singapore, ….)
Recovery of precious metals
LOW QUALITYWithout IC
Informalcollector
InformalRecycler
Plastics are used as fuel for ‘dismantling’ process of metal recovery
FormalRecycler
Metal recovery Plastics are mixed with other materials
for co-processing in cement industry
Formalcollector
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 17
Formal sectors in e-Waste handling
TLI – one of formal e-waste processing center – West Java
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 18
Collectionof PCB
Dissambly Shred & mill Material recoverySeparation
Fibre waste
Metal recoveryand Copper concentrate
Electro-winningCu-Purification
(will be installed)
Capacity: 1.5 tonnes/hour Idle capacity due to limitation of PCB input
Formal sectors in e-Waste handlingPrinted Circuit Board (PCB) recovery-recycling process at TLI
Co-processing in cement industry
PBDE as Flame Retardant
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 20
• Concerns about BFR emerged in 1999, when Swedish researchers reported that
levels of these chemicals in human breast milk had increased 60-fold between
1972 and 1997.
• Follow-up studies in the San Francisco Bay Area found PBDE levels in breast milk
were 6-10 times higher than levels in Sweden.
• Laboratory studies predicted that the health effects might be ranging from
interference to brain development, altered hormone function and cancer.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)Flame retardant = penghambat nyala api
Brominated flame retardant (BFR)
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 21
Transportation
Electronic Electrical
Construction, buildingfurniture, foam, wire, …
c-Penta BDE
c-OctaBDE
YesYes: majorPolyurethane foam at plafond and furniture, acoustics,…
Yes: minorPlastics for desk-board, door-panels, …
Yes: minor
Yes: majorPlastics ABS, HIPS, PBT at: casings (TV, CRT, Computer, monitor, LCD monitor, printer, HP, photo-copier, …)
Yes: majorMostly used in USA, UK, Chine.Indonesia: no standard for flammability (?)
No
PBDE as Flame Retardant
PBDEs as Flame Retardant
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 22
Significant benefits of flame retardant (in USA):• 1992 – 2001: an average of over 4,200 people were killed
by fires each year in the USA and 25,000 injured. • In 2001 (exclusive of September 11), there were over a half
million structure fires in the U.S. with a total property loss of $10.6 billion.
• PBDEs are added to products rather than chemically bound into them, they can be slowly and continuously released from the products during their manufacture, while in use or after their disposal.
https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/flame-retardants-under-fire
Brominated Flame Retardant: in wider range of materials
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 23
Electronic equipment: plastic casing, PCB, wire
Interior in transportation:Wire, insolation, foams in furniture, upholstery
Interior in building:Wire, foams in furniture, upholstery, carpet backing
BFR found in wider range of materials: children's toys.
food contact etc. as a result of recycling practices that mix BFR-containing waste plastics with “virgin” one(IPEN, Nov 2017)
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 24
E-WastePrinted
Circuit board
HIGH QUALITYWith IC
Formalcollector
Informalcollector
Exported(Singapore, ….)
Recovery of precious metals
LOW QUALITYWithout IC
Informalcollector
InformalRecycler
Plastics are used as fuel for ‘dismantling’ process of metal recovery
FormalRecycler
Metal recovery Plastics are mixed with other materials
for co-processing in cement industry
Can we reduce the release the PBDE in ‘old’ e-Waste?Minimize the plastic recycling of these old-eWasteMinimize the burning process practices in informal sectorIntegrate ‘Informal’ and ‘Formal’ sectors in recovery of old-eWaste
X
Alternative fuel for co-processing:• Diameter 1-2 cm• Heating value ≥ 2,500 kca/kg
Co-processing in high temperature process will reduce significantly the release of PBDE In the environment
Formalcollector
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - 06122017
Closing remarks
Electronic equipment, automotive goods and similar equipment have higher economic value status. Those wastes would be rarely available in ‘discarded’ position within urban management chain. In the developed countries the consumers have to spent some money to collect and to handle these wastes. In a country like Indonesia, the same equipment could be reused by another partyIntegration of formal and informal sectors in e-waste handling is necessary, both to increase the economic values of e-waste, and the most important things is to reduce the release of pollution, included that from brominated flame retardant.
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