Development of a Water Provisioning and Management Plan in the North West Province 2008 - 2030

DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT

PLAN IN THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE: 2008 – 2030

WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE NORTH WEST

PROVINCE

FINAL DRAFT

MARCH 2011

Prepared by

Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd in association

with Water Geosciences and Pegasys

Management Consultants

PO Box 1309

PRETORIA, 0001

Prepared for:

Office of the Premier: North West

Province & Department: Water Affairs

Borekelong House

Mmabatho, 2745

Office of the Premier

Department:

Office of the Premier

North West Provincial Government

Republic of South Africa

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS/OFFICE OF THE PREMIER NORTH WEST PROVINCE REPORT NO. { }

NORTH WEST WATER PROVISIONING & MANAGEMENT PLAN

Page i

Contract Title: Development of a Water Provisioning and Management Plan in the North West Province: 2008 – 2030

Report Title Water Provisioning and Management Plan for the North West Province

Authors Toriso Tlou, Pr. Eng.

Peter Wade, PhD

Adhishri Singh

Charles Sellick, Pr. Eng

Revision Date Report Status

Draft 1 10/06/10 First draft for comments

Final draft 15/11/10 Final for distribution

Final draft ver 2 4/04/11 Final for workshop

Consultants: Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd in association with Water Geosciences and Pegasys Management Consultants

Prepared for the Consultants by:

…………………………………………..

T Tlou , Pr. Eng.

Study Leader

Checked for the Consultants by:

………………………………………………..

C Sellick, Pr. Eng.

Client: Office of the Premier, North West Province

Approved for the Office of the Premier

…………………………………………..

Ludi Schulze

Project Manager

Approved for the Office of the Premier:

…………………………………………..

D.W Schoeman

DDG: Policy & Governance

Client: Department of Water Affairs

Approved for DWA – North West Regional

Office

…………………………………………..

C Lobakeng

Director: NW Regional Office

Approved for DWA – National Water Resource

Planning

…………………………………………..

D Ristic

Deputy Chief Engineer: NWRP



Page ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was prepared by Toriso Tlou with the valuable assistance, guidance and inputs

from the following project members.

Project Team members:

Dr Paul Roberts Guidance and technical review Water Resources Consultant

Mr Charles Sellick Guidance and technical review Charles Sellick & Associates cc

Ms Adhishri Singh Project Co-ordinator, water

quality, reviewing and editing

Water for Africa (Pty) Ltd

Dr Peter Wade Water Quality Envirodyn Strategies cc

Mr Rian Titus Geohydrology Water Geoscience Consulting

DWA officials and members of the Project Management Team

Chadwick Lobakeng Technical input & review DWA: North West Regional

Office

Dragana Ristic Technical input & review DWA: NWRP

Rens Botha Technical input and review DWA: North West Regional

Office

Office of the Premier: North West Province and members of the Project Management

team

D Schoeman Technical input & review Office of the Premier: North

West Province

Ludi Schulze Project Manager Office of the Premier: North

West Province



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ABBREVIATIONS

BMP Best Management Practice

CMA Catchment Management Agency

DBT Declining Block Tariff

DM District Municipality

DWA Department of Water Affairs

GWS Government Water Scheme

HFY Historical Firm Yield

IB Irrigation Boards

IBT Increasing Block Tariff

IRS Impala Refining Services

ISP Internal Strategic Perspective

KKDM Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality

LM Local Municipality

LoS Level of Service

BPDM Bojanala Platinum District Municipality

NMMDM Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

NRW Non Revenue Water

NW North West

NWPG North West Provincial Government

PGDS Provincial Growth and Development Strategy

PPP Public Private Partnership

SDF Spatial Development Framework



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WB Water Board

WC/WDM Water Conservation and Water Demand Management

WMA Water Management Area

WPMP Water Provisioning and Management Plan

WSA Water Services Authority

WSP Water Services Provider

WUA Water User Association



Page v

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Assessment

(water

resources)

An examination of the aspects of the supply and demand for water and of

the factors affecting the management of water resources.

Allocation: A water allocation is an authority to take water in areas covered by a

resource operations plan

Benchmarking A systematic process for securing continual improvement through

comparison with relevant and achievable internal and external norms and

standards

Capacity

building

The process of building organizations, human resources and the legal and

regulatory framework needed for effective and efficient water resources

management.

Catchment

area

The area from which rainfall flows into a river, reservoir, etc.

Catchment The land area drained by a river and its tributaries

Comprehensive

water

resources

management

Water resources planning, development and control that incorporate

physical, social, economic and environmental inter- dependencies.

Compulsory

Licensing

Compulsory licensing is a process where all water users are required to re-

apply for their water use entitlements. This is done in order to review and

adjust the entitlements in order to achieve reconciliation and equity

Conjunctive

use

The coordinated use of surface water and groundwater resources

Conservation Increasing the efficiency of water use production and distribution of the

resource

Conveyance

loss

Loss of water from a channel or pipe during conveyance, including losses

due to seepage, leakage, evaporation and transpiration by plants growing

in or near the channel

Crop water

requirements

Crop consumptive use plus the water required to provide the leaching

requirements

Demand/

requirement

A measure of the need for a portion of the supply of water



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Demand

reduction

Measures available to a Water Service Provider to reduce water demand

and improve water use efficiency: for example, water restrictions

Demand

management

The use of price, quantitative restrictions and other devices to limit the

demand for water.

Ecosystem A complex system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms

with its environment.

Entitlement A water entitlement is the general term used to describe a water use

authorisation granted under the National Water Act, 1998. This can be

either a water allocation, interim water allocation or a water licence

Institutions Organizational arrangements and the legal and regulatory framework - the

'enabling environment' - in which organizations operate. More broadly,

institutions include entities, processes and linkages between individual

entities.

Policy A declared intention and course of action adopted by government, party,

etc., for the achievement of a goal.

Programme A definite plan of intended procedure.

Project A scheme or undertaking.

Non Revenue

Water

This is the difference between the volume of water supplied into a system

and the billed authorised consumption for the area being supplied by the

system

Rainwater

harvesting

This is the immediate collection of rainwater running off surfaces upon

which it has fallen directly. This definition excludes run-off from land

watersheds into streams, rivers, lakes, etc

Reliable yield The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from a supply

source or supply option with a specified degree of certainty and

predictability, which is determined through analysis.

Reliability of

supply

The probability of providing a specified water entitlement under given

operating conditions for a specified period of time

River basin A geographical area (catchment area) determined by the watershed limits

of a water system, including surface and underground water, flowing into a

common terminus.

Stakeholder An organization or individual that is concerned with or has an interest in

water resources and that would be affected by decisions about water



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resources management.

Strategy A set of chosen short-, medium- and long-term actions to support the

achievement of development goals and to implement water-related

policies.

Supply The quantity of water available to provide a requirement

Supply option A potential future water resource, defined as any location-specific change

to water availability, infrastructure or reliable off-take that will result in the

total available supply being increased.

Watercourse A system of surface and underground waters that constitute, by virtue of

their physical relationship, a unitary whole and that flow into a common

terminus

Water holding

capacity

Amount of soil water available to plants

Water balance The differential of demand and supply baseline.

Yield The average annual volume that can be drawn from a supply source or

supply option to meet a specified demand at a specified service level. Yield

is always associated with some measure of probability of occurrence,

whether that is reliability (see „reliable yield‟ and „historic no failure yield‟) or

probability of achieving a level of service. That is, yield is the volume of

water drawn to meet demands in a sustainable sense.



Page viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Study Objectives .............................................................................................. 2

1.3 Purpose of the report ....................................................................................... 2

1.4 Guiding principles ............................................................................................ 3

1.5 Structure of the WPMP ..................................................................................... 3

2 WATER RECONCILIATION OPTIONS FOR BOJANALA PLATINUM

DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY ........................................................................... 5

2.1 Overview of the management plan .................................................................. 5

2.2 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management options .................... 7

2.2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 7

2.2.2 Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives ........................ 7

2.2.3 Develop and Implement WDM programmes in municipal scheme areas ..... 8

2.2.3.1 Develop and Implement Water Loss Control Programmes ................................. 8

2.2.3.2 Determine and implement Consumer use reduction interventions ...................... 9

2.2.4 Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes ....................... 10

2.2.5 Develop and implement water management plans in the agriculture sector

......................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.5.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 11

2.2.5.2 Water losses in the main irrigation schemes ..................................................... 11

2.2.5.3 Identified water management intervention measures in agriculture................... 13

2.2.5.4 Implementation planning in the agriculture ....................................................... 15

2.3 Non traditional water reconciliation options for Bojanala District

Municipality .................................................................................................... 16

2.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 16

2.3.2 Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector .............................. 17

2.3.3 Reuse of treated wastewater effluent by industries and mining sector ..... 17

2.3.3.1 Identified effluent reuse options ........................................................................ 18

2.3.3.2 Implementation plan for effluent reuse option ................................................... 19

2.4 Implement water trading between lawful water users ................................. 20



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2.4.1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 20

2.4.1.2 Opportunities for water trading ......................................................................... 20

2.4.1.3 Implementation of water trading ....................................................................... 20

2.5 Capital investment requirements for demand side management options.. 22

2.5.1 Capital requirements for WC/WDM - domestic sector ................................. 22

2.5.2 Capital requirements for WC/WDM - agricultural sector.............................. 23

2.5.3 Capital investment requirements for effluent reuse options ....................... 24

2.6 Supply Side Management Options for Bojanala District Municipality ........ 24

2.6.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 24

2.6.2 Development of industrial grade water supply from Hartbeespoort Dam .. 25

2.6.2.1 Potential for development of industrial grade scheme....................................... 25

2.6.2.2 Implementation of industrial grade water supply scheme .................................. 26

2.6.3 Increasing water transfers from Rand Water pipeline ................................. 26

2.6.4 Increasing water supply capacity from Vaalkop Dam for mining

development around Pilanesberg ................................................................. 26

2.6.5 Implementation plan and time frame ............................................................ 27

2.7 Capital investment requirements for supply side management options .... 27

2.8 Implementation plan for Bojanala Platinum District Municipality ............... 28

2.8.1 Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for BPDM ....... 28

2.8.2 Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options ......................................... 30

3 DR KENNETH KAUNDA DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................... 36

3.1 Overview of the management plan ................................................................ 36

3.2 Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Plan .......................... 38

3.2.1 Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives in the domestic

sector .............................................................................................................. 38

3.2.2 Develop and Implement Water Demand Management Intervention

Measures ......................................................................................................... 39

3.2.2.1 Water Loss Control Programmes ..................................................................... 39

3.2.2.2 Consumer use reduction option ........................................................................ 40

3.2.3 Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes ....................... 40

3.2.4 Improve water management measure in irrigation agriculture ................... 41



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3.2.4.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 41





Municipality .................................................................................................... 45

3.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 45

3.3.2 Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector .............................. 46

3.3.3 Reuse of treated wastewater effluent for landscape irrigation and process

water in industries .......................................................................................... 46



3.4 Capital Investment requirements to implement WC/WDM measures ......... 48

3.4.1 Capital investment requirement to implement water losses in domestic

sector .............................................................................................................. 48

3.4.2 Capital investment requirements to implement water management

measures in agriculture ................................................................................. 49

3.5 Implementation plan for demand side management measures .................. 50

3.5.1 Implementation programme for the domestic sector .................................. 50

3.5.2 Implementation programme for the agricultural sector ............................... 51

3.6 Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management ............... 55

3.7 Supply Side Management Options for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality .................................................................................................... 56

3.7.1 Development bulk water supply scheme from the groundwater pumped

into Koekemoer River .................................................................................... 56

3.8 Capital Investment requirements to implement supply side management 56

3.9 Implementation plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality............. 56

3.10 Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for Dr Kenneth

Kaunda District Municipality ......................................................................... 57

3.10.1 Prioritisation of the water management options .......................................... 57

4 NGAKA MODIRI MOLEMA DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................... 59

4.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 59



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4.2 Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Options .................... 60

4.2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 60

4.2.2 Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives ...................... 61

4.2.3 Develop and Implement WDM in the municipal scheme areas ................... 62

4.2.3.1 Water Loss Control Management Measures ..................................................... 62

4.2.3.2 Implement Consumer Demand Management ................................................... 62

4.2.4 Rainwater harvesting ..................................................................................... 63

4.2.5 Development and implementation of water management plans in the

agricultural sector .......................................................................................... 64

4.2.5.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 64




4.3 Non traditional water reconciliation options for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality ....................................................................................... 70

4.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 70


water in industries .......................................................................................... 70



4.4 Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in NMMDM

......................................................................................................................... 72

4.5 Implement water trading in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality .... 73

4.5.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 73

4.6 Curtailment of unlawful Water use ................................................................ 73

4.7 Compulsory Licensing ................................................................................... 74

4.8 Groundwater development for rural water supplies .................................... 75

4.9 Bulk water supply to Mafikeng ...................................................................... 77

4.10 Water supply to Ratlou Local Municipality ................................................... 78

4.11 Water transfers from Midvaal Water Company ............................................ 78

4.12 Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan ............................. 78

4.12.1 Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures ................................................ 78



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4.12.2 Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in

agriculture ....................................................................................................... 79

4.13 Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM ... 80

4.13.1 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Measures ............... 80

4.13.1.1 Water Conservation and Demand Management in the domestic sector .......... 80

4.13.1.2 Water Management Measures in agriculture................................................... 82

4.13.2 Water supply management and augmentation options ............................... 82

4.13.3 Bulk water infrastructure plan ....................................................................... 83

4.13.4 Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options ......................................... 83

5 DR RUTH SEGOMOTSI MOMPATI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................... 89

5.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 89

5.2 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Options for Dr Ruth

Segomotsi District Municipality .................................................................... 91

5.2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 91

5.2.2 Develop and Implement WDM programmes in the municipal scheme areas

......................................................................................................................... 91

5.2.2.1 Implement Water Loss Control Programme ...................................................... 91

5.2.2.2 Implement Consumer use reduction option ...................................................... 92

5.2.3 Implement Rainwater harvesting................................................................... 93

5.2.4 Implement water management measures to improve water use efficiency in

irrigation agriculture ...................................................................................... 94

5.2.4.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 94



5.3 Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality ..................................................... 98

5.4 Groundwater development for rural water supplies .................................... 99

5.5 Upgrading of bulk water supplies from Taung Dam to Vryburg & Stella . 101

5.6 Bulk water supply to Schweizer Reneke ..................................................... 101

5.7 Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan ........................... 102

5.7.1 Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures .............................................. 102



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5.7.2 Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in

agriculture ..................................................................................................... 103

5.8 Summary of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality ..................................................................................... 104

5.8.1 Water Conservation and Demand Management ......................................... 104

5.8.2 Water Savings in agriculture ....................................................................... 106

5.8.3 Bulk water supply infrastructure ................................................................. 106

5.8.4 Prioritisation of the water management options ........................................ 106

6 WATER (MACRO PROVINCIAL) MANAGEMENT PLAN TO ADDRESS

GENERIC WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES .......................................... 112

6.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 112

6.2 Climate Change ............................................................................................ 112

6.3 Coping with water scarcity .......................................................................... 113

6.4 Water quality ................................................................................................. 114

6.4.1 Salt loading ................................................................................................... 114

6.4.2 Nitrate loading .............................................................................................. 117

6.4.3 Flouride loading ........................................................................................... 118

6.5 Water Pricing ................................................................................................ 120

7 MANAGING THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPLEMENTING THE

WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................... 123

8 REVIEW AND UPDATING OF THE WATER PROVISIONING AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................. 132

8.1 Water Provisioning and Management Plan Framework ............................. 132

8.2 Monitoring of the WPMP .............................................................................. 132

9 REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 134



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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Bojanala District

Municipality (million m3/a) ................................................................. 6

Table 2.2: Water savings target through Water Conservation and Demand

Management Measures .................................................................... 22

Table 2.3: Capital Investment requirements to improve irrigation

conveyance efficiency ..................................................................... 24



Table 2.5: Demand side management interventions and implementation

plan for Bojanala District Municipality ........................................... 31

Table 2.6: Supply side management interventions and implementation plan

for Bojanala District Municipality ................................................... 34

Table 3.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Kenneth

Kaunda District Municipality (million m3/a) .................................... 37



Table 3.3: Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention

measures .......................................................................................... 50

Table 3.4: Demand side management interventions and implementation

plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality ......................... 52

Table 4.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Ngaka Modiri

Molema District Municipality (million m3/a) ................................... 60

Table 4.2: The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply

planning ............................................................................................ 76

Table 4.3: Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation

and Demand Management Measures for NMMDM ........................ 79

Table 4.4: Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention

measures .......................................................................................... 80

Table 4.5: Prioritisation of water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality ......................................................................... 84

Table 5.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality (million m3/a) ............... 90



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Table 5.2: The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply

planning .......................................................................................... 100

Table 5.3: Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation

and Demand Management Measures for Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati DM .................................................................................... 103

Table 5.4: Capital Investment requirements to improve conveyance

efficiency - Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality .. 104

Table 5.5: Prioritisation of water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati District Municipality ....................................................... 108

Table 6.1: Implications of pricing on water efficiency .................................. 120

Table 7.1: Climate change and climate variability ........................................ 124

Table 7.2: Risk assessment of changes to the water requirements ........... 125

Table 7.3: Risk assessment on availability of water supplies ..................... 126



Page xvi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Locality Map of the irrigation schemes in the Crocodile (West)

Marico WMA ...................................................................................... 12

Figure 2-2: Existing and Proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in BPDM

........................................................................................................... 29

Figure 3-1: Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

DM ..................................................................................................... 55

Figure 3-2: Existing and proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality ............................................ 58

Figure 4-1: Irrigation schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

........................................................................................................... 65

Figure 4-2: Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM .................... 72

Figure 4-3: Existing and proposed bulk water infrastructure in NMMDM ...... 81

Figure 5-1: Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM .................... 99

Figure 5-2: Existing and future bulk water supply schemes in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality .................................... 105

Figure 6-1. Salt loading in each of the District Municipalities in the North

West Province ................................................................................ 115

Figure 6-2. TDS/EC concentrations compared to DWA guideline levels ...... 115

Figure 6-4 Nitrate loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW

Province .......................................................................................... 117

Figure 6-5 Nitrate concentrations compared with DWA guidelines ............. 117

Figure 6-6 Fluoride loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW

Province .......................................................................................... 119

Figure 6-7 Fluoride concentrations compared with DWA guidelines .......... 119



Page xvii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

To be completed after comments are received



Page 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The North West Provincial Government (NWPG) adopted a ten-year growth and

development strategy for the Province known as North West 2014. The strategy was founded

on two key policy objectives which were to ensure:

Halve unemployment by promoting economic growth at an average rate of 6.6% per

annum; and

Halve poverty in the province by developing the agricultural and rural areas and

removing basic service delivery backlogs to all people in the province.

The universal objectives to be promoted at all levels of interaction in the Province to support

the two macro goals were:

Implementing a Public Sector Employment Programme (EPWP)

Ensuring cooperative governance and the formation of Public-Private-Partnerships

(PPP‟s);

Promoting equal and fair access to opportunities and assets;

Enhancing competitiveness, profitability and SMME development; and

Ensuring sustainable development through resource and environmental management

The key pillars for sustainable growth and economic development in the North West Province

are:

Agriculture and rural development

Mining and energy

Manufacturing and Trade

Tourism

Construction and infrastructure

Small Medium and Micro Enterprise

Training and Skills Development.

The above pillars of growth and development in the province are dependent on the

availability of a number of resources such as water supplies which is an important factor of

production. Secure, sustainable water supplies are integral to continued growth and

prosperity and poverty eradication in the North West Province. For the NW province,

particularly in times of drought, this presents a special challenge, and as the economy grows

in the province, the need for careful forward planning and management of our water

resources is becoming paramount.

In order to ensure that the strategy developed by the province is sustainable, the Office of

the Premier together with the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) North West Regional Office

identified the need to undertake an assessment of the water supplies to meet the current and

the future water requirements in order to ensure that strategies are in place to make sure that

where water is required as a factor of production, there was sufficient water to meet the

requirements for beneficial purpose taking into account the scarcity value of water.



Page 2

1.2 Study Objectives

The primary objective of the North West Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP)

is to set out the management plan that will sustainably achieve a balance between water

requirements and the supplies over the long term. The objectives of the WPMP are to:

(i) Provide a long term (22 year outlook) water requirement forecasts;

(ii) Provide a plan for reducing demand to achieve, at minimum, the targets needed to be

set to improve water use efficiency in the sectors using water in the North West

Province;

(iii) Integrate alternate water supply options such as rainwater harvesting, recycled water

with water conservation and demand management measures and supply

augmentation schemes into the water supply planning for the province;

(iv) Provide a sound basis for water supply planning to be aligned with the National Water

Resources Strategy and the Internal Strategic Perspectives (ISPs) of the water

management areas covering the province;

(v) Identify a preferred infrastructure program, pending the outcomes of detailed

feasibility study investigations of the potential water supply and demand management

options;

(vi) Prepare an implementation plan which includes the timelines together with an order

of magnitude capital investment requirement to implement the WPMP.

1.3 Purpose of the report

The North West Province is large and diverse and is home to approximately 3 354 825

people (as at mid-year 2010). The province has very limited water resources in the west

where there are ephemeral rivers and dependence is largely on groundwater. In its PGDS,

the North West Province intends to grow the economy by 6.6% per annum. In order to

achieve this primary objective, it has to resolve numerous challenges which include

sustainable water supply management to ensure the scarce water resource is available for

sustaining and growing the economy.

The purpose of this report is to provide a water provisioning and management plan for

implementation in the North West Province. This Water Provisioning and Management Plan

(WPMP):

identifies the augmentation options based on previous work undertaken in the

province;

identifies the opportunities for implementing WC/WDM measures to improve on the

current water use efficiency levels;

identifies the bulk water supply infrastructure required to ensure the priority

investment areas in the province have sufficient water supplies to maintain the

economic growth of the areas;

provides a water management plan which needs to be implemented to ensure

sustainable growth and development



Page 3

1.4 Guiding principles

The principles underpinning development of the Water Provisioning and Management Plan

for the North West Province are derived from National Water Act, 1998 (Act No 36 of 1998)

and the Water Services Act, 1997 (Act No 101 of 1997) with a view to achieving the

objectives of the NW Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) and the

Provincial Spatial Development Framework (SDF). These principles articulate the North West

Provincial Government's expectations of the plan, and how it will fulfil its functions.

Consequently, investigation of future options within these parameters has guided the

recommendations provided in this document, with the sustainable water resource

development and management as the strategic vision.

These guiding principles include the following:

Water is a scarce and precious resource that is to be shared across the province.

Water quality should be managed from its source to its end-users in a way that:

ensures the health of catchments, aquifers and their ecosystems; and

delivers water of a quality desired by the end-users at the lowest overall cost.

Water supply arrangements should maximise efficient and cost-effective service

delivery and the efficient use of water, such as appropriate Level of Service

objectives.

Regional water planning should consider environmental, social and economic factors,

and include „least cost planning‟ to ensure proper economic comparison of all supply

and demand options.

Water restrictions should be used to help achieve the province‟s objectives for long-

term management of its current and future water requirements and in managing any

significant threat to the sustainability and security of the province‟s water supply

1.5 Structure of the WPMP

This water provisioning and water management plan is divided into four sections according to

the district municipalities making up the North West Province. Three further sections deal

with the generic management issues in the Province, managing risks and recommendations

in updating the WPMP.

Chapter 2 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Bojanala Platinum

District Municipality (BPDM). It provides a description of the options identified to implement

WC/WDM particularly in the domestic and irrigation agriculture sectors. It identifies the

options available to improve the bulk water supply infrastructure capacity to meet the growing

water requirements for the mining sector and the related growth in the domestic sector. The

focus has been on securing water supplies to the Rustenburg - Madibeng priority investment

corridor.

The chapter ends in providing a summary and priority list of the water management plan for

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. This is presented in the form of a table highlighting

the plan and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the management plan.



Page 4

Chapter 3 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda

District Municipality. It provides a description of the options identified to implement WC/WDM

particularly in the domestic and irrigation agriculture sectors. It identifies the options available

to improve the bulk water supply infrastructure capacity to meet the growing water

requirements for the mining sector and the related growth in the domestic sector.

A summary and priority list of the water management plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality is then presented. This is presented in the form of a table highlighting the plan

and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the management plan.

Chapter 4 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Ngaka Modiri

Molema District Municipality. It provides a description of the options identified to implement



water requirements in the District.

A summary and priority list of the water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema District

Municipality is then presented at the end of the chapter. This is presented in the form of a

table highlighting the plan and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the

management plan.

Chapter 5 documents the water provisioning and management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati District Municipality. It provides a description of the options identified to implement



water requirements for the mining sector and the related growth in the domestic sector.

A summary and priority list of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality is provided at the end of the chapter. This is presented in the form of a

table highlighting the plan and the actions required to achieve the objectives of the

management plan.

Chapter 6 discusses the approaches that can be taken at a macro level to manage the effect

of generic issues such as climate change, drought and water pricing.

Chapter 7 deals with managing the risks associated with implementing the Water

Provisioning and Management Plan. Six categories of risks were identified, ranked and

appropriate actions to mitigate them recommended.

Chapter 8 concludes the report by recommending a program for review and updating of the

WPMP.



Page 5

2 WATER RECONCILIATION OPTIONS FOR BOJANALA PLATINUM

DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

2.1 Overview of the management plan

The water requirements for Bojanala District Municipality are likely to increase by

approximately 30% over a 22 year period from 343.05 million m3/a to 445.36 million m3/a at

the current level of water use efficiency and operating rules. This has also assumed that the

current irrigation water requirements will remain the same for the planning period. However

there are downstream water requirements in the Thabazimbi area which are not included in

the North West Province but are currently dependent on the water resources in Bojanala

District Municipality. (see Table 2.1 below). When compared with the available supplies it

would appear that there are no water supply problems on a district municipality level until

2018. The additional water supplies that will be required in 2030 to meet the median growth

rate in Bojanala District Municipality is 45 million m3/a.

However a review that was conducted in the situation assessment indicated that there will be

local water supply deficits much earlier due to a number of issues such as insufficient bulk

water supply infrastructure in the district. For example in the area between Rustenburg and

Madibeng Local Municipalities, there has been significant development in the Mooinooi area

where additional bulk water supply is required to meet the development needs of the area.

This is driven by the mining developments taking place in the area, some which are new

concessions while other mines have been expanding their operations.

In order to ensure secure water supplies for the district, there are four broad water

reconciliation options available to meeting the current and future demands particularly in the

non-agricultural sector and these can be summarised as follows:

(i) Augmentation of existing water supplies at a local level through traditional methods;

(ii) Augmentation of existing water supplies by undertaking alternative methods such as

treated effluent reuse options and water recycling as well as rainwater harvesting;

(iii) Reallocation of water between users and across sectors to where the value of water

is high (i.e. water trading);

(iv) Implementing Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) in

order to provide the savings to the growing demands

Traditionally water supplies have been met through the development of new supply sources,

however there are limitations on the water resource availability in Bojanala District

Municipality and more efficient use of the available resource and management is needed. It

is important to note however that the yield of Hartbeespoort Dam has been increasing due to

the treated effluent from the Northern Works in the City of Johannesburg (CoJ). However due

to the development of the Eskom power station and potentially the second SASOL coal to

liquid plant in the Lephalale area, these developments can only be sustained by the

availability of secure water in the Lephalale area.

Because of the strategic nature and the importance of power generation and oil in the

economic growth and development of the country, the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) as

the custodian of the water resources of the country, has made the available water from



Page 6

Hartbeespoort as the key source of supply for Eskom's power generation and SASOL's plant

for oil generation from coal. Therefore in the development of the water reconciliation strategy

fro Bojanala District Municipality (BDM), although Hartbeespoort Dam has been looked at as

a source of supply, this has been undertaken within the context of developments in Lephalale

area. Therefore the supply side management options have been limited with focus on

improving efficient and effect utilisation of the available water in BDM.

Consequently, water efficiency improvements, water trading, treated effluent reuse options

including water recycling and consumer demand management have a higher profile in this

water provisioning and management plan than was indicated in the past. Best management

practices across all water user sectors, along with existing water use efficiency programs,

are a key component of the strategy response to sustainable water provision in the BDM.

The adoption of practices such as water re-use and recycling will be one of the ways that

BDM will be able to ensure a cost effective water savings program.

Diversification of water supply sources, including potential for interaction between two or

more supply sources to provide flexibility in water provisioning, is also considered. This

approach could offer considerable benefits for the district, improving the overall performance

of linked supply schemes.

Table 2.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Bojanala District

Municipality (million m3/a)

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Water Supply

Surface water supply 329.50 329.50 329.50 329.50 329.50 329.50

Groundwater

Return Flow 55.11 56.57 62.19 67.56 76.41 81.01

Transfers 54.75 54.75 54.75 54.75 54.75 54.75

Total available water 439.36 440.82 446.44 451.81 460.66 465.26

Water Requirements

Domestic water requirements 74.82 78.06 84.88 92.23 99.94 108.31

Mining and industrial 53.79 58.74 73.20 89.06 105.78 122.62

Irrigation Agriculture 214.43 214.43 214.43 214.43 214.43 214.43

Total Water requirements for

Bojanala DM 343.05 351.24 372.51 395.72 420.15 445.36



Page 7

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Downstream water

requirements (1) 64.89 64.89 64.89 64.89 64.89 64.89

Total water requirement

including downstream

requirements

407.94 416.13 437.40 460.61 485.04 510.25

Supply demand balance 31.43 24.70 9.03 -8.80 -24.38 -44.99

Additional water required

(Median growth scenario) -31.43 -24.70 -9.03 8.80 24.38 44.99

(1) This excludes the planned transfer volume from Crocodile (West) to Lephalale by 2030. The

planned transfer for 2030 is estimated to be 157.8 million m3/a

Greater flexibility in water allocation should allow users to develop more appropriate mixes of

water products for their needs. For example, a town water supply scheme could hold a

combination of medium and high priority water allocations, which may enable an appropriate

water supply for most years while ensuring essential requirements are met during extreme

dry periods. This will require appropriate a comprehensive framework for managing water

restrictions when required in BDM.

While the WPMP offers the options available to access water supply in most situations, in

some parts of the region options will be limited, particularly in the rural areas of the district.

2.2 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management options

2.2.1 Overview

As illustrated in Table 2.1 above, Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM), the overall

water balance indicates that the BPDM will require additional water supplies between 2015

and 2020, based on the current water use and operating practices. However during

In order to address the envisaged water shortages and intermittent water supplies within the

next 6 years in the DM, a number of water reconciliation options have been identified and

evaluated as discussed below.

2.2.2 Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives

Currently, consumers in Bojanala District Municipality are using between 108 to 647 litres per

person per day for residential, industrial and commercial use in the urban areas in the major

urban areas of Rustenburg, Brits and Madikwe. The total water requirements is envisaged to

increase from 320.7 million m3/a to 439.56 million m3/a in 2030 as population grows driven by

the economic recovery in the mining sector. The average system water losses in the district

is 31% of the raw water supplies.

The starting point for the WPMP of the North West Province is to maintain the water savings

realised through existing WC/WDM initiatives. These savings are a consequence of

refurbishment of the old water infrastructure in towns such as Rustenburg and Brits and



Page 8

existing passive water conservation programmes including consumer metering programmes

in some of the rural towns such as Mogwase.

A review of the current water conservation saving initiatives indicates that it is difficult to

determine what savings have been made due to lack of formal reporting and setting of water

saving targets. Most of the current initiatives are not driven primarily by the need to

implement WC/WDM measures but by the need to operate and maintain the existing water

supply infrastructure. However in the non-urban industrial sectors including the major mines

in the Rustenburg to Brits complex, there is increasing use of wastewater return flows from

the municipality sewage works.

To maintain existing water use efficiency levels, the Water Services Authorities, Water User

Associations and Industries must undertake the following aspects:

Over the next five years, prepare business cases and plans for implementing

WC/WDM and identify innovative ways of investing in water conservation

programmes which have been already identified. This should include implementing

public private partnerships (PPP) in reducing water losses, investing in water loss

control measures in other sectors while realising the benefits from the water savings

by the sector that invests in implementing water loss control measures;

Set water saving targets and consumer demand for the towns in BPDM. The

Municipalities should use the DWA water use efficiency reporting system to monitor

and report on their water savings, and review the effectiveness of conservation

programs on an annual basis;

Invest over the next five years to extend existing water use studies to improve the

knowledge of how and where water is used in the urban areas of Bojanala Platinum

District Municipality. This will ensure that an updated water use study is ready for

inclusion in the next WPMP which is recommended to be reviewed every 5 years.

Although there may be savings from current initiatives, there is no evidence to indicate the

amount of water savings taking place in Bojanala District Municipality. There has been a lack

of comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plans which provide the water saving

targets for the various intervention measures. However, the recently completed Crocodile

(West) Marico WC/WDM strategy and business plan indicates there are a number of

initiatives that can be implemented to achieve significant water savings in the district

particularly in the urban area. These initiatives should be registered and properly managed.

2.2.3 Develop and Implement WDM programmes in municipal scheme areas

2.2.3.1 Develop and Implement Water Loss Control Programmes

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Rustenburg and Madibeng

were estimated to range from 31% to 41% of the total input volume, although this figure

varies with each scheme. The high system losses are attributed to the age and condition of

the water supply infrastructure. The condition and performance of most of the water

infrastructure is very poor due to lack of maintenance and lack of appropriate skills to

manage these assets.

The estimated total Non Revenue Water (NRW) for the whole of BPDM was estimated to be

20.28 million m3/a (55.56 Ml/d). The problem with NRW is that they:



Page 9

divert precious water from reaching customers;

increase the operating costs and therefore the cost of supplying consumers. This

results in high water tariffs which can be unsustainable because of low cost recovery;

make investments in the augmentation of additional water supplies larger than is

necessary.

There have been initiatives in some of the municipalities to reduce the current high physical

water losses by implementing various water loss control programmes. In areas of

Rustenburg refurbishment and renewal of the water supply pipelines is planned. However it

is difficult to determine the extent of refurbishment and renewal of the existing water

infrastructure because the municipality does not have a comprehensive asset register and an

asset management plan. Furthermore, the water supply systems are not sectorised and

zoned to enable the municipalities to implement water loss control programmes.

There are however few water loss control programmes being implemented in the district.

This is because of a lack of comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plan which

provides the water saving targets for the various intervention measures. The recently

complemented Crocodile (West) Marico: Development of WC/WDM strategy and business

plan for sectors in the WMA set up the goals and objectives of ensuring compliance with the

Presidential Directive of halving the water losses by 2014. The BPDM can potentially save a

minimum of 10.14 million m3/a by 2014. In order to achieve this objective, the study identified

the following tasks that need to be implemented in BPDM:

Establishment of discrete supply zones and District Metered Areas (DMAs) within the

water supply systems with a view to undertaking comprehensive water audits and

prioritising supply zones to implement water loss control programmes;

Implementation of pressure and leakage management (PLM) programme which

include establishment of dedicated Active Leakage Control (ALC) units in the

municipalities;

Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework contributing to the high water losses is

required as a matter of urgency.

Development of effective revenue management systems and procedures.

2.2.3.2 Determine and implement Consumer use reduction interventions

The average per capita consumption in Bojanala District Municipality ranges from 30 l/c/d in

the rural villages to 348 l/c/d (includes residential consumption and water losses only) in the

more urbanised areas of Rustenburg, Madikwe and Brits. If the industrial and commercial

use is included, the average per capita consumption for the district will range from 30 l/c/d to

647 l/c/d including system losses. As the economy of the district grows there will be a

subsequent rise in income which will result in the increase in the level of service provision.

The stated average per capita consumption figures are envisaged to be high for residential

consumption when benchmarked against the Best Management Practices (BMP) having

taken into account the condition of the existing water infrastructure. Besides implementing

water loss control programmes in BPDM, there are opportunities to implement demand side

management measures which influence the consumer use practices.

In order to influence consumer use and ensure consumer use reduction measures, the

BPDM must undertake a review of the existing water use charges and policies pertaining to



Page 10

water pricing and tariff setting. In most municipalities the water tariff structure for domestic

water supplies is based on the Increasing Block Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block

Tariff (RBT) system while that of the industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as

well as Declining Block Tariff (DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency. However

the size of the tariff block and the use of marginal cost of supply should be considered in

reviewing the existing tariffs. The BPDM should review these tariffs and compare with the

marginal cost of water from augmentation options. Using the least cost planning (LCP), the

BPDM can review and implement tariffs that reward efficient consumers and penalise

inefficient consumption.

Other measures to maintain or reduce the average per capita consumption is to ensure that

the existing Water Services Bylaws take into account use of efficient water savings devices,

including those aimed at improving efficiency of sanitation systems.

In addition, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and communications

programs will be required to motivate the communities of the North West Province to save

water.

No data is currently available to undertake a benchmarking of BMP in domestic water use

patterns in the district municipality. The first task should therefore be to determine the Best

Management Practice (BMP) for residential consumption and benchmark the current average

per capita consumption taking into account:

Household size;

Climatic conditions;

Household income levels, etc.

2.2.4 Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes

Rainwater harvesting is an option that can be used to reconcile the water requirements with

the current water supply. Collecting rainwater is not only water conserving, it is also energy

conserving since the energy input required to operate a centralized water system designed to

treat and pump water over a vast service area is bypassed.

Rainwater harvesting is practical only when the volume and frequency of rainfall and the size

of the catchment surface and the texture of the surface area can generate sufficient water for

the intended purpose. The variables of rainfall and water demand determine the relationship

between required catchment area and storage capacity. With a mean annual precipitation

(MAP) of 610 mm in the Crocodile (West) River catchment, there is potential for rainwater

harvesting that can be used conjunctively with other water resources.

The option of rainwater harvesting in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) needs

to be considered for conjunctive use at a domestic unit scale. However it is important to note

that no national standards exist for a rainwater harvesting system, including rainwater

harvesting Best Management Practices. These need to be considered when assessing the

potential for rainwater harvesting.

BPDM is outside the malaria risk areas of South Africa and therefore rainwater harvesting

will not pose an additional health hazard.



Page 11

2.2.5 Develop and implement water management plans in the agriculture sector

2.2.5.1 Overview

Irrigation agriculture is by far the largest water user in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.

It currently utilises between 55% and 66% of the total water requirements of the district. The

major irrigation schemes in BPDM include the following:

(i) Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme - the scheme has a scheduled qouta of 14 975

hectares with a total allocation of 86.27 million m3/a. The scheme has approximately

532 km of canal which is in fair to poor condition. The source of irrigation water

supply is Hartbeespoort Dam

(ii) Crocodile (West) Irrigation Scheme - the scheme has a scheduled qouat of 14 795

hectares with a total allocation of 118.4 million m3/a. The scheme relies of run-of-river

abstraction and does not have canal systems for conveyance to the irrigators.

There are other smaller irrigation schemes which include mainly Koster River, Magalies,

Buffelspoort, Buffelshoek and Lindleyspoort irrigation schemes. The total schedule area for

these schemes is 6 158 hectares.

A review of the current water use and delivery practices in the Hartbeespoort and Crocodile

(West) irrigation schemes highlighted that there was significant potential to reduce water

losses and improve operational efficiencies within the agricultural sector.

2.2.5.2 Water losses in the main irrigation schemes

A study recently completed by the DWA on the potential for implementing water loss control

programmes in the agricultural sector for the Crocodile (West) Marico WMA indicated that

there were significant water losses in the two main irrigation schemes of Hartbeespoort and

Crocodile (West) (Schoeman en Vennotte, 2009).

Preliminary assessment of avoidable water losses in Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme

indicated that approximately 39.22 million m3/a is being lost. In the Crocodile (West) Irrigation

Scheme, it was determined that approximately 35% of the irrigation water delivered to the

scheme was water losses comprising of leakage, spills due to operational issues, and

evaporation losses. The estimated water losses was 41.44 million m3/a including both

avoidable and unavoidable water losses. It was estimated that approximately 12.4 million

m3/a could be considered avoidable losses which can be saved. The total water that can be

potentially saved in the two irrigation schemes alone is approximately 51.65 million m3/a.

This amount can be saved if a number of intervention measures were implemented in the

agricultural sector. Assessment of the on-farm irrigation efficiency indicated a weighted

average of 81% efficiency which supports the notion that water losses are mainly occurring in

conveyance and distribution infrastructure.



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Page 13

2.2.5.3 Identified water management intervention measures in agriculture

Improve Water Measurement and Accounting Systems in agriculture

In determining the water management intervention measures that can be implemented in the

agricultural sector, the issue of measurement of water in the agricultural sector was identified

as one of the major challenges to determine the extent of water losses in agriculture and to

establish water saving targets to reduce water losses in the sector. There is a need to esnure

sufficient measurements are in place at scheme and sub-scheme levels which will help with

(i) assembling information needd for a detailed water budget to be done at scheme and

sub-scheme level

(ii) identifying areas where additional efficiency can be achieved

(iii) implementing a billing system based on deliveries

Irrigation schemes should improve on measurement by installing adequate flow

measurements including on return flow canals in order to accurately account for water use in

each irrigation scheme area. This will require significant investment requirements in the

irrigation agriculture sector which may have a negative impact on the viability of irrigation

schemes particularly those with small farms. The funding mechanisms and the extent of flow

measurements should be considered at a national level.

The above initiatives of improving irrigation conveyance efficiency should be maintained in

the schemes where these have been initiated. These initiatives should be extended to

include all irrigation schemes in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.

Water pricing structure

The current pricing structure for irrigation agriculture is an area-based pricing where irrigators

are charged on the scheduled qouta regardless of how much actual water they use. Although

there are other factors that encourage efficient utilisation of irrigation water such as the cost

of fertiliser the existing pricing structure does not rewards efficient use of water in agriculture.

The use of a fixed charge per hectare of irrigated land provides disincentives to efficient

water use in the sector. For example, it has been identified in some irrigation schemes

where irrigators will order up to their full scheduled qouta particularly towards the end of the

irrigation water year, when they do not use the water. This is because they have paid for the

water.

Therefore a review of the pricing strategy which is currently being conducted by the DWA

should take into account other pricing structures which provide incentive pricing. One of the

approaches to be considered involves increasing the unit price of water as deliveries

increase. With the incentive pricing, a base price per unit of water is charged for all water

deliveries up to a certain amount , or block. Water use in excess of this amount or block is

then charged at a higher unit price. The establishment of the incentive pricing will need to

take into account; the crops values, crop tolerance to water shortages, ability to change

crops, etc.

Water allocation mechanisms with respect to water losses

One of the disincentives in improving water use efficiency in the agricultural sector is the fact

that, for a number of irrigation schemes, the water allocation to irrigators does not include the

water losses which are current by the bulk water provider. The alloaction is at the farm



Page 14

turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. For

example approximately 120 million m3/a on average for the period 2006 - 2009 was diverted

to the primary canal systems of the Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme to meet the actual water

use for the period of approximately 67 million m3/a.

If the water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set

percentage of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to

improve their efficiency in irrigation water use. As an exmaple if the allowable water losses

for Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme was 15% of the canal diversion, then approximately 97

million m3/a would be released instead of the current 120 million m3/a saving 23 million m3/a

for other water uses.

Institutional water management measures

By changing the rules and policies in irrigation water management, there may increase water

use efficiency in the sector. These include temporary water transfers between irrigators. This

would ensure that those irrigators who will not be utilising their full scheduled qouta can

benefit from temporarily transfering a portion of their entitlement to irrigators who identify that

they may exceed their scheduled qouta in any irrigation year. There are a number of

schemes such as Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for

temporary water transfers. This policy provides the basis of addressing water shortage plan

for each irrigation scheme.

The implementation of water transfers needs to be guided by scheme rules such as no

transfers can take place between users in different sub-schemes to the extent that it may

impact on the hydraulic capacity of the conveyance to deliver the additional water.

Facility related water management measures

It is unlikely that significant savings can be made in on-farm irrigation efficiency levels

particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Crocodile (West) and Hartbeespoort Irrigation

Schemes, where on-farm irrigation efficiency levels are as high as 81% and 72%

respectively.

A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the

Hartbeespoort and Crocodie (West) Irrigation Scheme of 51.65 million m3/a can potentially

be saved by refurbishing the canal conveyance infrastructure.

There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Hartbeespoort

Irrigation Scheme) where refurbishment of the old canal and poorly maintained canal

infrastructure is currently on-going. No water saving targets were established to determine

how much water can be saved by refurbishment of the infrastructure.

Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in Bojanala District Municipality take the following

forms:

• Leakage. Leakage through canal banks and structures is counted as a conveyance

loss. A proportion of leakage is a „real‟ loss of water to the catchment. However,

some leakage flows into drainage schemes to be re-used downstream, or into on-

farm delivery systems where it is used for irrigation;

• Seepage. Seepage is the movement of water through the wetted area of irrigation

canals. This occurs due to a combined effect of gravitational foces and water tension



Page 15

gradients. Seepage losses are „real‟ losses when seepage flows to saline

groundwater and becomes unusable. However, in some situations, such as in areas

with low groundwater salinity, seepage may:

o beneficially recharge rivers, or

o form a lens of fresher groundwater near the surface that is either pumped from

the ground for crop irrigation or intercepted by the roots of crops;

• Evaporation. Evaporation losses occur in canals and storages. Evaporation losses

are a „real‟ loss of water resource, in the sense that there is no economic value in

water vapour. However, in situations where water ponded in storages provides

recreational opportunities or amenity values, the loss of water through evaporation

could be considered to be a cost associated with a beneficial use of the resource;

Changes in the operating precedures and delivery of irrigation water

Using the Hartbeespoort Irrigation Scheme as a case study, it was identified that currently

the canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying irrigators with water from

Monday to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The system is closed on

Fridays and opened on Monday.

There are losses that irrigation schemes are experiencing due to the current canal operating

procedures. These operating procedues result in losses due to the following issues:

• Outfalls or water flowing out of the downstream end of delivery systems. In some

areas, outfalls flow back into rivers and are available to downstream users and/or for

environmental flows. This means that there are „good‟ return flows on the other side

of the coin to „bad losses‟. The benefits and costs of reducing these losses are more

complex than they appear at first sight;

• System Filling: Water used in the filling and draining of canals, pipes etc. This has

been an operational challenge in most of the irrigation scheme in the country where

there is weekly delivery of water, but the canals are shut down during weekends.

Therefore for the next ordering cycle, there may be higher gravitational forces

resulting in high initial losses, which soon decreases as the canal is filled. The

maginitude of the initial loss rate is governed by the percolation of water through the

voids in the soil forming the canal bed and banks.

A review and updating of the current water ordering methods, canal operating procedures

and distribution control in the irrigation schemes can result in water savings particularly from

spills and system filling.

2.2.5.4 Implementation planning in the agriculture

In order to achieve the potential water savings in irrigation agriculture, it is imperative that

each irrigation scheme in the Bojanala District Municipality develops and implement a Water

Management Plan (WMP) which should provide the water use baseline for each irrigation

scheme by undertaking the ;

Ensure adequate flow measurement is available to conduct irrigation water budgets

to determine the the magnitude of the water losses and where the losses are taking

place at scheme and sub-scheme level.

Identify and evaluate the candidate measures to improve water use efficiency in

agriculture. The evaluation should take into account the following considerations:



Page 16

o capital and operational costs of each identified intervention measure

o the impact of changes in water diversion and operating procedures

o impact on the environment such as water quality, downstream ecosystems

dependent on the return flows.

o legal and insitutional arrangements, such as water allocation methods which

includes the water losses in the allocations.

Determine annual water saving targets to be achieved over a 5 year period;

Develop a business case for implementing water loss reduction measures in irrigation

agriculture based on the least cost planning (LCP) and benefit-cost analysis of the

intervention measures

Develop financing options for implementing the recommended intervention measures.

This financing should take into account the financial benefits accrued in implementing

the water management measures. Various funding mechanims should include the

following:

o internal financing by the irrigation board or water user association where the

agency has the balance sheet to undertake the measures. The benefits

accrued will then be realised by the IB or WUA;

o external funding where the WUA develops a business plan and source

funding from external markets based on the revenue or benefits from

implementing the measures.

o entering into partnerships with other water users such as the mines, or the

WSAs. This will allow for the pooling of capital which reduces each provider‟s

distress cost due to the relatively smaller size of the investment and therefore

the overall distress costs are reduced. The financing structure will need to

take into account the structure of the risks taken by the different parties in

terms of who bears the risks and return

Invest in re-lining and /or refurbishment of the irrigation conveyance canals and

distribution canals in the schemes in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. This will

include the following

o installing geo-membrane or concrete lining, or pipelining, sections of channel

in canal sections of high seepage or unlined canal sections

o removal of vegetation in and alongside irrigation canals;

Implement the identified water management intervention measures in agriculture to

reduce water losses

Prepare annual reporting on their water savings against their KPIs and water saving

targets as part of monitoring of the performance of the water use efficiency levels in

the sector.


Municipality

2.3.1 Overview

Besides implementing the traditional demand side management options, the increasing

competition for the limited freshwater supplies has resulted in the development of innovative

options to address water supply shortages and intermittent water supplies. These non

traditional reconciliation options are discussed in the following sections.



Page 17

2.3.2 Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector

A review of the current water use practices in the mines and indutries within Bojanala

Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) indicated that their level of water use efficiency was

generally high. In a number of the mines, there is already a high level of recycling of water in

the BPDM. However there is still scope for recycling by some of the industries and mines in

the district.

It is estimated that 33.5% of the water currently used in some of the platinum mining

companies is recycled internally including mine water use. Although it is difficult to quantify,

it is clear that not all the mines and associated industries have achieved the level of internal

recycling of water to suggest that there is no scope for improving water use recycling.

In order to reduce the fresh water requirements for the production processes it is

recommended that mines and industries improve their water use recycling to 50% of their

water use for production purposes. In order to ensure compliance with the Presidential

Directive to halve water losses by 2014, it is enviaged that mines can improve their water use

recycling to 50% by 2014. This will reduce the freshwater requirements by 16.5% of the

current water requirements in the mines and industries in BPDM. This is equivalent to 6.57

million m3/a as at 2008 water requirements increasing to 14.98 million m3/a of water that will

be recycled by the mines and industries. This can be used as the target for the industries and

mines in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.

Although significant water use recycling is already taking place, the target water recycling

should be as high as 50% of the current water requirements for production processes. In

order to achieve increased water use recycling the following actions need to be undertaken:

The Directorate: Water Use Efficiency should be consulted to establish the water use

performance benchmarking for the different type of industries and to determine

process benchmarks for the industries and mines in Bojanala DM

The use of mine water decanted from the existing mines should be utilised where this

is not already taking place.

2.3.3 Reuse of treated wastewater effluent by industries and mining sector

As the demand for freshwater supplies has continuied to increase in the BPDM, the volume

of treated wastewater has been continually increasing particularly in the urban centres of

Rustenburg, Brits, Koster and Mogwase with the consequent need to upgrade the

wastewater treatment works to meet the increasing volumes to be treated and the required

effluent discharge standards. As the Crocodile (West) catchment is likely to be under water

stress by 2020, more direct reuse of the treated effluent can be considered as a means of

improving the efficient utilisation of existing water supplies in BPDM.

The source of treated effluent for non-potable purposes offers the potential for exploiting a

"new" resource that can be substituted for existing potable sources. This idea, known as

"source substitution" is not new. The United Nations Economic and Social Council developed

a policy that, "No higher quality water, unless there is a surplus of it, should be used for a

purpose that can tolerate a lower grade" (United Nations, 2003). The situation in the BPDM is

such that there will be no surplus water available after 2020 and the need for source

substitution is becoming more and more imperative, particularly when the environmental

water requirements (EWR) of the Crocodile (West) River System is taken into account.



Page 18

Four broad customer types were identified for the potential reuse of treated effluent from the

BPDM. The potential effluent reuse were classified into the following groups of users:

Type I Public Access Systems

o Irrigation of public parks and recreation centres, athletic fields, stadiums, and

landscaped areas surrounding public buildings and facilities

o Irrigation of landscaped areas surrounding commercial, office and industrial

developments

o Irrigation of golf courses which are currently utilising the cities potable water

supplies

o Commercial uses such as vehicle washing facilities, Commercial uses such as

vehicle washing, window washing, etc.

o Fire protection

o Dust control and concrete production

Type II Irrigation of non food crops

Type III Irrigation of edible food crops

Type IV Industrial Reuse

o Cooling water

o Boiler make-up water

o Industrial process water

Environmental and recreational

o To create, restore, and/or enhance wetlands

o Recreational and aesthetic impoundments

2.3.3.1 Identified effluent reuse options

The focus has been to identify potential reuse options for type IV industrial users because of

the potential health risks particularly for irrigation of food crops. In Rustenburg, some of the

mines and associated industries entered into an agreement with Rustenburg Local

Municipality to utilise treated wastewater effluent from Rustenburg. It is estimated that the

current treated wastewater effluent is approximately 25 Ml/d (9.125 million m3/a) which is

used in the mining and industrial production processes. There is potential to increase the use

of treated effluent for industrial purposes such as cooling and dust suppression as the water

requirements for Rustenburg increases.

With the growth in the future water requirements expected to increase in the domestic sector,

it is estimated that the treated effluent will also increase at the same rate of growth. Based on

the fact that an estimated 41% of the potable water supplies will end up in the wastewater

treatment works (Rustenburg Consulting Consortium, 2008), it was estimated that the treated

effluent will increase from the current 21.13 million m3/a (57.89 Ml/d) to 30.59 million m3/a



Page 19

(83.80 Ml/d) by 2030 in the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. Most of the treated

effluent is generated in Rustenburg and Brits areas. This water can be available for direct

reuse by the mines and industries.

The potential major benefit of the direct effluent reuse option by mines and industries is that it

would replace the potable water currently being used for industrial processes mainly from

Rand Water. The potable water can then be made available to the growing domestic water

requirements in Rustenburg and Madibeng Local Municipality areas particularly the Mooinooi

area.

2.3.3.2 Implementation plan for effluent reuse option

In order to achieve the objectives of maximising the use of the available treated effluent in

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) the following actions are required to be

undertaken:

A comprehensive feasibility assessment to determine the potential for effluent reuse

options in the BPDM should be undertaken. Currently Rand Water is investigating

effluent reuse options in its area of service which includes supply areas in BPDM.

The study can provide more detailed information of the effluent schemes that can be

viably implemented in the supply area.

An assessment of the cost and benefits of utilising the return flows from the

Rustenburg sewage works compared to letting the return flows be utilised by

downstream users and contributing to the system yield should be conducted

The financing of the schemes and the legal and institutional arrangement for effluent

reuse options should be investigated to establish the technical feasibility and financial

viability of developing effluent reuse systems in the BPDM.

Given the fact the the mines are already utilising treated effluent from Rustenburg

Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW), the mines and associated industries must

engage with the Local Municipality to determine the extent of utilising the treated

effluent. The outcome of the discussion will determine how the effluent reuse

scshemes will be structured taking into account, the funding requirements, and the

beneficiaries of the effluent reuse scheme(s).

The local municipalities must ensure the quality of wastewater treated effluent meets

the water quality standards for reuse by the mines. Where this is not the case, the

treatment processes should be improved to ensure the effluent quality standards for

reuse in the mining and industrial production process are met. This may require

capital investment in upgrading the wastewater treatment works. The development of

effluent reuse options will required sufficient lead time to construct the infrastructure

required to supply the identified users of treated effluent.

The reuse of treated wastewater effluent would reduce the volume of wastewater and

pollutants discharged into Crocodile (West) River system and potentially improve the quality

of the downstream water where there are nature reserves which are important for tourism.

Because most of the outfall systems are upstream of the abstraction works of the MCWAP to

Lephalale, the treated effluent is available for Lephalale reducing the demand from

Hartbeespoort Dam for the Lephalale project. With Lephalale requiring 157.8 million m3/a this

represents a minimum of 20% of the water required for transfer to Lephalale by 2030 and

53% of the future mining and industrial water requirements in Bojanala District Municipality.



Page 20

With Rand Water undertaking the feasibility study for effluent reuse, it is recommended that

they be appraoched to ensure that their study incorparates a comparative cost analysis

should be undertaken to determine the most viable option between discharging the treated

effluent for downstream transfer to Lephalale, and utilising Hartbeespoort Dam water as the

industrial grade water for the mining and industrial activities in Bojanala Platinum District

Municipality. This work can be undertaken by the end of 2011.

2.4 Implement water trading between lawful water users

2.4.1.1 Overview

One of the options available to address the future water supply deficits in the BPDM is to

implement water markets and trading where this is practical. This represents a fundamental

shift away from the historic administered allocation arrangements which is the responsibility

of the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) to allow users to trade amongst themselves. The

National Water Act (No 36 of 1998) provides for trading of water use entitlements between

users.

Trading may involve a reallocation of water within a sector, between sectors, or between

communities. A review of the water allocation status in Buffelshoek Irrigation Scheme

indicated that a number of the irrigators had already traded their water use entitlements to

some of the mining houses in the Mooinooi area. The traded water allowed the mines to

undertake the housing developments in the area. This process can be extent to trading for

use in the economic development in the mines and industries.

2.4.1.2 Opportunities for water trading

In the event that the additional water requirements cannot be met fully at a local level in the

Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, there are opportunities for water trading between

some of the irrigation water use entitlements with the other sectors. The irrigation sector

currently utilises nearly 214.43 million m3/a in the District. The sectors where water supply

shortages are envisaged are the mining and industries, and the domestic sectors.

There are opportunities for the mines, industries and domestic sectors to negotiate with the

irrigators to trade a portion of their water use entitlements to enable these sector to continue

to develop and grow. However, there may be significant socio-economic implications of such

water trades to the district as a whole and consequently to the province if this is not

undertaken in a structured manner.

2.4.1.3 Implementation of water trading

In order to ensure that water trading does not result in taking out significant food production it

is imperative that the implementation of water trading is conducted in a structured manner.

Tthe following issues will need to be considered at a local and provincial level without

necessarily putting constraints on individuals right to trade their water use entitlements:

• whether the current structural mechanisms for water trading are sufficient to support

sustainable social and economic grwoth and development of the BPDM and the

province in general;

• the rules which govern water trading transactions and whether restrictions on trade

ought to be allowed and, if so, in what form?



Page 21

• arrangements for regulation of market conduct, both of direct market participants

(buyers and sellers) and of market intermediaries (brokers, exchange operators); and

• other ways in which the effectiveness of the market for water trading as a

coordinating mechanism might be enhanced, such as through the provision of reliable

market data to participants and the community.

The sale of water use entitlements can provide an incentive and some of the finance required

to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use and therefore offset or at least reduce the

potential loss of production from trading irrigation water use entitlements. „Entitlements‟ to

water within irrigation schemes desirably should have common statutory basis and be issued

at the „irrigator‟ or „user‟ level.

Regardless, there should be a clear path for trade out of and into irrigation schemes, which

requires that:

• the „entitlement‟, in whatever form, is clearly specified;

• it can be traded out of and into the scheme at low cost, and with no difference in fees

and other processes than would apply to intra-scheme trades;

• the process for trade must be administratively simple, and be able to be processed in

a timeframe consistent with those in the „external‟ market;

• the trading process should be known in advance and predictable in its outcomes –

buyers as well as sellers need certainty that the transaction is feasible;

• there must be some mechanism for the external review of these processes

periodically to ensure their continued appropriateness; and

• any restrictions on trade into and out of irrigation districts should be removed where

they are not consistent with the principles of sustainable socio-economic growth and

development in the district.



Page 22

2.5 Capital investment requirements for demand side management options

2.5.1 Capital requirements for WC/WDM - domestic sector

Table 2.3 below illustrates the potential savings that can be achieved from implementing

WC/WDM interventions in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. As illustrated in the table

significant water savings can be made through implementing various measures such as

pressure and leakage management as well as consumer use reduction programmes such as

restructuring of the water tariffs to reflect the scarcity value of water and the marginal cost of

an additional unit of water.

Based on the current water consumption in the district of 105.27 million m3/a (292 Ml/d) for

both domestic and industrial, the physical water losses were estimated at 16.6 million m3/a

(45.5 Ml/d) or 15.5% of the current water use. In accordance with the Presidential Directive of

halving the real losses by 50%, the municipalities responsible for water service provision

should establish water saving targets to reduce water losses of 8.3 million m3/a (22.7 Ml/d)

for the entire BPDM by 2014 in order to comply with the Presidential Directive.


Management Measures

WC/WDM Option Water saved

(million m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*1000)

OPEX

(R*1000/a)

Unit Cost

(R/kl)

Consumer use reduction (tariff

management and public

awareness)

4.48 14 100.00

3.15

Residential end use (Retrofitting,

replace washers, etc) 1.56 6 150.00

3.94

Pressure and Leakage

Management (PLM)-Discrete

zones & DMAs

16.60 79 092.50

3.57

Rehabilitation of infrastructure (10

km per year over 1.5 years) 10.00 304 971.27

21.34

Total (with Rehabilitation

programme) 32.65 404 313.77 -

Total (without Rehabilitation

programme) 22.64 99 342.50 -

In order to achieve the water savings indicated in Table 2.3 below, the following actions are

required to be implemented:



Page 23

(i) Review the existing WC/WDM strategy and business plan for Bojanala District

Municipality and update the strategy for each municipality with special focus on the

areas where significant savings can be achieved quickly and refining the activities to

be implemented

(ii) Determine the water use baseline and establish annual water saving targets for each

identified measure to achieve the savings

(iii) Determine the business case for implementing WC/WDM and prepare a WC/WDM

business plan which can be used to source funding

(iv) Invest approximately R100 million over a period of 5 years to implement WC/WDM

programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and water loss control programmes

(v) Review of the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of

improving water use efficiencies in all the consumer categories in municipalities ;

(vi) Implement a system metering and district metering area programme to ensure

complete water balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas

(vii) Implement programmes such as active leakage control and pressure reduction to

reduce water losses;

(viii) Establish key performance indicators (KPI) for reporting on water savings by scheme

and by municipal area. Implement a monitoring programme based on KPIs and

prepare annual reports on the water savings made as part of the municipal annual

reports;

(ix) Provisioning of operational and maintenance costs to ensure the measures

implemented to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency are sustained.

This should be undertaken as part of the water infrastructure asset management

planning to ensure GRAP 17 compliance.

These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years. A conservative estimate

of 50% success rate in implementing the above WC/WDM options can potentially save 11.32

million m3/a (62.04 Ml/d) which is 22% of the additional water required to address the deficit

in 2030. Therefore implementation of WC/WDM can potentially delay the overall

augmentation of water supplies in Bojanala DM by 3 years. This will however vary from

scheme to scheme.

2.5.2 Capital requirements for WC/WDM - agricultural sector


water management intervention meausures in the agricultural sector in Bojanala Platinum

District Municipality.

As illustrated in the table significant water savings can be made through implementing

various water management measures such as installing flow measurements, improving water

ordering and delivery procedures, refurbishment and relining the canal conveyance

infrastructure, reviewing the water pricing structure, and management of water allocation

mechanisms regarding who carries the water losses.

As illustrated in Table 2.4 below, the capital investment requirements to implement water

management measures is significant. It is unlikely that the irrigation boards or WUAs have

the balance sheets to finance these projects on-budget. There should be incentives to

improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging irrigation water management institutions (WMIs)

to invest the capital required to implement the above options. The savings can be traded with

other sectors requiring additional water. However in some cases the capital investment



Page 24

required may be very high where government will need to implement the measures with the

savings reallocated to other water users. The legal implications of these financing options

should be evaluated.

Table 2.3: Capital Investment requirements to improve irrigation conveyance

efficiency

Irrigation conveyance water

loss reduction

Water saved

(m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*1000)

OPEX

(R*1000/a)

Unit

Cost(R/kl)

Development of Irrigation Water

Management Plans N/A 8 000.00

Irrigation metering programme N/A 72 000.00

Update operating procedures and

systems N/A 50 000.00

Canal re-lining & refurbishment 51.65 150 625.00

3.72

Monitoring & reporting

2.5.3 Capital investment requirements for effluent reuse options

No data was available to determine the capital investment requirements for implementing

effluent reuse systems in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality.

2.6 Supply Side Management Options for Bojanala District Municipality

2.6.1 Overview

The implementation of the proposed demand side management options will not address all

the future water requirements of Bojanala Platinum District Municipality (BPDM). It is likely

that the above measures will delay the need for capital investment in the supply side

management options at a district level.

However, because of reliability concerns experienced during peak summer demand periods

in particular in BPDM, augmentation of the additional water supplies in a number of cases is

required within four years as the growth in water requirements increases particularly if the

global economy begins to grow and the demand for commodities increases. A number of

supply side management options have been identified for Bojanala Platinum District

Municipality and a discussed in the following sections.



Page 25

2.6.2 Development of industrial grade water supply from Hartbeespoort Dam

2.6.2.1 Potential for development of industrial grade scheme

As a sizeable additional supply is required for mining and urban needs in the area between

Madibeng and Rustenburg, it is not expected that WC/WDM savings alone will be sufficient.

Additional bulk water supply infrastructure is required to meet the growing needs of the

mining sector in the Madibeng - Rustenburg development corridor. The resource is available

from Hartbeespoort Dam.

The DWA are undertaking the Mokolo Crocodile Water Augmentation Project (MCWAP)

Feasibility Study with water being transferred from the Crocodile (West) River system to the

Lephalale area for power generation as well as mining and Sasol. It is estimated that the

future water requirements needed to be transferred from the Crocodile (West) River for the

Lephalale area will increase from 3.0 million m3/a in 2012 to 157.8 million m3/a by 2030 to

meet the needs of the area. The main source of supply will be Hartbeespoort Dam whose

yield has been increasing with the increasing return flows from the Northern Works from the

City of Johannesburg. The wastewater treatment process is the Biological Nutrient Removal

(BNR) process which provides good quality effluent for potential reuse. The Northern Works

is general more than 98% compliant in terms of the quality standards it is supposed to meet

for dischrage back into the rivers.

Currently the average treated effluent discharged into the Jukskei River, a tributary of the

Crocodile (West) River which flows into the Hartbeespoort Dam is 142.219 million m3/a. The

return flow is envisaged to increase at 5% per annum with an estimated discharge into the

Hartbeespoort Dam of 415 million m3/a by 2030 unless direct effluent reuse options are

undertaken in the CoJ.

Based on the yield of Hartbeespoort Dam estimated to increase significantly from the current

231 million m3/a, there will be sufficient water available to meet the demands of the MCWAP

as well as the demands in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Therefore, there will be

scope to develop an industrial grade water supply scheme to supply water requirements for

the mines and associated industries between the Brits and Rustenburg corridor (Mooinooi

area). It is important to note that although the priority from a strategic water use perspective

is to supply water to Lephalale for power station generation, the importance of the Madibeng-

Rustenburg development corridor in terms of its contribution to the North West Provincial

Gross Geographic Product (GGP) as well as the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

due to mining activities means that the water requirements of the area need to be prioritised

as much as the strategic water users.

The supply of industrial grade water to the mines and associated industries in the Madibeng

Rustenburg complex from the Hartbeespoort Dam will reduce the current demand for potable

bulk water supplies from the Rand Water supply scheme. This industrial grade water can

substitute the potable water from Rand Water, while the Rand Water bulk supplies can be

dedicated to meet the growing water requirements of Rustenburg and its surrounds including

the Bafokeng area.

The current water supply to the industry and mines in the Rustenburg - Madibeng complex is

potable water supplied from the Rand Water from the Vaal River Supply area. The mines

have been expanding and opening new mining operations in this area. It is estimated that the

current water requirements for the mines and related industries in this area is likely to



Page 26

increase to 87 million m3/a by 2030 excluding the mines outside of the North West Province.

There is scope in developing an industrial grade water supply system from Hartbeespoort

Dam to supply the mines between Madibeng and Rustenburg along the N4 road. This option

is illustrated in Figure 2.1 below.

2.6.2.2 Implementation of industrial grade water supply scheme

In order to implement the industrial grade water supply scheme to meet the water

requirements for production processes in the mining and related industries in the Madibeng-

Rustenburg corridor the following actions are required:

(i) Prepare a detailed feasibility study addressing the various options, waterworks sites

and pipeline routes;

(ii) Prepare institutional and financial arrangements for the project;

(iii) Apply for a water use licence for the taking of water from Hartbeespoort Dam;

(iv) Construction of the industrial grade water supply scheme for Madibeng-Rustenburg

complex.

It is estimated that the capacity of the pipeline will be 100 Ml/d (36.5 million m3/a) which will

meet the mining water requirements until at least 2030. The capital investment requirements

on the pipeline alone is likely to be R1.5 billion (at 2008 prices). The time frame for

implementation of the industrial grade water supply scheme will require sufficient lead time,

estimated to be between 2-3 years to enable the above actions to be undertaken:

2.6.3 Increasing water transfers from Rand Water pipeline

The main source of supply for Bojanala District Municipality is Rand Water (RW) supplies

which is imported into the area through the Barnardsvlei Reservoir from the Vaal River

Supply Area (BPDM). The capacity of Rand Water bulk infrastructure is currently delivering

on average 100 Ml/d. There is potential to increase the water supply from Rand Water supply

pipeline by improving the hydraulic profile of the system (Bigen (Africa) Pty Ltd, 2009).

The additional bulk water supply that can be provided from improving the hydraulic system of

the Rand Water pipeline is estimated to be 30 Ml/d (10.95 million m3/a).

2.6.4 Increasing water supply capacity from Vaalkop Dam for mining development

around Pilanesberg

As is the case with the growth in mining and related social and economic developments

taking place in the Rustenburg - Madibeng development corridor, there is significant

expansion of mining activities in the Pilanesberg area with new mines envisaged to start

operations by 2014.

Currently Magalies Water (MW) supplies approximately 13.5 million m3/a (Magalies Water,

2007) to the industries around Pilanesberg including the mines in the Waterberg District

Municipality up to Thabazimbi. This is envisaged to increase as new mines are opened in the

area, to approximately 20 million m3/a by 2030.

In order to meet the growing water requirements, not only for mining activities but also for the

associated growth in the domestic water requirements, Magalies Water is currently

increasing the capacity of the bulk water supply infrastructure from Vaalkop Water Treatment



Page 27

Works (WTW) to the area north of Pilanesberg. This will ensure that the future water

requirements for mines north of Pilanesberg will be met.

2.6.5 Implementation plan and time frame

Figure 12.2 below provides a summary of the implementation plan of the above supply side

management options for the BPDM. The table illustrates the time frames to implement these

management plans as well an the responsible authority to initiate and take a lead role in

implementing the management plan.

2.7 Capital investment requirements for supply side management options

In order to realise the above proposed water reconciliation supply side management options

are implemented significant financial resources will be required to implement the planned

projects. Table 2.5 below illustrates the potential additional water that can be supplied into

the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality to meet the growing water requirements of the

district.

As illustrated in the table significant capital investment is required to potentially add an

additional 62.85 million m3/a to the BPDM supply area. This will be sufficient to meet the

expected demands in the supply area until after 2030. The capital investment required is

nearly R3 billion. Furthermore in order to ensure the bulk water infrastructure assets is

maintained, additional operation expenditure will be required.

Magalies Water and Rand Water are likely to have the funding requirements to implement

the projects under their jurisidiction, as they have the balance sheet to support such

financing requirements either on-budget or off-budget. However in the case of the industrial

grade water supply scheme, financing could be provided by the mines and industries who will

benefit from the scheme.

There will however be a need to review and design an institutional arrangement to enable

long term sustainable management of the different schemes in the area, given the fact that

there are a number of bulk water providers in the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality

(BPDM).



Page 28


Management Measures

Supply side Option

Additional

water

CAPEX

OPEX

Unit Cost

(R/kl)

(million m3/a) R*million) R* 1000/a R/kl

Development of industrial grade

water supply scheme 30.00 1 500.00

4.15

Upgrading of RW bulk

infrastructure 10.95 250.00

3.94

Pilanesburg (North) Bulk

infrastructure 10.95 860.00

3.57

Pilanesburg (South) Bulk Scheme 10.95 350.00

Total 62.85 2 960.00 -

2.8 Implementation plan for Bojanala Platinum District Municipality

2.8.1 Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for BPDM

Figure 2.1 below illustrates the existing and proposed water supply bulk infrastructure plan

to address the future water supply deficit in 2030 in the Bojanala District Municipality. As

illustrated in the figure the focus of the water provisioning and management plan for Bojanala

Platinum District Municipality (BPDM) is on improving the water use efficiency of the three

main sectors in the district; domestic, irrigation agriculture and mines and related industries.

It is imperative for the successful management of the water resources in the BPDM that a

WC/WDM programme is implemented.

There are very high water losses in the major urban areas of BPDM area. There is potential

to reduce the water losses and improve water use efficiency and the implementation of

WC/WDM programmes in the district municipality should be considered a very high priority.

There is also significant potential to improve irrigation conveyance efficiency and reduce

operational spills in irrigation agriculture.

However, because of the importance of the BPDM to the economic growth of the North West

Province, the security of water supplies to the area is of paramount importance. The existing

bulk water supply infrastructure is not sufficient to meet the immediate future water

requirements of the DM, particularly for the mines.



Page 29

Figure 2-2: Existing and Proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in BPDM



Page 30

Magalies Water recently secured an additional water allocation of 20 million m3/a from

Vaalkop, Roodekopjes and Hartbeespoort Dam to supply the mines in Pilanesberg north and

south and the increasing domestic water requirements in its supply area. Magalies Water is

currently upgrading the bulk water supply infrastructure to meet the water requirements of

the mines, Moses Kotane Local Municipality as well as Thabazimbi Local Municipality in the

Limpopo Province. Phase 1 of the project is envisaged to be completed by the end of 2010 at

a cost of R860 million while phase 2 of the project is envisaged to be completed by 2012 at a

total cost of R350 billion.

The water requirement for mining activities in the Madibeng-Rustenburg corridor is

envisaged to be supplied from Hartbeespoort Dam. An industrial grade water supply scheme

is envisaged with a capacity of 100 Ml/d (36.5 million m3/a). It is estimated to cost

approximately R1.5 billion. By implementing the industrial grade scheme, this will reduce the

need to supply the mines from the potable water supplies. It is envisaged that the scheme

can be operational by 2014.

The hydraulic capacity of the Rand Water pipeline can be improved which will increase the

transfer capacity to BPDM area by Rand Water. It is envisaged that an additional 10.95

million m3/a can be made available through the existing Rand Water infrastructure from the

Vaal River Supply Area. This water can supply the increasing water requirements of urban

centres such as Rustenburg.

2.8.2 Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options

The implementation of the water management plan for Bojanala Platinum District Municipality

needs to be undertaken based on which management actions will achieve the best result in

addressing current and future water management issues in the district. Table 2.5 and Table

2.6 below provided a priority list of the water management action plans in terms of the time

frames that have been identified to address and ensure that water does not constrain social

and economic growth of Bojanala District Municipality.

The priority list of the water management action plans for Bojanala Platinum District

Municipality are based on ensuring the effective and efficient use of the available water

supply based on the financial benefits of utilising the existing water supply bulk infrastructure

and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to the district.



Page 31

Table 2.5: Demand side management interventions and implementation plan for Bojanala District Municipality

Objective Strategy Action Plan Time frame* Responsible Authority

To improve water use efficiency practices in BPDM

To reduce water losses in the existing municipal water supply systems

(i) Determine comprehensive water audits on the extent of NRW in each water supply system in BPDM

2011 WSAs in

BPDM

(ii) Establish the baseline on the extent water losses 2011 onwards

(iii) Set annual water saving targets to reduce water losses by 50% in 2014

2011 onwards

(iv) Develop KPIs to monitor water losses reduction per scheme

2012

(v) Implement water loss control programmes 2012 - 2014

(vi) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs

2014 onwards

To reduce water losses in the agricultural sector

(i) Ensure adequate floe measurements are available to conduct irrigation water budgets

2012- 2013 Irrigation Boards and /or Water User Associations

(ii) Prepare irrigation water budgets for the schemes in BPDM

2012 -2013

(iii) Identify and evaluate candidate water management measures to improve water use efficiency in agriculture

2012 - 2013

(iv) Develop a water management plan (WMP) for implementation of the identified measures

2013



Page 32


(v) Set annual water saving targets to reduce water losses by 50% in 2015

2013

(vi) Source financing and/or funding partners to implement water management measures

2013

(vii) Develop KPIs to monitor water loss reduction per scheme

201

(viii) Implement water loss control programmes 2013 - 2014

(ix) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs

To optimise use of local resources by developing direct effluent reuse systems.

(i) Identify the wastewater characteristics for direct effluent reuse

2011

Rand Water / WSAs

(ii) Identify potential market for direct effluent reuse and the quality requirements

2011- 2012

(iii) Identify and evaluate effluent reuse infrastructure requirements

2011 - 2012

(iv) Prepare detailed feasibility study for implementing effluent reuse systems in BPDM

2012

(v) Determine financing and institutional requirements to implement effluent reuse systems

2012



Page 33


(vi) Implement viable effluent reuse schemes 2012 - 2013

To improve efficiency of water use

To implement water trading to improve the beneficial use of available water supplies

(i) Review the institutional arrangements for water trading within the context of socio-economic growth in BPDM

2012 DWA

(ii) Establish guiding principles for water trading in upper Crocodile (West) River catchment

2011 - 2012 BPDM

(iii) Prepare a water trading database for irrigators in the upper Buffalo

2012

(iv) Perform a socio-economic study to establish the effects of water trading, particularly on employment opportunities, relocation of workers and the local economy.

2013 WSA / Mines/ Industries

(v) Water trading 2013- onwards DWA

* Based on the high growth scenario.



Page 34

Table 2.6: Supply side management interventions and implementation plan for Bojanala District Municipality


To improve the security of supply in BPDM

Develop industrial grade water supply scheme for mines and industries

(i) Prepare a feasibility study for utilisation of industrial grade water supply from Hartbeespoort Dam;

2011 DWA

Rand Water

Mines /

Industries

(ii) Prepare institutional and financial arrangements to implement the project;

2011 - 2012

(iii) Apply for a water use licence in terms of section 21(a) for the taking of water from Hartbeespoort Dam;

2011 onwards

(iv) Consider water use licence application; 2012

(v) Enter into off take agreements with the mines; 2012 - 2012

(vi) Construction of the industrial grade scheme 2012 - 2014

Upgrade the Rand Water bulk scheme

(i) Undertake hydraulic analysis of capacity of existing bulk infrastructure

2011- 2011 Rand Water

(ii) Prepare feasibility study to upgrade the bulk pipelines 2012 -2012

(iii) Review and renegotiate SLA with the WSAs in Bojanala DM

2012 - 2012

(iv) Upgrade the bulk water supply infrastructure to deliver additional water

2013



Page 35


To implement Pilanesburg North Bulk Water Supply

(i) Upgrade of the raw water abstraction works 2009 -2010 Magalies Water

(ii) Upgrade the Vaalkop WTW to meet future requirements

2009 - 2010

(iii) Upgrade the service storage reservoirs and treated

bulk pipelines

2009 - 2010

(iv) Commissioning of Pilanesburg North Scheme 2010

(v) Upgrade of the raw water abstraction works 2009 -2010

To improve water supply

To implement Pilanesburg South Bulk Water Supply

(i) Appointment of SP to implement bulk water supply scheme

2011 Magalies Water

(ii) Upgrade the Vaalkop WTW to meet future requirements

2011 - 2012

(iii) Upgrade the service storage reservoirs and treated

bulk pipelines

2011 -2012

(iv) Commissioning of Pilanesburg South Scheme 2012




Page 36

3 DR KENNETH KAUNDA DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

3.1 Overview of the management plan

The water requirements for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality are likely to increase by

approximately 29% over a 22 year period from 196.67 million m3/a to 253.56 million m3/a at

the current level of water use efficiency and operating rules. This is because of the

assumption that the current irrigation water requirements which is the largest water user will

remain the same for the planning period. When compared with the available supplies it would

appear that there are no water supply problems on a district municipality level until 2026. The

additional water supplies that will be required in 2030 to meet the median growth rate in Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality is 9.06 million m3/a.

However a review that was conducted in the situation assessment indicated that there will be

local water supply deficits due to water services backlogs in the domestic sector particularly

in the rural areas of the district. Furthermore the growth in some areas such as

Potchefstroom may result in the area exceeding the existing local water supplies. The growth

in such areas as Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp will likely be driven by global economic

outlook on gold mining which may take options on new concessions while other mines will

expand their existing operations.











Traditionally water supplies have been met through the development of new supply sources.

However, although there are surplus water supplies in some areas of the district improving

the level of water use efficiency in a number of local municipalities in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

DM, there is an area that was identified to have significant scope in reducing the consumer

use and therefore delay any need for augmentation over the next 22 years.

Consequently, water efficiency improvements, water trading and consumer demand

management have a higher profile in this water provisioning and management plan for Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. Best management practices across all water user

sectors, along with existing water use efficiency programs, are a key component of the

strategy response. The adoption of practices such as water re-use and recycling will be one

of the ways that Dr Kenneth Kaunda will be able to ensure a cost effective water services

provision in the district.



Page 37


more supply sources, is also considered. This approach could offer considerable benefits for

the district, improving the overall performance of linked supply schemes.

Table 3.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

District Municipality (million m3/a)

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Water Supply


Groundwater 145.00 145.00 145.00 145.00 145.00 145.00

Return Flow - - - - - -

Transfers


Water Requirements




Total Water requirements 196.67 200.98 213.50 227.11 239.97 253.56

Supply demand balance 47.83 43.52 31.00 17.39 4.53 -9.06

Additional water required (Median

growth scenario) -47.83 -43.52 -31.00 -17.39 -4.53 9.06



Page 38

3.2 Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Plan

3.2.1 Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives in the domestic

sector

Currently, consumers in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality are using on average

261.37 litres per person per day for residential, industrial and commercial use in the urban

areas. The total domestic water requirements is envisaged to increase from 58.99 million

m3/a to 97.24 million m3/a in 2030 as population grows driven by the economic recovery in

the manufacturing and the mining sector. The average system water losses in the district

was estimated to be 31% of the raw water supplies.

In the 2004 WSDP, the City of Matlosana determine water savings targets that could be

achieved over a 5 year period until 2008. The aim was to reduce water losses by

implementing water loss control programme by 14% to 15% of the total bulk purchase from

Midvaal Water Company. The starting point for the WPMP of the North West Province is to

maintain any water savings measures currently being implemented. The main water savings

initiatives identified include the implementation of a rising block tariff (RBT) system for urban

areas in the district; implementing a refurbishment of the old water infrastructure and leakage

control through a passive water conservation programme. Consumer metering programme is

also widely utilised in the towns mainly to manage consumer use.

A review of the current water conservation saving initiatives indicate that it is difficult to




supply infrastructure. There was no data available that could confirm whether such measures

as pressure and leakage management programmes were implemented, although these were

identified in the WSDP.


Associations and Industries must:

(i) Over the next five years, prepare business plans for implementing WC/WDM and

identify innovative ways of investing in water conservation programmes which have

been already identified. This should include implementing public private partnerships

(PPP) in reducing water losses;

(ii) Identify priority areas or water supply zones where significant water losses are

occurring by conducting water balance assessments;

(iii) Set water saving targets and use the DWA water use efficiency reporting system to

monitor and report on their water savings, and review the effectiveness of

conservation programs on an annual basis;

(iv) Invest over the next five years to extend existing water use studies to improve the

knowledge of how and where water is used in the urban areas of Dr Kenneth Kaunda

District Municipality. This will ensure that an updated water use study is ready for

inclusion in the next WPMP which is recommended to be reviewed every 5 years.


amount of water savings taking place in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. There has

been a lack of comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plans which provide the

water saving targets for the various intervention measures. Furthermore there should be



Page 39

annual reporting on progress being implemented in WC/WDM to establish the annual

savings being made. This will provide valuable information in updating the North West

WPMP.

3.2.2 Develop and Implement Water Demand Management Intervention Measures

3.2.2.1 Water Loss Control Programmes

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Matlosana (Klerksdorp) and

Potchefstroom were estimated to range from 30% to 36% of the total input volume, although

this figure varies for each water supply scheme. The high system losses are attributed to the

age and condition of the water supply infrastructure. The estimated total Non Revenue Water

(NRW) for the whole of Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality was estimated to be 18.29

million m3/a (50.10 Ml/d). In order to achieve a target of 15% NRW on the bulk purchased or

treated production, a number of WC/WDM intervention measures were identified.

There have been initiatives in some of the municipality to reduce the current physical water

losses by implementing various water loss control programmes. However, without a more

detailed baseline, the potential savings from implementing such a measure could not be

quantified.

There is a lack of a comprehensive WC/WDM strategy and business plan in Dr Kenneth

Kaunda DM which can be used to established realistic water saving targets for the various

intervention measures. It is important to note that because Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM is the

responsible Water Service Authority (WSA) in the area, the DM is responsible for developing

and implementing WC/WDM strategies and business plans for its area of jurisdiction.

There has been a Presidential Directive requiring that water losses are halved by 2014.

Therefore the timeframe for the development and implementation of WC/WDM intervention

measures is by 2014 in order to ensure compliance with the presidential directive.

Based on the current water conservation initiatives, the following tasks were identified for

implementation in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM:

(i) Establishment of discrete supply zones and District Management Areas (DMAs)

within water supply scheme areas with a view to undertaking comprehensive water

audits and prioritising supply zones for a water loss control management programme;

(ii) Implementation of an Active Leakage Control (ALC) management programme which

includes establishment of dedicated ALC units in the municipalities to proactively

identify and repair water leaks;

(iii) The implementation of pressure management in some areas of the DM needs to be

evaluated although the areas are generally flat and are supplied from elevated tanks

and reservoirs;

(iv) Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework which is currently contributing to the

high water losses is required as a matter of urgency;

(v) Implementing consumer end use management programme including residential

retrofitting to reduce indoor water consumption;

(vi) Implementing a consumer metering and renewal programme in order to reduce the

current commercial losses.



Page 40

3.2.2.2 Consumer use reduction option

The average per capita consumption in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality ranges from

30 l/c/d to 261.37 l/c/d in the more urbanised area such as Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom

towns to name a few. This includes residential but excludes industrial and commercial use,

as well as non revenue water. If the industrial and commercial use is included, the average

per capita consumption for the district will range from 30 l/c/d to 447 l/c/d excluding system

losses. This will increase as the economy grows with the subsequent rise in income.

The first option is to maintain the current average per capita consumption with a long term

view of reducing the average per capita consumption. This can be done by reviewing the

existing water pricing strategies which reward efficient consumers and penalise inefficient

consumption. In most municipalities the water tariff structure for domestic water supplies is

based on the Increasing Block Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block Tariff (RBT)

system while that of the industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as well as

Declining Block Tariff (DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency. However the

size of the tariff block and the use of marginal cost of supply should be considered in

reviewing the existing tariffs.

Other measures to maintain or reduce the average per capita consumption is to ensure that

the existing Water Services Bylaws take into account use of efficient water savings devices.

In addition, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and communications

programs will be required to motivate the communities of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM to save

water.


patterns in the district municipality. The first task should therefore be determine the Best



Household size;



3.2.3 Develop and implement rainwater harvesting programmes


the current water supply. Collecting rainwater is not only water conserving, it is also energy

conserving since the energy input required to operate a centralized water system designed to

treat and pump water over a vast service area is bypassed.



the intended purpose. The variables of rainfall and water demand determine the relationship

between required catchment area and storage capacity. With a mean annual precipitation

(MAP) of 610 mm in the Vaal River catchment, there is potential for rainwater harvesting that

can be used conjunctively with other water resources.

The option of rainwater harvesting in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality needs to be

considered for conjunctive use at a domestic unit scale. However it is important to note that

no national standards exist for a rainwater harvesting system, including rainwater harvesting



Page 41

Best Management Practices. These need to be considered when assessing the potential for

rainwater harvesting.

Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality is outside the malaria risk areas of South Africa and

therefore rainwater harvesting will not pose an additional health hazard.

3.2.4 Improve water management measure in irrigation agriculture

3.2.4.1 Overview

Irrigation agriculture is the largest water user in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. It

currently utilises 61.2% of the total water requirements for the district. This mainly occurs in

dolomitic areas of Ventersdorp and Schoonspruit as well as the Mooi River systems. The

main irrigation schemes are Schoonspruit and Mooi River Irrigation Scheme. Both are

Government Water Schemes. The characteristics of the two main schemes are as follows:

Schoonspruit GWS: - The Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme has an allocation of 18.73

million m3/a for irrigation water, excluding the allocation for Ventersdorp of 1.182

million m3/a. Over the past two years approximately 14.79 million m3/a has been

measured at the Schoonspruit weir. The rest of the water has been from tributary

inflows and the storage in the dams located within the scheme particularly Rietspruit

Dam.

Mooi River GWS - The scheme has a scheduled area of 4 578.1 ha and a full water

allocation of 35.25 million m3/a at a scheduled quota of 7 700 m3/ha/a. There are two

main irrigation canals, one on each bank of the Mooi River.


Preliminary assessment of potential improvement in irrigation water use efficiency indicates

that approximately 18.06 million m3/a (49.5 Ml/d) can potentially be saved in the district. Most

of this water can be saved by improving the irrigation management practices and improving

the irrigation conveyance efficiency. The on-farm irrigation efficiency levels were found to be

generally high with very little scope for improvement.

One of the major problems with irrigation agriculture is a lack of flow measurement to

determine actual water used and the amount returned to the system. There is a need to

consider a programme for flow measurement to determine the actual water use in irrigation

agriculture and return flow measurement at the drainage conveyance infrastructure.

There were no initiatives for improving irrigation conveyance efficiency that could be

identified. Therefore the focus of this plan is to improve the irrigation conveyance efficiency.

These initiatives should be extended to include all irrigation schemes in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

District Municipality. This amount can be saved if a number of intervention measures were

implemented in the agricultural sector. Assessment of the on-farm irrigation efficiency

indicated a weighted average of 81% efficiency which supports the notion that water losses

are mainly occurring in conveyance and distribution infrastructure.

There are approximately 250 km of the main irrigation canals in the Mooi River and

Schoonspruit irrigation schemes.





Page 42






(iv) assembling information needd for a detailed water budget to be done at scheme and

sub-scheme level

(v) identifying areas where additional efficiency can be achieved

(vi) implementing a billing system based on deliveries









include all irrigation schemes in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality.










water.








crops, etc.





turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. For

example approximately 25.23 million m3/a on average for the period 2006 - 2009 was



Page 43

diverted to the primary canal systems of the Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme to meet the

actual water use for the period of approximately 18.73 million m3/a.

If the water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set

percentage of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to

improve their efficiency in irrigation water use. As an exmaple if the allowable water losses

for Schoonspruit River Irrigation Scheme was 15% of the canal diversion, then approximately

22.04 million m3/a would be released instead of the current 25 million m3/a saving 3 million

m3/a for other water uses.







schemes such as Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for








particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Mooi River and Schoonspruit Irrigation

Schemes, where on-farm irrigation efficiency levels are as high as 81% and 80%

respectively.

A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the

Schoonspruit and Mooi River Irrigation Scheme of 18.06 million m3/a can potentially be

saved by refurbishing the canal conveyance infrastructure.

There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Schoonspruit




Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality take

the following forms:










Page 44












Using the Schoonspruit Irrigation Scheme as a case study, it was identified that currently the

canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying irrigators with water from Monday

to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The system is closed on Fridays and

opened on Monday.



















In order to achieve the potential water savings of 18.06 million m3/a (49.5 Ml/d) in irrigation

agriculture, it is imperative that each irrigation scheme in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality develops and implement a Water Management Plan (WMP) which should

provide the water use baseline for each irrigation scheme by undertaking the ;









Page 45













following:














distribution canals in the schemes in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. This will






reduce water losses



the sector.


Municipality

3.3.1 Overview

Besides implementing the traditional demand side management options, there is increasing

competition for the limited freshwater supplies upstream of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality in the VRSA. This may result in reduced available water in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

DM. Therefore the development of innovative options to address future water supply

shortages has been recommended for the area. These non traditional reconciliation options

are discussed in the following sections.



Page 46

3.3.2 Water use recycling by industry and the mining sector

A review of the current water use practices in the mines and industries within Dr Kenneth

Kaunda District Municipality indicated that their level of water use efficiency was generally

high. In a number of the mines, there is already a high level of recycling of water in the DM.

However there is still scope for recycling by some of the industries and mines in the district.

From an efficiency point of view, consumption per ounce of production remained virtually

unchanged with the average water use efficiency at 13.69 m3/oz of gold production. There

was very little scope identified for improving water use efficiency in the mining sector.

It is estimated that 43% of the water currently used in some of the gold mining companies is

recycled internally including mine water use. Although it is difficult to quantify, it is clear that

not all the mines and associated industries have achieved the level of internal recycling of

water to suggest that there is no scope for improving water use recycling.

In order to reduce the fresh water requirements for the production processes it is

recommended that mines and industries improve their water use recycling to 50% of their

water use for production purposes. In order to ensure compliance with the Presidential

Directive to halve water losses by 2014, it is enviaged that mines can improve their water use

recycling to 50% by 2014. This can be used as the target for the industries and mines in Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality.

Although significant water use recycling is already taking place, the target water recycling

should be as high as 50% of the current water requirements for production processes. In

order to achieve increased water use recycling the following actions need to be undertaken:

The Directorate: Water Use Efficiency should be consulted to establish the water use

performance benchmarking for the different type of industries and to determine

process benchmarks for the industries and mines in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM

The use of mine water decanted from the existing mines should be utilised where this

is not already taking place.


water in industries

The growth in the gold mining sector has been very limited that the demand for water has not

been increasing. However there are some industries and consumers in the urban areas of

Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom where effluent reuse options can be investigated .


"new" resource that can be substituted for existing potable sources. Two broad customer

types were identified for the potential reuse of treated effluent in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM.

The potential effluent reuse were classified into the following groups of users:





developments



Page 47


supplies



o Fire protection



o Cooling water




The focus has been to identify potential reuse options for type I, public access systems. With

the growth in the future water requirements expected to increase in the domestic sector, it is

estimated that the treated effluent will also increase at the same rate of growth. Based on the

fact that an estimated 41% of the potable water supplies will end up in the wastewater

treatment works, it was estimated that the treated effluent will increase from the current 24.2

million m3/a (66.30 Ml/d) to 38.7 million m3/a (106.07 Ml/d) by 2030 in Dr Kenneth Kaunda

District Municipality. Most of the treated effluent is generated in Klerksdorp and

Potchefstroom areas. This water can be available for direct reuse by the mines and

industries.

The potential major benefit of the direct effluent reuse option by mines and industries is that it

would replace the potable water currently being used for industrial processes mainly from

Midvaal Water Company. The potable water can then be made available to the growing

domestic water requirements in outside of Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM in Ngaka Modiri Molema

and Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM, where it is identified to be financially and economically

viable.


In order to achieve the objectives of maximising the use of the available treated effluent in Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality the following actions are required to be undertaken:


options in the KKDM should be undertaken.

An assessment of the cost and benefits of utilising the return flows from the

Klerksdorp and Potchefstroom WwTW compared to letting the return flows be utilised

by downstream users and contributing to the Vaal River system yield should be

conducted



viability of developing effluent reuse systems in the KKDM.





Page 48






Implement technically feasible and financial viable effluent reuse systems in KKDM


pollutants discharged into Vaal River system and potentially improve the quality of the

downstream water where there are water quality problems.

There may be a business case for Midvaal Water Company to undertake a feasibility study

for effluent reuse in its area of service. It is recommended that they be approached to

undertake a feasibility study and ensure that their study incorporates a comparative cost

analysis is undertaken to determine the most viable option between discharging the treated

effluent for downstream use taking into account water quality issues in the Vaal River

System, and utilising the effluent directly for the mining and industrial activities in Dr Kenneth

Kaunda District Municipality. This work can be undertaken by the end of 2011.

3.4 Capital Investment requirements to implement WC/WDM measures

3.4.1 Capital investment requirement to implement water losses in domestic sector


WC/WDM in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. As illustrated in the table

significant water savings will be made through implementing Pressure and Leakage Control

Management as well as consumer use reduction programme.

Based on the current water consumption in the district of 58.99 million m3/a (161.6 Ml/d) for

both domestic and urban industrial users, the physical water losses at 7.6 million m3/a (20.80

Ml/d) is 13% of the current water use. This figure is considered to be conservative. Therefore

the water saving target for the district municipality should be to reduce water losses by a

minimum of 13% over a 5 year period. The capital expenditure requirements to save the

above estimated amounts is envisaged to R53.8 million over a 4 year period. This does not

include the refurbishment of the old water infrastructure in the urban areas of Potchefstroom

and Klerksdorp.

These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years. Implementing the above

WC/WDM options can potentially save 12.44 million m3/a (34.08 Ml/d) which is more than the

additional water required to address the deficit of 9.06 million m3/a (24.83 Ml/d) in 2030.

Therefore implementation of WC/WDM can potentially delay the overall augmentation of

water supplies in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM until after the planning period for the NW Water

Provisioning and Management Plan. The actual savings will however vary from scheme to

scheme.



Page 49


Management Measures


(million m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*million)

Unit Cost

(R/kl)

Consumer use reduction (tariff management

and public awareness) 2.53 8.85 3.50

Residential end use (Retrofitting, replace

washers, etc) 1.56 6.15 3.94

Leakage Management -Discrete zones &

DMAs 7.6 35.95 4.73

Consumer Metering 0.75 2.85 3.8

Total (without Rehabilitation programme) 12.44 53.8

3.4.2 Capital investment requirements to implement water management measures

in agriculture

Table 3.3 below provides a cost estimate of the intervention measures required to improve

water use efficiency in irrigation agriculture. It is unlikely that irrigators will have the

necessary capital required to implement the WC/WDM measures to improve irrigation

conveyance efficiency.

It is therefore imperative that innovative methods are designed to finance the irrigation water

use efficiency improvements. These approaches could include the following:

(i) There should be incentives to improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging irrigation

Water User Associations (WUAs) to invest the capital required to implement the

above options. The savings can either be traded with other sectors requiring

additional water;

(ii) The water users requiring the additional water from the savings by irrigation

agriculture such as Water Services Authorities, mining houses could provide the

capital investment required to improve the irrigation water use efficiency;

(iii) However in some cases the capital investment required may be very high where

government will need to implement the measures with the savings reallocated to

other water users. The implications of these financing options should be evaluated.



Page 50

Table 3.3: Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention measures


loss reduction

Water saved

(million m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*million)

OPEX

(R*million/a)

Unit

Cost(R/kl)

Development of Irrigation

Water Management Plans N/A 2.50 0

Irrigation metering programme N/A 20.00 0.30

Water pricing Unknown

Canal line or re-lining &

refurbishment 18.06 75.00 1.13 4.15


Total 18.06 97.50 1.43 4.15

3.5 Implementation plan for demand side management measures

3.5.1 Implementation programme for the domestic sector

In order to achieve the water savings by implementing the demand management measures

in the domestic and irrigation agriculture, Table 3.4 below provides the action plans, the time

frame and the responsible authority for initiatiing the identified action plan. The following

actions are required to be implemented in the domestic sector:

(i) Review the existing WC/WDM strategy and business plan for the municipalities in Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality and update the strategy for each municipality

with special focus on the areas where significant savings can be achieved quickly and

refining the activities to be implemented;


identified measure to achieve the savings;


business plan which can be used to source funding;


programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and leakage control measures;

(v) Review of the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of

improving water use efficiencies in all the sectors;

(vi) Implement a system metering and district metering area programme to ensure

complete water balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas;

(vii) Implement programmes such as active leakage control programme and pressure

reduction programme to reduce water losses;





Page 51


reports;





3.5.2 Implementation programme for the agricultural sector

In order to achieve the water savings of 18.06 million m3/a (49.5 Ml/d) in irrigation agriculture

the following actions are envisaged to be undertaken:

(i) Each irrigation scheme in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality develops a

Irrigation Water Management Plan (IWMP) which should provide the water use

baseline for each irrigation scheme;

(ii) Irrigation schemes should improve on measurement by installing adequate flow

measurements including on return flow channels or canals in order to accurately

account for water use in each irrigation scheme area. This will require significant

investment requirements in the irrigation agriculture sector;

(iii) Determine annual water saving targets to be achieved over a 5 year period;

(iv) Source funding for implementing the measures identified to improve conveyance

irrigation efficiency levels in the district;

(v) Invest R97 million in re-lining of approximately 250 km irrigation canals. This will




(vi) removal of aquatic weeds and vegetation in irrigation canals to reduce spills and

improve hydraulic performance of the canal infrastructure

(vii) Irrigation scheme should prepare annual reporting on their water savings against their

KPIs and water saving targets as part of monitoring of the performance of the water

use efficiency levels in the sector.



Page 52

Table 3.4: Demand side management interventions and implementation plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality


To improve water use efficiency practices in KKDM

To reduce water losses in the existing municipal water supply systems

(i) Determine comprehensive water audits on the extent of NRW in each water supply system in KKDM

2011 WSAs in

KKDM

(ii) Establish the baseline on the extent water losses 2011 onwards

(iii) Set annual water saving targets to reduce water losses by 50% in 2014

2011 onwards

(iv) Develop KPIs to monitor water losses reduction per scheme

2012

(v) Implement water loss control programmes 2012 - 2014

(vi) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs

2014 onwards

To reduce water losses in the agricultural sector

(i) Ensure adequate floe measurements are available to conduct irrigation water budgets

2012- 2013 DWA / Irrigation Boards and /or Water User Associations

(ii) Prepare irrigation water budgets for the schemes in KKDM

2012 -2013

(iii) Identify and evaluate candidate water management measures to improve water use efficiency in agriculture

2012 - 2013

(iv) Develop a water management plan (WMP) for 2013



Page 53


implementation of the identified measures

(v) Set annual water saving targets to reduce water losses by 50% in 2015

2013

(vi) Source financing and/or funding partners to implement water management measures

2013

(vii) Develop KPIs to monitor water loss reduction per scheme

201

(viii) Implement water loss control programmes 2013 - 2014

(ix) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs

2013 - onwards

To optimise use of local resources by developing direct effluent reuse systems.

(i) Identify the wastewater characteristics for direct effluent reuse

2011 Midvaal Water / WSAs

(ii) Identify potential market for direct effluent reuse and the quality requirements

2011- 2012

(iii) Identify and evaluate effluent reuse infrastructure requirements

2011 - 2012

(iv) Prepare detailed feasibility study for implementing effluent reuse systems in BPDM

2012



Page 54


(v) Determine financing and institutional requirements to implement effluent reuse systems

2012

(vi) Implement viable effluent reuse schemes 2012 - 2013




Page 55

3.6 Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management

The impact of improving water use efficiency is illustrated in Figure 3.1 below. As illustrated

in the figure, the implementation of water conservation and water demand management

(WC/WDM) will ensure that the water requirements for 2030 will be met without the need for

augmenting additional water supplies.

Implementation of WC/WDM programme will also help address any water supply deficit

problems that may be encountered at local levels, particularly in the domestic sector where

significant growth in water requirements is envisaged in the short to medium term as

municipalities remove the water services backlogs in their areas.

Figure 3-1: Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM

0

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Page 56

3.7 Supply Side Management Options for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality

3.7.1 Development bulk water supply scheme from the groundwater pumped into

Koekemoer River

The mines in the KOSH area established a company to pump the underground water from

Margaret Shaft from Stilfontein Gold in order to prevent flooding of the mines downstream

and to stem an environmental damage. Currently approximately 18.25 million m3/a (50 Ml/d)

is being pumped from the groundwater upstream of the mine workings and discharged into

the Koekemor River, a tributary of the Vaal River System.

Midvaal Water Company has been evaluating the potential for developing this local water

resource for treatment and distribution into its supply area. It is important to note that this

groundwater was included in the water supply/requirement balance for Dr Kenneth Kaunda

District Municipality and therefore does not represent an additional source of supply.

Currently the groundwater that is pumped from the underground in the KOSH area is

contributing to the system yield of the Vaal River Catchment. However because of the

current excess capacity in the Midvaal Water Company waterworks which can treat up to 230

Ml/d and is currently only utilising 50% of its treated production, the development of this local

resource will need to be considered in meeting the water requirements outside of the district

municipality area.

There is a memorandum of understanding between Midvaal Water Company and Botshelo

Water to extend the supply area of Midvaal Water Company through establishing Service

level Agreements (SLA) with other Water Boards where there are water supply deficits. This

is mainly in Ngaka Modiri Molema where Botshelo Water is the bulk WSP and in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality where Sedibeng Water is the bulk WSP.

The option of developing this water into a potable supply to supply other parts of the North

West Province requires a very detailed investigation to determine the technical feasibility and

financial viability of expanding the supply area of Midvaal Water Company. An initial

assessment indicates that this is a technical feasibility. However the financial and economic

viability of the project needs to be investigated.

3.8 Capital Investment requirements to implement supply side management

There has been no studies conducted on the development of bulk water supply scheme from

the groundwater currently pumped from the mines into the Koekoemoer River. Furthermore

because there is no urgent requirements to implement augmentation schemes in Dr Kenneth

Kaunda District Municipality the capital investment in supply side management is only

required in long term.

3.9 Implementation plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality

The supply area of Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality, has surplus water available to

the extent that there is no requirement to develop additional water supplies. The global

economic crisis has had a major impact on the gold mining sector which has not been

growing as a result. Therefore the economic significance of water supplies in the District



Page 57

Municipality has reduced somewhat resulting in excess capacity in the water produced at

Midvaal Water Company.

The focus of implementing water management plans in Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM should

therefore be on improving the efficiency of utilising the available water in order to reduce the

cost of supply. It is not envisaged that there would be a need to implement supply side

management in the short to medium term in the District. Instead the focus should be to

provide the surplus water available to the areas in the North West Province which are

experiencing water supply shortages. These are Ngaka Modiri Molema and Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipalities. The water reconciliation options to supply some of

the areas in the two DMs are discussed in the following chapters.

3.10 Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for Dr

Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality

Figure 3.2 below illustrates the existing bulk water supply infrastructure to address the

current and future water requirements in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality.

As illustrated the existing bulk water infrastructure can meet the future water requirements of

the district without development of additional bulk water infrastructure assets. However at a

local level additional water infrastructure will be required as local requirements increases.

The Midvaal Water Company has sufficient capacity to meet the future water requirements of

the supply area while additional water resources can be developed from the groundwater

currently being pumped into Koekemoer River in the long term.

There are high water losses in the major urban areas of Dr Kenneth Kaunda area. There is

potential to reduce the water losses and improve water use efficiency that the

implementation of WC/WDM programme in the district municipality should be considered a

very high priority. There is also significant potential to improve conveyance irrigation

efficiency and reduce operational spills in irrigation agriculture.

3.10.1 Prioritisation of the water management options

The implementation of the water management plan for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District

Municipality needs to be undertaken based on which management actions will achieve the

best result in addressing current and future water management issues in the district. Table

3.4 below provides a priority list of the water management action plans that have been

identified to address and ensure that water does not constrain social and economic growth of

Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality

The priority list of the water management action plans for Dr Kenneth Kaunda District



and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to the district



Page 58

Figure 3-2: Existing and proposed Bulk water supply infrastructure in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality



Page 59

4 NGAKA MODIRI MOLEMA DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

MANAGEMENT PLAN

4.1 Overview

This chapter outlines the water management plan to ensure Ngaka Modiri Molema District

Municipality (NMMDM) will improve on its current security of supply. It describes the water

supply and demand management activities required to meet the social and economic

development needs of the district.

Critical to achieving this outcome is by ensuring first and foremost that the available water is

used in an efficient and effective manner. It is important to note that in developing the Water

Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for NMMDM, the plan is flexible enough to

respond to the uncertainties associated with the future water requirement projections for

population, economic conditions, estimates of the available water particularly from the

dolomites and climate change impacts.

The water requirements for NMMDM are likely to increase by approximately 11% over a 22

year period from 186.48 million m3/a to 206.68 million m3/a at the current level of water use

efficiency and operating rules. This is based on the assumption that the current irrigation

water requirement, which is the largest water user, will remain the same for the planning

period. As illustrated in Table 4.1 below, the current water requirements for the district

exceeds the available water supplies at the required assurance level of supply for the

different sectors by approximately 34.58 million m3/a. The current deficit is expected to

increase to 48.85 million m3/a if the situation is not addressed as a matter of urgency.












In NMMDM, there is very limited scope for development of new water sources in the area.

The focus of the water management plan has been to improve the level of water use

efficiency in a number of local municipalities in the area that was identified to have scope in

reducing the Non Revenue Water (NRW) which is considered to be high.

Consequently, water efficiency improvements, treated effluent reuse options, water trading

and consumer demand management reconciliation options have recieved a higher profile in

this water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM. Best management practices

(BMP) across all water user sectors, along with existing water use efficiency programs, are a

key component of the planned response to addressing water supply shortages in the DM.



Page 60

In order to ensure flexibility in water provisioning in NMMDM, a diversification of water supply

sources, including potential for conjunctive use between two or more supply sources, is also

considered. This approach could offer considerable benefits for the district, improving the

overall performance of linked supply schemes, if managed correctly.

Table 4.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality (million m3/a)

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Water Supply


Groundwater 104.07 104.07 104.07 104.07 104.07 104.07

Return Flow 13.53 14.09 15.33 16.67 18.01 19.47

Transfers -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3 -7.3


Water Requirements


Mining and industrial 12 12.3 13.12 13.79 14.5 15.23



Supply demand balance -32.68 -34.02 -37.15 -40.31 -43.51 -46.94

4.2 Water Conservation and Demand Side Management Options

4.2.1 Overview

As illustrated in Table 4.1 above, there are significant water shortages and reliability os

supply issues at present. The situation is likely to continue to get worse as the demand ofr

water particularly in the domestic sector increases as the municipalities address water

services backlogs in their areas of jurisdiction.

In order to address the current water shortages and reliability problems, a number of short to

medium term water management options have been evaluated. A major focus of the plan is



Page 61

on ensuring the existing water supplies are utilised efficiently and effectively. These

measures are discussed below.

4.2.2 Maintaining existing water conservation savings initiatives

Currently, consumers in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) are using less

than 25 l/c/d in some rural areas to 161.10 litres per person per day for residential, industrial

and commercial use in the urban areas such as Mafikeng, Lichtenburg and Zeerust The total

domestic water requirements is envisaged to increase from 38.65 million m3/a to 55.62

million m3/a in 2030 as population grows driven by the economic growth in the area. The

average system water losses in the district are 37% of the treated bulk purchase or treated

production.

The starting point for the WPMP of the North West Province is to improve on the water

services backlog to ensure the improvement of water supply in the rural areas while the per

capita consumption in the towns is maintained and not increased as the water requirements

increase. There are existing water savings initiatives being undertaken in some of the areas

in NMMDM. However these are minimal. Any savings are a consequence of refurbishment of

the old water infrastructure in the urban areas of Mafikeng, Zeerust and Lichtenburg and

existing passive water conservation programmes including consumer metering programmes

in the towns in the district.

A review of the current water conservation saving initiatives indicates that it is difficult to




supply infrastructure.


Associations and Industries must:

Over the next five years, prepare business plans for implementing WC/WDM and

identify innovative ways of investing in water conservation programmes which have

been already identified. This should include implementing public private partnerships

(PPP) in reducing water losses;

Set water saving targets and use the DWA water use efficiency reporting system to

monitor and report on their water savings, and review the effectiveness of

conservation programs on an annual basis;

Invest over the next five years to extend existing water use studies to improve the

knowledge of how and where water is used in the urban areas of NMMDM. This will

ensure that an updated water use study is ready for inclusion in the next WPMP

which is recommended to be reviewed every 5 years.


water savings taking place in NMMDM. There has been a lack of a comprehensive WC/WDM

strategy and business plans which provide the water saving targets for the various

intervention measures. However the recently completed Crocodile (West) Marico WC/WDM

strategy and business plan indicates that there are a number of initiatives that can be

implement to achieve significant water savings in the NMMDM particularly in the urban

areas.



Page 62

4.2.3 Develop and Implement WDM in the municipal scheme areas

4.2.3.1 Water Loss Control Management Measures

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Mafikeng, Ditsobotla, and

Ramoshere Moiloa were estimated to range from 28% to 41% of the total input volume,

although this figure varies with each scheme. The high system losses are attributed to the

age and condition of the water supply infrastructure as well as the pressures in some of the

water supply systems.

The estimated total Non Revenue Water (NRW) for the whole of Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality was estimated to be 11.3 million m3/a (30.98 Ml/d). The problem with the

high NRW in an already water stressed district is that they:


Increase operating costs;

make investments in capacity augmentation larger particularly where local resources

are not sufficient.

The recently completed Crocodile (West) Marico: Development of WC/WDM strategy and

business plan for sectors in the WMA identified the following tasks that need to be

implemented in NMMDM:

Establishment of discrete supply zones and District Management Areas (DMAs)

within water supply scheme with a view to undertaking comprehensive water audits

and prioritising supply zones for water loss control management programme;

Installation of system and bulk water metering to enable water balance assessment to

be undertaken;

Establishment of water saving targets with the target to reduce water losses from the

current 37% of treated production to 15% of the treated production over a 3-5 year

period. The annual water savings targets should be determined for each water supply

scheme in NMMDM;

Implementation of pressure and leakage management (PLM) programme which


municipalities; This measure will potentially save approximately 11.96 million m3/a

(32.76 Ml/d);

Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework which is contributing to the high water

losses is required as a matter of urgency.

Development of effective revenue management systems and procedures

4.2.3.2 Implement Consumer Demand Management

The average per capita consumption in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM)

ranges from 25 l/c/d to 161.1 l/c/d in the more urbanised areas of Mafikeng and Lichtenburg

towns. This includes residential but excludes industrial and commercial use, as well as non

revenue water. The high end current average per capita consumption can be reduced if the

consumption patterns can be influenced.

In order to maintain the current average per capita consumption with a long term view of

reducing the average per capita consumption, the following actions are required:



Page 63

Review the existing water tariff structures and ensure that the tariffs are structured

based on rewarding efficient water use and penalising inefficient consumption. In

most municipalities the water tariff structure for domestic water supplies is based on

the Increasing Block Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block Tariff (RBT) system

while that of the industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as well as

Declining Block Tariff (DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency.

Design the water tariffs based on the cost of supply should be considered in

reviewing the existing tariffs.

Development of a programme by each municipality to install water efficient fittings

and fixtures on new dwellings as well as retrofitting on existing buildings. This will

require reviewing of the existing Water Services Bylaws.

In addition to the above actions, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and

communications programs will be required to motivate the communities of the NMMDM to

save water.





Household size;



4.2.4 Rainwater harvesting

The depletion of groundwater sources, the poor quality of some groundwater, the cost of

supplying isolated rural community properties, the flexibility of rainwater harvesting systems,

and modern methods of treatment provide excellent reasons for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality (NMMDM) to implement rainwater harvesting for domestic use.


the water supply to the communities in the rural areas. Rainwater harvesting can be used

conjunctively with groundwater development in the rural areas. It is driven by the following

aspects:

catchment area and rainfall determine supply, and

water requirement for each household in the community dictates the required storage

capacity.

Rainwater harvesting can be used during the rainfall season, thereby ensuring that the

groundwater recharge is improved and the groundwater can be used for the period when it is

not raining.

Given the low average per capita consumption for water requirement in rural communities in

NMMDM with mean annual precipitation (MAP) of ranging from 443.5mm in the west to

602mm in the eastern parts of the district, there is potential for rainwater harvesting that can

be used conjunctively with the groundwater resources during the dry periods. The option of

rainwater harvesting in the NMMDM needs to be considered as a conjunctive use.



Page 64



the intended purpose. The annual quantity and variability of rainfall and the water

requirements will determine the relationship between required catchment area and storage

capacity. It is also appropriate in areas such as NMMDM where there is a wet season every

year. The yield generated is likely to be medium because of the low frequency of rainfall.

This is the reason why it is practical to use rainwater harvesting as a conjunctive use with

groundwater for rural water supply systems.

However it is important to note that no national standards exist for rainwater harvesting

systems, including Rainwater Harvesting Best Management Practices. These need to be

considered when assessing the potential for rainwater harvesting.

The implementation of the rainwater harvesting programme should not only be confined to

rural communities but should also be considered to be used in the urban centres of

Mafikeng. Stormwater management in Mafikeng is one of the major problems which

rainwater harvesting can alleviate. This is because rainwater harvesting can:

reduce the volume of storm water, thereby lessening the impact on erosion and

decreasing the load on storm sewers.

Decreasing storm water volume which helps keep potential storm water pollutants,

such as pesticides, fertilizers, and petroleum products, out of rivers and groundwater.

However, most stormwater infrastructure is designed for probable peak events, and the size

of the infrastructure may have to be maintained if peak events occur when rainwater tanks

are already full.

In order to undertake this management plan, the following actions are required:

(i) The DWA together with Water Services Authorities (WSAs) should promote and

facilitate rainwater harvesting in the water scarce regions such as NMMDM;

(ii) The DWA should develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems for

both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers;

(iii) Pilot programmes for designing conjunctive use of rainwater harvesting systems with

groundwater development in rural areas of NMMDM should be implemented which

can then be rolled out to the rest of the district municipality.

4.2.5 Development and implementation of water management plans in the

agricultural sector

4.2.5.1 Overview

Irrigation agriculture is by far the largest water user in Ngaka Modiri Molema District

Municipality (NMMDM). It currently utilises approximately 72.8% of the total water

requirements in the district with most of the irrigation agriculture from the dolomitic aquifers of

the district as well as from the Marico River system (see Figure 4.1 below). The major

irrigation schemes in NMMDM include the following:



Page 65

Figure 4-1: Irrigation schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality



Page 66

(i) Marico Bosveld Irrigation Scheme - The scheme has a total scheduled area of 2 444

hectares, at a scheduled quota of 5 300 m3/ha/a. The total allocation for the scheme

is 13.37 million m3/a for delivery to some 300 abstraction points. The scheme has

approximately 162 km of canal which is in fair to poor condition. The source of

irrigation water supply is Hartbeespoort Dam

(ii) Klein Maricopoort Irrigation Scheme.


Preliminary assessments of the potential to improve irrigation water use efficiency indicates

that approximately 9.06 million m3/a (24.82 Ml/d) is avoidable water losses in agriculture due

to conveyance losses and operational spills. This quantity can potentially be saved by

improving the irrigation conveyance efficiency and the operating rules of providing irrigators.

Assessment of the on-farm irrigation efficiency indicated a very high weighted average of

84% efficiency which supports the notion that water losses are mainly occurring in

conveyance and distribution infrastructure.

A review of the current water use and delivery practices in the Marico Bosveld and Klein

Maricopoort irrigation schemes highlighted that there was potential to reduce water losses

and improve operational efficiencies within the agricultural sector. An audit of the

conveyance infrastructure has been undertaken in some irrigation schemes. The audit

indicated that the condition of the conveyance infrastructure particularly canal system was

very poor and there is an urgent need to improve the conveyance efficiency by refurbishing

the old canals, unlined canals and poorly maintained canal infrastructure. No data is currently

available to determine how much water has been saved by the current initiatives.








(vii) assembling information needd for a detailed water budget to be done at scheme and

sub-scheme level

(viii) identifying areas where additional efficiency can be achieved

(ix) implementing a billing system based on deliveries









include all irrigation schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality.



Page 67










water.








crops, etc.





turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. If the

water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set percentage

of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to improve their

efficiency in irrigation water use.







schemes such as Marico Bosveld Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for








particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Molopo Government Water Scheme and

Marico Bosveld Irrigation Schemes, where on-farm irrigation efficiency levels are as high as

81% and 84% respectively.



Page 68

A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the Marico

Bosveld and Klein Maricopoort Irrigation Scheme of 9.06 million m3/a can potentially be

saved by refurbishing the canal conveyance infrastructure.

There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Marico Bosveld




Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in NMMDM take the following forms:



















Using the Marico Bosveld Irrigation Scheme as a case study, it was identified that currently

the canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying irrigators with water from

Monday to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The system is closed on

Fridays and opened on Monday.

















Page 69






each irrigation scheme in the Ngaka Modiri District Municipality develops and implement a

Water Management Plan (WMP) which should provide the water use baseline for each

irrigation scheme by undertaking the ;



















following:














distribution canals in the schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema Platinum District

Municipality. This will include the following






Page 70


reduce water losses



the sector.

4.3 Non traditional water reconciliation options for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality

4.3.1 Overview

Besides implementing the traditional demand side management options, there is increasing

competition for the limited freshwater supplies in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality.

Therefore the development of innovative options to address future water supply shortages

has been recommended for the area. There are already indirect effluent reuse options taking

place in areas such as Mafikeng town. These non traditional reconciliation options are

discussed in the following sections.


water in industries

The growth in the gold mining sector has been very limited that the demand for water has not

been increasing. However there are some industries and consumers in the urban areas of

Mafikeng, Zeerust and Lichtenburg where effluent reuse options can be investigated .


"new" resource that can be substituted for existing potable sources. Two broad customer

types were identified for the potential reuse of treated effluent NMMDM. The potential

effluent reuse were classified into the following groups of users:





developments


supplies



o Fire protection



o Cooling water




Page 71



The focus has been to identify potential reuse options for type I, public access systems. With

the growth in the future water requirements expected to increase in the domestic sector, it is

estimated that the treated effluent will also increase at the same rate of growth. Based on the

fact that an estimated 41% of the potable water supplies will end up in the wastewater

treatment works, it was estimated that the treated effluent will increase from the current

15.76 million m3/a (43.18 Ml/d) to 22.6 million m3/a (61.78 Ml/d) by 2030 in Ngaka Modiri

Molema District Municipality. Most of the treated effluent is generated in Mafikeng where it is

indirectly already being utilised and Lichtenburg and Zeerust areas. This water can be

available for direct reuse by the golf courses and landscape irrigation in the towns.

The potential major benefit of the direct effluent reuse option by golf course industries is that

it would replace the potable water currently being used for industrial processes. The potable

water can then be made available to the growing domestic water requirements in the major

urban areas of Ngaka Modiri Molema DM where it is identified to be financially and

economically viable.


In order to achieve the objectives of maximising the use of the available treated effluent in

NMMDM the following actions are required to be undertaken:


options in the NMMDM should be undertaken.

An assessment of the cost and benefits of utilising the return flows from the Mafikeng,

Zeerust and Lichtenburg WwTW compared to letting the return flows be utilised by

downstream users and contributing to the Molopo and Marico River system yield

should be conducted



viability of developing effluent reuse systems in the NMMDM.








Implement technically feasible and financial viable effluent reuse systems in NMMDM


pollutants discharged into Molopo and Marico River system and potentially improve the

quality of the downstream water where there are water quality problems.

There may be a business case for Ngaka Modiri Molema DM as the WSA, to undertake a

feasibility study for effluent reuse in its area of service. It is recommended that they be the

responsible authority to undertake a feasibility study and ensure that their study incorporates

a comparative cost analysis is undertaken to determine the most viable option between



Page 72

discharging the treated effluent for downstream use taking into account water quality issues

in the Molopo and Marico River System, and utilising the effluent directly for the landscape

irrigation and industrial activities in the District. This work can be undertaken by the end of

2011.

4.4 Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in

NMMDM



(WC/WDM) alone will address the current and future water supply deficits. The impact that a

WC/WDM programme for the NMMDM is that it will not delay the need for augmentation of

additional water supplies but will reduce the total volume of water required to meet the water

requirements for 2030.

The reduction in the water supply water requirements gap is estimated to move from 58.8

million m3/a to 26.6 million m3/a if WC/WDM is successfully implemented in the domestic and

irrigation agriculture. This represents a 55% reduction in additional water required in 2030.





Figure 4-2: Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM

0

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)

YearWater Supply

Total water requirements (High Growth)

Total water requirements with WC/WDM (High Growth)



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4.5 Implement water trading in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

4.5.1 Overview

As indicated in the previous chapter, WC/WDM alone will not address the current and future

water supply deficits without other water management action plans. There is evidence to

suggest that water in Ngaka Modiri Molema is not currently used in a way that is either

technically or allocatively efficient and that the current allocation of water resources in

NMMDM poses both economic and environmental threats in the medium to long term.

Markets can provide incentives that address these inefficiencies and a mechanism which

enables both sustained economic growth and improved environmental outcomes.

Many water users have historically held authorisations providing for higher water extraction

quantities than they have actually used. For as long as the actual quantity extracted was

below the sustainable level of abstraction, this has not been a problem in NMMDM. However,

as water requirements have increased particularly in the domestic and urban industrial

sectors in the district, this has led to the overuse and over-abstraction of the groundwater, in

that the total volume of water physically abstracted from the dolomitic aquifers have begun to

exceed the sustainable level of groundwater abstraction.

By making the value of water explicit, water markets provide an incentive to increase the

technical efficiency with which water is used, even if very little water ends up being traded.

On the other hand the water users who have not been utilising their entitlements can benefit

from trading the unused allocation which will improve the allocation efficiency in NMMDM.

This is because water users gain the opportunity to sell any water that they do not use, either

by selling a share of their entitlement permanently or by leasing out their unused annual

allocations.

With the increasing water scarcity in NMMDM, water trading is seen as critical to ensuring

the scarce water resources are utilised efficiently by trading water from low value uses to

high value water uses. Section 25 of the National Water Act (No 38 of 1998) provides for

transfer of a water use authorisation from one person to another for a different purpose.

The DWA needs to encourage and facilitate the use of water trading mechanisms contained

in the Act as a management tool under the Water Provisioning and Management Plan for the

North West Province. Deficits are mainly in the domestic sector. To assist in the promotion

of the water trading “guiding principles for water trading” which the DWA has developed must

be made public to encourage existing lawful water user to consider water trading.

It is envisaged that the sale of some of the water use entitlements can provide an incentive

and some of the finance required to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use and

therefore offset or at least reduce the potential loss of production from trading irrigation water

use entitlements. In this regard the use of the water trading instrument can assist in bringing

the water supply and water requirements into balance which is a priority for this district.

4.6 Curtailment of unlawful Water use

Actual irrigation water use in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) may

well exceed the lawful use. As in many other catchments, there may be users who have not



Page 74

registered their use or who may be exceeding their lawful or registered use. This may be

contributing to the increasing water scarcity1 in the NMMDM.

The Department of Water Affairs (DWA) has been involved in conducting the Validation and

Verification of Water Use in the Crocodile (West) Marico Catchment with a view to curtail

unlawful water use. In order to curtail any unlawful water use the following actions are

envisaged:

(i) The current validation and verification exercise should be completed as a matter of

priority by DWA particularly in quaternary catchments D41A in order to identify and

quantify the volume of water used unlawfully;

(ii) Identify any water users who are legally allocated with water which they are not fully

utilising;

(iii) Implement the section 33 and section 35 for declaration and verification of the water

use that is existing lawful water use;

(iv) Implement the curtailment of all unlawful water use in NMMDM;

(v) Review the water resources in the context of the curtailment of the unlawful water use

to determine the water supply/water requirements balance assessments.

Based on the review after curtailment of all unlawful water use in the NMMDM, the DWA

should consider whether compulsory licensing needs to be implemented to achieve the

equity needs of the district.

4.7 Compulsory Licensing

Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) is dependent largely on the

groundwater resources from the dolomitic aquifers in the district. The water from these

dolomites was allocated based on the estimated volume of water that can be abstracted on a

sustainable basis. As the water requirements increased, the studies conducted to determine

the sustainable volume of water may have overestimated the total volume for abstraction.

Historically the water allocation has been undertaken on an ad hoc basis with little regard to

its scarcity. As a result, the water systems in Ngaka Modiri Molema dependent on the

groundwater from the dolomites of the Grootfontein, Molopo and Malmani dolomitic

compartments are either over-allocated because the quantity of groundwater that can be

sustainably abstracted at the required level of assurance of supply was overestimated or the

recharge potential of these compartments has changed over time.

Therefore the total volume of water that can be abstracted from the dolomites by lawful water

users exceeds the sustainable level of extraction for that system or there is a lot of unlawful

water use in the district. This may be resulting in the water table going down; increasing the

1 Water scarcity – this is an imbalance of supply and requirement under prevailing institutional

arrangements indicating an excess of water requirements over available water at the required assurance of supply, especially if the remaining supply options are difficult or costly to tap. The current utilisation as a percentage of total available resources at the required assurance of supply can illustrate the scale of the problem and the latitude for policymakers.



Page 75

cost of supply and increasing the competition for water between the irrigation and the

domestic sectors while the security of supply declined.

The result of the above is that NMMDM is already in a deficit at the required level of

assurance of supply (see Table 4.1 above) creating inequities in the current water allocation.

Furthermore the need to ensure there is water for the aquatic ecological system functioning

of the district means that any further development of the water resources of the district will

incur significant environmental and social costs. The implementation of water conservation

and water demand management (WC/WDM) programme as recommended will not address

the water supply deficit as illustrated by the potential water savings compared with current

water supply deficits.

In order to address the already existing water supply deficits which are going to increase

over time, as well as to ensure that water use in NMMDM is within the sustainable limits of

the catchments, it is recommended that compulsory licensing be implemented. In order to

undertake a compulsory licensing programme by the DWA in the catchments situated in

NMMDM the following actions are required:

(i) The Validation and Verification exercise as discussed in the previous section must be

undertaken and completed as a matter of priority;

(ii) A framework for water allocation to guide compulsory licensing in the catchments

situated in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) should be

undertaken by DWA once the validation and verification process is completed. These

guiding principles must take into account the social and economic development

objectives contained in the province‟s PDGS;

(iii) Water use efficiency benchmarks must be developed and agreed with stakeholders

before these can be finalised and used to determine the water allocation;

(iv) A water resources model which takes into account the groundwater and surface

water resources for the catchments in NMMDM should be installed. This should

determine the total volume of water available to allocate;

(v) A stakeholder participation programme to inform all stakeholders about the

Compulsory Licensing (CL) process and the need for CL in the area must be

undertaken. This should include a stakeholder empowerment programme;

(vi) Based on the water allocation framework, undertake a call for licensing in terms of

section 43 of the Act;

(vii) Develop a water allocation schedule based on the response for the call for licensing

and allocate the available water based on the water resource model volumes and the

framework for water allocation.

4.8 Groundwater development for rural water supplies

Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) is deeply rural with more than 75% of

the district population located in rural areas. The main source of supply in the rural areas is

groundwater. As discussed in the situation assessment, the groundwater development

potential in the NMMDM is assessed as reasonable to good. The utilization of groundwater

resources has facilitated the low-cost provision of more reliable, good quality, water supplies

for the rural population in NMMDM.

Due to the low income levels of rural communities in the district, the development of new

surface water supplies or transfers from other catchments to supply rural communities is



Page 76

likely to be very expensive such that the current subsidy mechanisms will not meet the

capital and operational expenditure needed. It is therefore recommended that groundwater

development for rural water supplies be extended to the rural areas where there is a water

services backlog.

Critical to the groundwater development for rural water supplies are the following aspects

which need to be addressed:

(i) It is important to understand the groundwater recharge potential in the various

catchments taking into account not only the direct recharge but also the indirect

recharge which is likely to be more significant in the arid region of the district.

(ii) A groundwater management plan needs to be developed to enable the management

of groundwater at both local and aquifer scale. Groundwater aquifer zones should be

established in the district to enable management to be done at a broader scale than

is currently the case.

(iii) An integrated approach to the development of groundwater supplies for rural

communities based on the aspects illustrated in Table 4.2 below to ensure

sustainability should be undertaken.

Table 4.2: The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply planning

Process Condition or component

Effective Community Involvement

In design, implementation, maintenance,

financing

Communities wishes reconciled with capacity

and willingness to pay

Appropriate Technological Level Compatible with human and financial resources

available

Provision for Full Recurrent and Capital

Cost Recovery

Support of capital costs for poorer communities

only

Institutional and Manpower Development Closely mapped to needs of planned water

supply system

Parallel health/sanitation education



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4.9 Bulk water supply to Mafikeng

Although there is limited scope for augmentation of the existing water supplies in NMMDM

through development of surface water supplies, the following options have been considered

and included in the Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for the district.

The town of Mafikeng receives its bulk water from two sources namely the groundwater from

Grootfontein dolomitic compartment and Molopo Eye as well as surface water supply from

Setumo Dam which is treated at a 20 Ml/d water treatment works. The average flow rate of

the WTW is 13.3 Ml/d while the current treaed production is estimated at 14 Ml/d. The dam

has a yield of 3.2 million m3/a (8.8 Ml/d). However because the dam is downstream of the

Mafikeng Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) the return flow increases the yield of the

Setumo Dam. It is estimated that 63% of the water consumed in Mafikeng ends as return

flow into the dam (Nako Projects (Pty) Ltd, 2002).

There are indications that there is over-abstraction of the groundwater resources of

Grootfontein and Molopo Eye. Therefore the total volume of water for the town should be

limited to the current registered water use of 11.242 million m3/a (30.8 Ml/d) according to the

WARMS database. Because of operational problems at Mmabatho WTW, there have been

periods when Botshelo Water have over-abstracted more than its current entitlement.

As the future water requirements of Mafikeng increase the return flows will increase with a

net increase in yield of Setumo Dam as additional water is supplied from groundwater.

Future water requirements of Mafikeng are envisaged to increase from 13.14 million m3/a (36

Ml/d) in 2008 to 27.38 million m3/a (75 Ml/d) in 2030. Pegging the abstraction from the

dolomitic aquifers at the current registered water use of 11.24 million m3/a, would mean

16.14 million m3/a will have to be supplied from Setumo Dam or an additional source. The

required net additional water supplying Mafikeng from groundwater is estimated to be

7.08 million m3/a at the 2008 water consumption.

In order to meet the future water requirements of Mafikeng the following actions are

proposed:

(i) The current registered water use from Grootfontein compartment and Molopo Eye of

11.24 million m3/a, is not exceeded to avoid over-abstraction of the compartments to

ensure sustainable groundwater supplies to both agriculture and the town.

(ii) The additional water required to meet the growing needs of Mafikeng are sourced

from Setumo Dam's increasing yield from the treated wastewater return flows from

Mafikeng.

(iii) The effluent discharge quality standards must be improved to ensure that the quality

of the return flow does not increase the treatment cost from Setumo Dam. This will

mean the municipality must invest in upgrading the wastewater treatment and

improve on operation and maintenance to enable efficient and cost effective tertiary

level treatment.

(iv) The Mmabatho WTW should be upgraded from 20 Ml/d to 40 Ml/d to meet the

growing water requirements of Mafikeng until 2030. This will provide 70 Ml/d of

treated water which is the total water requirements in 2030 for the high growth

scenario.

(v) Depending on the outcome of the validation and verification process, make use of the

unlawful water determined to increase the water allocation for the municipality from



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the Grootfontein dolomites. This can be undertaken only if current unauthorised water

use is within the sustainable yield of the resource

(vi) Buy out additional water from the irrigators in the Grootfontein Compartment to meet

the deficit after fully developing the Setumo Dam water supply scheme. This will be

done through the water trading mechanisms discussed previously.

4.10 Water supply to Ratlou Local Municipality

The groundwater potential in Ratlou Local Municipality is particularly in the southern parts of

the municipality. The water requirements for the municipality is expected to increase from

2.27 million m3/a to 3.9 million m3/a by 2030 for the high growth scenario.

In order to meet the future water requirements in southern portions of Ratlou Local

Municipality, additional water be sourced from Disaneng Dam which is downstream of

Setumo Dam. This will mean buying out of 200 ha of irrigation water from the Disaneng Dam

to supply the domestic sector.

The second option is the development of a dam on the Setlagole River. This will require a

very large capital investment to the extent that the cost of water will be too high for the

communities in Ratlou LM to afford even with the subsidies. Therefore the trigger for the

development of a dam on the Setlagole River will be the expansion of the mining activities by

Harmony Gold Mine.

4.11 Water transfers from Midvaal Water Company

One of the options available to address the water shortages experienced in Ngaka Modiri

Molema District Municipality (NMMDM) is water use transfers from other catchments where

there is surplus bulk water supply. In Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality, the Midvaal

Water Company currently has surplus water estimated to be approximately 36.5 million m3/a.

Furthermore, there is also potential to develop the current water pumped into the Koekoemor

stream to stop the groundwater flows into the mine working which is currently estimated to be

18.3 million m3/a.

Because the supply demand balance for Dr KKDM exhibits a surplus over the 20 year

planning horizon, there is scope to utilise the surplus water to meet the future water

requirements in the southern areas of NMMDM for the medium to long term without affecting

developments in the Dr KKDM.

4.12 Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan

4.12.1 Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures

Table 4.3 below illustrates the capital expenditure required to implement the identified

WC/WDM measures. As illustrated in the table significant capital investment will be required

to reduce the water losses and improve water use efficiency levels in Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality.

As indicated in Table 4.3 the capital investment requirement to save approximately

11.19 million m3/a through consumer use reduction and PLM programmes is estimated to be

R51.16 million which is required over a 5 year period. This does not include the

refurbishment of the old water infrastructure which is urgently required in the main urban

areas of district.



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Table 4.3: Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation and

Demand Management Measures for NMMDM


(million m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*million)

OPEX

(R*million/a)

Unit Cost

(R/kl)



awareness)

3.86 7.13 1.09 3.15

Residential end use

(Retrofitting, replace washers,

etc)

0.44 2.75 0.69 3.94



zones & DMAs

6.31 41.28 0.57 4.10

Rehabilitation of infrastructure

(10 km per year over 1.5 years) 2.16 67.47 0.25

Consumer Metering 0.57 -


programme) 11.19 51.16 2.35


programme) 13.35 118.63 2.60

4.12.2 Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in agriculture


irrigation conveyance efficiencies.

There should be incentives to improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging the water

management institutions (WMIs) to invest the capital required to implement the above

options. The savings can either be used to trade with other sectors requiring additional water

or expanding irrigated areas.

However in some case sthe capital investment required may be very high where government

will need to implement the measures with the savings reallocated to other water users. The

legal implications of these financing options should be evaluated.



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Table 4.4: Capital Investment Requirements for the different intervention measures

Action Water saved

(m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*1000)

Unit

Cost(R/kl)

Development of Irrigation Water Management

Plans N/A 4 000.00


Water use baseline & target setting

Canal re-lining & refurbishment (facilities

related management) 9.06 58 625.00


4.13 Summary of the water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM

Figure 4.3 below illustrates the existing and proposed water supply infrastructure required to

address the water requirements in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (NMMDM).

4.13.1 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Measures

Because of the water scarcity situation of NMMDM, there is a major imperative to ensure that

the existing water supplies are efficiently utilised. The plan highlights the areas where

WC/WDM can successfully be implemented.

4.13.1.1 Water Conservation and Demand Management in the domestic sector

Based on the current water consumption in the district of 38.65 million m3/a (105.89 Ml/d) for

both domestic and industrial, the physical water losses at 11.19 million m3/a (30.65 Ml/d) is

29% of the current water use. Assuming a 50% success rate the water saving target for the

district municipality should be to reduce water losses by 14.5% of the current consumption

over a 5 year period, allowing for growth in water consumption during the same period.

In order to achieve the water savings, the following actions by the WSA are required to be

implemented:

(i) Review the existing WC/WDM strategy and business plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema

District Municipality and update the strategy for each municipality with special focus

on the areas where significant savings can be achieved quickly and refining the

activities to be implemented;






programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and PLM measures;



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Figure 4-3: Existing and proposed bulk water infrastructure in NMMDM



Page 82

(v) Review the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of


(vi) Implement a system, bulk and district metering programme to ensure complete water

balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas;






reports;





These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years.

4.13.1.2 Water Management Measures in agriculture

The water use efficiency of the irrigation agricultural sector particularly in the eastern parts of

NMMDM was found to be low mainly due to the conveyance water losses in the irrigation

canals. There is potential to save 9.06 million m3/a from improving irrigation conveyance

efficiency.

The focus of the WPMP is to improve the conveyance efficiency by refurbishing of the old

canals and re-lining of unlined canal systems. The irrigation boards identified include Klein

Maricopoort and Marico-Bosveld irrigation schemes.

4.13.2 Water supply management and augmentation options

The western areas of NMMDM is arid with very limited surface water resources. It is

dependent on groundwater from the dolomitic aquifers in the district for its water supply with

surface water effectively supplementing groundwater supplies. Therefore in developing the

water provisioning and management plan for NMMDM, the focus has been on maximising

the sustainable use of the dolomites given the fact that there is evidence which seem to

suggest over-abstraction of groundwater from the dolomites. The plan has focused on water

trading to ensure the use of the scarce water supplies is for the high value uses which will

sustain economic development.

The other option is compulsory licensing in order to bring the system into balance while

ensuring that the existing groundwater is not over-exploited. The compulsory licensing will

also provide the opportunity to ensure that any allocated water currently not being utilised

can be reallocated to users requiring water for production purposed.

In the rural areas it is recommended that groundwater development and management be

implemented. It is important to understand the groundwater recharge potential in the various

catchments taking into account not only the direct recharge but also the indirect recharge

which is likely to be more significant in the arid region of the district. Rain water harvesting

has also been identified as an option that should be implemented particularly in the rural

communities where it can be use conjunctively with groundwater to meet the growing water



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requirements of rural communities as well as removing the existing water services backlogs

in NMMDM.

4.13.3 Bulk water infrastructure plan

It was identified that there would be a need for development of bulk water infrastructure to

meet growing water requirements in Mafikeng. The use of return flows and upgrading of the

Mmabatho WTW will assist in maximising the use of both the surface water resources from

the increasing yield of Setumo Dam and the groundwater from the dolomites which needs to

be carefully managed to avoid over-abstraction.

The other programme is the development of bulk water infrastructure from Disaneng Dam to

meet the water requirements of Setlagole. This option should be considered after comparing

with the potential for building a dam on the Setlagole River to meet the water requirements of

the area as well as the mining activities in the area.

The areas of Delareyville and Sannieshof are supplied from groundwater. Before

consideration is made to supply the areas from external water supplies, the maximisation of

the use of the local groundwater resources as well as rainwater harvesting should be

undertaken first. In the event that the local supplies cannot meet the future water

requirements, consideration should then be given to supply these areas from Midvaal Water

Company's WTW. Because of the high capital cost required for such a scheme to an area

where the affordability levels are low, a regional water supply scheme should be considered

to supply the bigger areas where affordability levels are high. These include Lichtenburg as

well as major industries and mines.

4.13.4 Prioritisation of the water reconciliation options

The implementation of the water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema District





Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality.

The priority list of the water management action plans for Ngaka Modiri Molema District



and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to the district.



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Table 4.5: Prioritisation of water management plan for Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

Priority Strategy Action Plans Time line Responsible Authority

1 Water Conservation & Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) Plan WUA & WSAs

Very High

Implement WC/WDM measures in municipalities

(i) Prepare WC/WDM business plans Immediate Water Services

(ii) Establish water use efficiency baseline & BMP 2011 onwards Authorities /DWA

(iii) Set annual water saving targets 2011 onwards Water Boards

(iv) Implement water loss control programme 2012 - 2015

(v) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs Ongoing

High Implement WC/WDM measures in irrigation agriculture

(i) Prepare Irrigation Water Management Plans Immediate Irrigation Boards (IB) Water User Associations (WUAs)

(ii) Institute a programme for flow measurement in agriculture 2011 onwards

(iii) Set annual water saving targets for each irrigation scheme 2011 onwards

(iv) Prepare a funding mechanism for each irrigation scheme 2011 -2012

(v) Implement measures to reduce irrigation conveyance & distribution water losses

2012 - 2014

High Compulsory licensing in the Grootfontein - Lichtenburg dolomitic compartments

(i) Finalise the Validation & Verification Process 2010 -2011 DWA

(ii) Stakeholder participation and empowerment programme on CL

2011 -2012



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(iii) Installation of an integrated Water Resource Model (groundwater & surface water)

2012 -2013

(iv) Establish the maximum level of water abstraction from the dolomitic aquifers of Grootfontein - Lichtenburg

2012 -2013

(v) Development & gazetting of the water allocation schedule 2013

(vi) Issue water use licence with conditions attached 2013 -2014

(vii) Update the WARMS database 2012 onwards

Medium Water trading (i) Prepare a database of water users wanting to trade their water

After validation & verification process

DWA

Individual water users

(ii) Prepare guiding principles for trading water in NMMDM Immediate

(iii) Facilitate water trades between sellers and buyers by providing information on water allocations in each scheme in the district

As required

(iv) Encourage the development of water markets by establishment of water brokers either through the Water User Associations (WUAs) or irrigation boards

As required



Page 86


(v) DWA should consider the option of introducing mechanisms for entitlement holders to sell back their unused water entitlements (i.e. buyback of water allocations)

As required

2 Water Supply Side Management Plan

High Groundwater development for rural supplies

(i) Delineation of groundwater zones

(ii) WSA prepare a groundwater management plan identifying areas where groundwater can be supplied in a sustainable manner

(iii) Implement groundwater development projects based on water requirements

Immediate

As required

DWA

WSAs

Medium Rainwater harvesting (i) Promote rainwater harvesting as another source of supply particularly in the rural areas where it can be used conjunctively with groundwater

Immediate DWA, Water Services Authorities,

(ii) Implement pilot projects in NMMDM to demonstrate the benefits of conjunctive use of rainwater harvesting and groundwater development on cost of supply to low income households

2011- onwards

(iii) Develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems for both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers

2011

High Mafikeng Bulk water supply infrastructure upgrade

(i) Undertake a yield analysis of Setumo Dam taking into account the wastewater return flows

Immediate Water Services Authority



Page 87


(ii) Evaluate the quality of the treated wastewater from Mafikeng and determine the process required to improve the quality of the return flow for treatment

Immediate

(NMMDM)

(iii) Upgrade the wastewater treatment plants upstream of Setumo Dam for advanced wastewater treatment to ensure reuse

2011 - 2012

(iv) Process design the Mmabatho WTW for upgrade which takes into account the quality of return flow

2012 -2013

(v) Prepare a master plan for supplying water to Mafikeng in order to optimise at the water mix of groundwater and surface water supply

2011 -2012

(vi) Prepare a detailed feasibility study for the upgrading of Mafikeng Bulk water supply infrastructure

2012 -2013

(vii) Implement the bulk supply upgrade of Mafikeng 2014-onwards

Low Setlagole Dam (i) Investigate the feasibility of building a dam on the Setlagole River

(ii) Investigate funding and institutional arrangements for financing the options

2011 -2012

2012 - 2013

DWA

(iii) Implementation of dam (design & construction) 2013 - 2016



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Low Bulk infrastructure from Disaneng Dam

(i) Investigate the feasibility of developing the bulk water infrastructure to meet water requirements of Setlagole

2011 - 2012

DWA

(ii) Engage with the irrigators for the trading of water 2011 -2012

(iii) Investigate funding arrangement for financing the infrastructure development

2012 -2013

(iv) Implement infrastructure development (design and construction)

2013 - 2014



Page 89

5 DR RUTH SEGOMOTSI MOMPATI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY WATER

MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1 Overview

This chapter outlines the water management plan to ensure Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality will improve on its current security of supply in order to meet the socio-

economic development objectives of the North West Provincial Growth and Development

Strategy (PGDS). It describes the water supply and demand management actions required to

meet the social and economic development needs of the district.

Critical to achieving this outcome is by ensuring first and foremost that the available water is

used in an efficient and effective manner. It is important to note that in developing the Water

Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati, the plan is

flexible enough to respond to the uncertainties associated with the future water requirement

projections for population, economic conditions, estimates of the available water particularly

from the dolomites and climate change impacts.

The water requirements for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality are likely to

increase by approximately 15% over a 22 year period from 79.89 million m3/a to 91.82 million

m3/a at the current level of water use efficiency and operating rules. This is based on the

assumption that the current irrigation water requirements which is the largest water user will

remain the same for the planning period.

As illustrated in Table 5.1 below, the current water requirements for the district exceed the

available water supplies at the required assurance level of supply for the different sectors by

approximately 7.08 million m3/a. The current deficit is expected to increase to 19.01 million

m3/a if the situation is not addressed as a matter of urgency.










order to provide the savings to the growing demands.


In Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM, there is limited scope for development of new water

sources near the areas requiring additional water supplies.

The focus of the water management plan has been to improve the level of water use

efficiency in a number of local municipalities in the area that was identified to have scope in

reducing the Non Revenue Water (NRW) which is considered to be high.



Page 90

Consequently, water loss control management, consumer demand management, water

trading and treated effluent reuse systems have a higher profile in this water provisioning and

management plan for Dr Ruthi Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. The need to ensure

that the use of Best Management Practices (BMP) across all water user sectors, along with

existing water use efficiency programs, are a key component of the response plan to the

water management issues of the district municipality.


more supply sources, is also considered. This approach could offer considerable benefits for

the district, improving the overall performance of linked supply schemes, if managed

correctly.

Table 5.1: Future water requirements of the main sector in Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati District Municipality (million m3/a)

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Water Supply


Groundwater 34.76 34.76 34.76 34.76 34.76 34.76

Transfers


Water Requirements

Domestic water

requirements 21.91 23.38 25.52 27.78 29.94 32.27




Supply demand balance -7.08 -8.68 -11.17 -13.91 -16.42 -19.01



Page 91

5.2 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Options for Dr

Ruth Segomotsi District Municipality

5.2.1 Overview

As illustrated in Table 5.1 above, Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality (RSMDM)

does already experience water supply shortages and reliability of water supply issues at a

district level based on the current water use and operating practices.

In order to address the current water supply shortages an assessment of the current water

losses and water use efficiency levels was undertaken. This indicated that there is a real

need to implement water loss control measures and manage consumer demand in the

district.

5.2.2 Develop and Implement WDM programmes in the municipal scheme areas

5.2.2.1 Implement Water Loss Control Programme

The average system losses in the main local municipalities of Naledi, Mamusa, Lekwa

Taemane and Greater Taung were estimated to range from 33% to 42% of the total input

volume, although this figure varies with each scheme. The high system losses are attributed

to the age and condition of the water supply infrastructure as well as the lack of maintenance

of the existing infrastructure.

The estimated total Non Revenue Water (NRW) for the whole of Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality was estimated to be 7.00 million m3/a (19.18 Ml/d). The problem with the

high NRW in an already water stressed district is that they:


Increase operating costs;

make investments in capacity augmentation larger particularly where local resources

are not sufficient.

The preliminary assessment of the measures that can be implemented to reduce the NRW in

Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality identified the following tasks that need to be

implemented:

(i) Establishment of discrete supply zones and District Management Areas (DMAs)

within water supply scheme with a view to undertaking comprehensive water audits

and prioritising supply zones for water loss control management programmes;

(ii) Installation of system and bulk water metering to enable water balance assessments

to be undertaken;

(iii) Establishment of water saving targets with the target to reduce water losses from the

current 34% of treated production to 15% of the treated production over a 3-5 year

period. The annual water savings targets should be determined for each water supply

scheme in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality;

(iv) Implementation of pressure and leakage management (PLM) programme which


municipalities;

(v) Undertaking refurbishment of the old pipework contributing to the high water losses is

required as a matter of urgency.



Page 92

5.2.2.2 Implement Consumer use reduction option

The average per capita consumption in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality

ranges from 30 l/c/d to 132.00 l/c/d in the more urbanised areas of Vryburg, Christiana,

Schweizer Reneke and Bloemhof towns. This includes residential areas as well as the non

revenue water (NRW) but excludes industrial and commercial use. The high end current

average per capita consumption can be reduced if the consumption patterns can be

influenced. It is estimated that approximately 3.84 million m3/a (10.5 Ml/d) can be saved by

implementing consumer use reduction measures.

In order to maintain the current average per capita consumption with a long term view of

reducing the average per capita consumption, the following actions are required:

(i) Consumer metering: A consumer metering and meter renewal programme for the

Newcastle Water Supply Scheme area to ensure all water supplies and uses and

measured in order to undertake comprehensive water balance assessment;

(i) Domestic rebate programme where rebates are offered for rainwater tanks,

washing machines, dual flush toilets, efficient showerheads, greywater systems and

swimming pool covers.

(ii) Domestic retrofit programme which aims to refit residential houses with water

efficient appliances. The retrofit program must be administered by the local

municipality. Houses will be audited by a qualified plumber and where potential for

water savings are identified, water saving devices such as showerheads and toilet

displacement devices installed.

(iii) New sustainable building regulations requiring that all new houses are fitted with

efficient toilets and showers. This bylaw also applies to existing houses where

bathrooms are renovated. Under the building regulations and water service bylaws

new houses are also subject to water pressure limitations.

(ii) A sustainable education and awareness campaign, promoting the benefits of

improving water use efficiency to reduce consumer use. This should be undertaken

based on a comprehensive Knowledge Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey so that

the campaign is focused on the stakeholders‟ attitude towards water use;

(iii) Reviewing the existing tariffs - This must ensure that water pricing structures

reward efficient water use and penalise inefficient consumption. In most municipalities

the water tariff structure for domestic water supplies is based on the Increasing Block

Tariff (IBT) also known as the Rising Block Tariff (RBT) system while that of the

industries and commercial sectors is a mixture of IBT as well as Declining Block Tariff

(DBT) which does not encourage water use efficiency.

(iv) Development of a programme by each municipality to install water efficient fittings

and fixtures on new dwellings as well as retrofitting on existing buildings. This will

require reviewing of the existing Water Services Bylaws

In addition to the above actions, more sophisticated and targeted behaviour change and

communications programs will be required to motivate the communities of Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality to save water.







Page 93

Household size;



5.2.3 Implement Rainwater harvesting

The depletion of groundwater sources, the poor quality of some groundwater, the cost of

supplying isolated rural community properties, the flexibility of rainwater harvesting systems,

and modern methods of treatment provide excellent reasons for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality to implement rainwater harvesting for domestic use.


the water supply to the communities in the rural areas. Rainwater harvesting can be used

conjunctively with groundwater development in the rural. It is driven by the following aspects:

catchment area and rainfall determine supply, and

water requirement for each household in the community dictates the required storage

capacity.

Rainwater harvesting can be used during the rainfall season, thereby ensuring that the

groundwater recharge is improved and the groundwater can be used for the period when it is

not raining.

Given the low average per capita consumption for water requirement in rural communities in

Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM with mean annual precipitation (MAP) of ranging from

323.88 mm in the north west to 530 mm in the eastern parts of the district, there is potential

for rainwater harvesting that can be conjunctively used with the groundwater resources

during the dry periods. The option of rainwater harvesting in the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

DM needs to be considered as a conjunctive use.



the intended purpose. The annual quantity and variability of rainfall and the water

requirements will determine the relationship between required catchment area and storage

capacity.

It is also appropriate in areas such as Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM where there is a wet

season every year. The yield generated is likely to be medium because of the low frequency

of rainfall. This is the reason why it is practical to use rainwater harvesting as a conjunctive

use with groundwater for rural water supply systems.

However it is important to note that no national standards exist for rainwater harvesting

systems, including Rainwater Harvesting Best Management Practices. These need to be

considered when assessing the potential for rainwater harvesting.

In order to undertake this management plan, the following actions are required:

The DWA together with Water Services Authorities (WSAs) should promote and

facilitate rainwater harvesting in the water scarce regions such as Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati DM;

The DWA should develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems for

both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers;



Page 94

Pilot programmes for designing conjunctive use of rainwater harvesting systems with

groundwater development in rural areas of Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM should

be implemented which can then be roled out to the rest of the district municipality.

5.2.4 Implement water management measures to improve water use efficiency in

irrigation agriculture

5.2.4.1 Overview

Irrigation agriculture is the largest water user in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District

Municipality. It currently utilises approximately 61.3% of the total water requirements in the

district with most of the irrigation agriculture taking place along the Harts River as well as

from groundwater.

Irrigation agriculture in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati is linked to the Vaal Harts Irrigation

scheme. The current initiatives to improve irrigation conveyance efficiency have indicated

that there will be savings which can be used to provide water to areas currently not being

irrigated.

Preliminary assessments of the potential to improve irrigation water use efficiency in the

district indicates that approximately 9.18 million m3/a is due to conveyance losses and

operational spills. This amount can potentially be saved by improving the irrigation

conveyance efficiency and the operating rules of providing irrigators.








(i) assembling information needd for a detailed water budget to be done at scheme and

sub-scheme level

(ii) identifying areas where additional efficiency can be achieved

(iii) implementing a billing system based on deliveries









include all irrigation schemes in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality.



Page 95










water.








crops, etc.





turnouts. In a number of the cases it is the DWA which is currently carrying the losses. If the

water allocation to the users is based on the actual water requirements and a set percentage

of allowable water losses, this will provide incentives to the irrigation scheme to improve their

efficiency in irrigation water use.







schemes such as Taung Irrigation Scheme that have the systems in place for temporary

water transfers. This policy provides the basis of addressing water shortage plan for each

irrigation scheme.






particularly on the major irrigation schemes of Taung Irrigation Scheme, where on-farm

irrigation efficiency levels are as high as 81%.



Page 96

A significant portion of the estimated water losses in irrigation agriculture from the Taung

Irrigation Scheme of 9.18 million m3/a can potentially be saved by refurbishing the canal

conveyance infrastructure.

There have already been initiatives in some of the irrigation schemes (e.g. Taung Irrigation

Scheme) where refurbishment of the old canal and poorly maintained canal infrastructure is

currently on-going. No water saving targets were established to determine how much water

can be saved by refurbishment of the infrastructure.

Conveyance losses in irrigation agriculture in Dr RSMDM take the following forms:



















It was identified that currently the canal/lateral operating procedures are based on supplying

irrigators with water from Monday to Friday. The canals are not continuously operated. The

system is closed on Fridays and opened on Monday.

















Page 97






each irrigation schemes in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality develops and

implement a Water Management Plan (WMP) which should provide the water use baseline

for each irrigation scheme by undertaking the ;



















following:














distribution canals in the schemes in Ngaka Modiri Molema Platinum District

Municipality. This will include the following






Page 98


reduce water losses



the sector.

5.3 Impact of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management in Dr

Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality



(WC/WDM) alone will not address the current and future water supply deficits. The impact

that a WC/WDM programme for the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality is that it

will not delay the need for augmentation of additional water supplies but will reduce the total

volume of water required to meet the water requirements for 2030.

The reduction in the water supply water requirements gap is estimated to move from 19.01

million m3/a to 5.83 million m3/a if WC/WDM is successfully implemented in the domestic and

irrigation agriculture. This represents a 76% reduction in additional water required in 2030.





As indicated in the previous sections additional bulk water supply infrastructure is however

needed for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality mainly from the local water

resources which are currently not being fully utilised. However the additional water required

in 2030 can be supplied either from Midvaal Water Company, by reducing its allocation

upstream and upgrading Bloemhof WTW to supply Schweizer Reneke from the allocation of

Midvaal's current allocation further downstream.



Page 99

Figure 5-1: Impact of WC/WDM on water availability in NMMDM

5.4 Groundwater development for rural water supplies

As illustrated in Figure 5.1 above, implementation of WC/WDM interventions will not solve

the water supply shortages and reliability issues in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District

Municipality without augmentation of the available water supplies

Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality is deeply rural with more than 80% of the

district population residing in rural areas. The main source of supply in the rural areas is

groundwater. As discussed in the situation assessment, the groundwater development

potential in the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality was found to reasonable to

good. The utilization of groundwater resources has facilitated the low-cost provision of more

reliable, good quality, water supplies for the rural population in district municipality.

Due to the low income levels of rural communities in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District

Municipality, the development of new surface water supplies or transfers from other

catchments to supply rural communities is very limited because of the very high capital

investment required and the low rainfall-runoff. The very high capital and environmental costs

are such that the current subsidy mechanisms will not meet the capital and operational

expenditure needed for sustainable water service provision from surface water supplies.

It is therefore recommended that groundwater development for rural water supplies be

extended to the rural areas where there is a water services backlog. Furthermore

groundwater supplies can also be developed to provide water for livestock farming which is

envisaged in the district.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Wate

r av

ailab

le/r

eq

uir

em

en

ts (

millio

n m

3/a

)

YearWater Supply Total water requirements (High Growth)Total water requirements with WC/WDM (High Growth)



Page 100

It is recommended that groundwater development and management be undertaken in

Kagisano and Molopo Local Municipalities by utilising the local dolomitic aquifers to meet the

future water requirements of the rural towns of Ganyesa, Tosca and Moswana. In order to

achieve this the following should be undertaken:

(i) Identify and map the groundwater dolomitic aquifers in the two local municipalities;

(ii) Develop exploratory and observation boreholes in each aquifer to monitor the

recharge and water tables of the aquifers;

(iii) Determine the groundwater available for abstraction on a long term sustainable basis

(iv) It is important to understand the groundwater recharge potential in the various

catchments taking into account not only the direct recharge but also the indirect

recharge which is likely to be more significant in the arid region of the district. This

should be done by

(v) delineating the groundwater aquifers of the district municipality

(vi) developing exploratory and production boreholes

(vii) establishing a groundwater recharge model for the district municipality;

(viii) A groundwater management plan needs to be developed to enable the management

of groundwater at both local and aquifer scale;

(ix) Groundwater aquifer zones should be established in the district to enable the

management to be done at a broader scale than is currently the case.

An integrated approach to the development of groundwater supplies for rural communities

based on the aspects illustrated in Table 5.4 below to ensure sustainability should be

undertaken.

Table 5.2: The 'integrated approach" to community groundwater supply planning

Process Condition or component

Effective Community Involvement

In design, implementation,

maintenance, financing

Communities wishes reconciled with

capacity and willingness to pay

Appropriate Technological Level Compatible with human and financial

resources available

Provision for Full Recurrent and Capital

Cost Recovery

Support of capital costs for poorer

communities only

Institutional and Manpower Development Closely mapped to needs of planned

water supply system

Parallel health/sanitation education



Page 101

5.5 Upgrading of bulk water supplies from Taung Dam to Vryburg & Stella

Although there is limited scope for augmentation of the existing water supplies in Dr Ruth

Segomotsi Mompati DM through development of surface water supplies, the following

options have been considered and included in the Water Provisioning and Management Plan

(WPMP) for the district. These are considered as measures to address the medium to long

term needs of the district.

The significant growth in water requirements is taking place in Vryburg and Taung which are

the main urban centres in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. The current bulk

water supply infrastructure is not sufficient to meet the future water requirements of Vryburg

by 2015.

In order to meet the future water requirements, it is recommended that the following be

undertaken:

(i) The additional water be supplied from the currently unutilised Taung Dam which has

a yield of 5.90 million m3/a if the EWR releases are imposed on the dam;

(ii) A raw water supply pumping main should be constructed from Taung Dam to

discharge into the canal currently supplying Pudimoe WTW from the Vaal River;

(iii) A feasibility study to upgrade Pudimoe WTW including the bulk water supply pipeline

to Vryburg should be undertaken to determine the capacity and detailed costs of the

project;

(iv) The timing of the design and construction of the Pudimoe WTW and the bulk water

supply pipeline should be based on how successfully WC/WDM is implemented in

Vryburg;

(v) Provision to supply Taung from Pudimoe WTW should also be considered in the

planning for upgrading of the bulk water supply system.

5.6 Bulk water supply to Schweizer Reneke

The town of Schweizer Reneke receives its bulk water from Wentzel Dam which is

supplemented by boreholes which originally supplied the town. The yield of Wentzel Dam is

estimated to be 0.94 million m3/a excluding the Ecological Water Requirements (EWR) and

0.35 million m3/a including the EWR (Kwezi V3 Engineers, 2008). This is far less than the

current water requirements of Schweizer Reneke of 1.7 million m3/a.

Although the current water requirements are met from the conjunctive use of surface water

and groundwater, the future water requirements in 2030 of 2.8 million m3/a (7.67 Ml/d) cannot

be met from conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water supplies.

In order to meet the future water requirements for Schweizer Reneke, there are two options

that have been identified;

(i) supplying the town from Pudimoe WTW by a constructing 68 km bulk supply rising

main at a static head of 220 m;

(ii) supply from the Midvaal Water Company which has excess capacity by constructing

a 130 km rising and gravity pipeline;

(iii) supplying from Bloemhof by upgrading the WTW and constructing a 56 km rising bulk

main at a static head of 140m.

(iv) raw water supply from the Vaal River system for treatment at Schweizer Reneke.



Page 102

Because of the need to have flexibility in Pudimoe WTW to supplying the growing needs of

Taung and Vryburg, the most feasible options (subject to detailed investigation) is to supply

from either Midvaal Water Company or upgrading the Bloemhof WTW to meet the future

water requirements of Schweizer Reneke.

In order to meet the future water requirements of Schweizer Reneke the following actions are

proposed:

(i) That WC/WDM measures be implemented as a priority to determine the timing of the

additional water requirements for the town;

(ii) Prepare a detailed feasibility study to determine the most technically feasibility and

economically viable option between the identified options;

(iii) Prepare the financing model required to meet the capital investment requirements to

supply water to Scweizer Reneke;

(iv) Implement the upgrading of the bulk water supply to Schweize Reneke based to meet

the future water requirements in 2012 – 2013.

5.7 Capital Investment requirements to implement the plan

5.7.1 Capital expenditure for WC/WDM measures

Table 5.3 below illustrates the capital investment requirements to implement water losses

and managed consumer demand that can be achieved from implementing WC/WDM

measures in the towns of Vryburg, Schweizer Reneke, Bloemhof, Taung and Christiana. As

illustrated in the table significant water savings will be made through implementing consumer

use reduction programme for the capital invested in such a measure.

As indicated in Table 5.3 the capital investment requirement to save approximately 7.00

million m3/a through consumer use reduction and PLM programmes is estimated to be

R33.43 million which is required over a 5 year period. This does not include the

refurbishment of the old water infrastructure which is urgently required in the main urban

areas of district.



Page 103

Table 5.3: Capital Investment & water savings through Water Conservation and

Demand Management Measures for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM

WC/WDM Option

Water saved

(million m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*million)

OPEX

(R*million/a)

Unit Cost

(R/kl)



awareness)

3.84 5.13 0.88 1.33

Residential end use

(Retrofitting, replace washers,

etc)

0.25 1.05 0.69 4.20



zones & DMAs

7.00 27.25 0.57 3.89

Rehabilitation of infrastructure

(10 km per year over 1.5 years) N/A N/A N/A


programme) 11.09 33.43 2.14


programme)

5.7.2 Capital Expenditure to implement water management measures in agriculture


irrigation conveyance efficiencies.

There should be incentives to improve irrigation agriculture by encouraging the water

management institutions (WMIs) to invest the capital required to implement the above

options. The savings can either be used to trade with other sectors requiring additional water

or expanding irrigated areas.

However in some case sthe capital investment required may be very high where government

will need to implement the measures with the savings reallocated to other water users. The

legal implications of these financing options should be evaluated.



Page 104

Table 5.4: Capital Investment requirements to improve conveyance efficiency - Dr

Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality


loss reduction

Water saved

(m3/a)

CAPEX

(R*1000)

OPEX

(R*1000/a)

Unit

Cost(R/kl)

Development of Irrigation Water

Management Plans N/A 2 000.00


Water use baseline & target

setting

Canal re-lining & refurbishment 9.18 35 625.00


5.8 Summary of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati District Municipality

5.8.1 Water Conservation and Demand Management

Figure 5.2 below illustrates the water supply augmentation options to address the future

water supply deficit in 2030 in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. The focus of

the Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) for the district municipality has been

to ensure that the existing available water supplies are utilised efficiently before

consideration is made in developing additional bulk water supply infrastructure to add to the

existing district municipality's asset and balance sheet.

However the WPMP illustrates that implementing WC/WDM alone in Dr Ruth Segomotsi

Mompati DM will not address the envisaged in the priority investment in the areas of Vryburg,

Taung and Schweizer Reneke and Christiana. The town of Christiana has sufficient water

which it sources from an irrigation canal from the Vaal River.

Vryburg is the capital of Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality. Besides the need

to implement WC/WDM in the town, additional water will be required by 2015 depending on

how successful the measures to reduce water losses are implemented. The plan to meet the

future water requirements of Vryburg and Taung is to utilise Taung Dam which has a yield of

5.9 million m3/a (16.6 Ml/d) to upgrade the Pudimoe WTW to supply the two towns. These

areas are priority investment areas for the district.



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Figure 5-2: Existing and future bulk water supply schemes in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality



Page 106

In order to achieve the water savings indicated in Table 5.2 below, the following actions are

required to be implemented:

(i) Prepare a WC/WDM strategy and business plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality with special focus on the areas and local municipalities where

significant savings can be achieved quickly and refining the activities to be

implemented;






programmes focusing on consumer use reduction and PLM measures.

(v) Review the existing water services bylaws and the water tariffs in the context of


(vi) Implement a system, bulk and district metering programme to ensure complete water

balances can be undertaken in the water supply scheme areas;






reports;





These water savings can be achieved over a period of 3 to 5 years.

5.8.2 Water Savings in agriculture

The water resources of Taung Dam were earmarked for development of an irrigation scheme

downstream of the dam but have been unutilised since it was commissioned. The Taung

irrigation scheme can be developed utilising water savings that are made from the

refurbishment of the irrigation canals of the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme.

5.8.3 Bulk water supply infrastructure

Schweizer Reneke is one of the towns on the Wolmaranstad to Taung development corridor.

Its water resources are limited by the low yield of Wentzel Dam. The plan is to meet the

future water requirements from either Bloemhof WTW, providing a water allocation from Vaal

River to transfer raw water to Schweizer Reneke for treatment or extending Midvaal Water

Company supply area up to Schweizer Reneke. A more detailed study is required to optimise

the options for the town.

5.8.4 Prioritisation of the water management options

The implementation of the water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District




Page 107




Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality

The priority list of the water management action plans for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati

District Municipality are based on ensuring the effective and efficient use of the available

water supply based on the financial benefits of utilising the existing water supply bulk

infrastructure and providing a water product mix that ensures flexibility in bulk water supply to

the district.



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Table 5.5: Prioritisation of water management plan for Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality

Priority Strategy Plan of action Time frame Responsible Authority

1 Water Conservation & Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) Plan WUA & WSAs

Very High

Implement WC/WDM measures in municipalities

(i) Prepare WC/WDM business plans Immediate Water Services Authorities /DWA

Water Boards (ii) Establish water use efficiency baseline & BMP 2011 onwards

(iii) Set annual water saving targets 2011 onwards

(iv) Implement water loss control programme 2012 - 2015

(v) Monitoring and Reporting of achievements based on KPIs Ongoing

High Implement WC/WDM measures in irrigation agriculture

(i) Prepare Irrigation Water Management Plans Immediate Irrigation Boards (IB) Water User Associations (WUAs)

(ii) Institute a programme for flow measurement in agriculture 2011 onwards

(iii) Set annual water saving targets for each irrigation scheme 2011 onwards

(iv) Prepare a funding mechanism for each irrigation scheme 2011 - 2012

(v) Implement measures to reduce irrigation conveyance & distribution water losses

2012 - 2015

High Taung Irrigation Scheme (i) Determine the water savings available for Taung Irrigation Scheme

Immediate Department of Agriculture



Page 109


(ii) Identify the small scale irrigation holders through a stakeholder participation programme

Immediate

DWA

Department of Agriculture / Communities

DWA

(iii) Identify type of crops to be irrigated

(iv) Determine the irrigation water requirements based on SAPWAT

(v) Design the irrigation conveyance system for the scheme

(vi) Establish the organisational arrangement for operation & maintenance of the scheme

(vii) Provide subsidies for Resource Poor Farmers (RPF) to implement the irrigation scheme from savings of the Vaalharts scheme

2 Water Supply Side Management Plan

High Groundwater development for rural supplies & livestock farming

(i) Delineation of groundwater zones Immediate DWA

WSAs (ii) WSA prepare a groundwater management plan identifying

areas where groundwater can be supplied in a sustainable manner

Immediate

(iii) Implement groundwater development projects based on water requirements

As required

Medium Rainwater harvesting (i) Promote rainwater harvesting as another source of supply Immediate DWA, Water



Page 110


particularly in the rural areas where it can be used conjunctively with groundwater

Services Authorities,

(ii) Implement pilot projects in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM to demonstrate the benefits of conjunctive use of rainwater harvesting and groundwater development on cost of supply to low income households

2011- onwards

(iii) Develop national standards for rainwater harvesting systems for both domestic and commercial and industrial consumers

2011

High Vryburg Taung Bulk water supply infrastructure upgrade

(i) Apply for water use licence from Taung Dam for Vryburg & Taung area

(ii) Prepare a detailed feasibility study for upgrading Pudimoe WTW to be supplied from Taung Dam

(iii) Preparing a financing structure and source funding for implementing the upgrading of the bulk water supply scheme

(iv) Design and construct the Pudimoe bulk water supply scheme upgrade

Immediate

Immediate

2011 - 2012

2012 -2015

Water Services Authority (NMMDM)

Medium Schweizer Reneke bulk water supply infrastructure upgrade

Prepare a feasibility study to determine the optimal options to supply Schweizer Reneke

2011 -2012 Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM

Determine the cost of supply and prepare an affordability for the scheme

2012

Prepare a financing and funding model to meet the capital investment requirements

2012



Page 111


Implement the upgrading of the bulk water supply to Schweizer Reneke

2013 - onwards



Page 112

6 WATER (MACRO PROVINCIAL) MANAGEMENT PLAN TO ADDRESS

GENERIC WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES

6.1 Overview

There are number of water management issues which are generic to the whole of the North

West Province. The generic issues impacting on or are likely to affect the water provisioning

and management of the water supplies of the North West Province include the following:

Climate change

Drought and the management of droughts

Water quality

Water pricing

The Water Provisioning and Management Plan should include the general approaches that

can be taken to manage the effect of these issues. These are discussed in the following

sections.

6.2 Climate Change

Climate change has been defined as any persistent change in the statistical distribution of

climate variables (Cromwell, Smith, & Raucher, 2007). The fundamental climate change

process is global warming. Increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) other Green House Gases

(GHGs) resulting from human activities have caused a radiative heating effect that traps

solar energy in the atmosphere that would otherwise be dissipated back into space. This has

contributed to an increase of about 0.74°C in global average temperature since 1900. There

is a consensus that GHGs produced by human activities have already caused an increase in

global mean temperature.

It is very difficult to assess the impact of climate change on the water resources of the North

West Province because of lack of specific data and information on how climate change could

be impacting on the specific area.

One of the simplest ways to envision the effect of global warming on water resources is to

follow the logic of what happens when water is heated; global warming will basically

accelerate the pace of the hydrologic cycle. Warmer temperatures will cause water to

evaporate more readily and cause the total amount of precipitation to increase at a global

level. This accelerated hydrologic cycle is logically projected to result in an overall increased

intensity of rainfall events. Consistent with the fact that global warming has already been

occurring during the last century, stream-flow records already document this increase in

storm intensity. Therefore the current hydrology has to some extent factored in the impact of

climate and is taken into account.

The impact of climate change on water supplies is difficult to predict for the North West

Province as there is no data available. However the following scenarios are provided as to

the impact of climate change on water supplies.

For arid and semi-arid regions such as the North West Province, warmer and potentially drier

summer seasons may occur which will result in the following likely to occur:



Page 113

(i) Changes in vegetation of watershed and aquifer recharge areas

(ii) Altered recharge of groundwater aquifers

(iii) Changes in quantity and quality (e.g., TOC, alkalinity) of runoff into surface waters

(iv) Increased water temperature

(v) Increased evaporation and eutrophication in surface sources

(vi) Water treatment and distribution challenges (disinfection, by-products, re-growth)

(vii) Increased water demand

(viii) Increased irrigation demand in longer growing season

(ix) Increased urban demand with more heat waves and dry spells

(x) Increased drawdown of local groundwater resources to meet the above

(xi) More frequent and intense rainfall events

(xii) Increased turbidity and sedimentation

(xiii) Loss of reservoir storage

(xiv) Shallower, warmer water; increased evaporation and eutrophication

(xv) Potential conflicts with flood control objectives

(xvi) Water filtration or filtration/avoidance treatment challenges

(xvii) Increased risk of direct flood damage to water utility facilities

It is difficult to quantify the above impacts. The approach to address this has been covered in

a risk assessment that is provided for climate change in the following chapter.

6.3 Coping with water scarcity

Droughts in South Africa are becoming more frequent events with adverse impacts on the

economy, social life and on the environment. Although the North West Province is relatively

well regulated in terms of the storage capacity, the high variability in rainfall to the extent that

there are periods of drought (the extent and impact of which differs) and periods of below

normal rainfall, the existing dams which were constructed to mitigate during these periods

cannot provide the water requirements without some level of water restrictions. This is to

allow the available storage capacity to supply the requirements over the period of below

normal rainfall.

Drought results from a deficiency of precipitation from statistically normal (long-term average)

amounts that, when extended over a season or especially over a longer period of time, is

insufficient to meet the demands of human activities. All types of drought originate from a

deficiency of precipitation which results in water shortages for some activity (such as crop

production) or for some group (such as farmers). Droughts differ from one another in three

essential characteristics: intensity, duration, and spatial coverage.

Besides increasing water scarcity due to droughts, there is increasing water scarcity as a

result of water quality problems. The expansion of the mining activities in the North West

Province is likely to further exacerbate the water quality and subsequently water scarcity

issues. The harsh evaporative environment in North West Province where there are low

rainfall adds to the amount of salts present in surface waters. The high temperature and the

addition of salts and nutrients to surface water bodies easily create conditions of

eutrophication, which largely affect water quality and the riparian ecosystems. With the

increasing return flows into the main surface water storages of the province such as



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Hartbeespoort and Setumo Dams, water quality issues are increasing. If not managed, they

will exacerbate the water scarcity problems of the province

In order to manage droughts and mitigate on water quality issues there is a need to ensure

that the North West Province develops a drought and water quality management plan to

mitigate any major droughts that occurs. The implementation of water restrictions is to

address the shortages of the water available for use to consumers due to below normal

rainfall conditions.

The following issues need to be addressed to ensure the province can cope with water

scarcity and manage droughts:

(i) The institutional arrangements for coping with water scarcity problems, water quality

issues need to be functional. The provincial Disaster Management should review the

organisational arrangements and administration systems to ensure a comprehensive

drought management plan is in place in the context of a disaster management

framework for the province.

(ii) The water operating rules should not only be confined to the surface water storages

in the province but must include operating rules for the dolomitic aquifers in the

province.

(iii) The management of water restrictions should take into account not only the priority of

water use as is the case currently. There is a need to ensure the socio-economic

impacts of water restrictions are taken into account when developing and

implementing water restrictions. A guideline document of incorporating socio-

economic impact of water restrictions for the North West Province to manage water

restrictions should be considered.

(iv) The design of conjunctive water supply systems to provide flexibility in supply and to

maximise on the yield of the available water supply sources such as surface water,

groundwater and rainwater harvesting should be considered during the planning

stages. This will ensure sustainable use of the scarce water resources of the

province.

6.4 Water quality

Water resource quality in the North West Province is impacted upon by mining, agriculture,

and industrial activities in the Province.

The main water quality problems identified (NW Outlook, 2008) are

Salt loading

Nitrate concentration

Fluoride concentration

Sulphate concentrations

The high fluoride concentrations in groundwater are limited to small areas underlain by

fluoride-rich rocks and are associated with the Bushveld Complex.

6.4.1 Salt loading

The extent of salt loading in the water available for use in each District Municipality is shown

in the Figure 6-1 below.



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Figure 6-1. Salt loading in each of the District Municipalities in the North West Province

R=Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM; N=Ngaka Modiri Molema DM; K=Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM; B=Bojanala DM

The salt loading, represented by Total Dissolved Solids or TDS ranges from less than

0.43 g/L up to 1.36 g/L. The maximum concentrations of TDS dominate the Eastern sections

of the Province. The TDS levels are very high by comparison to the DWA Guideline values

as shown in Figure 6-2.

Figure 6-2. TDS/EC concentrations compared to DWA guideline levels



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Likely origins of salt loadings in the water resources of the NW Province are mining activities.

In the case of the platinum and chrome mines this is as a result of the concentration of mine

water and leakage into the environment. In the gold mining activities, the source of sulphates

is usually acid mine drainage. Sulphates present in the dolomite springs are associated with

the gold mines from the far West Rand. According to DEAT (2007), the salt loading or TDS

problems are getting progressively worse through the Province.

Bojanala has high salts concentrations in its available waters. The towns of Themba,

Hartebeespoort, Swartruggens and Groot Marico encounter the highest levels of TDS. The

problems are probably due to mining activity.

High water salinity is evident in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM in the North East and South

West, probably due to gold-mining activities. The towns affected include Potchefstroom,

Stilfontein, Fochville (on the border), Klerksdorp, Orkney and possibly Leeudoringstad and

Makwassie.

The Ngaka Modiri Molema has high salts concentrations in its available waters in a band in

the North East of the DM. The towns of Lehurutshe and Zeerust encounter the highest levels

of TDS in this DM. It is not immediately clear what the sources of the TDS problems are.

Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM has high salts concentrations in its available waters in a

band in the North West of the DM. No towns are affected. Due to the fact that there is no

obvious human activity in South Africa in this region, the TDS problems may arise from

across the border in Botswana.

Effects of high TDS concentrations in the water resources are:

Scale build up in pipes, valves and filters reducing performance and adding to system

maintenance costs;

Deteriorate of aquatic ecosystem health, with death of sensitive species;

Interference with plant growth by limiting the uptake of water, therefore impacting on

irrigation agriculture;

Human and animal health impacts as a result of dehydration and diarrhoea.

There are a number of technologies available for remediating salts-contaminated water. They

are all heavily industrial-chemical and are very expensive.

Methods include:

Electro-dialysis

Electro-dialysis Reversal

Electro-deionization

Reverse Osmosis

Nano-Filtration

Lime Treatment

Acidification

Oxidation

Coagulation & Flocculation



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6.4.2 Nitrate loading

Nitrate concentrations in the water resources in each District Municipality in the NW Province are shown in Figure 6-3.

Figure 6-3 Nitrate loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW Province

R=Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati DM; N=Ngaka Modiri Molema DM; K=Dr Kenneth Kaunda DM; B=Bojanala DM

Nitrate concentrations in available water in the four secondary drainage regions in the North

West Province are presented in Figure 6-6 (NW Outlook, 2008).

Figure 6-4 Nitrate concentrations compared with DWA guidelines



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The information presented in Figure 6-4 indicates that water quality as a function of nitrate

concentration is above water quality guidelines in secondary drainage region A3 and C3 and

is close to the maximum guideline limit in secondary region A2 and C2. Assuming that the

four-year data at the beginning of year 2000 are applicable to present day, it is reasonable to

assume that there is no diacernible trend in nitrate concentrations over time.

The Bojanala and Dr Kenneth Kaunda DMs have little problem with high nitrate

concentrations.

The towns of Mafikeng, Makgobastad, Atamelang, Delareyville and Sannieshof in Ngaka

Modiri Molema DM and the Tocsa and Morokweng in the Dr Ruth S Mompati DM, encounter

high levels of nitrate in their groundwaters. This is probably caused by farming activities.

Nitrates, with phosphates, are referred to as “nutrients”. The effects of high nitrates and nutrients are:

Accelerated growth of algae which results in reduced oxygen or anoxic conditions resulting in death of aquatic animals;

Nitrate/nitrite poisoning resulting in deaths of infants.

Depending on the scale of the problem a number of technologies exist for remediation of

nitrate-contaminated water. At a very large scale constructed wetlands may be used to

remove nutrients from water. On a smaller, but still large scale permeable reactive barriers

(PRB‟s) are installed in groundwater flow zones. On smaller household and light industrial

scales “biofilters” consisting of porous minerals and bacterial inoculations may be used.

Reverse osmosis is another, more expensive remedy.

6.4.3 Flouride loading

Fluoride concentrations in water resources in the NW Province are provided in Figure 6-5.

Fluoride concentrations in available water in the four secondary drainage regions in the North

West Province are presented in Figure 6-6 (NW Outlook, 2008).

The information presented in Figure 6-6 indicates that fluoride concentrations in available

water are well above water quality guidelines in secondary drainage region A2.



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Figure 6-5 Fluoride loading in each of the District Municipalities in the NW Province

Figure 6-6 Fluoride concentrations compared with DWA guidelines

The towns of Rustenberg, Mabopane, and Mogwase in the Bojanala DM encounter high

fluoride in their groundwaters. Fluoride has its origins in natural rock formations. It leaches

from the mineral in the aquifers and is brought to the surface by pumping via boreholes.



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The available water in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality has little problem with high

fluoride concentrations. A small region exists on the Western border of this DM that exhibits

high fluoride concentrations. Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality has problems

with high fluoride concentrations in waters in the North West and in the South East of the

DM.

High concentrations of fluoride result in fluorosis and damage to teeth and bone.

Fluoride-contaminated waters may be remediated on a light industrial scale by reverse

osmosis.

Rural applications (mostly devised in Bangladesh) include clay filters. Rainwater harvesting

has also been proposed as an effective source of clean water to dilute fluoride-containing

waters to below toxic levels.

6.5 Water Pricing

The charges for raw water in both the domestic, industrial and irrigation agriculture are set

based on the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) Water Pricing Strategy. It is important that

water pricing which reflects not only the cost of providing a service but also the economic

value of water be considered in the management of water resources in the province. For

example the pricing of water for agriculture does not necessarily reflect the cost of supply nor

the value of water. However realistic pricing mechanisms require measurement of water

consumption which is not the case in most if not all the agricultural schemes in the province.

These are aspects that need to be debated at a national level when the Water Pricing

Strategy is revised.

Sustainable pricing is a key factor in maintaining the operational capacity of the water

supplies in the country in general and especially in areas where the water requirements

exceed the available water supplies as is the case in the North West Province. The water

pricing strategy should take into account sustainable pricing.

A sustainable water price is a price that will (1) reflect true costs and thereby induce efficient

water production and consumption, (2) promote optimization or the achievement of least-cost

solutions to providing water service, (3) achieve equity in terms of incorporating cost-sharing

practices as needed to enhance affordability, and (4) enhance the long-term viability of the

water utility.

Table 6.1: Implications of pricing on water efficiency

Pricing Implications for Water Systems Implications for Water

Customers

Under-pricing Jeopardizes financial capacity by

reducing revenues.

Can lead to postponement of necessary

expenditures.

Inflates need for supply.

Can be politically motivated and difficult

More affordable water bills.

Induces inefficient levels of

consumption.



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Pricing Implications for Water Systems Implications for Water

Customers

to overcome.

Overpricing Allows subsidies to other functions or

services, or excess profits.

Enhances financial capacity in the short

term.

Harmful to financial capacity in the

long-term by dampening demand and

inducing bypass.

Less affordable water bills.

Impairs the quality of life by

unnecessarily constraining

usage.

Sustainable

pricing

Ensures financial capacity.

Encourages maintenance of the system

over time.

Facilitates sound decisions about future

capacity needs.

Reduces the need for outside

subsidies.

May or may not be

considered affordable.

Sends an appropriate price

signal, inducing usage

based on prices that reflect

the cost of service.

Source: Tate (2002)

For implementation of the plan to ensure sustainability pricing the following actions are

required:

(i) Establish a long-term plan. Pricing and financial planning should go hand-in-hand

with coordinated long-term planning to guide system management, investment,

maintenance, improvement, and pricing decisions.

(ii) Seek optimal solutions. It is important that water institutions achieving least-cost

operations as it provides the basis for long-term efficiency. Least-cost solutions can

be found in alternative technologies, alternative institutions, or a combination of the

two.

(iii) Know the system‟s true costs. Knowing the true cost of water service is at the heart of

sustainable water pricing. Many water systems, perhaps especially smaller system,

may not fully appreciate the marginal cost of water service.

(iv) Understand the cost-price-demand linkage. Pricing obviously will determine whether

revenues will cover costs. But pricing also will influence demand patterns over the

long term.

(v) Practice goal-oriented pricing. Making sustainability an explicit ratemaking goal will

facilitate the development of effective rate structures.

(vi) Send accurate price signals. Prices that reflect true or marginal costs induce

sustainable levels of supply and demand.



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(vii) Communicate with customers. Water supply systems rely on well-informed

customers; customer support for the utility‟s pricing choices is essential.

(viii) Address equity concerns. Policy choices have distributional consequences that

should be understood and addressed. Equity and affordability are valid

considerations in utility management and ratemaking.

(ix) Work with oversight bodies. Many systems are accountable to local or state

governmental authorities, which may place particular requirements on the rate design

process.

(x) Monitor costs and revenues. Some rate design alternatives introduce more

uncertainty into the system‟s revenue profile. Monitoring can help identify issues that

require attention. Long-term sustainability requires continuous monitoring.

(xi) Make needed adjustments. No rate structure will produce theoretical results.

Adjustments will move systems closer to sustainability and related goals over time.

(xii) Explore new approaches. Modern water systems can explore an expanding range of

rate design options, many of which are very consistent with sustainability goals.



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7 MANAGING THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPLEMENTING THE

WATER PROVISIONING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

As part of the study, a risk management approach was utilised to identify any longer term

implications for the responses to implementing the Water Provisioning and Management

Plan for the North West Province and to determine appropriate actions or „treatments‟ to

mitigate them.

Three levels of risk were established, low, medium and high. The level of risk was

determined based on the perceived likelihood of the risk event occurring, and the

consequence of the risk event occurring.

The following categories of risk were identified:

(i) Climate change risks

(ii) Water requirements risks

(iii) Availability of supply risks

(iv) Water Quality risks

(v) Economic and financial risks

(vi) Stakeholder risks.

Generally, the means of mitigating or treating the risks requires processes for monitoring and

reviewing the WPMP input data and processes, and provision for consultation with affected

stakeholders.

The most significant risks were identified as climate variability and climate change, which

may have already had an impact on rainfall and therefore stream flows. Consideration was

also given to the possible implications for the WPMP that might arise from issues under

consideration outside the strategy area, for example, in adjacent catchments.

The outcomes of the risk assessment and the management of the risks are provided in Table

7.1 to Table 7.5 below.



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Table 7.1: Climate change and climate variability

Identified risks Risk consequences Risk

likelihood

Risk

evaluation Risk management

Temperatures rise

Rainfall/runoff events become

less frequent


more intense


more scattered

Severe drought occurs

Reliability of supplies from

existing sources reduced

Likely High Continue collection and analysis of

meteorologic, hydrologic and

environmental data

Complete review of the water

resource plans at 10–yearly intervals

Re-assess ability of existing sources

to meet existing demands at regular

(5-yearly) intervals

Re-assess ability to develop new

source options to meet water

requirements at 10–yearly intervals

Development of drought management

plans for water supply schemes

Optimise supply scheme

management, for example

opportunities for conjunctive use of

schemes

Consider benefits of developing

alternative supply sources when

considering future supply options

Quality of supplies from existing

sources reduced Likely High

Water requirements for supply,

particularly from rural users

increases

Likely High

Water supply available from new

source options less than currently

estimated

Likely High

Stress on some environmental

systems increased

Likely High

Supply failure Possible High



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Table 7.2: Risk assessment of changes to the water requirements


likelihood

Risk


Forecast population trends

change

Forecast industry trends change

Forecast mining trends change

Forecast agricultural trends

change

New production technologies

emerge

Water use practices change

Water requirements vary from

predicted trends

Likely Medium Update industry and mining water

requirement projections at 3–yearly intervals

Update urban and rural future water


Re-assess ability of existing sources to

meet industry and mining water


Re-assess ability of existing sources to

meet urban and rural water requirements

demands at 5-yearly intervals

Adequate planning for future growth needs

to incorporate consideration of the effect of

long term reductions in overall water usage

Water priority demands vary from

predicted trends

Likely Medium

New supply sources not

developed at optimum time

Increasing achievement of water

conservation measures can make

it more difficult to implement

short-term water savings that may

be required under significant

drought conditions

Possible Medium



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Table 7.3: Risk assessment on availability of water supplies


likelihood

Risk


(i) Predicted savings from

improved supply system

management and water use

practices not realised

(ii) Community concerns restrict

development of waste water

re-use proposals

(iii) Compulsory licensing not

effective in meeting priority

needs

(iv) Trading in allocations not

effective in meeting priority

needs

(v) New sources of supply not

developed in time to meet

demands

(vi) Alternative sources of supply

become available in adjacent

catchments, for example,

Midvaal Water Company

Existing users not able to benefit Likely Medium/High (i) Review the incentives & regulatory

mechanisms for WSPs to improve

supply.

(ii) Maintain and enhance incentives for

water users to improve water use

practices

(iii) Monitor water supply improvements

and water use savings

(iv) Undertake sufficient assessments of

new source options to establish

appropriate certainty regarding

development timeframes

(v) Monitor effectiveness of trading regime

in meeting priority needs

(vi) Amend ROP as necessary to address

any restraints to trading

(vii) Initiate and manage process for the

development of new sources of supply

in a timely and effective way

(viii) Review any new major supply sources

developed for their ability to meet the

projected needs in the strategy area

New users not able to access

savings as envisaged Possible High

Preferred options in the WPMP

may no longer be the ‟best‟

solution

Possible Medium



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Table 7.4 : Water Quality Risks

Identified risks Risk consequences Risk likelihood

Risk evaluation

Risk management

High Total Dissolved Solids concentration

Mining - improper planning and management of mine water during and post closure

Industrial - unlawful disposal of brines into water courses

Agricultural - overdosing fields with fertilisers

The cloaking of pathogens and other harmful substances such as heavy metals.

Increased water treatment costs.

Scale buildup, reducing performance and increasing system maintenance costs

Corrosion, reducing performance and increasing system maintenance costs

Reduction in agricultural production by intoxicating irrigation and livestock water

Reduction in aquatic biodiversity by intoxicating salinity-intolerant species

Cascading effects reducing biodiversity in fish, animal and bird populations

Likely in certain parts of the NW Province

High

·Identify and implement opportunities to employ desalination of discharges and treated water in all areas impacted by high salinity, in order to reduce the impacts of salinity on users.

·Quantify the extent of the mine remediation problem, identify the root causes for inadequate remediation of mining operations and implement a project to correct the problem.

Collaborate with DMR‟s initiatives promoting development of desalination technologies

·Land use practices that have increased the salinity of water resources to be controlled.

·Catchment management Plans for all catchments to be expedited, beginning with priority catchments.

·Warning signs to be placed at all sites in the Province where salinity levels pose a risk to human health.

High levels of Suspended solids

Increase in farming activities - tillage destabilising surface soils

Reduction of the effective capacity of impoundments.

Deterioration of health of aquatic species, e.g. Filter feeders and oxygen sensitive species

Changes to the ecological

Likely

High

Each CMA to develop and implement catchment-based land use strategies and policies to control the level of suspended solids in surface water resources.

Illegal small-scale mining to be



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Risk evaluation

Risk management

Increase in farming activities - overgrazing causing runoff and erosion

Increase in deforestation causing erosion and runoff of solids into rivers

Urbanisation - decrease in water retention, leading to increased runoff and erosion

Destruction of wetlands - decrease in water retention capacity of surface, leading to increased runoff and erosion

composition of the water resource, due to impacts on predation and limited light penetration


addressed, since these operations show disregard for environmental standards.

Small scale miners and communities to be trained on environmental management and health and safety, including the impacts of mining activities on water quality.

Ongoing environmental monitoring of small-scale miners required to ensure that water quality impacts are minimised.

High Nutrient concentrations

Improper treatment of sewage effluent emitted into water resources

Agricultural practices - High dosing of fields with fertilisers which penetrate surface and groundwater

Agricultural practices - Livestock farming producing nitrates primarily from urine

Resultant algal blooms are problematic for all sectors, particularly on the economic costs.

Nitrates are harmful to young babies – health impacts

Consequences of algal blooms affects the quality of life, recreation (economic), property values,

Certain types of algae produce toxins with serious human and animal health consequences.

Cyanotoxins may be carried through into purified drinking water or absorbed by aquatic organisms and passed up the food chain.

Reduction in agricultural production by directly intoxicating irrigation and livestock water

Eutrophication leads to significant

Likely in certain parts of the NW Province

High

A Provincial eutrophication monitoring system to be developed and implemented.

All formal and informal settlements to be to be provided with adequate sanitation services that are inspected and maintained regularly

Investigate and implement flow manipulation in rivers affected by eutrophication



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Risk evaluation

Risk management

modification of water quality due to the physical and chemical changes that accompany the growth of algae and macrophytes.

Oxygen depletion and fish kills are common results of algal blooms.

Reduction in aquatic biodiversity by increasing pathogens associated with high algal biomass and by oxygen reduction


Microbiological contamination

Unsustainable pressure on existing water treatment facilities by increased populations

Introduced pathogens - bacteria (such as giardia lamblia), viruses, and parasites introduced by migrant population

Improperly treated sewage - gastro-enteritis (infection of the gastrointestinal tract), hepatitis (infection of the liver), salmonella infection, dysentery (with sometimes fatal effects of dehydration in the young and the old), shigellosis and giardiasis (gastrointestinal infection causing diarrhoea - dehydration problems)

Introduced pathogens - cholera, typhoid - can kill via acute dehydration brought upon by diarrhoea.

Likely High A provincial microbial monitoring system to be developed and implemented.

Formal and informal settlements to be to be provided with adequate sanitation services that are inspected and maintained regularly

Acid Mine Drainage

Gold and coal mining - improper disposal of discard rocks

Economic costs associated with water treatment, similar to those of heavy metal and salinity pollution;

Negative impact on quality of social amenities, livelihoods;

Likely High Best practice guidelines for management and control of AMD, addressing the life cycle of mines, to be developed and disseminated.

Mining regulations regarding



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Risk evaluation

Risk management

Gold and coal mining - improper handling and treatment of slimes from concentrator processes

Gold and coal mining – Improper planning for and handling of post-closure decant

Health related impacts which are a combination of increased salinity and heavy metal contamination, including radionuclide contamination.

impacts on water quality to be implemented

Heavy metals

Gold and coal mining - improper treatment of mine water effluent

Gold and coal mining - improper handling and treatment of mine-derived solids, via Acid Mine Drainage

Agricultural practices - High dosing of fields with phosphate fertilisers containing uranium, thorium and radium

Industrial - unlawful disposal of highly metalliferous effluent, e.g. electroplating process effluents, mineral beneficiation effluents

Negative health impacts on animals in some cases leading to spontaneous abortion, diminished milk production, contaminated meat, premature death, with economic consequences.

Heavy metals can interfere with chemical and biochemical processes in some industries, impacting on product quality and yields, necessitating increased water treatment costs and higher costs of production, affecting competitively and sustainability of industries.

On human health, they are bio-accumulators, toxic at high concentrations, carcinogenic and result in neurological defects.

Likely High A provincial policy regarding the location and management of waste sites in close proximity to water resources to be developed and implemented.

Investigate the reasons for high levels of non-compliance to SANS 241, drinking water heavy metals specifications

Best practice guidelines for management and control of AMD, addressing the life cycle of mines, to be developed and disseminated.

Mining regulations regarding impacts on water quality to be implemented

High Fluoride in groundwater

Geological - precambrian basement granites and

Health affects – fluorosis and impact on teeth and bone - promotion of dental caries and microbial attacks on teeth.

Likely

Medium

Treatment of groundwater resources to reduce levels of fluoride especially in the Bojanala and Dr Ruth S Mompati District



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Risk evaluation

Risk management

fluorspar

Very dry environment - higher than average personal water consumption (drinking), leading to greater exposure to dissolved contaminants e.g. fluoride

Municipalities.

Vigilance of recent South African defluoridation technology from high tech (nanofiltration membranes - small-scale municipal) to low lech (acid-modified clays - large-scale rural)



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8 REVIEW AND UPDATING OF THE WATER PROVISIONING AND

MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Water Provisioning and Management Plan Framework

The North West Water Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) is the product of a

partnership between the office of the Premier in the North West Province who are

responsible for driving the Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS),

Department of Water Affairs (DWA) National and NW Regional Office and the local

stakeholders from District and Local Municipalities, representatives of agriculture and mining

sectors, as represented in the stakeholder workshops. Successful implementation of the

WPMP will depend on continuing partnerships and developing a range of new partnerships,

to plan and deliver services and infrastructure.

The WPMP should be seen as part of a suite of other plans such as the PGDS, the

Integrated Development Plans (IDPs), the Water Services Development Plans (WSDPs) that

contribute to achieving the outcomes of the effective water management in the province. This

WPMP will be implemented in conjunction with those strategies and plans.

To implement the WPMP, a range of more detailed plans must also be prepared, as

described in each of the four chapters dealing with the four district municipalities in the North

West Province. The scope of these plans varies from broad strategies down to detailed

operational plans. The WPMP must also be reflected in the catchment, district and local level

planning, such as the Catchment Management Strategies (CMSs) when developed, IDPs

and WSDPs.

Before building future water infrastructure, detailed feasibility assessments are required to

prove project viability and sustainability. Necessary applications and approvals such as water

use licence applications (WULAs), Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), must also be

obtained.

8.2 Monitoring of the WPMP

It is important that an Infrastructure Working Group (IWG) is established in the Provincial

Growth and Development Strategy structures to coordinate the review of the Water

Provisioning and Management Plan (WPMP) at appropriate times. In general, it is expected

that the WPMP will be reviewed on a five-year cycle aligned with the review of the

Catchment Management Strategy (CMS) if and when the Catchment Management Agencies

are established and the National Water Resources Strategy (NWRS).

Provision should also be made for ongoing monitoring of the implementation of

recommendations formulated with clear directives on how non performances should be

addressed.

Implementation and monitoring of the Strategy will be reported annually through the North

West Provincial PGDS Infrastructure Working Group (IWG) Annual Report and the annual

report to the Office of the Premier. However on an annual basis the Infrastructure Working



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Group (IWG) will need to review progress made by Water Services Authorities in ensuring

programmes and projects are implemented on time.

It is crucial that the PGDS Infrastructure Working Group (IWG) is committed to open,

accountable and inclusive stakeholder engagement processes. The Infrastructure Working

Group (IWG) will provide stakeholder organisations, individuals and interest groups with

opportunities to influence water planning and management.

Figure10.1 identifies the principle stakeholder organisations and interest groups. (to be

developed)

Should provision not also be made for external independent monitoring/testing of water

quality and water losses with appropriate referral and action if these studies show

deficiencies. How should National report to Provinces and how should these aspects in turn

be referred back for action at local municipality level.

To ensure successful implementation of the WPMP, the Infrastructure Working Group (IWG)

established to oversee the implementation of infrastructure in the province, should institute a

program of monitoring and review that will include:

(i) infrastructure implementation against milestones and performance criteria;

(ii) continual analysis and assessment of the water balance against population growth,

economic development and sectoral water use efficiency;

(iii) regular review and evaluation of the IDPs and WSDPs, seeking improved efficiencies

and service delivery;

(iv) Review the water master plans to ensure alignment with the WPMP by the

municipalities

(v) review the categorisation of priority and reserve desalination sites and the potential

for alternative sites to be substituted; and

(vi) reviewing outcomes delivered through WPMP implementation by preparing annual

reports on the programmes and projects envisaged by the plan

This approach will guide further development and updating of the WPMP and assist in

ensuring the water security can be achieved in the North West Province to meet the

objectives of the PGDS.

Aspects that may have been omitted and may be very important, are the following:

Solid waste management

Alien invasive plant control

Stormwater management

Wetland protection



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9 REFERENCES

1) DWA, 2003 Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality WSDP

2) DWA, 2006 Schoonspruit Sub-system Analysis; Draft Report

3) DWA, 2008 Feasibility Study for Utilisation of Taung Dam Water; DWA Report No:

PWMA 10/C31/00/0708

4) DWA, 2008 Vaal River System: annual operating analysis; DWA Report No: P RSA

C000/00/7508

5) DWA, 2009 Assessment of water availability in the Crocodile (west) River

catchment by means of water resources related models; Draft Report

6) DWA, 2009 Reconciliation Strategy for all towns in the Central Region; Draft

Report

7) Kwezi V3 Engineers. (2008). Taung Dam Water Utilisation Feability Study. Pretoria:

Department of Water Affairs.

8) Magalies Water (2006/07). Magalies Water Annual Report

9) Nako Projects (Pty) Ltd. (2002). Setla-kgobi and Environs Bulk Water Supply

Investigation: Final Pre-Feasibility Report. Mafikeng: Department of Water Affairs and

Forestry.

10) Queensland Water Commission, (2009). South East Queensland Water Strategy,

Queensland Water Commission

11) Rustenburg Consulting Consortium. (2008). Framework for the Water Services

Master Plan: Rustenburg Local Municipality. Rustenburg: Rustenburg Local

Municipality.

12) Tlou Consulting (Pty) Ltd. (2010). Crocodile (West) Marico WMA: Development of

Comprehensive Water Conservation and Water Demand Management Strategy and

Business Plan: Domestic Sector. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs.

13) WRC, 2009; Water Resources of South Africa, 2005 Study (WR2005); WRC Report

No: TT 308/08

14) WRP, 2001; Hydrological Study and Yield Analysis of the Mooi River upstream of

Potchefstoom Dam; for Bigen Africa for Potchefstroom LM

Documents

Development of a Water Provisioning and Management Plan in the North West Province 2008 - 2030