Development Journalism Slide Show

DEVELOPMENT JOURNALISM

CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT

• Everett M. Rogers defines development “as a widely participatory process of social change in a society, intended to bring about both social and material advancement (including greater equity, freedom and other valued qualities) for the majority of the people through their gaining greater control over their environment.

DEVELOPMENT – Some Definitions

• For Nederveen Pieterse, development was associated with economy:

• In modern development thinking and economics, the core meaning of development was economic growth, as in growth theory and big push theory. When development thinking broadened to encompass modernisation, economic growth was combined with a political modernisation, that is nation building, and social modernisation, such as fostering entrepreneurship and achievement orientation.


• Development is simply a purposeful change to world and kind of social and economic system that the country decides it wants. The new conceptions of development imply a different and, generally, a wider role for communication. Mass media communication campaigns for Development usually have their greatest effects on the more advantaged audience segments, thus widening the communication effects gap between the advantaged and the disadvantaged audience segments- Roger’s book on ‘Communication and Development: Critical Perspectives’


• Jan Servaes notes the different aspects of development within Modernisation Paradigm. Development was defined in the terms of economic growth and evolution is the central idea in the modernisation perspective. Development here is considered as: first, directional and cumulative; second, predetermined and irreversible; third, progressive; fourth, immanent with reference to the nation state. The developed western societies or modern societies seem to be the ultimate models, which the less developed societies strive to emulate


• Development planners learned that the choice of development strategy must recognise differences in access to opportunities for improvement within a nation, and between nations. Development would have to include mobilisation and reorganisation of the marginalised majority to counteract the continued monopolisation of all opportunities for growth by a stronger minority – Bella Mody in Designing Messages for Development Communication

Development

• The Passing of Traditional Society- Modernizing the Middle-East” in 1958 and “Toward a Communication Theory of Modernization” in 1963 by Daniel Lerner and the two major works of Wilbur Schramm (Communication Development and Development-1963/ Mass Media for National Development-1964) became major influence in modernising the world

Development Communication

• Development communication is the integration of strategic communication in development projects. Strategic communication is a powerful tool that can improve the chances of success of development projects. It strives for behavior change not just information dissemination, education, or awareness-raising. While the latter are necessary ingredients of communication, they are not sufficient for getting people to change long-established practices or behaviors –World Bank


• Development communication is a process by which an idea is transferred from a source to a receiver with the intent to change his behaviour. Usually the source wants to alter the receiver’s knowledge of some idea, create or change his attitude toward the idea or persuade him to adopt the idea as part of his regular behaviour –E.M. Rogers


• Development Communication commonly refers to the application of Communication strategies and principles in the developing world. Development Communication is to raise the quality of life of populations, including increase income and well-being, eradicate social injustice, promote land reform and freedom of speech and establish community centres for leisure & Entertainment. E.M. Rogers in Communication and Development

Development and Social Change

• What is modernisation? Modernisation is the process by which individuals change from a traditional way of life to a more complex, technologically advanced and rapidly changing style of life

Modernisation Paradigm

• Some of the characteristics of modernisation paradigm are:

• Development is spontaneous, unilinear and irreversible process inherent in every single society

• Development implies structural differentiation and functional specialisation

• The process of development can be divided into distinct stages showing the level of development achieved by each society

• Development can be stimulated by external, endogenous factors and by internal measures that support modern sectors and modernise traditional sectors.


• In modernization theory, the terms modernization and development have been used interchangeably to refer to a wide variety of social, political, economic, and cultural changes, for example, westernization, industrialization, rationalization, individualization, economic growth, democratization, cultural and social differentiation, bureaucratization, secularization, and the like.


• This modernisation theory suggested that cultural and Information deficits lie underneath development problems and therefore could not be resolved only to economic assistance. In the Third World countries, the presence of traditional culture was considered to be inhibiting development. In this period, personalities determined social structure. Traditional personalities, characterised by authoritarianism, low self-esteem, and resistance to innovation, were diametrically different from modern personalities and, consequently, anti-development – Waisboard in Methodologies and Strategies of Development Communication

Dominant Paradigm (Modernisation)

• In the Dominant Paradigm, development consisted of an attempt to increase productivity, economic growth, and industrialization by capital-intensive investments, sometimes tied to administrative reforms. The favourable effects of these innovations would "trickle down" from the elites throughout the society. In the process, the culture would be transformed from "traditional" to "modern." – Narula U. in Development as Communication

Media and Development

• The concept of mass media in this period originated from two communication models. One was Shannon-Weaver model of sender-receiver, originally developed in engineering studies to explain the transmission among machines. The second was the so called “magic bullet” model developed during the World War II for propaganda. According to Wilbur Schramm, all mass media have important uses in providing the network of understandings without which the modern large community could not exist.

Development in India

• After the independence in 1947 the state played an important role in accelerating the development of capitalism in India. Industrial production grew at a rapid pace, as did total productive capital in large-scale industries. The growth in the fast in two decades following independence led to a steady increase in the share of industry in the gross domestic product in subsequent decades such that while the agricultural sector declined from 51.2% of the GDP in 1950 to 33.2% of the GDP in 1985, the industrial sector grew from 21 percent of the GDP of over 36 percent during the same period-thus surpassing agricultural production by the mid 1980s.


• By the early 1960s, the top 75 monopolies, owning less than 6% of non-government, non-banking companies, came to possess 47 percent of the latter's total assets. By the late 1980s, industrial production in India reached new heights when public sector investments of goods-producing enterprises (including steel, mineral and metals, coal, power, petroleum, chemicals, transportation equipment, textiles and consumer goods) rose to Rs. 46,476.28 crore in 1987, an amount accounting for over 75 percent of total public sector investments that year.


• The number of wage earners in India doubled between 1951 and 1971 reaching more than 30 million, to over 45 million workers by the mid-1980s. The number of workers in industry grew from 5.9 million in 1951 to 10.8 million in 1961 to over 21 million in 1981.


• According to the World Development Indicator Data Base of April, 2007, the GDP of India in 2005 was $805.7 billion while the foreign direct investment in India is only $6.6 billion and the annual GDP growth rate has exceeded 9.1%

Development and Globalisation

• Empirical comparison of the period before and after liberalization demonstrates that, instead of economic stagnation, India achieved a marked acceleration in economic growth after liberalization. Indeed, India broke the barrier of stagnation that had been the lot of the country before globalization.

Development and Globalisation

• India’s rate of growth from 1975 to 2007 has been over 5.5 percent, compared to the derisively termed “Hindu” rate of growth of 3.4 percent over the period 1956 to 1975, and especially to the pathetic 2.6 percent over the decade prior to the nascent liberalization in 1975. In the dozen years from 1995 to 2007 the growth rate has been over 6.5 percent; during the last four years India has sustained an unprecedented average growth rate of over 8 percent


• agriculture had grown by 2.3% on average in the last three years against a target of 4%. Some two thirds of Indians make a living from agriculture. Defence spending for the next year is to rise from 890bn rupees ($20bn; £10bn) to 960bn rupees. India's 1.3 million-strong armed forces is the fourth largest in the world. With a present growth rate of 11.3%, manufacturing has become the "main driver of growth". The services sector has grown from over 9% three years ago to 11.2% today. India's savings rate was 32%, while the per capita income grew by 7.5% during the last fiscal year.


• India has maintained electoral democracy, not only holding free and fair elections for the nation’s government, but now over 3 million people hold elective office in its local governments. The specter of famines has been banished, absolute poverty cut by more than half, illiteracy dramatically reduced, health conditions vastly improved. India has become, in purchasing power parity terms, the fourth largest economy in the world.


India, which is now the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, will overtake Japan and become third major economic power within 10 years. According to some experts, the share of the US in world GDP is expected to fall (from 21 per cent to 18 per cent) and that of India to rise (from 6 per cent to 11 per cent in 2025), and hence the latter will emerge as the third pole in the global economy after the US and China. By 2025 the Indian economy is projected to be about 60 per cent the size of the US economy.


India’s 11th Five-Year Plan (FY2007–2011) envisages a new growth paradigm that will be much more broad-based and inclusive, bringing about a faster reduction in poverty. The plan focuses on reviving agriculture, raising investment in infrastructure, and improving skills. It targets average GDP growth at 9%. The percentage of people living in poverty has fallen to 27.8% in 2005 from 28.6% in 2000. After growing 9% in fiscal year (FY) 2005, gross domestic product (GDP) is set to grow 9.2% in 2006, and show average growth of 7.6% in the 5 years through FY2006 (FY2002–2006)

The challenges Indian economy faces

• a. Sustaining the growth momentum and achieving an annual average growth of 7-8 % in the next five years.

• b. Simplifying procedures and relaxing entry barriers for business activities.

• c. Checking the growth of population; India is the second highest populated country in the world after China. However in terms of density India exceeds China as India's land area is almost half of China's total land. Due to a high population growth, GNI per capita remains very poor. It was only $ 2880 in 2003 (World Bank figures).

• d. Boosting agricultural growth through diversification and development of agro processing.

• e. Expanding industry fast, by at least 10% per year to integrate not only the surplus labour in agriculture but also the unprecedented number of women and teenagers joining the labour force every year.

The challenges Indian economy faces

• f. Developing world-class infrastructure for sustaining growth in all the sectors of the economy.

• g. Allowing foreign investment in more areas • h. Effecting fiscal consolidation and eliminating

the revenue deficit through revenue enhancement and expenditure management.

• i. Empowering the population through universal education and health care. India needs to improve its HDI rank, as at 126 it is way below many other developing countries' performance

Developing Agriculture

• Asian Development Bank’s flagship annual economic publication, Asian Development Outlook (ADO), says: A key long-term structural challenge in India is sluggish agricultural performance, In addition to contributing substantially to inflation through rising food prices, shortcomings in the agricultural sector are a key driver of poverty and underemployment


• While looking at some of the agricultural products, one finds that India is the largest producer of Tea, jute and jute like fibre. India is not only the largest producer but also largest consumer of tea in the world. India has also the privilege of having the 1st rank in total irrigated land in area terms in the world. Among cereals production, India is placed third, having second largest production in wheat and rice and the largest production in pulses


• The report also emphasises that while agriculture and related activities employ around 60% of India’s labour force, they only make up 18.5% of GDP. As a result, there is pressure to transfer land to higher productivity industry and other economic sectors. Such transfers, which have displaced agricultural workers, have led to social unrest


• manufacturing has generated jobs for many of the less educated who are squeezed out of agriculture. The challenge, therefore, is to simultaneously boost agricultural productivity, while creating enough non-agricultural opportunities that are suited to those displaced, many of whom have very low education levels

Industrialisation

• 'It is only through rapid industrialisation that we can find meaningful solution to the problem of mass unemployment, underdevelopment. Industrialisation ought to be a win-win process for social transformation and economic development. A developing country like ours just cannot afford to view industrialisation as a negative phenomenon – Dr. Manmohan Singh

Industrialisation• Today Indian companies are

going global, becoming multinationals. The process may yet be incipient, but the change is visible and here to stay. Since the per capita availability of land is less than 1.5 hectares, there are severe limitations to expanding employment opportunities in agriculture on a large scale.

• Therefore, we have to find ways and means to accelerate the process of industrialisation and also to ensure that this process is sufficiently labour intensive.

• Textile industry is the largest industry in terms of employment economy from the current US $37 billion to $ 85 billion by 2010 creation of 12 million new jobs in the textile sector and modernization & consolidation for creating a globally competitive textile industry.

Service Sectors

• Service sector has maintained a steady growth pattern since 96-97, except into a fall in 2000-01. Trade hotels, transport & communications have witnessed the highest growth of level 10.9% in 2004, followed by financial services (With a overall growth rate of (6.4) % and community, social & personal services (5.9)% of all the three sectors, services have been the highest contributor to total GDP growth rate

Service Sectors

• IT enabled services, such as Business Process Outsourcing have been growing rapidly in the recent past and will continue to rise. India's large number of English speaking skilled manpower has made India a major exporter of software services and software workers. In 1999-2000 the Indian IT industry was estimate to have earned a revenue of Rs. 37,080 crore or US$8.67 billion – a growth of almost 50% as compared to Rs. 24,781 crore (US$6.05 billion) in 1998-99.

Service Sector

• Yet, while India has changed dramatically - with a rising consumer economy attracting everyone from Dell to Honda to Starbucks - a growing number of foreign diplomats, Indian academics, and businesses warn that the booming growth will fizzle unless India acts soon to spread the benefits to a wider population and boost investment in roads and airports, electricity and water, and basic education

Sustainable Development in India

• By the end of 1980s, the concept of sustainable development was launched by Brundtland Commission. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.


• Out of the inadequacies and also as a result of critiques by scholars and practitioners, the main bilateral and multilateral players in economic development have shifted to more holistic, equity and poverty-based strategies. Human Capital formation and human resource development focused on human beings as means to increased income and wealth and as input to increasing production.


• Based on Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul-Haq, the idea of human development which insists on human needs and social goals was taken up by UNDP internationally. Going beyond material well-being a developing nation like India should seek higher standards of health and education, wider opportunities for work and leisure, increased capabilities and choices for the individual.


Amartya Sen says: Human development, as an approach, is concerned with what I take to be the basic development idea: namely, advancing the richness of human life, rather than the richness of the economy in which human beings live, which is only a part of it


• The World Sustainable Development Forum had its annual meet this year 2007 in New Delhi under the banner of DSDS (Delhi Sustainable Development Summit had insisted on using technology for the poor.


• - Science and technology as an underlying premise for facing the challenge of poverty- Collaborative R&D: tailoring innovations and adaptations to local requirements- Making technological solutions accessible and affordable- Home-grown solutions: technological innovations on the field- The role of corporate social responsibility in innovating and helping the poor in adapting- Responsibility of the developed world in allowing technology to permeate to less-developed countries


• As the exploitation –driven by the prevailing development paradigm – of natural resources refuses to relent, management of these resources holds the key for sustainable development. People’s participation in the joint forest management programme was considered to have reaped positive result. Multi-stakeholder participation, therefore, holds the key to meeting the goals.


• India ranks 126 in Human Development Index (HDI) according to Human Development Report of 2006. While the Population with sustainable access to an improved water source in 2004 is 86%, while the population with sustainable access to improved sanitation in India in 2004 is only 33%.


• Amartya Sen speaking about Globalisation says, "The real debate associated with globalization is, ultimately, not about the efficiency of markets, nor about the importance of modern technology. The debate, rather, is about inequality of power." -The Guardian UK on Freedom Market

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Development Journalism Slide Show