Development

How much do Americans spend on Cosmetics?

Answer

$8 billion dollars!!!

• How much does it cost to build schools for the 2 billion people who need it?

Answer

$6 billion dollars

How much do Europeans spend on Ice Cream?

Answer

$11 billion dollars

• How much would it cost to provide working people with a toilet to the 2 billion people without them in their homes?

Answer

$9 billion dollars

Development

• The goal of development is to:– Close the disparity between wealthy and poor

countries.

How: by increasing wealth for poor countries and use that wealth to make more rapid improvements in people’s health and well-being

Human Development Index

• Countries are measured on a spectrum of developments.

• They are measured using three factors:– Standard of living– Access to knowledge– Life expectation and health• GDP, Literacy and Education, Life expectancy

Inequality within Countries

• HDI- scores a country holistically however errors in the true measurement can exist

• IHDI- Inequality-adjusted HDI• If IHDI is lower than HDI measurement it

means there is a greater development gap within the country.

• Very few: very wealthy, educated, healthy, etc.

Developed vs. Developing

Development

• http://hdr.undp.org/en/2013-report

How do we measure development?

• Standard of living• Access to knowledge• Health

First Measurement: Standard of Living

• People in MDC’s make a much higher income, on all levels, than those in LDC’s

• Gross National Income- the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters a country.

• GDP- is the same except it does not calculate the incoming/outgoing money.

• GNI- $40,000 in Developed and $5,000 in developing

How people earn their income is important

• There are three sectors of jobs:– Primary- agriculture– Secondary- manufacturing – Tertiary- services Most people in developing countries are employed

in Primary or secondary jobs. Held with the responsibility to grown their own food they cannot work to make additional money.

Productivity

• With the lack of technological innovation/ availability, people in developing countries are saddled with the task of completingwork with a high *value added*• Produce less with more effort

Consumer Goods

Consumer Goods

• Vital to the growth of countries are goods and services related to communications.

• Telephones enhance interaction between buyers and sellers and computers help to share information and communicated easily.

• 150 phones/100ppl (Developed)• 60 phones/100ppl (Developing)

Second Measurement: Access to Knowledge

People in developed countries complete more years of school

Developed countries have lower pupil/teacher ratios and higher literacy

Quality of Schooling

• Considered to be the greatest/most influential indicator of development.

• Years of schooling:– MDC’s:11– LDC’s: 6

• Expected years of schooling:– MDC’s: 16– LDC’s: 11

• Pupil/teacher ratio: – MDC’s: 15pp/teacher– LDC’s: 30pp/teacher

Literacy rates: MDC’s: 99%

LDC’s: 90% East Asia and Latin America 70% sub-Saharan Africa/South Asia

Third Measurement: Health

• People live longer and are healthier in developed countries

• Developed countries spend more on health care

Life Expectancy

Health Care Access

• The greater wealth that is generated in developed countries is used in part to obtain health care.

• Healthier populations can be more economically productive.

• Immunization:– MDC’s: 93%– LDC’s: 83%

Women!!!!!!!

Gender-Related Development

• The status of women is lower than that of men in every country.

• GII- Gender Inequality Index• Measures the inequality between men and

women in a country. • Uses three measurements:

• Reproductive Health• Empowerment• Labor

Empowerment

• Two indicators of empowerment:– Percentage of seats held by women in the national

legislature .– Percentage of women who have completed high

school

Labor

• Women in developed countries are more likely to hold a full-time job than those in developing.

Reproductive Health

• Two indicators:– Maternal Mortality Ratio- number of women who

dies giving birth per 1,000– Adolescent Fertility Rate: number of births per

1,000 women age 15-19

– Reproductive health is the largest contributor to gender inequality.

– United States scores poorly in both empowerment and teen births

Ted Talks: Hans puts it all together

• https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_at_state#t-410399