Development

ObjectivesHow do we physically change throughout our lives? Understand the stages of physical

development before we are born Recognize variables that influence

prenatal development Understand physical development

during infancy Understand physical development as

we age

Physical Development

1. Germinal Period: conception (egg + sperm = zygote) to uterine implantation

:20-2:58 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFrVmDgh4v4

43:59-46 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html

2. Embryonic Period: uterine implantation through the 8th week

3. Fetal Period: 8th week until birth (organs dev) - ultrasound

22:30-25:55 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html

Early Physical Development

Teratogen: environmental interruption to development (NTs change messages)Critical periods: interruption to certain periods of development has extreme consequences

Early Physical Development

Brain development http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLp-edwiGUU 2:35-6:30

Neurons – 150,000/minute 1st 12 weeks Myelination: myelin sheath (fatty coating

on the neuron’s axon) at 3rd trimester = faster communication between neurons

1,000 connections/second 1st 5 years Synaptic pruning – cut unused

connections 1st 3 years & during puberty Video: How to Talk to Kids Video: Blues Clues

Early Physical Development

Motor development: born with reflexes, develop everything else - turning over, grasping, crawling, walking, climbingSenses (video: infant perception) Hearing: functioning before birth;

declines after puberty (damage, cell death)

Vision: functioning before birth but not fully developed until age 2; declines with older age Requires experience (Dev Child 19-20:05)

Later Physical Development

Puberty: maturing that allows for sexual reproduction (ages 8-18)Menopause: women stop being able to sexually reproduce Male climacteric / andropause: men make less testosterone = less sperm production, physical changesSensory decline: taste, touch, hearing, smell, sight receptors all decrease

ObjectivesHow do we cognitively change throughout our lives? What influences emotional development? Understand Piaget’s theories and the

stages of cognitive development Understand attachment theory and its

influence over the lifespan

Cognitive Development

Schema: how things workAssimilation: judge using my schemaAccommodation: change my schema Example: Schema: Friends don’t lie to

each other. Situation: This person lied to me. Assimilation: The person who lied to me

isn’t my friend. Accommodation: Sometimes friends lie to

protect each other.

http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Piaget%27s_Stages

Cognitive Development

Ex. A child who is unfamiliar with exotic animals sees a zebra and calls it a horse. Ex. A child thinks that dogs are animals who live with people as pets. The child sees an animal that looks like a dog but works with the police. Ex. A child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides and shouts “It’s a clown!”

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages

Sensorimotor: (birth – 2 yrs) use senses & motor skills to learn (video: sensorimotor stage)

object permanence: things exists even when you can’t see them (Dev Child 12:02-14:24)

Preoperational: (2-7 yrs) thinks symbolically, develops language skills animistic thinking: everything is alive egocentric: can’t take others’ point of view

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages

Concrete Operational: (7-11 yrs) learns operations, conservation (Dev Child 10:25-11:28)

No abstract, hypothetical

Formal Operational: (11+) hypothetical, abstract, concepts adolescent egocentrism: others’ behavior

(v)

personal fable: your experience is unique, you won’t be harmed

imaginary audience: everyone notices you

AttachmentEmotional bond between infant and caregiver Strengthened by physical contact,

responding to needs, attention We have biological basis for emotions but

our responses are influenced by interaction

Early attachment style predicts approach to other adult relationships (romantic, friendship, work)Video: maternal separation

Attachment over the lifespan

Attachment as judgment of: 1) whether self is worthy of care 2) others will provide and meet emotional needs + self view, + other view = secure - other view = avoidant (dismissing, fearful) - self view, + other view = preoccupied

(ambivalent/anxious)In U.S. secure is related to best outcomes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU

Developmental Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder 6 of impairment in: nonverbal behavior, peer

relationships, spontaneous sharing, emotional reciprocity, language, conversation initiation, stereotyped behavior

Asperger’s Syndrome 2 of impairment in: nonverbal behavior, peer

relationships, spontaneous sharing, emotional reciprocity + stereotyped behavior – NO language or cognitive delays, causes problems in functioning

ObjectivesWhat kind of decisions and experiences shape us as adults? What are the different parenting

styles and what are their consequences?

How do we approach our own and others’ deaths?

Parenting

How is parenting style related to 1) personality 2) personal experience being parented 3) interactions with specific children? Which one of these is most influential, or, is something else involved?

Parenting Styles (v)

Authoritarian: low warmth, high expectations; parent speaks child obeysAuthoritative: high warmth, high expectations; more child inputPermissive-Neglectful: low involvement, low expectationsNeglectful-Indulgent: high involvement, low expectations

Child-to-parent effects: children affect parenting

Outcomes: School, work, goals

Activity

Experience with death

Grief Over a Death

Stages of Grief Numbness: dazed, denial, emptiness Yearning: longing, guilt, anger,

resentment Disorganization/despair: loss of meaning

in life, feeling listless Resolution/reorganization: accept loss,

able to feel happiness about memories, change life to incorporate loss

Your Death

Stages of Death (video) Denial: can’t believe it Anger: upset, seems unfair, unjust Bargaining: doing whatever possible to

avoid it Depression: feel like life wasn’t lived

fully, regret decisions, extreme negative feelings

Acceptance: believe it is happening and feel okay with the end