DEVELOPING THE NEXT GENERATION ENERGY …sproutgs.com/wpsg2/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Rochester-Regional-Energy...2015, resulting in total sector employment of 3,900. The annual global

Developing the Next Generation Energy Technology Ecosystem to Accelerate Domestic Manufacturing and Commercialization in NY

Leveraging Existing Infrastructure, Equipment Assets and Human Capital for Next Generation Energy Technologies

DEVELOPING THE NEXT GENERATION

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ECOSYSTEM to Accelerate Domestic Manufacturing

and Commercialization in NY

Report funded in part by a grant from the Federal Economic Development Agency (EDA)

Contents

1 Preface ....................................................................................................................5

2 List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................5

3 Executive Summary .................................................................................................6

4 Leveraging Capabilities for New Ecosystems ............................................................9

5 A Regional Approach ......................................................................................11

5.1 The Finger Lakes Region ...............................................................................115.2 Rochester, NY ..............................................................................................125.3 A Shifting Manufacturing Landscape ..............................................................135.4 Unemployment and Poverty ...........................................................................145.5 The Potential to Rebuild ................................................................................15

6 Existing Economic Development Initiatives and Policies .........................................16

6.1 2011 through 2015 – REDC Funding .............................................................176.2 2015 and Beyond – URI Funding ...................................................................19

6.2.1 Optics, Photonics & Imaging (OPI) ..................................................................206.2.2 Agriculture & Food Production (Ag & Food) .....................................................216.2.3 Next Generation Manufacturing & Technology (NGM&T)...................................216.2.4 Advanced Energy Technologies and OLED ......................................................21

6.3 Policy & Regulatory Impacts .........................................................................216.3.1 New York State .............................................................................................226.3.2 California .....................................................................................................246.3.3 Federal ........................................................................................................246.3.4 Global ..........................................................................................................25

7 Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Manufacturing for Advanced Energy Technologies ......................26

7.1 Relevant HV R2R Industries .........................................................................277.1.1 Battery .........................................................................................................287.1.2 Ultracapacitors ............................................................................................287.1.3 PEM Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers .......................................................................297.1.4 Solar / Photovoltaics ....................................................................................29

7.2 Existing Infrastructure and Capital Assets to Leverage .....................................307.2.1 Slurry/Ink Prep .............................................................................................307.2.2 R2R Deposition and Drying ............................................................................307.2.3 Post Processing ............................................................................................31

7.3 A Young and Growing Ecosystem ...................................................................327.3.1 Kodak Specialty Chemicals & Analytical Support .............................................337.3.2 BPC at RIT ..................................................................................................347.3.3 Kodak Pilot Cell Assembly .............................................................................347.3.4 BEST T&CC .................................................................................................357.3.5 Ecosystem Gaps ...........................................................................................35

7.4 Human Capital .............................................................................................35

3

4

7.5 Existing Companies .......................................................................................367.6 Competitive Position .....................................................................................37

7.6.1 Domestic Competition for a Regional Ecosystem .............................................377.6.2 Global Competition .......................................................................................38

7.7 Recommendations and Implementation Timeline .............................................407.7.1 2017 / 2018 (Immediate) ............................................................................407.7.2 2019 / 2020 (Short Term) ...........................................................................417.7.3 Beyond 2020 (Long Term) ...........................................................................41

8 OLED Materials & Technologies .............................................................................43

8.1 OLED Advantages .........................................................................................458.2 OLED Limitations ..........................................................................................458.3 OLED in Rochester ........................................................................................45

8.3.1 Establishing an OLED Ecosystem ..................................................................468.3.2 Leveraging Local Knowledge and Talent .........................................................47

8.4 Roadmap & Recommendations ......................................................................488.4.1 2017 / 2018 (Immediate) .............................................................................488.4.2 2021 (Short Term) .......................................................................................498.4.3 Beyond 2021 (Long Term) ............................................................................49

9 Support Resources for Business Attraction & Growth ..............................................50

9.1 Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE) ...............................................................519.2 New York Battery & Energy Storage Technology Consortium (NY-BEST) ............519.3 Greater Rochester Chamber of Commerce .....................................................519.4 High Tech Rochester (HTR) ............................................................................51

Appendix A / Greater Rochester, NY Top Private Sector Employers, 2016 ......................53

Endnotes .....................................................................................................................55

5Developing the Next Generation Energy Technology Ecosystem to Accelerate Domestic Manufacturing and Commercialization in NY

1 Preface

This report has been prepared to provide a comprehensive roadmap to the future for Next Generation Energy Technologies in the Finger Lakes Region of New York. These include Advanced Energy Technologies such as batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells, electrolyzers, perovskite-based solar, and OLEDs. Additionally, it will provide the history leading to where the Region is today, an understanding of the current state of affairs and action plans being executed, and future initiatives needed to support this sector.

There is a practical focus on leveraging existing assets where possible to enable maximum economic growth with minimal additional investment. The repurposing of tools and infrastructure as well as the retraining of manufacturing skills and tapping into the deep technical capability of the area to allow successful participation in these new and growing markets is critical.

Matt Fronk and Courtney Reich, PE served as the principal authors in collaboration with Kelly Mandarano of the Eastman Kodak Company.

The roadmap was developed with a diverse set of inputs from the technical, business, and economic development stakeholders in the Region and across the State. Their contributions and insights are very much appreciated.

Jaison Abel – Federal Reserve Bank

Dr. William Acker – NY-BEST

Michael Alt – SignaChem

Robert Anstey – GDI

Michael Boroson – OLEDWorks

John Cerveny – NY-BEST

Stephan DeLuca – Energy Materials Corporation

Jason Doling – NYSERDA

Fisher Yates Communications

Dr. Matthew Ganter, PhD – Rochester Institute of Technology

Matt Hurlbutt – Greater Rochester Enterprise

William McKenna – GDI

Douglas Morris – Polaris Battery Labs LLC

Daniel O’Connell – American Fuel Cell

Mark Peterson – Greater Rochester Enterprise (former)

Tommie Royster – R Display and Lighting

Dr. Chris Schauerman, PhD – Rochester Institute of Technology

Congresswoman Louise Slaughter – NY District 25

David Wetter – American Fuel Cell

This report was funded in part with support from the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA). The opinions expressed in this report reflect those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the EDA, the U.S. Department of Commerce, or the Eastman Kodak Company. Content from this report may be quoted with proper attribution.

2 List of Acronyms

EBP Eastman Business Park

EDA Economic Development Administration

EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

ESD Empire State Development

FLR Finger Lakes Region (9 county area)

FLREDC Finger Lakes Regional Economic Development Council

FLX Finger Lakes Forward: United for Success

GRE Greater Rochester Enterprise

HV R2R High Value Roll-to-Roll

LED Light-Emitting Diode

MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area

NYS New York State

OLED Organic Light-Emitting Diode

RCSD Rochester City School District

REDC Regional Economic Development Council

RMAPI Rochester-Monroe Anti-Poverty Initiative

S2S Sheet-to-Sheet

URI Upstate Revitalization Initiative

3 Executive Summary

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

6


The Finger Lakes Region has a rich history of idea generation, technology innovation, manufacturing scale up and success-ful product commercialization across a broad range of market sectors. One key area in which the Region is well poised for future growth and job creation is the Advanced Energy Technology space. For this report, the Advanced Energy Technology sector includes new and environmentally favorable methods of energy generation (including fuel cells, electrolyzers and perovskite-based solar PV) and energy storage (batteries and ultracapacitors), as well as technologies which enable a reduction in energy use (such as OLED lighting and displays).

Today’s environmental policies and those in place for the future demand an increase in overall energy efficiency and a drastic reduction in our global carbon footprint. Regulations at state, national and global levels are driving innovation in these areas, as well as a demand for domestic manufacturing for advanced tech-nologies for energy storage, energy generation and OLED lighting. NY and CA lead the US with renewable energy requirements of 50% by 2030, which requires large format energy storage (such as batteries) for grid applications. Nationally, automobile CAFE standards for 2025 have been set at 54.5 mpg, which drives more substantial vehicle electrification, and therefore more batteries, fuel cells or ultracapacitors to meet these regulations. Today, much of the world’s battery manufacturing occurs in Asia. While the US has led the world in battery research and development, it has had a very minor role in manufacturing and the value chain. For these next developments and regulations, it would be in the best interest of the US to manufacture these technologies domestically. This will require a well-coordinated plan and roadmap, including technology developers, availability of commercial manufacturing capabilities, early entry points for the commercial products, and a consistent energy policy across the nation. New York State has been a leader in this area, and in January of 2017, NYSERDA announced that job growth in NY’s energy storage industry was 30% from 2012 to 2015, resulting in total sector employment of 3,900. The annual global revenues from the NYS storage industry grew 50%, to $906 million, in the same period, with a projected increase to $8.7 billion by 2030.1 The Finger Lakes Region is uniquely positioned to continue this growth and take advantage of this momentum.

The energy storage industry is expanding rapidly for both the grid and transportation sectors. The drive for increased energy efficiency on the road and the ability to store off-peak electricity makes batteries and ultracapacitors key technologies that are being exploited in many industries. There are many new battery chemistries being developed, and all of them require thin coatings applied to both sides of various current collector materials, such as aluminum, copper, and nickel. In the ultracapacitor field, many new material developments are occurring with various forms of carbon and graphene based materials for increased performance.

For energy generation technologies, such as PEM fuel cells and perovskite-based PV, various active materials must again be coated onto flexible substrates for integration into energy generat-ing devices. To realize cost potential, commercial, high volume Roll-to-Roll (R2R) processing capability, such as what is already in place in the Finger Lakes Region, will be required.

With the recent announcement of the Kodak Pilot Commercial-ization Center2 opening in the second half of 2017, the foundation-al Ecosystem for energy generation and storage technologies in the Region is nearing completion with cradle to grave capabilities for low volume (100k’s per year) manufacturing of battery and ultracapacitors cells. Included as part of this Ecosystem are: the Battery Prototyping Center (BPC) at Rochester Institute of Technol-ogy (RIT) for prototype level battery development; high volume R2R manufacturing (for electrodes) and pilot scale cell manufacturing at Kodak’s Pilot Commercialization Center (available on a toll man-ufacturing basis); and the BEST Test & Commercialization Center for development, performance and life testing of energy storage devices. Additionally, Kodak has announced a partnership with Polaris Battery Labs (Beaverton, Oregon) to provide an additional avenue for domestic battery development work to migrate to the Finger Lakes Region from around the country.

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) technology is another key development conceived in Rochester by the Eastman Kodak Company in the 1980’s. OLEDWorks and their investors have put millions of dollars to work to build their first OLED lighting manufacturing line in Rochester. Though it has limited capacity, it is a unique, highly flexible and scalable line. It is also enabling technology development that will be used and will de-risk a full-scale mass manufacturing line planned for Rochester, NY in the next 2-5 years. As an added bonus for the area, much of the needed intellectual horsepower is available locally, with dozens of highly skilled former Kodak OLED scientists and engineers still residing in the area.

If the Region is successful in implementing the plans laid out in this report, it will become the domestic manufacturing hub for energy storage and generation products (including batteries, PEM fuel cell and electrolyzer MEAs, ultracapacitors and per-ovskite-based solar) and OLED materials and devices. These key technology and product areas were among those identified by the Department of Energy (DOE) in a September 2016 publication, The Future Arrives for Five Clean Energy Technologies – 2016 Update.3 As stated in that report, “The clean energy technologies highlighted here are transforming how our nation produces and uses energy. While challenges exist for these technologies, it is clear they are not long-term opportunities, but a significant part of the energy landscape right now. We can and should plan on using them to clean our air, drive energy independence, and help build an economy that is more competitive and more efficient, all while reducing carbon pollution.” This fully supports the roadmap put forth in this report.

8 Developing the Next Generation Energy Technology Ecosystem to Accelerate Domestic Manufacturing and Commercialization in NY

Technology development, commercialization and volume man-ufacturing will be supported in the Region to ensure a sustainable Ecosystem for both Energy and OLED technology areas. To focus the next steps in developing this roadmap into executable plans, it is recommended to fund and engage a local economic develop-ment agency to lead this. Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE)4 is one example of a such an organization and is a not-for-profit sup-ported by private and public sector leaders dedicated to improving economic performance in the Region. Their purpose is to position the Greater Rochester, NY region as one of the most innovative regions in the world, and to attract new investment and economic growth. GRE collaborates with local businesses, universities, not-

for-profit organizations and government leaders to support entre-preneurship, innovation, business attraction and expansion. They connect business executives with local resources, including real estate, research and development assets, supply chain, business partners, potential incentives, workforce recruitment and training and entrepreneurial support.

The authors recommend that an economic development organization such as GRE act as the lead agency to coordinate and implement the key economic development enablers listed below. Additional funding will be required to fully develop and execute these plans. Funding sources have not yet been identified, but are expected to include State, Federal and corporate entities.

KEY ENABLERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS for this initiative include the following:

1. Develop an overall Region execution plan to enable this roadmap: a. A Regional Economic Development organization to coordinate all new projects in conjunction with the existing URI plans. b. Outside funding, from Federal (such as the EDA), State or regional (including URI) agencies will be required.

2. Repurpose and augment existing and emerging capital assets and infrastructures for new applications:

a. Allocation and upgrades to assets at Eastman Business Park, including chemical manufacturing, R2R, and cell assembly equipment for energy storage and energy generation productions

b. Scale up of manufacturing assets at OLEDWorks for high volume OLED device manufacturing, and establishment of a regionally supported and fully-funded multi-user or toll facility for OLED materials development and low volume manufacturing

c. Identify funding sources for above required capital upgrades and installations with focus on industrial and commercial partners

3. Leverage the outstanding human capital and intellectual horsepower of the Region: a. Develop a yellow pages of key people in the Region who can support the developing Ecosystem –

including technical, business, and leaders. b. Expand existing training and educational programs with local institutions to implement curriculum which prepares

a workforce for energy generation/storage and OLED markets c. Establish a “technical” incubator to provide support beyond typical business incubators; provide access

to resources, including lab and manufacturing tools and assets, and personnel with core technical skills needed to commercialize research ideas into viable products.

4. Provide shovel-ready sites and access to funding to move projects quickly from concept to completion:

a. Develop a cohesive regional plan including all available manufacturing sites (EBP, STAMP, STC, and others), and ensure a standard process for permitting and other site issues to enable rapid execution


The Finger Lakes Region has a long history of innovation, invention, technology development and manufacturing. Today, the Region is home to companies at all stages of development, from fundamental research to high volume manufacturing, and across every industry sector. The two industry sectors of interest for this report have their roots in the Region, though the sectors have grown in very different ways. Of interest in the areas of next gen-eration energy technologies are those which store and generate electricity, such as batteries, ultracapacitors, solar PV, fuel cells and electrolyzers, and technologies which enable efficient use of energy, such as OLED for lighting and display applications. Each of these energy generation and storage technologies make use of R2R manufacturing, which is well established at Eastman Kodak, and the OLED technologies are all born from the initial OLED development at Kodak in the 1980’s. OLED lighting and displays may eventually be manufactured using R2R methods as well, though significant development efforts are needed to enable this in the next 5-10 years. The existing R2R equipment will likely not be appropriate for OLEDs, and a new machine with vacuum evapora-tion capability will be required.

In both cases, the Region can leverage existing capacity, in the form of infrastructure, capital equipment assets, fundamental knowledge, and a highly skilled workforce to develop thriving new

Ecosystems, which will accelerate the development and commer-cialization of each of these next generation energy technologies.

R2R manufacturing was pioneered by George Eastman at the Eastman Kodak Company and perfected to produce photographic and motion picture film. Kodak established a manufacturing Ecosystem in Rochester that was vertically integrated from fundamental chemistry through the final consumer products, and was staffed with the scientists, engineers and technicians required to support it.5

George Eastman and Thomas Edison, 1928

4 Leveraging Capabilities For New Ecosystems

4 LEVERAGING CAPABILITIES

FOR NEW ECOSYSTEMS


Today, the demand for traditional film has greatly diminished, but the equipment and manufacturing processes established in Rochester for film are well suited to a multitude of other applica-tions outside of traditional imaging. The fundamental manufactur-ing knowledge needed to process a wide range of materials using R2R deposition techniques is ingrained in the Region, and Kodak still operates many R2R tools on a toll manufacturing basis. The growing energy storage (batteries and ultracapacitors) and energy generation (PEM fuel cell and perovskite solar PV) markets are making use of this knowledge and equipment to produce state-of-the-art components in the Region. The combination of available manufacturing assets and technical skills is unique in the country, as no other region can offer both the human and equipment capital assets that are available here.

Kodak white light OLED prototype 7

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) technologies were invented by researchers at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1987 after years of research.6 Chemists Steven Van Slyke and Ching W. Tang, the primary inventors of OLED, were honored with an Industrial Innovation Award from the American Chemical Society in June, 2001 for their work with OLED. Kodak incorporated OLED technol-ogies into many of their consumer products. The first consumer digital camera with an OLED display was the EasyShare LS633 which was released in 2003. OLED development continued at Kodak until 2009 when the OLED business was sold to LG.

In the early 2000s, researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Department of Energy developed two tech-nologies necessary to make flexible OLEDs – flexible glass and Barix. Flexible glass is an engineered substrate that provides a flexible surface for the OLED, and Barix is a thin film coating that protects a flexible display from harmful air and moisture. Corning Inc. developed Willow™ Glass, a flexible glass which can be used for displays and other applications. Willow™ Glass is manufactured in Corning, NY. OLEDWorks, a Rochester-based OLED company, is working jointly with Corning to develop flexible OLED lighting panels on Willow™ glass. R2R processing of OLEDs are enabled by these ongoing developments of flexible substrates and will enable cost-competitive high volume market penetration in many applications.

Today, OLED displays are commonly used in tablets and mobile phones, including the Samsung Galaxy and Apple iPhone product lines, with slower adoption and growth in the television market. OLED displays are expected to rapidly gain market share as the costs continue to decrease. OLED adoption for lighting applications is in the early stages, but expected to grow as the technology and manufacturing processes continue to mature.

Both Advanced Energy Technology and OLED Ecosystems are developing in the Region. Both provide significant opportunities to leverage existing assets, skills and capabilities for new products and technologies. The Advanced Energy Technology Ecosystem is well established, while the OLED Ecosystem is in its infant stages. A key next step for both of these industries is developing the mechanics for cost competitive volume manufacturing and supply chain partners.


While many of the key assets and technology developments for Advanced Energy Technologies and OLED applications have their roots in Rochester, NY, the economic influence of these industries is much more far reaching. This report considers the economic im-pact in a multi-county region in Upstate New York, and draws upon the infrastructure, physical assets, human capital and potential across the Region.

5.1 The Finger Lakes Region

The 62 counties in New York State are divided into 10 economic development regions. The Finger Lakes Region (FLR) is composed of nine counties: Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates. The Region encompasses 4,680 square miles and has a population of over 1.2 million

people.8 Over 60% of the population resides in Monroe County and 17% reside in the City of Rochester. It is bordered on the north by Lake Ontario and is demographically and economically centered around the city of Rochester – the third largest city in New York State, with a population of 210,565. Other major cities in the Region include Batavia (15,465), Geneva (13,261), and Canandaigua (10,545).9

As defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area (Rochester MSA) is in the FLR, and consists of six counties: Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Wayne, and Yates. The Rochester MSA encompasses 2,930 square miles and has a population of over 1 million people.10 The Rochester MSA is ranked 51/382 MSAs in the nation, based on population.11

5 A Regional Approach

5 A REGIONAL APPROACH


5.2 Rochester, NY

The City of Rochester is the economic and population hub of the Region. Rochester is in the northern part of the Region, along the southern shore of Lake Ontario. Interstate I-90 (NYS Thruway) runs east-west through the Region, and the Erie Canal passes through the northern portion, having served as the original transportation mechanism for goods manufactured in the area. The Rochester Region is within driving distance of major northeast markets such as New York City, Boston, Detroit, Cleveland, Toronto, and Washing-ton DC. The Region offers lower cost of living and higher quality of life compared to many of its larger neighbors, and is the epicenter of the Finger Lakes Regional economy.

The Region has received several recognitions and awards in areas that are key attractors for advanced technology development companies. These accolades are very important to companies looking to locate or expand in the area, as they know the right workforce can be hired quickly and locally to support their develop-ment programs. This human capital, or intellectual horsepower, is something the Region is very proud of.

“The Region,” “Rochester Region,” “Finger Lakes Region” and “FLR” are used interchangeably throughout this report to represent the full 9 county area described previously. “Rochester” refers specifically to the City of Rochester.

Some key recent recognitions received include:

• A TOP 5 INNOVATION-INTENSIVE CITY The Brookings Institution (2010)

• ONE OF 10 UNDERRATED HOTBEDS OF AMERICAN INNOVATION Fast Company (2012)

• ONE OF 35 U.S. INNOVATION HUBS The Atlantic (2011)

• #18 AMONG THE WORLD’S LEADING SCIENCE CITIES Scientific Reports (2013)

• 7th BRAINIEST LARGE METRO AREA IN THE NATION Luminosity (2013)

• 13h BRAINIEST CITY IN AMERICA The Atlantic (2012)

490

390 90

Rochester, NY Region

Lake Ontario

Orleans

Genesee

Wyoming

Livingston

MonroeWayne

Ontario

Yates

Seneca

Rochester

Batavia

Canandaigua

Geneva


The human capital element is supported by the area’s 18 higher education institutions, including both SUNY and private universities (such as nationally ranked University of Rochester and Rochester Institute of Technology) and community colleges. In all, local universities have a total student population of approximately 85,000, and award 19,000 degrees annually.12 Rochester ranks among the top locations in the nation for degrees awarded in mathematics, the physical sciences, biology, and engineering. The combination of a strong educational system and the ability to partner with local companies is a critical piece in enabling the continued expansion of Rochester’s growth in the areas of Advanced Energy Technologies and OLED.

5.3 A Shifting Manufacturing Landscape

The City of Rochester and the Finger Lakes Region have histori-cally been viewed as dominated by “big companies,” due to the presence of organizations like the Eastman Kodak Company, Bausch & Lomb, General Motors, and Xerox Corporation. Today, these companies employ less than 5% of the area’s total work-force (see Appendix A) resulting, out of necessity, in a much more diversified and balanced economy. When these large employers downsized, much of the highly skilled workforce remained in the area and formed businesses of their own. These new business-es span a diverse set of industry sectors including healthcare, photonics, optics, precision manufacturing, and the developing Advanced Energy Technology and OLED sectors. Batteries, ultracapacitors, PEM fuel cell and electrolyzer components, perovskite-based solar and OLED lighting and display develop-ments are included in these sectors.

The Finger Lakes Region has been one of the top manufac-turing regions in the country for the last century and is a major manufacturing center for New York State. In 2001, the Region produced $7.9 billion of manufacturing goods (2012 dollars), which was 16.7% of New York’s entire manufacturing output. At that time, the area had just 5.4% of the State’s population.13 The Region had double the manufacturing GDP per capita than the national average and was a major exporter of goods, exporting $3.7 billion (2012 dollars) worth of goods in 2005, making it the 38th largest exporting region of the country.14

The benefit of the Region’s manufacturing capacity is more than just financial. There are many categories of products critical to both national defense and commercial industries that are made in the Region and nowhere else in the U.S. Several state-of-the-art imaging companies located in the Region provide both consumer goods and defense-related products. Some examples of these imaging companies include: Exelis Geo Spatial Systems, Rochester Precision Optics, OptiPro Systems, and Cooper Vision.

Manufacturing has always been central to the Rochester and Finger Lakes economies. In 1990, there were over 120,000

manufacturing jobs in the Region, accounting for 25.4% of all jobs.15 Manufacturing drove significant wealth to the Region throughout the twentieth century. Historically, the manufacturing sector was dominated by a few large corporations, several having been started in Rochester, NY. Most notably among them have been the Eastman Kodak Company (founded in 1888), Xerox Corporation (founded in 1906), Bausch + Lomb (founded in 1853), and Rochester Products (founded in 1939), which is now part of General Motors. Among these major manufacturing entities, Kodak had long been the mainstay of the Rochester economy. In the early to mid-eighties, Kodak alone employed over 62,000 people at their Rochester operations. However, since the mid-eighties, manufacturing in the Region has been on a steady decline, causing a significant loss of the Region’s manufacturing base. Large manufacturers are no longer the main employers and many laborers have been left unable to find suitable work.

The Region’s first major manufacturing decline was experi-enced by Eastman Kodak when the market shifted towards digital imaging.

Decline of Film Photography 16

The Decline of Film Photography

Through 1990, film was the primary option for photography, but digital claimed market share rapidly. Traditional film peaked in 2000, and digital emerged as the clear leader. By 1993, employment at Kodak in Rochester dropped to 48,000, and job losses continued and accelerated from the mid-90s through the 2000s, due to the continued shift from traditional film to digital. By 2000, Kodak’s Rochester employment was 21,600 and by 2010, it was down to 7,200. In January of 2012, the company filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. In September 2013, the compa-ny emerged from bankruptcy with a business plan focused on commercial printing. This resulted in several of Kodak’s traditional businesses being divested or fully exited. As of 2016, Kodak employs 1,750 at all Rochester area operations.17


Rochester’s manufacturing decline is not limited to Kodak. Xerox, once a household name and leader in photocopying technology, was another pillar of the regional economy. Employ-ing 14,150 in 2000, the Rochester employment is only 6,100 in 2016.18 This decline is due to a combination of a shift in the company’s business focus from hardware to software and services, and the outsourcing and offshoring of much of its manufacturing operations.

Bausch & Lomb is a global leader in eye health products such as contact lenses and solutions, medications for eye diseases, and surgical tools and implants. Originally headquartered in Rochester, B&L announced plans in August 2013 to move the company’s headquarters to New Jersey and lay off over 400 people, or 24% of its entire workforce. Founded in 1853 in Rochester, B&L had been an important manufacturer for over 150 years in the Region.

General Motors has a long history of manufacturing in Roches-ter for the automotive industry. Rochester Products was founded in Rochester in 1939 to make carburetors, and later produced emission control devices, cruise control devices and fuel injectors. Rochester Products became part of Delphi in 1995, which was later spun-off from GM, and is now part of General Motors Auto-motive Component Holdings (GMCH). GMCH maintains operations in Rochester and is still a local manufacturing employer. General Motors also had a very high-tech facility in Honeoye Falls, NY, which housed the company’s automotive Fuel Cell Development program. Started at Los Alamos National Lab, the program moved to the Rochester area in 1997 and grew from a dozen people to over 350 people by 2012. In late 2012, shortly after GM emerged from bankruptcy, the company announced the NY facility would close and all work would transfer to Powertrain Engineering head-quarters in Pontiac, MI, resulting in over 350 jobs being lost locally. The GM Fuel Cell facility was one of only six such facilities in the world, and the closure represented a huge loss for the Region – both in terms of jobs and intellectual capital – all in the advanced energy field. While there was only limited manufacturing at the Fuel Cell site prior to its closure, the potential for high volume system

manufacturing in the Rochester area evaporated with the loss of the engineering program. The Canalside Business Center in Rochester, now home to OLEDWorks, was once a General Motors facility.

In all, manufacturing employment in the Region fell from 124,000 in 1990 to 102,000 in 2000 and to 60,000 in 2010. Today that number remains close to 60,000 – relatively flat.19

Manufacturing employment has been falling across the nation, however the pain has been particularly severe in Rochester due to the Region’s historically strong manufacturing base. In 1990 manufacturing accounted for one out of every four jobs in the Rochester area. Today it accounts for only one in ten. Despite the decline of these powerhouse manufacturing employers, the Region remains an important manufacturing center for the country, with the manufacturing output ranked 17th largest in the US in 2014.20

5.4 Unemployment and Poverty

Over the past 30 years, Rochester has endured a steady decline in manufacturing, resulting in fewer low to middle skilled jobs as the ‘big companies’ continued to downsize and outsource operations. While Rochester was once viewed as a thriving metropolitan area, full of opportunities and with high paying jobs for all skill levels, it is now one of the poorest cities with the highest poverty levels in the country. While overall unemployment rates in Rochester have dropped steadily from a high of near 9% in 2010 to under 5% in mid-2016,21 private sector employment and wage growth have lagged state and national averages.22 The City of Rochester has a population near 210,000 with 66,000 residents living below the federal poverty line.23 Rochester has the highest rate of extreme poverty and childhood poverty of any US city of comparable size,24 with more than half of all Rochester children living in households below the poverty line and nearly two-thirds of the households receiving financial assistance.25 Over 90% of all students in the Rochester City School District (RCSD) are ‘economically disadvan-taged,’ qualifying for free or reduced priced meals or other finan-cial assistance.26 The RCSD performance ranks last in the State,


and the 2015 high school graduation rate was below 50%.27

The current poverty situation in Rochester is a stark contrast to the booming manufacturing town it once was. Developing core industries which enable job growth in the City of Rochester is a key component of the recovery and rebuilding plan for the Region. Both the Advanced Energy Technology and OLED industry seg-ments provide opportunities for jobs across all skill levels, and will afford many employment opportunities for low and middle skill individuals.

In parallel with the 2015 Finger Lakes Regional Council (FLREDC) Upstate Revitalization Initiative (URI) proposal, the Roch-ester-Monroe Anti-Poverty Initiative at the United Way (RMAPI) was established as a community driven solution to the extreme poverty in the City of Rochester and surrounding areas. RMAPI has a goal of reducing poverty in the City of Rochester and Monroe County region by 50% over the next 15 years. One of the three key en-ablers of the FLREDC URI plan is Pathways to Prosperity: Work-force Development, which relies on RMAPI for targeted education and workforce training to place workers of all skill levels, and lift families out of poverty through new employment opportunities.

5.5 The Potential to Rebuild

Investments in rebuilding Rochester’s manufacturing sector are extremely important to the Region, state and nation, and they are also highly likely to provide a good return on private and public investment. All the elements that made Rochester one of the most important manufacturing areas in the country are still in

place. The higher education system, physical infrastructure, natural resources, large base of advanced manufacturing and support companies, and a highly skilled workforce remain despite the manufacturing decline.

The pool of talented scientists, engineers, and technicians that have made the Rochester Region one of the most innovative regions in the country over the last several decades are still here. Since 1976, over 18,000 patents have been issued to inventors in the Region. From 2007-2011, Rochester ranked 12th out of the top 100 metropolitan regions in patents per capita, and 2nd for cities of its size.28

Most of these patents were assigned to employees from Eastman Kodak, Xerox Corporation, Bausch & Lomb and General Motors, many of whom still live in the Region. This is a testament to the very high quality of life in the Finger Lakes Region, which keeps people here even if they have been forced to find work at lower pay or outside their fields of expertise. Many of these inno-vators work on technologies that support high-growth industries, including Advanced Energy Technologies and OLED, which bodes well for the Region’s ability to grow and support manufacturing in emerging markets.

The two major hurdles yet to be overcome are the lack of fund-ing to support small companies through the ‘Valley of Death’ to reach commercial viability for their products, and the need to train or retrain large portions of the workforce to support the emerging manufacturing processes for the next generation of manufacturing in the Region.

16

6 Existing Economic Development Initiatives and Policies

6 EXISTING ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES

AND POLICIES


In 2011, New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo established a new, regionally-driven model for economic development and job growth in the State. The 62 counties in New York are divided into ten multi-county regions, each with its own Regional Economic Development Council (REDC).

The Finger Lakes Regional Economic Development Council (FLREDC) is the REDC for the Finger Lakes Region. Of the 10 REDCs, 2 are considered Downstate (New York City and Long Island), and the remaining 8 are considered Upstate. The Upstate regions are Western New York, Finger Lakes, Central New York, Southern Tier, Mohawk Valley, North Country, Capital Region and Mid-Hudson.

The REDCs are responsible for developing regionally-driv-en economic growth plans, and identifying the key assets and opportunities for the local communities. Each region develops a strategic vision and implementation plan on an annual basis, and submits locally-developed project plans to compete for state funding. This process allows the diverse regions of New York State to properly prioritize spending and resources according to local needs and is intended to stimulate local job growth by capitalizing on the natural resources, workforce capabilities and industrial strengths germane to each region.

The Regional Council award process requires companies and organizations seeking funding to complete a Consolidated Funding Application (CFA) through their local REDC. These applications are

received as part of an annual cycle in late summer with awards typically in the late fall or early winter. Each REDC developed a process to review, screen and down-select project applications to provide a prioritized list to the State for funding.

6.1 2011 through 2015 – REDC Funding

In the first four years of the REDC process, NYS awarded over $2.9 billion for REDC projects across the State, which were expected to create or retain over 150,000 jobs.29 During this time, the FLREDC received over $300M in awards, with $13.4M sup-porting companies in the Advanced Energy Technologies sector. That funding has been focused in three areas – development of testing capability, materials development, and component development for manufacturing. A summary of the advanced energy technology related investments is shown in Table 1. There have not been any formal investments in OLED related companies via the REDC process.

The first strategic energy sector investment by NYS in the Finger Lakes was made to the New York Battery and Energy Storage Technology Consortium (NY-BEST) in 2011, to create the BEST Test & Commercialization Center – a state-of-the-art battery testing and certification facility located at Eastman Business Park in Rochester, NY. This award was unique, as NYS made a significant investment in capital equipment for a multi-us-er facility, as opposed to equipment for use by a single company.

NYS Divided into ten Regional Economic Development Councils (REDCs)

Regional Councils

Western New York

Finger Lakes

Southern Tier

Central New York

North Country

Capital Region

Mid-Hudson

New York City

Long Island

Mohawk Valley


Company Award Year Amount Description Status

NY-BEST2011 2012

$3.5M$3.4M

BEST Test & Commercialization Center (Battery testing facility @ EBP)

Opened April, 2014

NOHMs Technologies, Inc. 2012 $2MRelocate from Ithaca to EBP, establish battery materials mfg. facility

Moved in Aug, 2013; facility complete 2015

Graphene Devices 2012 $400K Production facility at EBP Award not utilized at present

RIT 2013 $1.1MBattery Prototyping Center (BPC) at RIT – pouch cells

Opened April, 2015

American Fuel Cell 2014 $500k Establish MEA manufacturing at EBPReward amount reduced to $50k

MicrOrganics 2014 $100k Establish manufacturing at EBP Award not utilized at present

NY-BEST 2015 $2MCertification test equipment at BEST T&CC; 18650 equipment at RIT BPC

In planning stages

Cadenza Innovations 2015 $200k Establish battery manufacturing at EBP Award not utilized at present

NOHMs Technologies 2015 $135k Electrolyte manufacturing at EBP In planning stages

NY-BEST 2016 – URI $1.2M Pilot Cell Assembly at EBP Opening Q3-2017

Table 1: New York State Investments in Advanced Energy Technology Companies via REDC Process from 2011 – 2016

The FLREDC awarded $3.5M in 2011, and NYSERDA awarded an additional $3.4M towards this facility which opened at Eastman Business Park in April, 2014. This facility was the first component of the Ecosystem to support Advanced Energy Technologies in the Region.

In 2012, $2.4M was allocated to relevant Advanced Energy Technology projects. $2M was awarded to NOHMs Technologies, a battery materials development company, to relocate operations from Ithaca to Rochester and to establish a Pilot Scale Manufac-turing facility at EBP. NOHMs’ move to Rochester was aided and enabled by Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE), the local economic development group, and funding from the New York State Energy Research & Development Agency (NYSERDA). A portion of this award was later used to support the RIT Battery Prototyping Center. Graphene Devices was awarded $400k to establish a manufactur-ing facility at EBP to make materials for energy storage devices. In 2013, $1.1M was awarded to the Rochester Institute of Technolo-gy (RIT) to establish a Battery Prototyping Center (BPC). The BPC is a multi-user facility, operated by RIT in cooperation with NY-BEST and provides low volume prismatic/pouch cell assembly services to numerous energy storage companies looking to prototype new bat-tery concepts. The facility opened in April, 2015 and is an integral part of the developing Advanced Energy Technology Ecosystem in the Region.

In 2014, $600k of funding was allocated to two additional companies to locate at EBP and establish manufacturing facilities. American Fuel Cell received an award of $500k to develop MEA manufacturing, and MicrOrganics received $100k to scale up their processes, though to date neither company has been able to utilize their funding awards due to the additional requirements put in place by the State to access the funds. AFC’s award was reduced to $50k, but due to the company spend required and to access the award funds, they do not expect to be able to utilize the award.

2015 was the final year of the original REDC process, and three additional projects were awarded state funding. NY-BEST received an additional $2M to expand the capabilities at both the BEST T&CC and the BPC. The testing capabilities at BEST T&CC will be expanded to include destructive and certification testing, and the BPCs pouch assembly capabilities will be expanded to include low volume 18650 development. These Phase 2 expansion projects are still in the planning stages. Cadenza Innovations, a lithium ion battery development company, received a $200k award to establish a battery assembly facility at EBP, however the company’s business direction has changed such that they are not currently planning to locate at EBP. Also in 2015, NOHMs Technologies received a second award of $135k to expand their manufacturing facility to include electrolyte manufacturing to support commercial-ization of their non-flammable electrolyte. This facility expansion is ongoing.


6.2 2015 and Beyond – URI FundingIn 2015, $1.5 billion was allocated for the Upstate Revitalization Initiative (URI), in addition to the typical CFA process. The URI al-lowed 7 of the 10 REDCS (Western NY, NYC and Long Island were not eligible) to compete for an additional $500 million each for local projects over the following 5 years. Each region was required to develop a much more detailed strategic plan including key industry clusters, global exports, and investment opportunities.

For the 2015 RECD competition, the FLREDC branded a comprehensive regional plan to compete for URI funding. The plan, entitled Finger Lakes Forward (FLX): United for Success is available on the NYS website.30 This plan identifies and leverages the key assets in the Finger Lakes Region, and establishes a clear plan towards meeting the economic, societal and environmental

goals. There are four overarching objectives to the plan: grow jobs, increase regional wealth, drive private investment, and reduce poverty. This will be achieved through the three key Growth Pillars – Optics, Photonics and Imaging (OPI), Agriculture and Food Processing (Ag & Food), and Next Generation Manufacturing and Technology (NGM&T), encompassing the key sectors for economic and job growth across the Region. Each of these pillars relies on three key enablers – Pathways to Prosperity: Workforce Develop-ment, Entrepreneurship and Development, and Higher Education and Research. These enablers are targeted for additional econom-ic investment and training to ensure the Region can adapt to the current industry and economic landscape, and fully implement the FLX plan.

Strategic Framework for FLX


In December, 2015 the Finger Lakes, Southern Tier, and Central New York Regions were announced as the winners of the URI award. Several projects have been submitted to the FLREDC and are awaiting award notifications from NYS. The first Advanced Energy Technology project to be awarded URI funding is the Pilot Cell Assembly Facility to be operated by Kodak at Eastman Business Park. A total of $1.2M in URI funding was awarded to enable the buildout of a $6M multi-user center which will produce pouch and cylindrical batteries and ultracapacitors at pilot manu-facturing volumes. This facility is the missing piece in the ‘energy storage’ Ecosystem that has been developing in Rochester, and is the culmination of over 5 years of continued NYS support for this industry segment. An application to support shared tools for OLED materials development was evaluated by the Finger Lakes Regional Economic Development Council for URI, but was ultimately not awarded. There is a significant lack of funding for OLED projects which needs to be addressed to enable commercialization and domestic manufacturing.

All companies and projects seeking funding through URI awards must work through the FLREDC and the appropriate Pillar Teams – Optics, Photonics and Imaging (OPI), Agriculture & Food Production (Ag & Food) and Next Generation Manufacturing & Technology (NGM&T).

6.2.1 Optics, Photonics & Imaging (OPI)

The OPI pillar draws on Rochester’s history of innovation and development in this sector. Based on a survey by the REDC OPI workgroup, there are over 100 small- and medium-sized busi-nesses in the Region driving growth in this sector. The Region’s expertise in the fields of OPI has been recognized federally with the announcement that the American Institute for Manufacturing Integrated Photonics (AIM Photonics) was the winning consortium of the Department of Defense National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) in Integrated Photonics, and will be headquar-tered in Rochester, NY.


6.2.2 Agriculture & Food Production (Ag & Food)Farming and food production are major economic drivers for NYS, with nearly 25% of the State’s total agriculture output coming from the Finger Lakes Region.31 The Ag & Food pillar includes all aspects of the Ecosystem, from farm to table to landfill. Specific focus areas of this pillar include: agricultural research, diverse farms and crops, healthy food production and sustainable waste management. The diverse agricultural outputs, including high production of vegetables, apples, wheat and corn, and the highest state outputs of wine, yogurt and canned and frozen goods,32 are spread across the Finger Lakes Region. Growth in the Ag & Food sector is a key enabler in reducing rural poverty by creating jobs for all skill levels across the Region.

6.2.3 Next Generation Manufacturing & Technology (NGM&T)

While OPI and Ag & Food represent historically significant industry sectors for the Region, NGM&T is poised to support future growth sectors. There are three key innovation hubs in the Region, and each is focused on developing different technology clusters. East-man Business Park (EBP) in the Town of Greece (Monroe County) is targeting energy innovation (new energy storage and energy generation technologies), biomaterials development and large scale food processing. The Downtown Innovation Zone (DIZ) in the City of Rochester is focused on job creation within IT, photonics, software and new media, and culinary arts, as well as attracting companies to occupy several existing buildings downtown. The Western New York Science and Technology Advanced Manufac-turing Park (STAMP) in the City of Batavia (Genesee County) is a 1,250-acre shovel ready site, ideally suited for multiple large manufacturing facilities for nanoscale, semiconductor, displays/imaging and photovoltaic applications. STAMP has the potential to bring 8,500 to 26,500 jobs to the area, depending on the ultimate industries represented.33 The Smart System Technology Commercialization Center (STC) is an existing 120,000 ft2 facility in Canandaigua, with capabilities to produce semiconductor and MEMS devices which could act as a feeder to STAMP.

6.2.4 Advanced Energy Technologies and OLED

Both the repurposing of R2R manufacturing assets for Advanced Energy Technology applications and the development of OLED manufacturing fall under the NGM&T Pillar. Eastman Business Park

(EBP) has been a regional priority since the inception of the REDCs in 2011, and remains a target location for manufacturing and job growth in the Region. The Region’s core R2R assets are all located at EBP, as are many of the supporting tools and facilities which complete the Ecosystem. The NGM&T pillar team fully supports and enables the key technology development and commercializa-tion projects, which will drive the growth of R2R manufacturing and related value-added process in the Region. The STAMP facility is an excellent candidate location for post-processing manufac-turing for many R2R goods. OLED technology was born at Kodak and development continues today with small companies located at EBP and in the Region. OLED lighting will ultimately be manufac-tured on large continuous R2R machines. Production using R2R is predicted to result in approximately 30% lower cost for OLED than traditional Sheet-to-Sheet methods.34

As a potential major growth sector, the NGM&T pillar team advocates for resources and funding for companies in this space, including proposed multi-user facilities and shared development tools.

6.3 Policy & Regulatory Impacts

Greenhouse gas emissions are a primary concern in the battle against global warming. Reducing our collective carbon footprint is one way to mitigate this ongoing environmental crisis. Environ-mental policies at the state, national and global levels continue to push for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and highlight the significant impacts our global manufacturing processes have on the environment. Domestically, New York State has implemented the Clean Energy Standard process, and the California Air Re-sources Board (CARB) has a renewed focus on automobile tailpipe emissions and overall air quality standards. The same messages were repeated at a global scale at the Climate Change Conference in France in 2015; we must promote and support the initiatives which enable our society to reduce our collective impact on the environment.

These types of policies drive the need for new technologies, new manufacturing methods, and new products. There will be significant economic benefit to the regions which implement infrastructure and policies to support the commercialization of these technologies. As of January, 2017 the following policies and programs are in place.


6.3.1 New York State

New York State is making bold moves to create a power grid that will support the needs of the people and businesses for the 21st century. Reforming the Energy Vision (REV) is Governor Cuomo’s comprehensive energy strategy for New York to help consumers make better and more informed energy choices, enable the development of new energy products and services, protect the environment and create new jobs and economic opportunity throughout New York State.35 The process will also transform the State’s energy grid from a centralized power system to one that is built to take advantage of diverse energy resources including distributed generation and storage.

The below graphical layouts of the NYS grid are provided by NY-BEST.

REV has been a lengthy and complicated process, with many stakeholders involved to arrive at a consensus on environmental goals. By 2030, NYS intends to meet three major initiatives:

• 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels)

• 50% of all New York’s energy generated from renewable sources (enforced by the Clean Energy Standard)

• 23% reduction in energy consumption for buildings (from 2012 levels)

In addition to the 2030 REV goals, New York is committed to an 80% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 (from 1990 levels).36

Meeting these key targets will require significant investments in both technology and infrastructure for energy generation, energy storage and for the grid. The need for more durable and lower cost energy storage systems, novel energy generation technologies and adoption of more energy-efficient devices will help enable these objectives. Rochester and the Finger Lakes Region is well suited to address these new technology needs.

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) is a public benefit corporation that was founded in 1975. NYSERDA provides information, programs, tech-nical expertise and funding to enable improved energy efficiency and increased renewable energy production in the State. Because of NYSERDA’s efforts, NYS is a national leader, along with CA,


recognized for their efforts in the support and implementation of energy saving technologies and policies. NYSERDA was a key driver of the REV process, and provides enabling funding to many university and small company technology development projects.

The New York Battery & Energy Storage Technology Consor-tium (NY-BEST), is a nationally recognized organization formed by industry, in collaboration with NYSERDA, in 2010, to position New York State as a global leader in energy storage technology, including applications in transportation, grid storage, and power

electronics. In February of 2016, NY-BEST authored the 2016 Energy Storage Roadmap for New York’s Electric Grid.37 It is a comprehensive look at the enabling technologies required to transform the grid in New York State. It recommends actions required by the Energy Storage Industry, policy makers, and key stakeholders to ensure that New York’s grid and economy can take advantage of the economic and societal benefits of energy storage for the future.


6.3.2 CaliforniaCalifornia is also typically viewed as a domestic leader on energy policies, and has enacted regulations to significantly reduce the state’s carbon footprint and to require significantly more renewable energy generation. The key energy policy goals for the state of California are:

• 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels) by 205038

• 50% of all California’s energy generated from renewable sources by 203039

• Double the amount of energy efficiency achieved in buildings and industry, relative to current policy in 2015, by 203040

California’s goals align with New York State, and together lead the country with the most aggressive climate change action plans.

CARB,41 the California Air Resources Board, has been the driver for some of the most stringent vehicle tailpipe and general air emission requirements in the country, and around the world. As a result, CA has led development and adoption of electrified automobile technologies including hybrid electric, all electric and fuel cell powered vehicles. Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandates have driven the major automakers to invest in these new, cleaner technologies to ensure they could still sell vehicles into the CA market. Further electrification of the automobile is driving the need for increased infrastructure and additional power at homes and businesses for EV charging, and for hydrogen fueling stations to enable widespread adoption of Fuel Cell vehicles.

6.3.3 Federal At present, states such as NY and CA are leading the way in implementing local regulations and GHG reduction targets, in line with global initiatives and goals set by the worldwide community. The world is vigorously pursuing a clean environment for the future and will be in need of the types of technologies and products being discussed in this paper.

While US federal regulations were stronger under previous administrations, the private sector also continues to pursue GHG reductions, energy efficiency and alternative energy technologies. As an example, most of the major auto manufacturers have proj-ects in place to increase the electrification of vehicles to address both emissions and efficiency, including hybrid, all electric (battery) and fuel cell vehicles as a path to 54.5 mpg. These vehicles are planned for worldwide supply.

This shows that beyond standards and regulations, the global economy demands expansion of these technologies and initiatives, and will provide the opportunities of the future in both jobs creation and commercialization of next generation products with a focus on:

• Transportation emissions and fuel economy

• Energy use in homes, businesses and factories

• Targeted greenhouse gas reductions

6.3.4 GlobalAt the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adopted the Paris Agreement, the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate deal.42 The agreement sets out a global action plan to put the world on track to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C. The agreement was opened for signatures on April 22nd, 2016 (Earth Day) and went into effect on November 4th, 2016 with 193 signatories and 111 parties, with these countries representing more than the 55% of global emissions needed to ratify the agreement.43

The Paris Agreement is a bridge between today’s policies and climate-neutrality before the end of the century. The objectives of the Paris Agreement include:

• A long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels

• To aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly reduce risks and impacts of climate change

• Focus on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, recognizing that this will take longer for developing countries

• To undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science

Before and during the Paris conference, countries submitted comprehensive national climate action plans (INDCs). These are not yet enough to keep global warming below 2°C, but the agreement traces the way to achieving this target.

25

7 Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Manufacturing for Advanced Energy

Technologies

26

7 ROLL-TO-ROLL (R2R) MANUFACTURING

FOR ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES


sensors for better energy management; low cost efficient win-dows, and various membrane applications (e.g. fuel cells, biofuels separations, water desalination, and industrial separations).45

Many US government departments and agencies have taken special interest in HV R2R as it relates to energy efficiency improvements, technology development and, ultimately, the domestic commercialization of these products. Specific areas of interest are around membranes, flexible electronics and OLEDs. The DOE supports technology development and commercialization across a host of departments and subgroups. Of key interest to the Rochester area are the activities supported by the Fuel Cell Technology Office (FCTO) and the AMO. The FCTO supports Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV)s PEM fuel cells, fuel cell backup power, and hydrogen gas separation, while the AMO supports traditional thin film (2nd generation) CdTe solar cells, solar reactive coatings, and battery/super capacitor/ superconducting cable/sen-sor technologies. Additionally, recent DOE Funding Opportunities include calls for R2R OLED lighting proposals, providing a path for additional development funding. The Department of Defense (DOD) supports flexible electronics for multiple applications, including transistor arrays for flexible displays, R2R processed OLED, flexible CMOS chips on paper and novel battery chemistries. For the US to be competitive in the future it must apply leading technological breakthroughs to both product development and manufacturing to ensure commercialization occurs domestically.

7.1 Relevant HV R2R Industries

R2R manufacturing has a long history in the Rochester Region, and significant infrastructure, capabilities and experience across engineering and manufacturing remain in the area. While the decline of photographic film products and traditional printing was once viewed as the end for the Eastman Kodak Company, the repurposing of existing assets and infrastructure is enabling a re-birth and new growth for the Region. Batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cell and electrolyzer components, thin film solar/photovol-taic and OLEDs are the focus of this current effort to repurpose existing assets, utilize the existing human capital and knowledge base, and accelerate new technology development in Rochester. R2R is well established as a manufacturing method for battery, ultracapacitor, and fuel cell technologies. R2R for PV is a newer application, enabled by recent materials developments. R2R for OLED is a longer-term play, which will require significant additional development to commercialize. The history of OLED in the Region, as well as the hurdles for future development and commercializa-tion are discussed later in this report.

R2R manufacturing is a low-cost, high throughput technique for continuous two-dimensional (2-D) deposition of materials over large areas onto moving webs, carriers, or other substrates. R2R manufacturing is also known as web processing or reel-to-reel processing and includes all processes where materials are conveyed and handled in continuous or roll form. It can include creation of products on a roll of flexible plastic, glass, ceramic, composite, or metal foil. It can also refer to any process of applying coatings, printing, or other processes starting with a roll of a flexible material and re-reeling after the process to create an output roll. The Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO), part of the Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) of the Department of Energy (DOE), defines a subset of R2R manufac-turing as High Value Roll-to-Roll (HV R2R). HV R2R processes are those which are energy efficient, have low environmental impacts, and are ultra-low cost.44

In December, 2015, Mark Johnson, Director of the AMO, conducted a workshop focused on HV R2R and how it should be applied across multiple different technologies, including both traditional R2R applications and newer cutting edge applications, many of which are in Advanced Energy Technology related areas. The applications listed below are a sampling of potential applica-tions and industries identified by the AMO as candidates for new HV R2R processes.

• Multi-layer capacitors (MLC)• Thick and thin film substrates• Thick film sensor materials• Fabric• Anti-static, release, reflective and anti-reflective coatings• Barrier coatings• Fuel cells – membranes and gas diffusion layers• Batteries – electrodes and separators• Flexible electronics• Metal ribbons• Paper industry• Chemical separation membranes• Photovoltaic

HV R2R methods apply across multiple sectors. Of interest for this report are the HV R2R advances which would have a signifi-cant impact on clean energy technology manufacturing. Specific examples include: thin film flexible solar photovoltaics (PV); battery and capacitor electrodes; organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs); reflective optical films for concentrated solar power; building structures with embedded PV or energy storage; embedded


be coated simultaneously to improve manufacturing throughput. After coating and drying, additional R2R processes are often used to slit the material to width (in the case of multi-lane coating), and to calendar the electrodes to ensure a uniform thickness. The sep-arator materials can be extruded, cast or otherwise manufactured via R2R methods.

The electrodes and separators are first level R2R products, and can be sold as finished goods to integrators for later assembly into cells. The processing of the electrodes, separators and other mate-rials into finished cells results in the second level, higher value end products. At high volume, additional R2R processes will be used during assembly to wind the electrode and separator layers prior to placing them in the pouch or can.

7.1.2 Ultracapacitors

An ultracapacitor, also called a super-capacitor and formerly an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is an energy storage device. While similar to a battery, ultracapacitors are best suited to high energy demand applications requiring frequent and rapid charge and discharge. A common ultracapacitor application is in vehicles such as trucks, busses or trains, where energy is captured from regenerative braking, and then used to accelerate the vehicle. Ultracapacitors can also be used in conjunction with Li-ion batteries to meet peak energy demands during fluctuating loads.

Ultracapacitors

Ultracapacitors are typically assembled as a cylindrical device, but can come in all shapes and sizes, and make extensive use of R2R manufacturing processes. The electrodes are typically carbon or graphene based, and are coated or compacted onto both sides of a thin-film metal substrate. Once dried, the electrodes are slit to the final width, and calendared. The finished electrodes are the first level R2R products, and can be sold as finished goods to integrators for later assembly into ultracapacitors.

The first stages of ultracapacitor device assembly are performed using R2R methods. The coated electrodes and separator are loaded as reels into a winder which aligns and winds the three layers into a tight spiral, often called a jelly roll. This jelly roll is then installed in a can for further discrete processing. The completed ultracapacitor is the second level, higher value product.

7.1.1 BatteryA battery is an energy storage device which can consist of a single cell, or multiple cells. Batteries are used in countless devices, from small wearable or implantable devices, to cell phones, tablets and laptop computers, to electric vehicles, and are a part of daily life. Batteries are used in applications where long runtime is desired, and where weight is a concern. The two main classifications of batteries are primary (single use, or non-rechargeable) and sec-ondary (rechargeable) batteries. Over the years, multiple chemistry types have been evaluated and studied, with most of the current technologies being a form of lithium ion (Li-ion). The two primary form factors currently being used for commercial battery develop-ment are pouch and cylindrical. A pouch cell is typically a thin, flat cell which uses a laminated polymer/foil as the ‘pouch’ to contain the electrodes. The cell is flexible, and must be installed into a larger assembly.

Typical household batteries, such as AA, AAA, C or D cells are cylindrical cells. Industrial applications often use 18650 or 26650 cells. The cell materials are enclosed in a metal cylinder (or can) which is welded or crimped shut. Cylindrical cells are typically sold to consumers and are user replaceable in a variety of household devices.

Pouch cell

Cylindrical cell

While there are many custom Li-ion cell designs, a standard configuration will be discussed. The typical components of a Li-ion cell are electrodes, separator and electrolyte. The electrodes consist of a thin foil (such as aluminum, copper or nickel) with a carbon-based slurry deposited onto both sides. Electrodes are typically manufactured using a R2R process, and both sides can


7.1.3 PEM Fuel Cells & ElectrolyzersA Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is an energy generating device which uses hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity. PEM fuel cells are typically used for both stationary or backup power, and automotive applications. A PEM fuel cell stack consists of multiple cells, each comprising of a plate and a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). The MEA is a multi-layer component, including a thin (10-15 micron) polymer membrane, a platinum based catalyst layer (10-15microns) on either side of the membrane as the anode and cathode electrodes, and a gas diffusion layer, which is typically a porous carbon paper, on top of each electrode. R2R processes can be applied to all stages of MEA manufacturing, including casting the membrane, coating the electrodes and ultimately assembling the MEA. A cross section of a PEM fuel cell, and a prototype roll coating machine for making MEAs are shown below46

Unlike a battery or ultracapacitor electrode, fuel cell MEAs do not have a metal substrate to use as a coating surface for the electrodes. Instead, the electrode material is coated directly onto both sites of a thin polymer membrane. The resulting 3-layer MEA, or catalyst coated membrane (CCM), is a first level product made entirely by R2R methods which can be sold for integration with the gas diffusion layers for use in stack applications.

An alternate manufacturing approach is to coat the electrode inks onto the surface of the carbon fiber paper, and later assemble the coated electrodes to the membrane. This method has been demonstrated using the R2R assets at EBP. After coating elec-trodes, various methods exist to assemble the components into a full MEA for direct use in a stack. Much of this processing can be done via R2R, including cutting and trimming, component align-ment, and lamination of the various layers. The resulting 5-layer MEA is a high value, second level R2R product.

An electrolyzer is an electrolysis device which uses electricity to make hydrogen and oxygen from water – it is essentially a PEM fuel cell which operates in reverse. The MEAs used in an elec-trolyzer are similar in materials and construction to those used in a PEM fuel cell, and can utilize the same HV R2R manufacturing methods. Commercial adoption and deployment of electrolyzers lags PEM fuel cells, however both applications benefit from the same R2R manufacturing advances.

7.1.4 Solar / Photovoltaics

A photovoltaic (PV) system, or solar panel, is an energy generating device in which multiple solar cells convert light energy from the sun into electricity. First generation solar cells use crystalline sili-con wafers doped with materials using standard semi-conductor vacuum manufacturing processes. Second generation solar cells were the first attempts at thin film solar, where multiple layers of photovoltaic material are deposited onto a substrate such as metal, glass or plastic. Cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si/TF-Si) are the most common material sets. Manufacturing of second generation solar cells requires high cost deposition techniques, including vacuum-based, co-evaporation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A next generation of solar cells uses perovskite materials that can be deposited using low-temperature, solution based R2R methods, enabling much lower cost manufacturing and increased throughput. Significant progress has been made in recent years to develop perovskite materials which demonstrate efficiencies competitive with crystalline silicon and do not require the vacuum deposition and high temperature processing of second generation materials.

Specialized laminating equipment for electrodes


7.2.1 Slurry/Ink PrepMultiple slurry/ink prep and mixing capabilities are available to support an array of products. Both aqueous and organic solvent based inks can be made in batch sizes from <1L to 500L or larger. Both high and low shear mixing, single, double, and triple shaft mixers, and powder milling and mixing are available, based on the application. If required, mixing can occur at a controlled temperature (10 – 80°C), under vacuum or pressurized conditions and utilizing controlled-rate addition. The highly-experienced staff work with clients to determine the most appropriate mixing and ink preparation methods and to ensure a successful scale up from lab quantities to full production. Additionally, on-site analysis is available for particle size, percent solids and viscosity.

7.2.2 R2R Deposition and Drying

The Kodak facility offers three levels of R2R processing equipment critical to scale up and commercialization of energy products. The equipment is flexible and can process a wide range of products. Demonstrated capabilities include:• Thin substrates ~ 10 μm• Thin layers < 1 μm• Thick layers > 100 – 200 μm (based on ink properties)• Multi-layer• Non-compatible chemistries• Laminated structuresIn addition to the tools, the knowledge and experience of the Kodak staff is a key enabler to rapid scale up of energy products.

There are many ways to construct a perovskite device, but the basic cell structure is shown below. The perovskite material is sandwiched between electron-transport and hole-transport materials (ETM and HTM respectively). The charge transport layers create a diode structure that allows for charge extraction from the perovskite layer into the electrode circuit. These layers can be deposited onto a PET carrier layer using R2R methods.

Counter ElectrodeETM

PerovskitePerovskiteHTM

Mylar with transparent electrode

The perovskite cell described above is the first level R2R product for PV and can be sold for later integration into solar panels. Once cells are produced for any PV technology, they must be interconnected and encapsulated in a module. The ability to print interconnected perovskite cell arrays on flexible substrates using R2R methods can substantially reduce the costs of module manufacturing by reducing the number of steps in the module line. The resulting perovskite based PV panels are the second level product enabled by R2R processing.

7.2 Existing Infrastructure and Capital Assets to Leverage

Kodak’s Eastman Business Park (EBP) facility is ideally suited to the development, scale up and manufacturing of R2R components for batteries, ultracapacitors, PEM fuel cells and electrolyzers, and perovskite-based solar. In addition to the R2R development, pilot, and production tools available, Kodak maintains a highly-trained staff with many years of experience in the operation of the coating and testing equipment. There is a wealth of knowledge gleaned from converting a wide range of materials into products utilizing the R2R tools. To complement the range of R2R coating capabili-ties which can be leveraged to energy related applications, Kodak provides a full suite of pre-coating and post-coating services. All the R2R related assets discussed in this report are owned and operated by Kodak at EBP in Rochester, NY.

Many energy products are already in development and low volume (pilot scale) production using Kodak’s existing tools. Battery and ultracapacitor electrodes are currently being manufactured for multiple companies and applications using copper, aluminum and stainless substrates. Multi-lane coating on the Pilot Line is standard, with each side coated in a separate process.

PEM fuel cell electrodes have been processed on the Develop-ment Line, successfully coating the electrodes onto carbon fiber substrates. Scale-up efforts targeting R2R processes for perovskite PV are in process on the Development and Pilot Lines.

Developing the Next Generation Energy Technology Ecosystem to Accelerate Domestic Manufacturing and Commercialization in NY 31

Development Lines. These lines are used for the early process development and proof of concept testing. Both gravure and slot die methods are available to efficiently deposit the ink or slurry onto the target substrate(s). These development scale tools enable low volume R2R deposition and drying, while minimizing the amount of materials used, to keep costs low during development. Processes developed on these tools can be scaled to the Pilot Line for higher volume applications. These lines require ink batch sizes of 1-4 L, and can coat from 2-10” wide at speeds of 5-200 fpm.

The Pilot Line. Often referred to as the Digital Pilot Coater (DPC), this tool provides additional capabilities over the development lines. Multiple deposition techniques are available, including slot die (continuous, stripe and skip), and gravure (direct, reverse and offset), with a six-zone dryer to ensure appropriate drying conditions for a multitude of materials. The Pilot line requires ink batch sizes of 3-500 L, and can coat from 6-16” wide at speeds of 5-5,000 fpm. The Pilot Line has a single coating station; however, the tooling can be swapped out quickly to enable multiple successive coating operations for a single product.

High-Volume Line. Eastman Kodak’s toll-coating facilities include an eight-station coating system designed for extremely high volume (above 10 million square meters per year). The High-Volume Line can coat at speeds above 5,000 fpm at widths up to 64”. The multi- station coating and drying capabilities allow for multiple successive layers to be coated onto a substrate in a single run. This is highly applicable to perovskite-based PV. Once the scale up has been proven on the pilot tool, the process may be transferred to commercial production on this tool set.

7.2.3 Post ProcessingTo minimize manufacturing costs, materials are often coated in multiple lanes on a single substrate and then slit to the desired final width. Kodak has an array of slitting tools available to process various substrates and produce multiple rolls at the required widths and with suit-able edge characteristics for device assembly. Many electrodes for battery, ultracapacitor and fuel cell applications require a calendaring operating after drying to compress and compact the electrodes. Kodak’s equipment can calendar materials up to 16” wide.


7.3 A Young and Growing EcosystemThe Kodak R2R tools represent the core of the manufacturing capabilities for energy storage and energy generation products in the Region. These tools, however, are part of a much larger Ecosystem which supports and enables the commercialization and ultimate manufacturing of energy products in the Region.

Typically, early concepts and ideas and fundamental R&D are performed at individual companies on bench or lab scale tools, with the support of a university research lab, or even as a univer-sity sponsored research or thesis project. For batteries, coin or button cells are often used for early material evaluations. PEM fuel cell MEAs must be tested in small form factor cells, with limited capabilities available at both RIT and Alfred State University. Ultra-capacitor materials are screened using 1 inch square pouch cell devices, and Solar/PV materials can be evaluated at a small scale with 1 cm2 samples. Beyond this very small scale screening and proof of concept evaluation, most companies do not have the tools

and equipment necessary to self-perform the scale-up activities, and the capital funds required to procure and install the equipment is typically a non-starter.

All the energy products and technologies described will utilize R2R methods and one or more of the manufacturing capabilities available at Kodak’s repurposed assets at some point in the scale up and commercialization process. For PEM fuel cell MEAs, electrolyzer MEAs and Solar/PV, the applicability of regional tools and assets is mostly limited to the Kodak R2R assets and the wealth of human capital, skills and know-how available in the Region. For batteries and ultracapacitors, however, there are sev-eral other facilities and equipment in the Region that can enable rapid product development, manufacturing scale up and commer-cialization with a very CAPEX-light model.

A possible path to commercialization for a novel battery material in the Rochester Energy Ecosystem is shown below.

PROTOTYPE

TEST

ANALYZE

THINK &

MODIFY

Kodak, ORNL RIT Prototype Center, Polaris Battery Labs

Company, with support from:National labs, NYSERDA,

NY BEST, Universities

BEST Test & Commercialization Center

National labs and Universities

Company “X”(ORNL, NREL, ANL, LBNL,

Polaris Battery etc.)

PROOF OF CONCEPTYES

PASS?NO

ManufacturingKodak R2R, Chemicals &

Cell Assembly

Rapid Access Analytics

NRELORNLLBNLANLRIT

Regional Energy Ecosystem — Commercialization Vision

Li-ion Batteries Ultracapacitors PEM Fuel Cell MEAs Thin Film Solar


The early R&D and idea development occurs at the company. After small scale (button cell) evaluation, larger format pouch cells are assembled at RIT’s Battery Prototyping Center. Preliminary testing is conducted at RIT to ensure the devices are functional, then additional performance testing and evaluations are conducted at the BEST Test & Commercialization Center (T&CC). These steps may be repeated multiple times with product improvements and material changes implemented based on cell testing results. When the basic material set is ready to scale, the materials and process are reviewed with Kodak’s R2R experts to determine the best methods to coat the electrodes at scale and volume on manufacturing capable equipment. The electrode inks may need to be reformulated to enable R2R coating, and the expertise within Kodak’s specialty chemicals and analytical support groups may be utilized. Once electrodes are coated at volume on one of Kodak’s manufacturing lines, batteries (or ultracapacitors) can be assembled at Kodak’s Pilot Cell Assembly facility into either pouch or cylindrical cells. The completed cells can again be tested and validated at the BEST T&CC, and ultimately sold to customers at initial market entry volumes.

For high volumes and long term production, companies will need to install their own, dedicated, cell assembly capabilities. The existing capacity for R2R coating at Kodak can continue to be used on a toll manufacturing basis well into production, and addi-tional cell assembly facilities can be located at EBP or elsewhere in the Region to maintain a proximity to the development tools and R2R capabilities.

7.3.1 Kodak Specialty Chemicals & Analytical Support

Kodak Specialty Chemicals (KSC) is a full-service specialty and custom chemical manufacturer located on site at Eastman Busi-ness Park (EBP), and offers customers the flexibility of predictable scale up from pilot to commercial batch manufacturing – from hundreds of kilos to hundreds of tons. KSC’s deep bench of capabilities includes expertise in process development, design for chemical manufacturing and world-class analytical and statistical process control. In addition to confidential custom chemical manu-facturing, KSC features a broad product portfolio of process-ready dyes, heterocycles, polymers, and photoactive compounds.

KSC also offers a wide range of analytical services applicable to raw material characterization, ink/slurry development, coating surface characterization, component cross-sections, and failure analysis.47

• Atomic absorption spectroscopy

• Conductivity

• Density

• Differential scanning colorimetry

• Emission spectroscopy

• FT Infrared spectroscopy

• Gas chromatography

• Gravimetry

• High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

• Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy

• Ion chromatography

• GC mass spectroscopy

• LC mass spectroscopy

• Mass spectroscopy

• Microscopy

• NMR spectroscopy

• Particle size characterization

• Potentiometry

• Refractive index

• Size exclusion chromatography

• Surface tension analysis

• Thermogravimetry

• Turbidimetry

• Ultraviolet, visible and NIR spectroscopy

• Viscosity

• X-ray spectroscopy

The analytical and testing services offered by Kodak are available on-site at EBP on a pay per use basis for outside companies. These services enable quick turnaround analytical studies without the need for each user company to allocate CAPEX funds to purchase and own the tools.


7.3.2 BPC at RIT The Battery Prototyping Center (BPC) at RIT focuses on the development of emerging energy storage technologies through a partnership between RIT and NY-BEST. The BPC was made possible by financial support from NYSERDA, ESD and SoLith (the supplier of the cell assembly equipment). The BPC provides prototyping services for both NY-BEST member companies, and other non-member companies, and features a 1,000 ft2 dry room. The dry room houses a semi-automated pouch cell assembly line, consisting of seven discrete assembly stations, as well as a second room available for rent for other moisture sensitive experiments and future expansion.

NY-BEST members have priority access to the BPC and can purchase dry room time at a discounted rate. Access to the dry room includes manufacturing and assembly of lithium ion pouch cells (assembly, electrolyte filling, formation cycles, degassing, and sealing), training on the use of the prototyping line equipment, and prototyping assistance from the dry room’s trained personnel. The BPC is uniquely positioned at RIT to provide prototyping services to multiple entities within NY-BEST while maintaining confidentiality related to industry and university projects. It’s a critical resource in the growing energy storage Ecosystem of New York State.48

7.3.3 Kodak Pilot Cell Assembly

Pilot scale cell assembly capabilities are currently being installed at Kodak and are expected to be online by mid-2017. This facility will be operated by Kodak under a partnership with NY-BEST, and is co-located with both Kodak’s existing R2R capabilities and the BEST T&CC for a seamless transition from coating to assembly to test. The cell assembly facility consists of a 1,000 ft2 dry room with both semi-automat-ed pouch and cylindrical cell manufacturing lines, and formation capabilities. The facility is expected to produce up to 500,000 devices on each line per year, and will manufacture both batteries and ultracapacitors.

The pouch cell line will produce cells from 24 x 24 mm to 120 x 120 mm using single layer, multi-layer stacks or flat wound electrodes. The cylindrical line will assemble batteries from AAA to D cell sizes, including 18650 and 26650 can sizes, as well as ultracapacitors in N and T sizes. All formation cycling and cell aging will be done on-site with final cells shipped directly to customers.

7.3.3 Kodak Pilot Cell Assembly

Pilot scale cell assembly capabilities are currently being installed at Kodak and are expected to be online by mid-2017. This facility will be operated by Kodak under a partnership with NY-BEST, and is co-located with both Kodak’s existing R2R capabilities and the BEST T&CC for a seamless transition from coating to assembly to test. The cell assembly facility consists of a 1,000 ft2 dry room with both semi-automated pouch and cylindrical cell manufacturing lines, and formation capabilities. The facility is expected to produce up to 500,000 devices on each line per year, and will manufacture both batteries and ultracapacitors.

The pouch cell line will produce cells from 24 x 24 mm to 120 x 120 mm using single layer, multi-layer stacks or flat wound electrodes. The cylindrical line will assemble batteries from AAA to D cell sizes, including 18650 and 26650 can sizes, as well as ultracapacitors in N and T sizes. All formation cycling and cell aging will be done on-site with final cells shipped directly to customers.


7.3.4 BEST T&CC The BEST Test & Commercialization Center (T&CC) is a state-of-the-art testing facility for energy storage devices. The T&CC can test single cells up to 240 kW modules, and offers both ambient and extreme temperature testing. The T&CC is a NY-BEST facility, which is operated by DNV-GL, a world leader in certification and testing. The experienced technical team can support all aspects of test development and implementation at the cell, module or system level.

The T&CC is co-located with Kodak’s R2R and Pilot Cell Assembly facilities and offers 3rd party testing services on a pay per service basis, with preferential rates available to NY-BEST members. The T&CC was funded in part by NYSERDA to provide a NYS location for battery testing. It provides the ability for young companies to obtain credible third party data to use with investors and potential partners and ensures that access to the latest equip-ment and test methods are available to all companies planning to commercialize and manufacture their products in NYS.

7.3.5 Ecosystem Gaps

NY-BEST put out a survey in November 2016 to understand from their members where they were in technology development as well as manufacturing, and what gaps or needs were required for their businesses to be both successful and sustainable. The feedback was from both battery and ultracapacitor companies. Three (3) main themes surfaced from the survey: The need for funding be-yond the R&D phase when companies were just starting to enter the manufacturing stage, the availability of low cost contract or toll manufacturing assets, and a high-quality supply chain that could be tapped into for low and mid-range volumes.

Additionally, for PEM Fuel Cell development, the lack of cost effective testing capacity for fuel cell MEAs at a similar level to the Best Test & Commercialization Center is a gap to be able to provide third party data to customers. In fact, this is a national problem for PEM Fuel Cells. There is limited fuel cell testing available through universities and National Labs, however there are no commercial testing options available to small companies and start-ups who do not have the capital funds available to install their own testing capabilities.

These issues will be addressed in part by the recommendations in this report. There are limited plans in place to assist in closing these gaps, however additional funding and resources are required to fully enable domestic commercialization.

7.4 Human Capital

While high quality and capable physical tools and assets are essential to growing manufacturing for energy products in the Region, the tools themselves are of little value without the skilled workforce needed to operate and use them. The strong history of innovation, technological developments, advanced manufactur-ing methods and high volume manufacturing in the Region has developed a strong workforce experienced across the full range of skillsets needed to commercialize Advanced Energy Technologies.

Historical innovation and manufacturing powerhouses in the Region, including Kodak, Bausch & Lomb, General Motors/Delphi, Xerox, and more recently Ultralife Corporation cultivated talent in the areas of research and development, product engineering, manufacturing (including R2R methods), equipment and tooling design, skilled assembly, safety and quality systems, and supply chain management. These skill sets are essential to the rebirth of manufacturing, and to enabling the reuse of existing assets to commercialize new energy technologies.

Though much of the local workforce is no longer employed by these major companies, the skill sets and talent remain in the area. The main gaps in workforce seen in the Region are for skilled manufacturing and technician positions, for which demand still outpaces the local capacity.

According to a 2012 report from the National Science and Technology Council, 67% of employers in the manufacturing sector report moderate to serious shortages of adequately trained


workers.49 To address this shortfall locally, the Multiple Path-ways to Middle Skills Jobs project has been put in place with support from the Finger Lakes Regional Economic Development Council. This endeavor is a partnership among higher education, public school districts, local Workforce Investment Boards, trade associations, and employers to create seamless career pathways featuring specially designed career exploration experiences. The project will also employ “learn and earn” strategies for secondary education students and post-secondary unemployed workers that target at-risk high school students and provide the support services that promote their success. The goal of the project is to create a system of pathways that link careers to high school edu-cation, community college programs, and on to four-year colleges in applied fields. These career programs can be replicated across the country in all academic programs and industry sectors. The project, led by Monroe Community College (MCC), will initially consist of three mobile simulation labs – one dedicated to each of the targeted sectors of advanced manufacturing, healthcare, and skilled trades. The labs will be equipped with materials and information related to each sector and will simulate a realistic work environment. Working with targeted school districts and employers, the collaborative anticipates that it will provide train-ing to 3,000 students and 50 adult workers in the first year of operation, with the number increasing to 5,200 in future years as the project expands. In addition to the hands-on training provided by the mobile labs, the program also includes job-embedded apprenticeships and internships, and will award post-secondary certificates.50

One example of successfully developing a workforce with the skillsets required to fill local jobs is the Accelerated Precision Tooling Degree Certificate Program offered by Monroe Commu-nity College. This program has averaged an 80% completion rate in its first 3 years of operation, whereas a traditional 3-year program completing the same curriculum has only a 33% completion rate for first time, full time cohorts. The job placement rate for the accelerated program remains very high at 90% over the last three cohorts. An investment by the JP Morgan Chase Foundation is allowing MCC to expand this program model to a new accelerated certificate option in Mechatronics, scheduled to begin in fall 2016.51 These programs enable students to learn at an accelerated pace, while using the latest technologies, tools and methods available. Upon program completion, graduates are easily placed into well paying, local jobs.

Continued growth in advanced manufacturing and energy storage in the Region will further highlight both the strong capa-bilities of the local workforce, and the existing skills gap to meet manufacturing needs. Additional programs such as those devel-oped by MCC will be needed to develop an adequate workforce to meet the future demands.

7.5 Existing CompaniesSeveral companies developing and commercializing relevant ener-gy-related technologies are currently located (either headquartered or operating) in the Rochester, NY area. These companies range from small start-ups to established manufacturing entities, and cover the full range of materials to consumer products for batter-ies, ultracapacitors, PEM fuel cells and solar/PV. Only companies whose primary industry is one of the above technologies are listed. Numerous other local companies support other aspects of the energy product supply chain and are key enablers to the overall energy Ecosystem in the Region.

American Fuel Cell (AFC) designs, optimizes, manufactures, and integrates MEAs for various PEM fuel cell and electrolyzer applications. AFC was founded in 2013, and is located at EBP. AFC was formed to utilize the vast fuel cell resources available in the Region, including the R2R capabilities at Kodak and the local workforce with significant fuel cell experience. There is a robust supplier network with fuel cell component manufacturing expertise, and strong programs at RIT, Alfred and Cornell to provide gradu-ates with fuel cell experience, and local options for testing. AFC was launched as part of the first cohort of the NEXUS incubator program at High Tech Rochester (HTR) – the regional Manufac-turing Extension Partnership partner through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), with a focus on developing low-cost MEA solutions.

Graphenix Development Inc (GDI), formerly Graphene Devices, is commercializing ultracapacitors with industry leading capacity and discharge capabilities. GDI was founded in 2009 and is head-quartered in Buffalo, with R&D facilities at EBP.

NOHMs Technologies, Inc. (NOHMs) provides materials to the global lithium battery industry that result in significantly longer- lasting, lighter, safer and more sustainable batteries. NOHMs was founded in 2010, and is located at EBP.

Ultralife Corporation, formerly Ultralife Battery, is an established manufacturer of primary batteries, secondary batteries, and char-gers for multiple markets, including military, communications, and medical applications. Ultralife was founded in 1990 and is based in Newark, NY.

Energy Materials Corporation is developing high performance electronic materials with potential applications in energy harvest-ing, energy storage, digital processing, and optics. One application is perovskite-based PV which is being scaled using R2R methods at Kodak. Energy Materials was founded in 2010 and is headquar-tered in Georgia, with R&D facilities at EBP.


7.6 Competitive PositionAdvanced Energy Technologies are seeing explosive growth around the world as more and more renewables are brought into use to support greenhouse gas initiatives and carbon reduction plans. Energy storage is required to make both wind and solar competitive as a base load technology and to further enable high volume electrified automobiles. For both grid and automotive applications, the energy storage systems are much larger than for typical consumer goods. Transportation of large volumes of high capacity cells is both a safety and logistics concern and is driving heightened awareness and increased regulations, both of which are strong motivators for increased domestic manufacturing.

Cost will be a key driver in any of these types of products and both New York and the US need to compete on a global basis with manufacturing of next generation storage and generating technologies. Asia has historically led the US in manufacturing in the battery, PEM fuel cell, and PV sectors. For the US to regain a competitive advantage, it will require the development of domestic technology clusters, hubs and development ecosystems to enable technology growth and the return of manufacturing to US based facilities. These clustered skills and tools enable the development of ideas and concepts, reducing them to engineering practice, and ultimately scaling the manufacturing either at individual companies or by way of contract manufacturing for high volume products. A very real example of this in the auto industry is Tesla, with their Gigafactory in the southwest US, with batteries being produced adjacent to their final place of use.

7.6.1 Domestic Competition for a Regional EcosystemThere are hundreds of Li-Ion battery companies globally. Many small and mid-size companies are located in the US, with the majority of the major manufacturers located in Asia.52 The large domestic companies include Tesla, who is building their own Gigafactory in Nevada, SAFT with a large manufacturing plant in Florida, and Johnson Controls, with production in Michigan. These major manufacturers make a variety of different battery sizes and configurations for use in multiple consumer, industrial and military applications. There is excellent support for R&D at both a state and federal level, but companies are often not able to cross the “Valley of Death” into commercialization, and if they do, manufacturing is typically not done in the US. Many small and start-up companies are unable to secure funding to support domestic scale up and do not have access to the high-volume manufacturing tools needed, including R2R coating for electrodes, cell assembly and testing. When these companies do not find the necessary resources in the US to take their next step, they are forced to manufacture in Asia, where the facilities and factories are often provided at no costs, but rather in exchange for some ownership of the company and eventual sales of the products. Often, this results in a loss of control of both the company and the underlying IP.

The Finger Lakes Region is home to a unique Ecosystem of tools, manufacturing capacity and intellectual horsepower, which enables domestic commercialization of energy storage and energy generation technologies and devices as described in this report. There is no other region in the country which offers access to these commercialization resources as multi-user and shared facilities all in the same location.

Development scale electrode stacker (for battery assembly) Can welding for cylindrical cells (supports battery & ultracapacitors)


There are other locations in the US with some of the capabilities that are present in the Rochester area – but none of them have all the pieces this region does. Examples of relevant domestic competition include:

Battery Innovation Center (BIC) – Newberry, Indiana. The BIC’s mission is to accelerate innovation in the field of battery technology by providing access to the entire spectrum of R&D to commercial-ization, including low volume production, in a single 40,000 square foot facility. The BIC can accommodate low volume prototype development.

Carestream Toll Coating – Medford, Oregon. Carestream Con-tract Manufacturing’s experience with multi-layer film coatings can be fully leveraged across a broad range of applications – from proofing films to display and battery components, inkjet media, adhesives, clinical diagnostic media components and more. They can provide electrode coatings at volume, but do not support cell assembly.

EaglePicher (EP) – Joplin, MO. EaglePicher delivers turn-key custom packaging with the optimum battery chemistry for many applications. They focus on high end systems for, primarily, govern-ment applications, and are an established military and aerospace supplier. EBP can provide similar services to the Rochester Ecosys-tem, but likely at a higher cost and for specific markets only.

Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) – Lemont, Illinois. Located at Argonne National Laboratory, JCESR is the DOE hub for battery research and has small-scale prototyping capabilities for pouch cells.

Polaris Battery Labs LLC – Beaverton, Oregon. Polaris Battery Labs is a sample-making and test lab for lithium ion batteries. They help accelerate commercialization of new technologies by offering lab facilities, advisory services, and more to developers and start-up companies. Polaris can provide technical support and very low quantity (< 100) samples. Polaris and Kodak announced a partner-ship in 2016 to work together to support domestic development and commercialization of new battery technologies.

7.6.2 Global Competition

Asia is the global leader in Li-ion manufacturing. This occurred over many years and started with the need for better batteries for consumer products 20 years ago. This started in Japan, moved in part to Korea, and then to China. In each of those geographical areas major companies have developed in the battery manufac-turing sector – from consumer goods type batteries to automotive type batteries. In Japan, Panasonic has emerged the major player; both LG Chem and Samsung are based in Korea; and BYD is based in China. Additionally, there are many smaller manufacturers in each of these areas which can support small to mid-volumes, and many are willing to manufacture for US-based start-up companies.


A typical interaction with a US-based company is to offer to man-ufacture the US-developed products in Asia, and then to reverse engineer the devices to understand the novel intellectual property, tap into the R&D that has been supported by the US, and then integrate these US funded ideas into their own products. While there is a short term benefit to manufacturing in Asia, US-based business typically suffers in the long term.

There is a strong battery industry supply chain already established in Asia, which puts the US at a major disadvantage. To be competitive for domestic cell manufacturing, the US will need to develop not only the industry supply chain and high volume manufacturing capabilities, but also the funding mechanisms (either from industry, venture capital or government agencies) to adequately support the CAPEX demands to install sufficient capacity in the US. If not, the technology developed in this country will continue to move offshore, and the potential economic gains will never be realized.

Batteries have received the most attention from the Asians who dominate in manufacturing today through companies like LG Chem, Panasonic, and Samsung. A supply chain has been key to their success and this supply chain does not even entertain “small volume” manufacturers who do less than a million cells per year. This is one of the areas that needs to be developed so that the next generation of technologies can be manufactured in the US.

On the fuel cell front, Asia again leads after the US developed the early PEM technology. Auto giants like Toyota and Honda have announced plans for vehicle introductions in the next year, while US companies have been silent. In parallel, a very good supply chain for both materials and R2R have developed. GORE Japan, Asahi Glass, and Asahi Kasei have all been in development of membrane electrode assemblies for their respective Asian OEMs. The US does have an advantage on some of the basic science, but this is only useful if it can be reduced to practice through manu-facturing. Current capability for PEM manufacturing in the US lies solely with 3M in Minnesota.

Photovoltaics is another area where the Chinese currently own the space. The only way to win in this sector is to be able to leap-frog both technology and manufacturing capability. The Chinese and others are all focused on the silicon-based wafer technology, which is highly process-focused, requiring significant CAPEX. The R2R process, with some of the new coatable perovskite-based technologies, can result in up to 90% CAPEX reduction, leading to a much more competitive landscape and market penetration for these new technologies. The US has an opportunity to lead the commercialization of R2R PV.

Fuel cell, Toyota Mirai


7.7.1 2017 / 2018 (Immediate)7.7 Recommendations and Implementation Timeline

7.7

RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE

The vision for the Region in the energy

storage/generation sector is quite simple –

utilize the tools, facilities, and human

capital in the area to grow manufacturing

in the Region and enable domestic

commercialization and manufacturing.

Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE) could

be the lead agency to drive commercial

and business engagement. This includes

both the attraction of new companies, as

well as ensuring existing companies stay

and expand locally. The NYSERDA REV

process is a key enabler to this vision

as it has highlighted the importance of

high efficiency energy generation and

storage technologies and provides

additional incentives to manufacture

these technologies in NYS.

7.7.1 2017 / 2018 (Immediate)

The foundational aspects of the Energy Storage and Generation Technologies Ecosystem are all established and in place in the Region. The final missing piece is the Pilot Cell Assembly Facility which will open at Eastman Business Park in mid-2017. Over the next 1-2 years the key recommendations center around filling this established capacity and further developing a pipeline of new technolo-gies, products and companies who would benefit from these tools and facilities.

1. Develop a cohesive advertising and informational plan, including all energy sector assets, tools, skill sets and sites to be used regionally, state-wide and nationally for business attraction

2. Establish a project pipeline process to transition companies and products from the BPC at RIT, to Pilot Cell Assembly at Kodak, to the BEST T&CC

3. Establish a ‘hands-on’ technical incubator in Rochester to support energy storage and generation companies in NYS. Incubator to include lab space, access to technical mentors/support and connections to funding sources. An organization like TandemLaunch,53 which provides hardware labs, open social spaces, access to funding and key technical and business support people is a baseline for the Energy Incubator.

4. Establish the NY-BEST Energy Storage business attraction and growth program consisting of the BRIDGE Incubator and outreach program. These resources will help compa-nies penetrate and navigate the complex markets, supply chains, and policy of the energy storage industry and utilize the Ecosystem being created in the Region.

5. Expand existing workforce development initiatives (such as MCC programs) to support all aspects of energy storage, including device and product manufacturing, system support and repair.

Successful implementation of the above in the next 1-2 years will ensure the assets (both capital equipment and workforce) are well utilized, and will position the Region for long term success. These actions will support the attraction of early and mid-stage energy companies and provide ample opportunity for success in commercializing their products in the Region.


7.7.3 Beyond 2020 (Long Term)7.7.2 2019 / 2020 (Short Term)

7.7.2 2019 / 2020 (Short Term)

By 2020, the regional focus should have shifted from filling the Ecosystem capacity with new technology development projects, which utilized the assets and tools on a toll manu-facturing basis, to those companies who are ready for high volume manufacturing of commercial-ready products. This will require additional manufacturing capacity, either with build-ready sites or within existing flexible manufacturing spaces. Energy storage and generation products require relatively clean manufacturing environments, as well as dry room capacity for battery and capacitor assembly. Viable scale up and manufacturing sites will have access to low cost power (gas and electric) and other utilities. There should be several sites identified in the Region that are shovel-ready or sufficiently developed to enable an expedited move-in schedule.

Over the next 3-4 years the key recommendations center around establishing appropriate facilities for high volume energy device manufacturing, including the tools, capacities and buildings needed to support new company expansions.

1. Establish shovel-ready new build sites for future energy device assembly and manufacturing facilities

2. Develop move-in ready flexible manufacturing spaces to attract expanding companies to the Region. This will require a coordinated plan for sites, including building and use permits, low cost utilities, and access to trained workforce.

3. Increase capacity of the Pilot Cell Assembly facility at Kodak by implementing additional cell assembly modules of capacity to support different configurations and technologies

4. Provide ongoing business and technical mentoring for the companies emerging from the hands-on technical incubator previously established in the Rochester Region

Successful implementation of the above in the next 3-4 years will enable significant manufacturing growth in the Region with many new energy storage and energy gen-eration products being commercialized in the Rochester Region. It will also support the US companies looking for battery related products in the sub-million volume that currently have difficulty sourcing custom products for their applications. These actions will support the attraction of mid- and late-stage energy storage/generation technology companies and provide ample opportunity for success in commercializing their products in the Rochester Region, resulting in significant manufacturing job growth.

7.7.3 Beyond 2020 (Long Term)

If the immediate and short term goals are realized as planned, the Region will be in an excellent position to sup-port the anticipated growth in the energy sector beyond 2020. Implementation of the REV process in NYS, and a global commitment to reduce emissions and slow global warming, as planned by the Paris Agreement, all point towards increased electrification across all aspects of consumer and industrial products. The demand for high capacity and high efficiency energy storage and genera-tion technologies will continue to grow, and the Rochester Region can be well poised to support that growth with cost effective product solutions that are manufactured lo-cally. Both the auto industry and grid/storage applications will see dramatic demand increases in the coming years.

To achieve this long-term vision of being a manufactur-ing hub for energy storage and generation products, the Region must continue to build manufacturing capacity and experience, to ensure large scale manufacturers will choose to locate in the Region. Specific long-term recommendations to ensure ongoing growth beyond 2020 include:

1. Ongoing efforts to attract growing companies to the Region

2. Establish Rochester as the ‘Silicon Valley of the East’ and go-to hub for domestic battery development and manufacturing

3. Ensure ongoing access to funding (start-up, operational and capital) to enable next generation technology development and company growth

4. Grow the supply chain locally to support all aspects of the energy ecosystem

5. Continued emphasis on workforce development and training to meet the dynamic needs of the energy sector companies

Installing additional toll manufacturing capacity for electrodes and devices would also prove attractive, as more companies look for domestic volume capacity. This would require additional manufacturing equipment and some upgraded coating capability, including simul-taneous or inline double-sided coating of electrodes, to compete with state-of-the-art systems already in place in Asia and ensure the long-term viability of domestically manufactured energy products.


“Advanced Energy Technologies are seeing explosive growth around the world as more and more renewables are brought into use to support greenhouse gas initiatives and carbon reduction plans. Energy storage is required to make both wind and solar competitive as a base load technology...”

8 Oled Materials & Technologies

43

8 OLED MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGIES


An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a device which emits light when activated with a suitable voltage. LEDs are discrete devices, each producing a small, point light source and considerable heat when active. The materials used in LEDs are inorganic compounds. Typical uses for LEDs are lighting applications, such as automotive headlights, spot lights, or other beam-type applications. LEDs are used in both commercial and residential lighting applications, but require significant packaging and ancillary materials to adequately diffuse the light and dissipate the heat generated.

An OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) differs from a traditional LED both in terms of the material set and the functional properties of the device. OLEDs used organic (carbon-based) materials, and provide diffuse lighting. OLEDs can be manufactured in a continu-ous manner, in sheets in an array of sizes based on the application. OLEDs do not have the heat generation issues of traditional LEDs, and are well suited to large area display and lighting applications. OLEDs are well established as a leader in display technologies, and are routinely used in televisions, computer screens and cell phone screens. OLEDs are also well suited to residential and commercial lighting applications, though the adoption in these markets has been slow. OLED technology is developing rapidly, and there are a handful of product offerings with efficacy, lifetime, and color quality that are comparable to their LED counterparts. Volumes are expected to increase significantly in the next 3-5 years, enabling widespread use as a source of general illumination. The cost of OLED lighting is expected to fall as market share increases.

An OLED is a solid-state device consisting of a thin, car-bon-based semiconductor layer that emits light when electricity is applied by adjacent electrodes. In order for light to escape from the device, at least one of the electrodes must be transparent.

The intensity of the light emitted is controlled by the amount of electric current applied by the electrodes, and the light’s color is determined by the type of emissive material used. To create white light, most devices use red, green, and blue emitters that can be arranged in several configurations. A Single Stack OLED is the simplest configuration, consisting of 1, 2 or 3 emitters stacked on top of each other. This is the lowest cost device to manufacture. A Stacked OLED is a more complex structure which can magnify the brightness without increasing the current. A Striped OLED is the most costly and complex device to manufacture due to the need for patterning, but provides a high quality, color-tunable device.

The market for OLED displays, including televisions and smaller devices, such as smartphones, is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. IDTechEx forecasts that global sales of OLED displays will increase from $16 billion in 2016 to $42 billion in 2020. Samsung, which uses OLEDs in its Galaxy smartphones, is currently the top manufacturer of OLED displays. But others, such as LG, are entering the market, lured by what OLED technology makes possible.54 The OLED technology being commercialized by LG has its roots in Rochester. The base IP was developed by the Eastman Kodak company and sold to LG when Kodak decided to exit the OLED business. Many of the original Kodak inventors of OLED are now working on next generation OLED products with other Rochester-based companies. Samsung’s OLED technology also got its start in Rochester. The AMOLED made by Sanyo- Kodak Display (SKD) for the LS633 camera was a patterned RGB display like those now used by Samsung. Many of the processes and equipment developed by Kodak SKD are still used today by Samsung in their displays.

OLED Device Structures

Stacked (or tandem) Color tunable1, 2, or 3 emitters

STACKED OLED STRIPED OLEDSINGLE-STACK OLED

The simplest configuration, for low-cost manufacture.

A more complex structure that can magnify the brightness

without increasing current density.

Requires patterning, but allows for color-tunability. Generally red/green/blue or blue/yellow stripes.


8.1 OLED AdvantagesThe energy-saving potential of OLEDs is similar to that of tradi-tional LEDs, but the two technologies differ in a number of ways. Whereas LEDs are concentrated sources of bright light, OLEDs can be configured as larger-area, more diffuse light sources, which may be more practical for general ambient lighting. The resulting soft light can be viewed directly, with no need for shades, diffusers, lenses, louvers, or parabolic shells. The diffuse light from OLEDs allows them to be used very close to the task surface without creating glare for the user, which means that less total light can be used to achieve desired illuminance levels. OLEDs can be manufactured as very thin devices, increasing their eye appeal and allowing for easy attachment to the surfaces of walls and ceil-ings. This, coupled with the diffuse nature of OLED lighting, could enable an entirely new type of light and light fixture that’s both attractive and highly efficient. OLEDs can also be made in almost any shape, can be deposited on flexible substrates, and can be transparent, emitting light from both sides of the device—features that greatly expand the design possibilities, allowing for completely new lighting experiences.

8.2 OLED Limitations

Innovations are still needed on multiple fronts to increase the efficiency and lifetime of OLED devices. The development of device architectures and materials systems that allow for improved stability and efficiency, and methods to extract the light generated by the OLED, remain key challenges.

Manufacturing technology developments and infrastructure investments will be essential to enable continued price reductions and transition OLED products from the low volume manufacturing stage to high volume mass production scale. By increasing the manufacturing yield (through improved panel-to-panel color and brightness consistency) and reliability (through reduced premature failure rates) through improved manufacturing processes and increasing economies of scale (through high volume mass manufacturing lines), costs could be lowered considerably. OLED costs have fallen significantly over the past 2 years and will see a dramatic reduction with an additional increase in manufacturing scale.

OLEDs for general illumination are at a critical stage. Today’s OLED lighting is capable of approximately 60 lm/W output, where-as traditional bare LED light engines are at 120 lm/W and fluores-cent tubes are at 100 lm/W. Due to the diffuse nature of the OLED light, versus a typical LED, which requires significant modification (shades, diffusers, etc) to provide usable lighting, today’s OLED luminaires actually provide similar delivered efficacy as many LED and fluorescent luminaires used for general lighting applications. This means that today’s OLED lighting solutions deliver as much light as conventional LEDs at a much lower lm/W output. Further materials improvements are expected to enable 90-100 lm/W output, and will greatly expand the OLED lighting market. Today’s OLED lighting solutions can provide 50,000 hour lifetimes and are attractive solutions in many commercial applications.

8.3 OLED in Rochester

The primary uses for OLED technology are display and lighting applications. The manufacturing landscape for displays is well- established, with Asia as the global leader. Asia invested heavily in Thin Film Transistor (TFT) technology to make LCD displays and the same TFT technology is required for OLED displays. TFT man-ufacturing lines are multi-billion dollar investments and are not likely to be established in the US. The large displays cannot easily be transported before they are integrated into their end products (such as televisions, cell phones, etc.), so they must be manufac-tured near the point of use or ultimate assembly. Companies in the Rochester Region will have the opportunity to develop and supply materials for use in display applications, but it is very unlikely that OLED displays will ever be manufactured domestically.

For lighting applications, there is much more opportunity and potential for the Region for both materials development and man-ufacturing, and lighting device manufacturing. OLED lighting does not need TFT technology or manufacturing lines. Future R2R OLED lighting will build upon the foundational manufacturing methods and experience available in Rochester. OLED technology was invented in Rochester by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1987. Many of the early pioneers of OLED are still in the Rochester area and are working on OLED technologies today. Expansion of OLED

Commercial OLED offerings (left to right: photos courtesy of Visa Lighting, Aerelight, and Acuity Brands Lighting)


material and device manufacturing in the Region will drive the creation of additional high paying and highly technical jobs.

8.3.1 Establishing an OLED Ecosystem

The tools, equipment, infrastructure and human capital needed to develop and manufacture energy storage and generation tech-nologies (including batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells and solar PV) are well-established in the Region and have a long history in the Region, and the Ecosystem has been developing over the past five years. OLED manufacturing in the Region is less mature and will require additional support in the coming years to develop a similarly capable Ecosystem. The knowledge and skill sets needed to develop OLED materials and lighting devices are plentiful in the Region.

To fully leverage the capability in the Region, establishing a true OLED Ecosystem, with support for research and development, testing, scale up and manufacturing of both materials and lighting devices, will be required. Additional supply chain and materials support for other non-OLED materials, such as flexible glass substrates and materials for encapsulation, electrical connection and light extraction, will also be required.

Today, materials development work is being done at multiple small companies in the Region, however, there are limited options for these companies to demonstrate their materials in products, as the capital equipment and infrastructure required to manufacture OLED devices is cost prohibitive. The Department of Energy (DOE) is actively supporting OLED development for lighting applications through the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). The DOE estimates that replacing traditional lighting systems with phosphorescent OLED lighting will reduce energy usage by 0.22 quadrillion British Thermal Units (quads), saving domestic consumers $20 billion and reducing environmental pollution emissions by 3.7 million metric tons.55 To help bridge the gap, accelerate development, and enable small OLED materials companies to test their novel materials in OLED devices, the DOE has implemented and funded a testing program for OLED lighting technology and manufacturing. The program enables component makers to incorporate various R&D-stage components into a baseline state-of-the art (SOTA) OLED device. The rapid results of the testing let manufacturers refocus their efforts more quickly than with the formal DOE solicitation process, and will lead to the identification of high-performing components, with the ability to advance OLED technology performance and efficiency while reducing cost. The collaborative nature of the process will also encourage partnerships and accelerate OLED advances.56

The only facility currently approved as a qualified testing laboratory for this DOE program is OLEDWorks, in Rochester, NY. NYSERDA has been a significant source of funding and key supporter for OLEDWorks. Recently, NYSERDA and the US DOE awarded a Gateway Demonstration Project for OLED Lighting

at the DKB accounting offices at Tower 280 in Rochester, NY. The Rochester Region continues to be the most capable domes-

tic location for OLED materials and lighting development. While the DOE program with OLEDWorks is an excellent way for companies to verify performance of candidate materials, there is still nowhere to do rapid early material screening or integration for non-lighting applications. There needs to be more capability to support these advanced developments in parallel with advanced commercial products. In the spirit of leveraging regional assets, it would be less expensive and more effective to fund this development work at OLEDWorks, as they already own three (3) R&D machines and have all necessary test equipment in place. The cost to implement these capabilities at OLEDWorks would be minimal, as the capital assets already exist. Additional staff would be required to operate the tools and equipment on a toll basis. The services offered would offer a parallel to the R2R services currently available at Kodak for electrode development and manufacturing. A detailed plan needs to be assembled to support this initiative.

For lighting applications, the current manufacturing process is to use vacuum deposition techniques to deposit up to 40 different material layers onto a rigid glass substrate. This can be done on discrete components, or in a continuous process using a Sheet- to-Sheet (S2S) process, with discrete sheets of glass moving on a conveyor. Future manufacturing advances may enable solution-based deposition techniques and, ultimately, HV R2R deposition (evaporation and/or solution based) onto flexible glass substrates, such as Corning’s Willow™ glass. While new capital equipment would be required to implement R2R manufacturing of OLED lighting, the manufacturing and technology knowledge base and process know-how in Rochester will support this transition. The critical enabler for widespread adoption of OLED lighting products is overcoming the current cost barrier. Transitioning to low cost HV R2R manufacturing methods will enable lower manufac-turing costs and be implemented in the Rochester Region.

57


8.3.2 Leveraging Local Knowledge and TalentThe Rochester Region has the highest concentration of OLED experts anywhere in the world. OLED technology was developed at Eastman Kodak in Rochester in the 1980’s, and the company funded significant OLED research through the 90’s and early 2000’s before selling its OLED business to LG in 2009. While the technology may have been transferred to LG and out of the Rochester Region, the workforce who pioneered and developed OLED remained. Today, former Kodak OLED employees have established numerous companies in the area who continue to develop and manufacture OLED materials and lighting devices.

OLEDWorks is a Rochester-based manufacturer of OLED light-ing solutions and products. The company started with a core group of former Kodak employees and has grown to over 70 employees globally. Over 30 people are employed in Rochester, including stu-dents from RIT who perform 6-12 month co-ops with the company on a regular basis. In addition to their R&D and manufacturing capabilities in Rochester, OLEDWorks has a manufacturing facility in Aachen, Germany which can produce up to 20,000 m2 of OLED lighting per year. OLEDWorks’ Rochester location is the only ap-proved OLED testing facility for the DOE’s OLED lighting program.

Trovato Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in providing equipment and solutions for OLED manufacturing. Trovato is headquartered in Fishers, NY and has over 25 years’ experience developing custom equipment solutions.

R-Display & Lighting, LLC is in business to design, develop and manufacture advanced Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) materials that provide high efficiency, extended device lifetime and good color. The materials are targeting for both lighting and display applications, and the company founder has over 20 years OLED experience. R Display is located at Eastman Business Park in Rochester, NY.

Lumisyn, LLC develops high-performance cadmium-free phosphors to enhance lighting and optoelectronic products. Lumi-syn phosphors are designed as drop-in replacements for current rare-earth based phosphors and will improve efficiency and color rendering in solid state lighting applications. Lumisyn is located at Eastman Business Park in Rochester, NY.

Orthogonal, Inc. enables breakthrough high resolution OLED display manufacturing, through proprietary technology that allows for spectacularly realistic displays for virtual reality (VR) and aug-mented reality, phones, televisions and wearables. Orthogonal’s proprietary photoresist provides a solution allowing for the direct patterning of a wide range of organic electronic materials for OLED and flexible display applications. Orthogonal is headquartered in Rochester with operations at Eastman Business Park and offices in Santa Clara, CA.

Molecular Glasses, Inc. is focused on proprietary NONcrys-tallizable™ molecular glasses for stable and long-lived OLED and other organic electronics. Molecular’s unique technology enables them to design NONcrystallizable™ molecular glasses for superior performance without affecting the original photo physical properties. Molecular is located at Eastman Business Park in Rochester, NY.

OLED technology has its roots in the Rochester area, and the Region is well-poised to be a global leader in OLED lighting manufacturing. The development history at Kodak, experienced workforce, regional R2R knowledge and expertise, and flexible glass development at Corning, coupled with the ongoing materials and manufacturing advances being made by local companies make Rochester an ideal location for the scale up of Next Generation OLED products and technologies.OLED lighting by Osram (Siemens)

OLED digital signage display at the Incheon International Airport, South Korea


8.4.1 2017 / 2018 (Immediate)8.4 Roadmap & Recommendations

,,8.4.1 2017 / 2018 (Immediate)

The OLED Ecosystem is in its infant stage. The knowl-edge and workforce is in place, but the infrastructure and capital assets are still being developed. Over the next 1-2 years the key recommendations center around installing the required facilities to test and validate OLED materials and begin building the market demand and supply chain.

1. Provide funding (via CFA/URI or other regional avenue) to enable a multi-user or toll OLED development and manufacturing tool in the Region, and bring the capability online in 2017

2. Continue local materials and technology development to progress towards 120 lm/W next generation OLED material target by 2020

3. Develop additional rebate and incentive programs with NYSERDA and local utilities, building upon the REV and DOE mandates for higher efficiency lighting systems

4. Community education on benefits of OLED lighting and benefits in target applications

5. Develop funding mechanism for Gen 5 sized OLED lighting manufacturing facility targeted for 2021 operation in Rochester

Successful implementation of the above in the next 1-2 years will ensure the required infrastructure assets are in place to support the strong local workforce. These actions will support the attraction of early and mid-stage energy companies and provide ample opportunity for success in commercializing their products in the Rochester Region.

8.4

ROADMAP & RECOMMENDATIONS

The foundational knowledge and expertise

needed to further commercialize OLED

lighting technologies in the Region are

already in place. The Energy Ecosystem

which has grown in the Region over the

past five years serves as an excellent

baseline for the development of the OLED

Ecosystem. Significant capital expenditures

will be needed in the next 1-5 years to

enable the installation of the multi-user

tools and facilities needed to expedite

domestic OLED development and manufac-

turing, and to ensure this work continues

to happen in the Rochester Region.

49

8.4.3 Beyond 2021 (Long Term)8.4.2 2021 (Short Term)

,,8.4.2 2021 (Short Term)

The recommended multi-user or toll OLED development and manufacturing tool will support initial materials testing, while the DOE funded OLED program in place at OLEDWorks enables qualification of these new materials in state-of-the-art OLED devices. The next step is to install local manufacturing capacity for commercial products, which would operate on a toll or other multi-company arrangement. Over the next 3-4 years the key recommen-dations center around establishing appropriate facilities for high-volume OLED lighting manufacturing.

1. Commission a GEN 5-size OLED lighting manufacturing facility, with output of 250,000 m2 per year. This facility would process 1m x 1m sheets (if a Sheet-to-Sheet facility) or 1m wide rolls (if R2R).

2. Begin development of local supply chain to support mass-production manufacturing facility

Successful installation and operation of this high-volume manufacturing facility in the next 3-4 years will ensure the Rochester Region is the domestic hub for OLED light-ing. To enable the high-volume Gen5 facility to be online in 2021, the machine must be ordered in 2018 to ensure sufficient build, installation and commissioning time.

To have a Gen 5 line operational by 2021 the machine needs to be installed by 2020, built in 2019 and ordered in 2018.

8.4.3 Beyond 2021 (Long Term)

If the immediate and short term goals are realized as planned, the Region will be in an excellent position to support the anticipated growth in the OLED lighting and materials sectors beyond 2021. Implementation of the REV process in NYS, a DOE led push for high efficiency lighting and a global commitment to reduce emissions and slow global warming, as planned by the Paris Agree-ment, will all continue to drive the need for OLED Lighting and materials. As demand grows, the Rochester Region can be well poised to support that growth with cost-effec-tive product solutions that are manufactured locally.

To achieve this long-term vision of being a manufacturing hub for OLED materials and lighting products, the Region must continue to build manufactur-ing capacity and experience to ensure large scale man-ufacturers will choose to locate in the Region. Specific long-term recommendations to ensure ongoing growth beyond 2020 include:

1. Enable HV R2R manufacturing processes for OLED lighting with installed manufacturing capacity

2. Establish Rochester’s OLED Ecosystem as the go-to hub for domestic OLED development and manufacturing

3. Ensure ongoing access to funding (start-up, operational and capital) to enable next generation technology development and company growth

4. Grow the supply chain locally to support all aspects of the OLED Ecosystem

50

9 Support Resources for Business Attraction & Growth

9 SUPPORT RESOURCES FOR BUSINESS

ATTRACTION & GROWTH


The Region offers a variety of resources to support both new and existing companies looking to establish, maintain or expand their workforce and footprint in the Region. Most of the funding support available is linked to net job creation. The FLREDC serves as a hub to coordinate the various programs and funding options available from NYS, ESD, NYSERDA and others.

Early business attraction occurs community-wide across the Region, starting with the Chamber of Commerce (or equivalent) in each town, village, city and county. From there, projects are referred to the relevant FLREDC/URI workgroups and Pillar Teams (primarily Next Generation Manufacturing and Technology for energy related companies), who provide focused support to address each company or project’s needs.

9.1 Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE)

Greater Rochester Enterprise represents the Region with site selectors and other organizations to support business development from outside of the Region and NYS. GRE is funded by area busi-nesses who serve on the Board. GRE is an economic development organization committed to attracting new capital investments and creating regional wealth and new jobs throughout the Region. They act as a no-cost intermediary, to connect businesses with the right people and find the right resources to expand in the Rochester Region. GRE is a foundational part of the FLREDC process and pro-vides information and resources on all aspects of life in the FLR to enable the relocation of both business operations and established workforces. A full listing of services and support offered by GRE is available on their website, www.rochesterbiz.com

9.2 New York Battery & Energy Storage Technology Consortium (NY-BEST)

NY-BEST is a nonprofit consortium charged with enabling the commercialization of new energy generation and energy storage technologies in NYS, and was instrumental in establishing the BEST Test & Commercialization Center (BEST T&CC) at Eastman Business Park in 2014 and the Battery Prototyping Center (BPC) at RIT in 2015. They are currently supporting the development of the Pilot Cell Assembly facility, planned to open at EBP in 2017, which completes the energy storage Ecosystem that has been developing in Rochester for several years.

NY-BEST is the primary energy storage related policy driver with NYSERDA and NYS, and provides avenues for commercialization, technology development and policy support, as well as access to NYS funding with a goal of manufacturing energy storage devices and technologies in NYS. A full listing of members, services and support offered by NY-BEST is available on their website, www.ny-best.org

9.3 Greater Rochester Chamber of CommerceThe Greater Rochester Chamber of Commerce provides focused business support, including staffing, business to business (B2B) connections, small business assistance, training, employee bene-fits programs, and small business health insurance options. They are a key resource once a company has chosen to establish or grow operations in the Region, and work in concert with GRE. A full listing of services and support offered by the Greater Rochester Chamber of Commerce is available on their website, www.greaterrochesterchamber.com

9.4 High Tech Rochester (HTR)

High Tech Rochester is a nonprofit whose mission is to be a cata-lyst for entrepreneurship and innovation-based economic develop-ment. They provide business expertise and network connections to aid in the formation and profitable growth of companies in the Rochester, NY and Finger Lakes Regions. HTR provides a suite of services, including technology commercialization for very-early-stage opportunities, business incubation for high-growth-potential startups, and growth services for existing manufacturing compa-nies seeking to improve their top- and bottom-line performance. A full listing of services and support offered by HTR is available on their website, www.htr.org

NIST operates a Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program across the nation. High Tech Rochester is the local MEP partner. This program offers support and funding to manufacturers to identify opportunity that will accelerate and strengthen their growth and competitiveness in the global marketplace.

http://www.rochesterbiz.com

http://www.ny-best.org

http://www.greaterrochesterchamber.com

http://www.htr.org


“Kodak maintains a highly-trained staff with many years of experience in the operation of the coating and testing equipment.”


Appendix A

Greater Rochester, NY Top Private Sector Employers, 2016 as supplied by Greater Rochester Enterprise

Rank Company Local Employees Nature of Local Operations

1 University of Rochester 27,590 Higher education, research, health care

2 Rochester Regional Health 15,753 Integrated health care services

3Wegmans Food Markets Inc.

13,606 Supermarkets

4 Xerox Corp. 6,213 Document technology and services; manufacturing

5 Paychex Inc. 4,180 Business services

6Rochester Institute of Technology

3,993 Higher education

7 Lifetime Healthcare Cos. Inc. 3,569 Health insurance, health care services, home care, hospice care

8 Harris Corp. 3,450 Manufacturing

9 YMCA of Greater Rochester 2,745Child care services; health, recreation and wellness programs and services

10 Tops Markets LLC 2,588 Supermarkets

11Sutherland Global Services Inc.

2,438 Business process outsourcing

12Frontier Communications Corp.

1,920 Communications services

13 Finger Lakes Health 1,800 Health care services

14 Eastman Kodak Co. 1,750 Manufacturing

15Finger Lakes Racing Association Inc.

1,744 Gambling, thoroughbred racing

16Heritage Christian Services Inc.

1,637 Services for children, older adults and people with disabilities

17 Center for Disability Rights 1,569 Services and support for individuals with disabilities

18 Lifetime Assistance Inc. 1,524Services to individuals and families of those with developmental disabilities

19 Hillside Family of Agencies 1,502 Children and family services organization

20 Hurlbut Care Communities 1,500 Skilled nursing and short-term rehabilitation facilities

21 Verizon Wireless Inc. 1,400 Wireless voice and data services

22 Carestream Health Inc. 1,250 Manufacturing

23St. Ann’s of Greater Rochester Inc.

1,241 Health care and housing system for seniors

24Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics Inc.

1,123 Manufacturing

Appendix A / Greater Rochester, NY Top Private Sector Employers, 2016


Rank Company Local Employees Nature of Local Operations

25General Motors Rochester Operations

1,100 Manufacturing

26 Jewish Senior Life 1,065 Senior living and health care services

27 CooperVision 1,045 Manufacturing

28 Rochester Gas & Electric 1,038 Energy services

29 Angels in Your Home 1,000 Home health care services

30 Bausch & Lomb Inc. 985 Manufacturing

31 Thompson Health 931 Health care

32 Time Warner Cable 893 Telecommunications services

33 St. John Fisher College 883 Higher education

34 The Arc of Monroe County 857Services to individuals and families of those with intellectual and other disabilities

35 ADT Security Services 800 Monitoring services

Nazareth College 800 Higher Education

Pactiv Corp. 800 Manufacturing

Windstream Communications

800 Communications services

39Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

789 Manufacturing

40 HCR Home Care 776 Home health care provider

St. John’s 776 Health care and housing system for seniors

42Hobart and William Smith Colleges

758 Higher Education

43 Constellation Brands Inc. 725 Alcoholic beverage manufacturing

Gleason Corp. 725 Manufacturing

45 ESL Federal Credit Union 719 Financial institution

46 Mark IV Enterprises Inc. 715 Construction, real estate development, property management

47 Kodak Alaris 707 Photo document imaging and information management

48 G.W. Lisk Co. Inc. 700 Manufacturing

Lidestri Food and Drink 700 Food and beverage manufacturing

R.E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant LLC

700 Nuclear power generation

Rochester Business Journal Lists – April 29, 2016, August 19, 2016, September 16, 2016, October 14, 2016; Hoovers (2016)

Greater Rochester, NY Top Private Sector Employers, 2016 as supplied by Greater Rochester Enterprise (cont.)


Endnotes

1 NYSERDA news release 2017-01-19

2 https://esd.ny.gov/esd-media-center/press-releases/empire-state-development-announces-support-new-battery-pilot

3 https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/Revolutiona%CC%82%E2%82%ACNow%202016%20Report_2.pdf

4 http://www.rochesterbiz.com

5 http://www.kodak.com/corp/aboutus/heritage/milestones/default.htm

6 http://inventors.about.com/od/ofamousinventions/a/Oled.htm

7 http://www.oled-info.com/kodak-oled-technology

8 2013 Population – United States Census Bureau



11 2015 Population Estimates – United States Census Bureau

12 http://www.rochesterbiz.com/LivingHere/Education.aspx

13 Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Census Bureau 2010 - https://www.newyorkfed.org/data-and-statistics/

regional-data-center/profiles/rochester.html

14 International Trade Administration

15 Bureau of Labor Statistics

16 blog.1000memories.com/94-number-photos-ever-taken-digital-and-analog-in-shoebox (no longer available)

17 See Appendix A – Greater Rochester Enterprise

18 https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/04/xer-a04.html and Appendix A

19 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ROCH336MFG

20 Economic Development Agency – 2014 Rochester IMCP Summit Presentation

21 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Rochester NY MSA

22 University at Buffalo Regional Institute analysis of New York State Department of Labor, United States Bureau of Labor Statistics,

and Brookings Institution data

23 Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months: Rochester City, Monroe County, New York: United States Census Bureau American

Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 2009–2013

24 Benchmarking Rochester’s Poverty: A 2015 Update and Deeper Analysis of Poverty in the City of Rochester

25 United States Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 2009–2013

26 http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/06/28/rochester-poverty-statistics/29418875/

27 Rochester City School District data

28 Data compiled by CEIS taken from the USPTO

29 https://www.ny.gov/sites/ny.gov/files/atoms/files/REDC_Guidebook_9-10-15.pdf, page 1

30 https://www.ny.gov/sites/ny.gov/files/atoms/files/FLREDC_URI_FinalPlan.pdf

31 Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc Input-Output Model (2014)

https://esd.ny.gov/esd-media-center/press-releases/empire-state-development-announces-support-new-battery-pilot

https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/Revolutiona%CC%82%E2%82%ACNow%202016%20Report_2.pdf

http://www.rochesterbiz.com

http://www.kodak.com/corp/aboutus/heritage/milestones/default.htm

http://inventors.about.com/od/ofamousinventions/a/Oled.htm

http://www.oled-info.com/kodak-oled-technology

http://www.rochesterbiz.com/LivingHere/Education.aspx

https://www.newyorkfed.org/data-and-statistics/regional-data-center/profiles/rochester.html

https://www.newyorkfed.org/data-and-statistics/regional-data-center/profiles/rochester.html

https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/04/xer-a04.html

https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ROCH336MFG

http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/06/28/rochester-poverty-statistics/29418875/

https://www.ny.gov/sites/ny.gov/files/atoms/files/REDC_Guidebook_9-10-15.pdf

https://www.ny.gov/sites/ny.gov/files/atoms/files/FLREDC_URI_FinalPlan.pdf


32 Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc Input-Output Model (2014)

33 STAMP capacity estimates provided by the Genesee County Economic Development Center

34 Chowdhury, Dipak. “Integrated Substrate to Enable Conformable OLED Lighting,” OLEDs World Summit, San Diego, CA,

Sept. 22, 2016

35 https://www.ny.gov/programs/reforming-energy-vision-rev

36 https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-joined-vice-president-gore-announces-new-actions-reduce-

greenhouse-gas-emissions

37 http://www.ny-best.org/blog-entry/2016-energy-storage-roadmap-new-yorks-electric-grid-0

38 http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/fact_sheets/climate_commitments_fact_sheets.html

39 http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/fact_sheets/2030_renewables.pdf

40 https://www.arb.ca.gov/html/fact_sheets/2030_energyefficiency.pdf

41 http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm

42 http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris/index_en.htm

43 https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en

44 Mark Johnson DOE Workshop on High Value Rol-to-Roll Coating – Dec 2015, slide 28

45 AMO Workshop on High Value Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing report out pg 4

46 http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cell-technologies-office

47 http://www.kodak.com/ek/us/en/corp/industrial-materials/specialty-chemicals/default.htm?CID=go&idhbx=specialtychemicals

48 https://www.rit.edu/research/department/battery-prototyping-center

49 https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/iam_advancedmanufacturing_strategicplan_2012.pdf

50 2012 Finger Lakes Region Economic Development Council Progress report

51 2015 Finger Lakes Region Economic Development Council Progress report

52 http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/US/byP/batP/batt/btora/bType/lion/byB/manufacturers/byS/byS.shtml

53 http://www.tandemlaunch.com/

54 http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i28/rise-OLED-displays.html

55 U.S. Department of Energy, SBIR Advances, “New OLED Lighting Systems Shine Bright,” Save Energy, 2013

56 http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/oled-testing-opportunity

57 The rise of OLED displays | July 11, 2016 Issue - Vol. 94 Issue 28 ... Chemical & Engineering News - American Chemical Society

Endnotes

https://www.ny.gov/programs/reforming-energy-vision-rev

https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-joined-vice-president-gore-announces-new-actions-red

https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-joined-vice-president-gore-announces-new-actions-red

http://www.ny-best.org/blog-entry/2016-energy-storage-roadmap-new-yorks-electric-grid-0

http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/fact_sheets/climate_commitments_fact_sheets.html

http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/fact_sheets/2030_renewables.pdf

https://www.arb.ca.gov/html/fact_sheets/2030_energyefficiency.pdf

http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris/index_en.htm

https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en

http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cell-technologies-office

http://www.kodak.com/ek/us/en/corp/industrial-materials/specialty-chemicals/default.htm?CID=go&idhbx

https://www.rit.edu/research/department/battery-prototyping-center

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/iam_advancedmanufacturing_strategicplan_2012.pdf

http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/US/byP/batP/batt/btora/bType/lion/byB/manufacturers/byS/byS.shtml

http://www.tandemlaunch.com/

http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i28/rise-OLED-displays.html

http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/oled-testing-opportunity



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