developing nuclear energy for power generation in malaysia's economic transformation programme

DEVELOPING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR POWER DEVELOPING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR POWER GENERATIONGENERATION

IN MALAYSIAIN MALAYSIA’’SSECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)

bby Jamal y Jamal Khaer Khaer IbrahimIbrahimDirector, Nuclear Power Programme DevelopmentDirector, Nuclear Power Programme Development

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)Prime MinisterPrime Minister’’s Departments Department

International Construction Week (ICW) 2014International Construction Week (ICW) 2014Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur

118 September 20148 September 2014

11

22

WHY IS NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP?WHY IS NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP?

33

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETPTHE ETP

Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document

44

Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document

5

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP

AIMING FOR A HIGHAIMING FOR A HIGH--INCOME ECONOMY BY 2020INCOME ECONOMY BY 2020

600600

500500

400400

300300

200200

100100

00‘‘9090 ‘‘9494 ‘‘9898 ‘‘0202 ‘‘0606 ‘‘0808 ‘‘1010 ‘‘1212 ‘‘1414 ‘‘1616 ‘‘1818

RM RM billionbillion

‘‘9292 ‘‘9696 ‘‘0000 ‘‘0404 ‘‘2020

5.4% p.a. 5.4% p.a. actual growthactual growth(1990(1990--2010)2010)

5.4% p.a. 5.4% p.a. GDP growthGDP growth(2011(2011--2020)2020)

GDP in 2020 at sustained 5.4% growth rateGDP in 2020 at sustained 5.4% growth rateas in 1990 to 2010: RM 869 billionas in 1990 to 2010: RM 869 billion

HighHigh--Income EconomyIncome EconomyMinimum GDP growthMinimum GDP growth5.0% p.a. (20115.0% p.a. (2011--2020)2020)

Minimum GDP for HighMinimum GDP for High--Income Economy: RM 840 billionIncome Economy: RM 840 billion

USD15,329USD15,329

700700

800800

900900

1,0001,000

1,1001,100

1,2001,200

1,3001,300

1,4001,400Vision 2020 Target PathVision 2020 Target PathRM 1,388 billion in 2020RM 1,388 billion in 2020

Real GDP in constant 2000 pricesReal GDP in constant 2000 prices

USD14,818USD14,818

USD17,500USD17,500

New Economic Model (NEM)New Economic Model (NEM)GDP growth targetGDP growth target

6.5% p.a. 6.5% p.a. (2011(2011--2020)2020)

66

6

labourlabour

efficiencyefficiency

investment

investment

Per Capita Per Capita IncomeIncome(USD)(USD)

current current per capita per capita

incomeincome

business business as usualas usual

~7,000~7,000

~15,500~15,500

~17,500~17,500 HighHigh--Income Income EconomiesEconomiesMiddle & Lower Middle & Lower Income Income EconomiesEconomies

20102010 20202020

Eight Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRIEight Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI’’s)s)

value drivervalue driverss average annual average annual

growth of 6.5%growth of 6.5%

1MALAYSIA: 1MALAYSIA: People First, Performance NowPeople First, Performance NowPreservation & Enhancement of Unity in DiversityPreservation & Enhancement of Unity in Diversity

GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (GTP)GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (GTP)6 National Key Results Areas (NKRA6 National Key Results Areas (NKRA’’s) s) for Effective Delivery of Government Servicesfor Effective Delivery of Government Services

April 2009April 2009

January 2010January 2010

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI’’s) & 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs) & 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEA’’s)s)

New Economic Model: A HighNew Economic Model: A High--Income, Inclusive & Sustainable NationIncome, Inclusive & Sustainable NationMarch 2010March 2010

1010THTH MALAYSIA PLANMALAYSIA PLANMacroeconomic Growth Targets Macroeconomic Growth Targets

& Expenditure Allocation& Expenditure AllocationSmooth Implementation of Smooth Implementation of

GovernmentGovernment’’s Development Programmes Development Programme

June 2010June 2010

20152015

1111THTH MALAYSIA PLANMALAYSIA PLAN

FOU

R PILLA

RS TO

AC

HIEVE

FOU

R PILLA

RS TO

AC

HIEVE

VISION

2020VISIO

N 2020

Source: Malaysia, New Economic Model (NEM)

NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM) NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM) TRANSFORMING MALAYSIATRANSFORMING MALAYSIA

77

7

efficiencyefficiency

labourlabour

safety safety cultureculture

highhigh--technology knowledgetechnology knowledge--basedbasededucation & training infrastructureeducation & training infrastructure

investment

investment

HighHigh--Income EconomyIncome Economy

20102010

value driversvalue drivers

Per Capita IncomePer Capita Income

highly skilled work forcehighly skilled work force

MiddleMiddle--Income Income EconomyEconomy

STRATEGIC REFORM INITIATIVES (SRI

STRATEGIC REFORM INITIATIVES (SRI””s)s)

1.1. ReRe--energising Private Sector;

energising Private Sector;

2.2. Developing Quality Workforce & Reducing

Developing Quality Workforce & Reducing

Dependency on Foreign Labour;

Dependency on Foreign Labour;

3.3. Creating Competitive Domestic Economy;

Creating Competitive Domestic Economy;

4.4. Strengthening Public Sector;

Strengthening Public Sector;

5.5. Transparent & Market

Transparent & Market--friendly Affirmative Action;

friendly Affirmative Action;

6.6. Building Knowledge Base Infrastructure;

Building Knowledge Base Infrastructure;

7.7. Enhancing Sources of Growth;

Enhancing Sources of Growth;

8.8. Ensuring Sustainability of Growth.

Ensuring Sustainability of Growth. industrial advancementindustrial advancement

high technology high technology & high quality& high quality

competitive competitive electricityelectricity

sustainable sustainable developmentdevelopment

greengreen--house house gas emission gas emission

avoidanceavoidance

enhanced energy enhanced energy securitysecurity

concentratedconcentrateddevelopmentdevelopmentaround plantsaround plants

private sector private sector investmentinvestment

POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PROJECTSPROJECTSTO THE NEW TO THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)

88

PENINSULARMALAYSIA

40% of land area;80% of population;90% of electricity.

STATES OFSABAH & SARAWAKON BORNEO ISLAND

60% of land area;20% of population;10% of electricity.

MALAYSIALand Area: 329,733 sq. km.

Population: 29.3 million (2012)

POINTS TO PONDER:

CHINESE TAIPEI, is a quarter the size of Peninsular Malaysia with a population of 24 million,but has 6 operating nuclear power plants & 2 under construction.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA, is three quarters the size of Peninsular Malaysia with a population of 50 million,but has 23 operating nuclear power plants & 4 under construction.

BUT,BUT,NUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIANUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

99

What is the next most viable main energy source?

Oil has long been decoupledOil has long been decoupledfrom electricity generationfrom electricity generation

Hydropower resources mostly in Sarawak, Hydropower resources mostly in Sarawak, with resources on the Peninsula almost fully developedwith resources on the Peninsula almost fully developed

CoaCoall mostly imported,mostly imported,with increasing importswith increasing imports

Peninsular gas resources depleting,Peninsular gas resources depleting,with anticipated increasing import of LNG for electricity generawith anticipated increasing import of LNG for electricity generationtion

EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIXEVOLUTION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIX

Source: adapted from Malaysia’s Ministry of Energy, Green Technology & Water (KeTTHA) 2012

1010

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA LOADPENINSULAR MALAYSIA LOAD--DURATION CURVEDURATION CURVE

Source: Energy Commission Malaysia, Annual Report 2012

Combined Cycle Gas TurbinesCombined Cycle Gas Turbines

On Wednesday, 20 June 2012

1111

What is the next most viable main energy source,What is the next most viable main energy source,for base load electricity generation?for base load electricity generation?

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA POWER GENERATION MIXPENINSULAR MALAYSIA POWER GENERATION MIXUP TO 2022UP TO 2022

Source: Energy Commission, Peninsular Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Outlook 2013

1212

Increasing dependence on coal imports & and share of coal in electricity generation,leading to decreasing energy security & increasing carbon emission.

Declining share of gas utilisation in electricity generation.

2019

Energy

DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP:NEED NUCLEAR POWER

2020 Year

Energy Demand Growthwithout Policy Intervention

Energy Resource & Supply Constraintwithout Policy Intervention

Targeted Slower Energy Demand Growth with Policy Intervention:Energy Efficiency (EE) & Demand-Side Management (DSM).

Increased Energy Supply Options with Policy Intervention:through Green Energy Development,Fit-In Tariffs (FIT), Increased Oil & Gas Exploration & Production inDeeper Seas, Residual Fields, etc.

Nuclear Nuclear energy needed to fill energy demandenergy needed to fill energy demand--supply gapsupply gapwith renewable energy on supply side & energy efficiency & demanwith renewable energy on supply side & energy efficiency & demandd--side management.side management.

NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR THE PENINSULANEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR THE PENINSULA

Source: adapted from Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia

1313

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETPTHE ETP

2525THTH OCTOBER 2010OCTOBER 2010

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMATION

PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME(ETP),(ETP),

INCLUDINGINCLUDINGNUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER

DEPLOYMENTDEPLOYMENTLAUNCHEDLAUNCHED

Launching of the ETP by the Prime Ministeras part of the New Economic Model (NEM),

incorporating an Entry Point Project (EPP)on nuclear power deploymentunder the National Key Economic Area (NKEA)for Oil, Gas & Energy (OGE) sector,

with target of building twin-unit nuclear power plantwith total capacity of 2 Gigawatts, with the first unit in operation by 2021.

1414

20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20142014 20152015 20162016 20172017 20182018 20192019 20202020 20212021

Preparation Phase Decision Phase Implementation Phase Launch

Regulatory Framework Preparation

Permits& Safety Analysis

Operation Permits& Safety Reports

Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS)

Proj

ect D

evel

opm

ent

Feasibility Study (FS)

Basic & Detailed Design

Bid Invitation & Evaluation

Contract Award & Vendor Procurement

Site Grading & Excavation

Construction

Commissioning

Signing/Ratifying or Acceding to International Instruments & Legislative DevelopmentSite Investigations

Site Licence

Construction Licence

Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR)

Pre-Operational Baseline Radiological Data Gathering

Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) for Operating Licence

Operator Training

Continuous Stakeholder Involvement, Public Information, Human Capital, Industrial & Technological Development

Prog

ram

me

& R

egua

ltory

Dev

elop

men

tINDICATIVE INDICATIVE TIMELINE FOR NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE FOR NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

IN THE ETPIN THE ETP

Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)

1515

▪ Public opinion survey to identify priority segments & concerns ▪ Awareness projects▪ Transparency in project implementation

Public Public AcceptanceAcceptance

▪ Promote public acceptance

▪ Fast-track process & make government priorityInternational International GovernanceGovernance

▪ Sign/ratify relevant treaties & conventions

▪ Align on international best practices ▪ Top-down mandate to accelerate process▪ Engage foreign experts to assess site

& construction permit applications

Regulatory Regulatory contextcontext

▪ Put in place detailed regulations

▪ Public information programme ▪ Option for localities to bid to host nuclear

plants as in Japan & Republic of Korea

Nuclear Nuclear Plant Site Plant Site AcquisitionAcquisition

▪ Acquire approval for plant sites▪ Obtain public support in locality

▪ Negotiate with vendors based on timelineConstruction Construction TimelineTimeline

▪ Require best-in-class timeline from vendors

Potential resolutionChallenge

▪ Combine low-cost & market financing e.g. sovereign-guaranteed foreign export credits,

foreign equity, commercial loans, including Islamic financing options.

ProjectProjectFinancingFinancing

▪ Obtain low-cost financing

KEY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR POWER KEY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT1616

ESTABLISHMENT OF ESTABLISHMENT OF MNPC AS THE NEPIOMNPC AS THE NEPIO

77THTH JANUARY 2011:JANUARY 2011:

ESTABLISHMENTESTABLISHMENTOFOF

MALAYSIAMALAYSIANUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER

CORPORATIONCORPORATION(MNPC)(MNPC)

AS A AS A NEW NEW FULLY DEDICATEDFULLY DEDICATEDNUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY

PROGRAMMEPROGRAMMEIMPLEMENTINGIMPLEMENTINGORGANISATIONORGANISATION

((NEPIO)NEPIO)

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC) registered under the Companies Act of Malaysia, as a fully Government-owned company limited by guarantee, without share capital,placed under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister’s Department, as a new fully dedicated NEPIO,

and officially launched by the Prime Minister to spearhead nuclear power deploymentunder the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)on 11th January 2011.

1717

Based on Based on the Memorandum the Memorandum of Association of MNPC under the Companies Act:of Association of MNPC under the Companies Act:

To plan, spearhead & coordinate the implementation of To plan, spearhead & coordinate the implementation of nuclear energy development programme for Malaysia nuclear energy development programme for Malaysia

and to take the necessary action to realise the development of and to take the necessary action to realise the development of the first nuclear power plant in Malaysia;the first nuclear power plant in Malaysia;

To ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the counTo ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the country try is in line with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelis in line with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines ines

covering 19 key areas of national position, nuclear safety, manacovering 19 key areas of national position, nuclear safety, management, funding & gement, funding & financing, legislative framework, safeguards, financing, legislative framework, safeguards,

regulatory framework, radiation protection, electrical grid, regulatory framework, radiation protection, electrical grid, human resource development, stakeholder involvement, human resource development, stakeholder involvement,

site & supporting facilities, environmental protection, emergencsite & supporting facilities, environmental protection, emergency planning, security & y planning, security & physical protection, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste, physical protection, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste,

industrial involvement, and procurement; and,industrial involvement, and procurement; and,

To identify the company or special purpose vehicle (SPV) To identify the company or special purpose vehicle (SPV) to be the owner and/or operator of nuclear power plant.to be the owner and/or operator of nuclear power plant.

OBJECTIVES OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)OBJECTIVES OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)1818

Ministers of the Federal Government Ministers of the Federal Government Order (No. 2) 2013Order (No. 2) 2013issued under the Ministers issued under the Ministers of the Federal Government Act (Act. No.2) of of the Federal Government Act (Act. No.2) of 19691969

& published & published in the Federal Government Gazette, P.U. (A) 184, dated 26 June in the Federal Government Gazette, P.U. (A) 184, dated 26 June 2013:2013:

Under the Functions of the Prime MinisterUnder the Functions of the Prime Minister

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation: Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation:

““PlanningPlanning, spearheading and , spearheading and coordinatingcoordinatingthe the implementation implementation of of nuclear energy development nuclear energy development

as as well as to ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for well as to ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the the countrycountryis is in line with the in line with the International Atomic Energy Agency guidelinesInternational Atomic Energy Agency guidelines..””

FUNCTIONS OF FUNCTIONS OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPCMALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC))UNDER THE MINISTERIAL FUNCTIONS ORDER (No. 2) 2013UNDER THE MINISTERIAL FUNCTIONS ORDER (No. 2) 2013

1919

BUT, WHY NUCLEAR BUT, WHY NUCLEAR ENERGYENERGY& HOW & HOW CAN WE MANAGE CAN WE MANAGE IT?IT?

2020

NUCLEAR FUEL ENERGY CONTENTNUCLEAR FUEL ENERGY CONTENT

nuclear fuel is energy intensive;

nuclear plant refueling cycle is between 12 & 24 months;

nuclear fuel loads for a few yearscan be stored easily in nuclear power plants;

thus, nuclear plants can be operated without interruption for a few years,even with nuclear fuel supply interruption.

This 30 gm. pellet of uranium oxide fuelThis 30 gm. pellet of uranium oxide fuelcan deliver the same amount of energy can deliver the same amount of energy

as 3 tonnes of coal. as 3 tonnes of coal.

If the spent nuclear fuel is reprocessedIf the spent nuclear fuel is reprocessedto extract plutonium produced in uraniumto extract plutonium produced in uranium

for use as fuel in fast breeder reactors, for use as fuel in fast breeder reactors, this tiny pellet can deliver much more energy this tiny pellet can deliver much more energy

equivalent to 150 tonnes of coal.equivalent to 150 tonnes of coal.

2121

uel Requirements for 1,000 MWe plantor 1-year full-load operation

2,000,000 metric tonnes of coal;1,960,000,000 gallons of oil;30 metric tonnes of uranium; 0.6 metric tonne of tritium & hydrogen for nuclear fusion;100 km2 of photovoltaic panels

t 10% efficiency;3,000 1-MW capacity wind turbines;30,000 km2 of wood for biomass; 16,100 km2 of corn for bioalcohol; or,800,000,000 chicken for biogas.

FuelFuelSpecific Specific Energy, Energy,

kJ/g.kJ/g.

Methane, CH4 50.7

Propane, C3H8 46.0

Octane, C8H18 41.2

Ethanol, C2H5OH 27.8

Glucose, C6H12O6 15.6

Coal, C96H135O9NS ~30

Hydrogen, H2(for combustion) 249

Uranium-235 90,000,000

Specific Energy of Alternative Fuel

2222COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTENTCOMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTENT

& FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1,000 MWe POWER PLANT& FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1,000 MWe POWER PLANT

2352359292UU

2382389292UU

two main uranium isotopes in nature,uranium-235 & uranium-238

only uranium-235 is readily fissile& undergoes nuclear fissionbut constitutes only 0.7% of uranium atoms in nature

uranium-238 constitutes 99.3% of uranium atoms in nature& is not readily fissile, but fertile,i.e. can be transformed intoplutonium-239 as nuclear fuel

plutonium does not exist in nature& can be mass producedonly in nuclear reactors

92 protons92 protons143 neutrons143 neutrons

in nucleusin nucleus

0.7% abundance0.7% abundanceFISSILEFISSILE

92 protons92 protons146 neutrons146 neutrons

in nucleusin nucleus

99.3% abundance99.3% abundanceFERTILEFERTILE

same chemical propertiessame chemical propertieswith difference of only 3 neutrons with difference of only 3 neutrons

in nuclei that provides basisin nuclei that provides basisfor uranium enrichmentfor uranium enrichment

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGYSOURCES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY2323

NUCLEAR NUCLEAR REACTORSREACTORS

nuclear fusion nuclear fusion or thermonuclear or thermonuclear

reactorsreactors

nuclear fissionnuclear fissionreactorsreactors

fusion reaction sustained fusion reaction sustained by very high temperature approaching by very high temperature approaching

the surface temperature of the Sunthe surface temperature of the Sun

fission reaction sustained by neutronsfission reaction sustained by neutrons& fission reactors sub& fission reactors sub--classified classified

by neutron energyby neutron energy

This presentation focused on nuclear fission,This presentation focused on nuclear fission,particularly thermal reactors.particularly thermal reactors.

being developed under an International being developed under an International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

(ITER) Project(ITER) Project

NUCLEAR FUSION & NUCLEAR FUSION & FISSION REACTORSFISSION REACTORS2424

NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTIONREACTION

1/100,000,000,000,000th second1/100,000,000,000,000th secondper neutron generationper neutron generation

2352359292UU

2382389292UU

induced fission induced fission of uraniumof uranium--235235after neutronafter neutronabsorptionabsorption

fission product fission product atom Xatom X

fission productfission productatom Yatom Y

200 200 megaelectronmegaelectron

volt (MeV) volt (MeV) of energy of energy per Uper U--235235

atom fissionedatom fissioned

average average 2.43 neutrons2.43 neutrons

per fission per fission of uraniumof uranium--235235

2392399494PuPu transmutationtransmutation

of uraniumof uranium--238238into plutoniuminto plutonium--239239

induced fissioninduced fissionof subsequentof subsequentUU--235 atoms235 atoms

2352359292UU

2352359292UU

2382389292UU

2352359292UU

absorption of neutronabsorption of neutronby uraniumby uranium--238238

neutron,neutron,11

00nn

1100nn

1100nn

2525

NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTIONREACTION

BUT, IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR:fission neutrons are fast, of more than 1 megaelectron-volt (MeV) energy,& need to be slowed down or moderated to thermal energy (0.025 eV),to increase probability of further U-235 fission & sustain reaction.slowing down through collision of fast neutrons with moderator atoms,with most commercial nuclear power reactors using water as moderator.need to control neutron population or flux

with control rods or neutron absorbers, e.g. boron, cadmium, hafnium or gadolinium,

to avoid runaway chain reaction.certain fission products, especially xenon-135 (Xe-135),can readily absorb neutrons or be neutron poisons,which can inhibit the nuclear chain reaction. need to remove fission heat with reactor cooling system& the moderator can also be the coolant, especially water.

2626

FISSION NEUTRON ENERGY FISSION NEUTRON ENERGY SPECTRUMSPECTRUM

neutron energy (electronneutron energy (electron--Volt, eV)Volt, eV)0.0010.001 0.010.01 0.10.1 11 1010 100100 10001000 101044 101055 101066 101077 101088

rela

tive

neut

ron

flux

rela

tive

neut

ron

flux

1010--1010

1010--88

1010--66

1010--44

1010--22

101000

101022 thermal thermal neutronsneutrons

epithermal epithermal neutronsneutrons fast fast

neutronsneutrons

close similarity between energy spectra close similarity between energy spectra for uraniumfor uranium--235 & plutonium235 & plutonium--239 fission neutrons239 fission neutrons

1 MeV1 MeV

0.025 eV0.025 eV

can design nuclear fission reactors can design nuclear fission reactors to to operate on thermal, epithermal or fast neutronsoperate on thermal, epithermal or fast neutronsusing different neutron moderator, coolantusing different neutron moderator, coolant, & , & nuclear fuel characteristicsnuclear fuel characteristics

2727

NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORSNUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS

NUCLEAR NUCLEAR REACTORSREACTORS

nuclear fusion nuclear fusion or thermonuclear or thermonuclear

reactorsreactors

nuclear fissionnuclear fissionreactorsreactors

fast fast reactorsreactors

thermal thermal reactorsreactors

operate on thermal neutronsoperate on thermal neutrons& require moderators;& require moderators;

existing commercial reactors.existing commercial reactors.

operate on fast neutrons operate on fast neutrons & do not require moderator;& do not require moderator;

still prototype reactors.still prototype reactors.

epithermal epithermal reactorsreactors

operate on epithermal neutronsoperate on epithermal neutrons& require some moderator;& require some moderator;still experimental reactors.still experimental reactors.

2828

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR REACTORSBASIC PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS

2382389292UU

2392399494PuPu

2352359292UU2352359292UU

2382389292UU

2392399494PuPu

fast (> 1 MeV)fast (> 1 MeV)fission neutronsfission neutronsfrom preceding from preceding UU--235 fission235 fission

slowing down slowing down of fission neutronsof fission neutronsto thermal energiesto thermal energies

transmutationtransmutationof uraniumof uranium--238238

into plutoniuminto plutonium--239239

fast neutron fission fast neutron fission of plutoniumof plutonium--239239

thermal neutron fission thermal neutron fission of uraniumof uranium--235235

control rods inserted to control rods inserted to absorb excess neutrons absorb excess neutrons & control neutron flux& control neutron flux

absorption of neutrons absorption of neutrons by neutron poisonby neutron poison

fission productfission product

neutron absorptionneutron absorptionby uraniumby uranium--238238

coolantcoolantmoderator,moderator,

HH22OO

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn 11

00nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn

1100nn


fission fission productproduct



(neutron poison)(neutron poison)

fission energy fission energy (heat)(heat)

fission energyfission energy(heat)(heat)

nuclear fuel elementnuclear fuel element

fuel element claddingfuel element cladding

2929

condensed condensed waterwater

steam steam turbineturbine

coolingcoolingwater inwater in

hot water hot water outout

steam linesteam line

nuclearnuclearreactorreactorvesselvessel

primaryprimarycooling loopcooling loop

reactor containment buildingreactor containment building

steamsteamgeneratorgenerator

electricalelectricalgeneratorgenerator

nuclear nuclear fuelfuel

controlcontrolrodsrods

Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)

Balance of Plant (BOP)Balance of Plant (BOP)

coolantcoolantmoderatormoderator

3030

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTNUCLEAR POWER PLANT

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH TWONUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH TWO--LOOP COOLING SYSTEMLOOP COOLING SYSTEM(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR))(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR))

3131

3232NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH ONEONE--LOOP LOOP COOLING SYSTEMCOOLING SYSTEM

(BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR))(BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR))

TYPICAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LAYOUTTYPICAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT

Reactor Containment BuildingReactor Containment BuildingNuclear Fuel BuildingNuclear Fuel Building

Nuclear Auxiliary BuildingNuclear Auxiliary Building

Radioactive Waste BuildingRadioactive Waste BuildingDiesel Generator Building 2Diesel Generator Building 2

Turbine BuildingTurbine Building

Control & InstrumentationControl & InstrumentationElectrical BuildingElectrical Building

Access BuildingAccess Building

Service BuildingService Building

Service BuildingService Building

Turbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularly Turbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularly to Reactor Containment Buildings for safety reasonsto Reactor Containment Buildings for safety reasons

Diesel Diesel Generator Generator Building 1Building 1

Office BuildingOffice Building

3333

Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plantin Tennessee, U.S.A.

Reactor Containment

Buildings(Twin Units)

Cooling Towers(Twin Units)

Turbine Building

Electrical Switchyard& Grid Connection

3434

Nuclear Power Plant BuildingsNuclear Power Plant BuildingsReactor Reactor

Containment Containment BuildingBuilding

Cooling TowerCooling TowerTurbine Turbine BuildingBuilding

3535

Nuclear Reactor VesselNuclear Reactor Vessel3636

Nuclear Power Plant Steam GeneratorNuclear Power Plant Steam Generator

3737

Nuclear Power Plant Steam GeneratorNuclear Power Plant Steam Generator

3838

Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant Steam TurbineSteam Turbine

3939

Nuclear Power Plant Steam TurbineNuclear Power Plant Steam Turbine4040

Nuclear Nuclear Power Power Plant Plant ElectricalElectricalGeneratorGenerator

4141

Cerenkov Radiation creates blue glowCerenkov Radiation creates blue glow

4242

Nuclear Power Reactor CoreNuclear Power Reactor CoreDuring Refuelling OperationDuring Refuelling Operation

URANIUMURANIUM

4343

uranium mining

uranium refining

uranium ore

uranium tetraoxide, U3O8,

or yellow-cake

uranium conversion

enriched UF6 gas(3 to 5% U-235)

uranium enrichment

uranium hexafluoride,

UF6, gas

UF6reconversion

nuclear fuel fabrication

enriched uraniumdioxide

nuclear fuelassemblies

nuclearpower plants

spent nuclear fuel reprocessing

recoveredunused uranium

extracted plutonium

irradiated or spent nuclear fuel

high-level nuclear waste disposal

interim spent nuclear fuel storage

spent nuclear fuel

0.7% U-235& 99.3% U-238

natural uraniumdioxideor metal

depleted uranium

by-product

4444

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLENUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

diversion of extracted plutonium to nuclear weaponsproduction

diversion of highly enriched (>90% U-235) uranium

to nuclear weaponsproduction

GLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NONGLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NON--PROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDS PROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDS REGIMEREGIME

TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS (NPT)with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

as the Treaty verification agency

with differentiated treaty obligationsbetween

nuclear weapon States (NWS)& non-nuclear weapon States (NNWS)

IAEA Safeguards Agreements& Additional Protocols with NNWS NPT Parties(bilateral agreements)

NWS not obliged to conclude IAEA Safeguards Agreements,

but obliged to disarm nuclear weapons

IAEA safeguards verification

UN SECURITY COUNCILbased on

IAEA Statute

45

Reinforced by Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone Treaties& Regional Treaty Safeguards Authorities

(e.g. Treaty on the South-East AsiaNuclear Weapons-Free Zone (SEAWNFZ)

& SEANWFZ Commission)

GLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME

National National & Regional& RegionalNuclearNuclear InfrastructureInfrastructure

IAEA Safety IAEA Safety StandardsStandards

IAEA Safety IAEA Safety Reviews and Reviews and

ServicesServices

Global Global Knowledge Knowledge

NetworkNetwork

RegulationRegulationEnforcementEnforcement OperationOperation

Research & EducationResearch & Education

International Legal InstrumentsInternational Legal InstrumentsConventions Conventions & Codes & Codes of Conductof Conduct

Global ExpertsGlobal Experts’’ CommunityCommunity

4646

BASIC SAFETY BASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FOR PRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

GENERAL NUCLEAR SAFETY OBJECTIVEGENERAL NUCLEAR SAFETY OBJECTIVE

TECHNICAL SAFETY OBJECTIVETECHNICAL SAFETY OBJECTIVEinherent safety, inherent safety,

multimulti--barrier containmentbarrier containment& defence in depth in plant design& defence in depth in plant design

& prudent plant siting& prudent plant siting& safety culture in plant & safety culture in plant managementmanagement

RADIATION RADIATION PROTECTION OBJECTIVEPROTECTION OBJECTIVEAs Low As Reasonably Achievable As Low As Reasonably Achievable

(ALARA)(ALARA)& emergency response,& emergency response,

with evacuation, if necessary,with evacuation, if necessary,facilitated by prudent sitingfacilitated by prudent siting..

4747

1 SAFETY OBJECTIVE:The fundamental safety objective is to protect people & the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.

10 SAFETY PRINCIPLES:Principle 1: Responsibility for SafetyPrinciple 2: Role of Government Principle 3: Leadership & Management for SafetyPrinciple 4: Justification of Facilities & Activities Principle 5: Optimization of Protection Principle 6: Limitation of Risks to Individuals Principle 7: Protection of Present & Future GenerationsPrinciple 8: Prevention of Accidents Principle 9: Emergency Preparedness & Response Principle 10: Protective Actions to Reduce Existing or Unregulated Radiation Risks

GLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIMEGLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIME

Unified Global Nuclear Liability RegimeUnified Global Nuclear Liability Regimethrough the through the 1988 Joint 1988 Joint Protocol relating Protocol relating to to the Vienna the Vienna & Paris Conventions& Paris Conventions

4848

OECD Conventions(Regional)

OECD ConventionsOECD Conventions(Regional)(Regional)

IAEA Conventions(Global)

IAEA ConventionsIAEA Conventions(Global)(Global)

1960 Paris Convention on Third Party Liability

in the Field of Nuclear Energy(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)

1960 Paris Convention on 1960 Paris Convention on Third Party Liability Third Party Liability

in in the Field of Nuclear Energythe Field of Nuclear Energy(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)

1963 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage

1963 Vienna Convention on 1963 Vienna Convention on Civil Civil Liability for Nuclear Liability for Nuclear DamageDamage

1963 Brussels ConventionSupplementary to the Paris

Convention on Nuclear Third Party Liability

1963 Brussels Convention1963 Brussels ConventionSupplementary to the Paris Supplementary to the Paris

Convention Convention on Nuclear Third Party on Nuclear Third Party LiabilityLiability

1997 Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on

Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage

1997 1997 Protocol to Amend Protocol to Amend the the Vienna Vienna Convention on Convention on

Civil Liability for Nuclear Civil Liability for Nuclear DamageDamage

1997 Convention on Supplementary Compensation

for Nuclear Damage

1997 Convention on 1997 Convention on Supplementary Supplementary CompensationCompensation

for Nuclear Damagefor Nuclear Damage2004 Protocols Revising the Paris & Brussels Conventions

2004 Protocols Revising 2004 Protocols Revising the the Paris & Brussels ConventionsParis & Brussels Conventions

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR LIABILITYLIABILITY& NUCLEAR INSURANCE& NUCLEAR INSURANCE

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Liability is channeled exclusively to the operators of nuclear installations;

Liability of operator is absolute, i.e. operator is held liable

irrespective of fault, except for acts of armed conflict,

hostilities, civil war or insurrection;

Liability of the operator is limited in amount;

Liability is limited in time;

Under both the OECD & IAEA Conventions

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLESFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Liability Liability is channeled exclusively is channeled exclusively to the operators of nuclear installations; to the operators of nuclear installations;

Liability of operator is absolute, Liability of operator is absolute, i.e. operator is held i.e. operator is held liableliable

irrespective irrespective of fault, of fault, except for acts of armed conflict, except for acts of armed conflict,

hostilitieshostilities, , civil civil war or insurrection;war or insurrection;

Liability of the operator is limited in amount;Liability of the operator is limited in amount;

Liability is limited in Liability is limited in time;time;

Under both the OECD & IAEA ConventionsUnder both the OECD & IAEA Conventions

4949

Nuclear InsuranceNuclear Insurance& Reinsurance Pools& Reinsurance Pools

National Limit of Liability on OperatorsNational Limit of Liability on Operators

Limit for International CompensationLimit for International Compensation

Compensation by Compensation by National GovernmentsNational Governmentsunder Respective Lawsunder Respective Laws

International CompensationInternational Compensationuunder the Conventions onnder the Conventions on

Supplementary CompensationSupplementary Compensation

CONCEPT OF MULTICONCEPT OF MULTI--BARRIER CONTAINMENTBARRIER CONTAINMENT

aircraft crashaircraft crash--proofproof

5050

Nuclear Power Plant Building Aircraft Crash TestNuclear Power Plant Building Aircraft Crash TestUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstUS F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstA MockA Mock--up Segment of A Nuclear Power Plant up Segment of A Nuclear Power Plant

Containment BuildingContainment Building

5151

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BUILDING AIRCRAFT CRASH TEST VIDEONUCLEAR POWER PLANT BUILDING AIRCRAFT CRASH TEST VIDEOUS US F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test AgainstAgainst

A MockA Mock--Up Up Nuclear Power Plant Containment Building Nuclear Power Plant Containment Building SegmentSegment

5252

MULTIMULTI--BARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCEBARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCE--ININ--DEPTHDEPTH5353

CONCEPT & LEVELS OF CONCEPT & LEVELS OF DEFENCE IN DEPTHDEFENCE IN DEPTH

LEVELLEVEL::

OBJECTIVE:OBJECTIVE: MEANS:MEANS:

Level Level 11

Prevention of abnormal operation Prevention of abnormal operation & failures& failures

Conservative design;Conservative design;High quality in constructionHigh quality in construction

and operation & maintenance.and operation & maintenance.

Level Level 22

Control of abnormal operation;Control of abnormal operation;Detection of failures.Detection of failures.

Control, limiting & protection Control, limiting & protection systems systems

& other surveillance features.& other surveillance features.Level Level

33Control of accidents within Control of accidents within

Design Basis Accidents (DBA).Design Basis Accidents (DBA).Engineered Safety Features (ESF) Engineered Safety Features (ESF)

& accident procedures.& accident procedures.

Level Level 44

Control of severe plant Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention conditions, including prevention

of accident progression & of accident progression & mitigation of consequences of mitigation of consequences of

severe accidents.severe accidents.

Complementary measures Complementary measures & accident management.& accident management.

Level Level 55

Mitigating radiological Mitigating radiological consequences of significant consequences of significant

radioactivity releases.radioactivity releases.

OffOff--site emergency response.site emergency response.

Prevention of Prevention of severe severe core core

damagedamage

Prevention Prevention of of accidentsaccidents

5454

EMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSEMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

population centres

low population zone

NPP exclusion zone(zero population)

NPP

NPP site boundary

5555

COMPARATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE COMPARATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE BY SOURCEBY SOURCE5656

Source: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)

COMPOSITION COMPOSITION OF FRESH & OF FRESH & IRRADIATED OR SPENT IRRADIATED OR SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL NUCLEAR FUEL

INITIAL INITIAL FRESH FUELFRESH FUELevery 1000 kg.every 1000 kg.

3.3% enriched3.3% enrichedwith Uwith U--235235

33 kg. U33 kg. U--235235

967 kg. U-238

8.0 kg. unused U-2354.6 kg. U-236

8.9 kg. Pu-239& other isotopesof plutonium

943 kg. U-238 SPENT FUELSPENT FUELevery 1000 kg.every 1000 kg.

0.65 kg. varioustransuranic elements

35 kg. assortedfission products

3-year coolingcooling

High-LevelNuclear Waste

Recyclable Nuclear Material

5757

RADIOACTIVE WASTE RADIOACTIVE WASTE CATEGORY IN CATEGORY IN FRANCEFRANCE

Category Radioactivity Range Volume Radioactivity Waste Sources

Very Low Level (VLL)

1 to 102 Bq/g. ≅ 58 % ≅ 10-3 %earth, gravel & scrap metal from

dismantling and process waste (pumps, valves..)

Low Level (LL)

103 to 105

Bq/g. ≅ 40 % ≅ 1 %

waste from operating nuclear installations, reactors, factories,

laboratories, hospitals, waste from Defence,

graphite from dismantling

Medium Level (ML)

105 to 109

Bq/g. ≅ 2 % ≅ 1 %

ion exchange resins from reactor coolant,

slurries, hulls & end fittings

High Level (HL)

109 to 1012

Bq/g. ≅ 0.1 % 98 %vitrified waste & irradiated fuel

5858

Medium & highMedium & high--level waste accounts for 5% of total waste level waste accounts for 5% of total waste volume, but volume, but contains 99% of radioactivity.contains 99% of radioactivity.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT BY BY CATEGORY IN FRANCECATEGORY IN FRANCE

Waste CategoryWaste Category Very Very ShortShort--livedlived ShortShort--lived < 30yrslived < 30yrs LongLong--lived > 30yrslived > 30yrs

VLL (βγ) Surface storagesince 2003

1,000,000 m3

Mining residues: stored locally52,000,000 m3

Radiferous waste: under investigation

>100,000 m3

LL (βγ + α)

Radioactive decay Surface storage centres

since 1969:1,300,000 m3

Graphite waste under review:

14,000 m3

ML (α) Waste from reprocessing under review: 60,000 m3

HL (α + βγ)

α + βγ waste from spent fuel reprocessing:5,000 m3

3,500 tonnesunder review

5959

LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT IN FRANCELOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT IN FRANCE

Shirts, gloves, shoes

Filters...

TreatmentTreatment(examples)(examples)

Compacting

Casting in bars

ConditioningConditioning(example)(example)

Encapsulation in cement

inside concrete drum

TraceabilityTraceability

Étiquette code-barre

Inspection

Bar code label

Types of WasteTypes of Waste

6060

Source: Various sources

LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESWASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESIN IN FRANCEFRANCE

humus

concrete recess

drainage layer

layer of clay

inspection gallery

Raftburied gravitational separation system

6161

LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESWASTE STORAGE STRUCTURESIN IN FRANCEFRANCE

THREE PHASES IN STORAGE:1. Operation;2. Monitoring for

at least 300 years; and,3. Reclamation after that stage.

THREE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS:1st containment system, the waste package;2nd containment system, host structure – covered & drained;3rd containment system, the site.

6262

SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGEMANAGEMENT & STORAGEIN FRANCEIN FRANCE

Spent fuel assembly storage

Spent nuclear fuel assembly

Transport of 6 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel in 110 tonne flask

Interim Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage in pool at la Hague, France

6363

SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGEMANAGEMENT & STORAGEIN FRANCEIN FRANCE

Hall for storing glass containers from the vitrification plant (COGEMA - Marcoule)

Storage of spent fuel by the CEA, ‘Cascad’ installation

6464

Source: COGEMA, France

RADIOTOXICITY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUELRADIOTOXICITY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL6565

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

DEEP UNDERGROUND STORAGE DEEP UNDERGROUND STORAGE FOR HIGHFOR HIGH--LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTELEVEL NUCLEAR WASTEIN IN FRANCEFRANCE

Clay host formation

Seal

Storage shafts or recessesGallery

> 20

0 m

Upper sedimentary rock formations Way-shaft

NATURALOUTLET

Fault

Shaft

Engineered barrier container

6666

DEEP GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT & DISPOSALDEEP GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT & DISPOSAL& NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR IN OKLO, GABON& NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR IN OKLO, GABON

Olkiluoto, Finland

New Mexico, USA

Bure (Meuse/Haute-Marne),France

Oskarshamn, Sweden

2 billion-year old natural nuclear reactors in Oklo, Gabon

6767


GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE RESEARCHGEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE RESEARCHIN VARIOUS COUNTRIESIN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

Mol, Belgium (clay) Grimsel, Switzerland (granite)

Gorleben, Germany (salt) Bure, France (clay)

Yucca Mountain,

USA(tuff)

Mont Terri, Switzerland (clay)

6868


GLOBAL URANIUM RESOURCE AVAILABILITYGLOBAL URANIUM RESOURCE AVAILABILITY

Resource Category Less than USD 40/kg.U

Less than USD 80/kg.U

Less than USD 130/kg.U

No recovery cost estimate

assignedReasonably Assured Resources (RAR) 1,947,000 2,643,000 3,297,000 n.a.

Inferred 799,000 1,161,000 1,446,000 n.a.Prognosticated n.a. 1,700,000 2,519,000 n.a.Speculative n.a. n.a. 4,557,000 2,979,000Total 2,716,000 5,504,000 11,819,000 14,798,000

Historical & Historical & Projected Projected Global Uranium Global Uranium Supply & Demand Supply & Demand from 1945 to 2025from 1945 to 2025

NoteNote: : Estimated global uranium requirementEstimated global uranium requirement

for operating nuclear power plantsfor operating nuclear power plantsfor 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.for 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.

Global resources Global resources sufficient sufficient for for 80 years80 years. . Use of fast reactors will Use of fast reactors will prolong to 2,500 prolong to 2,500 yearsyears..

Uranium in phosphates estimated at Uranium in phosphates estimated at over over 35 million tonnes35 million tonnes..

6969

Source: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), IAEA & other sources

GLOBAL URANIUM SUPPLYGLOBAL URANIUM SUPPLY

Major Uranium Producers:

Uranium Resources (tonnes)

% of World Total

Australia 1,243,000 23Kazakhstan 817,000 15Russian Federation 546,000 10

South Africa 435,000 8Canada 423,000 8USA 342,000 6Brazil 278,000 5Namibia 275,000 5Niger 274,000 5Jordan 112,000 2Uzbekistan 111,000 2India 73,000 1China 68,000 1Mongolia 62,000 1

SSecondary nuclear econdary nuclear fuel supply from fuel supply from

dismantled nuclear dismantled nuclear weaponsweapons

under the Megatons under the Megatons to Megawatt to Megawatt ProgrammeProgramme

between the USA between the USA & Russian & Russian FederationFederation

7070


GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE TRENDSGLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE TRENDS

pricesdeclinedsince

Spot Yellow-cake Prices in Constant 2007 US$ & Current US$

Uranium price increase in recent years due to dynamics of global uranium supply and demand itself,i.e. flooding at McArthur River mine in Saskatchewan, Canada, with largest known high-grade uranium deposits in the world, in 2003, temporary shutdown of Honeywell uranium conversion plant in Metropolis, Illlinois, USA, in late 2004 to early 2005, uncertainties over continued operation of Rössing mine in Namibia, fire at the multi-mineral Olympic Dam mine in South Australia,and advent of uranium hedge funds in 2005,with underlying positive outlook for nuclear power due to concerns over global warming & Kyoto Protocol.

71

1988 to 2013

7171

Source: UxC

CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICECURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE

Uranium & Nuclear Fuel ServicesSpot Market Prices

on 24 February 2014

Uranium Ore, and Conversion

& Enrichment Services Price Trends

from December 2013 to February 2014

7272

Source: UxC

SWU = Separative Work Unit for enrichment

CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT SUPPLIERSCURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT SUPPLIERS

CountryCountry Uranium Enrichment Service Uranium Enrichment Service SupplierSupplier Start of OperationStart of Operation Uranium Enrichment Uranium Enrichment

CapacityCapacity (SWU (SWU per year)per year)

Gaseous DiffusionGaseous Diffusion::USAUSA US Enrichment Company Inc.

(USEC)1954 11,300,000

FranceFrance Areva 1979 10,800,000Centrifuge:Russian Russian FederationFederation

TENEX 1949 to 1964 15,000,000 to 20,000,000

United KingdomUnited Kingdom URENCO 1976 3,100,000NetherlandsNetherlands URENCO 1973 2,500,000GermanyGermany URENCO 1985 1,700,000JapanJapan Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. (JNFL) 1992 600,000

1997 450,000ChinaChina China National Nuclear

Corporation (CNNC)2002 500,0001999 500,000

Others Others ((Argentina, Argentina, Brazil, India and Brazil, India and Pakistan)Pakistan)

not applicable not applicable 300,000

Total 46,750,000 to 51,750,000

7373


Nuclear Nuclear plant construction costs generally higher, plant construction costs generally higher, compared compared to coal or gasto coal or gas--fired plants, fired plants, because because of higher level of technology, of higher level of technology, sophistication sophistication of equipment, of equipment, quality quality of material of material & & quality assurance standards. quality assurance standards.

Even though such factors contribute Even though such factors contribute to to higher nuclear power plant capital higher nuclear power plant capital cost, cost, once once the plants are commissioned, the plants are commissioned, variable variable or operating costs are minor.or operating costs are minor.

Thus, Thus, nuclear nuclear power plants are most suitable for power plants are most suitable for basebase--load.load.

Standard Standard practice to internalise practice to internalise decommissioning, spent decommissioning, spent fuel fuel management management and radioactive and radioactive waste disposal waste disposal costs in costs in nuclear generation costs, nuclear generation costs, unlike unlike other other energy sources.energy sources.

NUCLEAR POWER COST CHARACTERISTICSNUCLEAR POWER COST CHARACTERISTICS7474

Reduced construction periods of modern nuclear power plants, from 10 to 15 years, down to 3 to 6 years, and extension of the plant operating life from 25 to 40 years, and now 60 years.

Design of nuclear fuel used in modern plants have also resulted Design of nuclear fuel used in modern plants have also resulted in a significant extension of the refueling cycle of those plantin a significant extension of the refueling cycle of those plants, s, from 12 to 18 months, up to 24 months, from 12 to 18 months, up to 24 months, hence, minimising scheduled plant outage, hence, minimising scheduled plant outage, and improving overall plant load factors.and improving overall plant load factors.

7575

IMPROVEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGIESIMPROVEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES

RANGE OF SIZES OF POWER PLANTS BY ENERGY SOURCERANGE OF SIZES OF POWER PLANTS BY ENERGY SOURCE

Fuel typeFuel type 1 kW1 kW 10 kW10 kW 100 kW100 kW 1 MW1 MW 10 MW10 MW 100 MW100 MW 1,000 MW1,000 MW

Capacity rangesCapacity ranges

Renewable Renewable

Conventional Conventional

Human Human heartheart1.5 W1.5 W

BiomassBiomass 10 kW10 kW--50 MW50 MW

CoalCoal 8080--1,000 MW1,000 MW

WindWind 10 kW10 kW--5 MW5 MW

SolarSolar 1 kW1 kW--100 kW100 kW

GasGas 25 kW25 kW--500 MW500 MW

HydroHydro 1 kW1 kW--700 MW700 MW

NuclearNuclear 300300--1,500 MW1,500 MW

Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)

7676

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICSCOMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICS

Comparative Cost Structure by Fuel TypeComparative Cost Structure by Fuel Type

Nuclear Power Generation Nuclear Power Generation Cost ComponentsCost Components

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Natural gas

Wind farm

Nuclear

Clean coal & CCS

Clean coal

Coal

Billion US $

Investment Investment Costs for Costs for 1,000 MWe Plant1,000 MWe Plant

Range of Levelised Generation Costs for New Power PlantsRange of Levelised Generation Costs for New Power Plants

7777


LIFELIFE--CYCLE CASH FLOW OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANTCYCLE CASH FLOW OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

NoteNote::Latest generation of nuclear power plantsLatest generation of nuclear power plants have 60have 60--year lifetime,year lifetime,which may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at ewhich may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at end of 60nd of 60--years.years.

7878

IMPACT OF FUEL COSTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTSIMPACT OF FUEL COSTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTSFINLAND (2000)FINLAND (2000)

7979

Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)

COMPARATIVE LEVELISED COMPARATIVE LEVELISED GENERATION COST RANGEGENERATION COST RANGEBY ENERGY BY ENERGY SOURCE IN USASOURCE IN USA

8080


COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER IN THE MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSIN THE MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

8181


COMPARISON OF LIFE COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONSBY BY ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY SOURCE

[16][16][15][15] [15][15]

[13][13]

[8][8]

[4][4]Standard deviationStandard deviation

aa MeanMeanMin Min -- MaxMax

[sample size][sample size]

gCO

gCO

22-- eq eq

/ kW

h/ k

Wh

[8][8]

[12][12][10][10]

[16][16]

[8][8]

gCO

gCO

22-- eq eq

/ kW

h/ k

Wh

00

200200

400400

600600

800800

1 0001 000

1 2001 200

1 4001 400

1 6001 600

1 8001 800

lignitelignite coalcoal oiloil gasgas CCSCCS00

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100

120120

140140

160160

180180

hydrohydro nuclearnuclear windwind solarsolarPVPV

biobiomassmass

storagestorage

Note Note different scales on vertical axesdifferent scales on vertical axes

8282


COMPARATIVE WASTE GENERATION BETWEEN ENERGY SOURCESCOMPARATIVE WASTE GENERATION BETWEEN ENERGY SOURCES

Waste Generated by Energy Waste Generated by Energy Source Source

Industrial Waste per Capita Industrial Waste per Capita per Annum in Franceper Annum in France

8383


COMPARATIVE FATALITY RISKS OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCESCOMPARATIVE FATALITY RISKS OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES

Energy Source Fatalities (1970-92)

Fatal Victims Fatality per TW-yr.

Hydropower dam breaks 4,000 workers & public 883

Coal mine accidents & methane explosions 6,400 coal miners 342

Oil & gas explosions & well blowout 1,200 workers & public 85

Nuclear plant & fuel facility accidents 50 workers & fire personnel 13

8484

Source: Paul Scherer Institute

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN EVOLUTIONDESIGN EVOLUTION8585

Source: Generation IV Forum (GIF)

GLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER STATUSGLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER STATUS

434 operable nuclear power plants in the world434 operable nuclear power plants in the world…… …… and many more are and many more are planned, mostly in Asia.planned, mostly in Asia.

Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Plant Status:Plant Status:

No. of No. of Plants:Plants:

Generating Generating Capacity (MWe):Capacity (MWe):

Operable 434 374,335

Under Construction 70 74,911

In Planning 173 186,388

Proposed 310 349,170

Status as of 1 February 2014

Top 10 countries most reliant on nuclear power in 2013 Top 10 countries most reliant on nuclear power in 2013 CountryCountry Nuclear as % of total electricityNuclear as % of total electricity

France 74.8Slovakia 53.8Slovenia 53.8Belgium 51.0Ukraine 46.2Hungary 45.9Sweden 38.1Switzerland 35.9Czech Republic 35.3Finland 32.6

Top 10 countries with most nuclear projects in progressTop 10 countries with most nuclear projects in progress

CountryCountry Units Units OperableOperable

Units Units ConstructionConstruction

Units Units PlannedPlanned

Units Units ProposedProposed

China 20 28 58 118Russian Fed. 33 10 31 18India 21 7 18 39USA 100 5 7 15Korea (ROK) 23 5 6 0Japan 48 3 9 3UAE 0 2 2 10Pakistan 3 2 0 2Slovakia 4 2 0 1Saudi Arabia 0 0 6 16

8686


SOSO………….., .., WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?

8787

NUCLEAR LEGAL & REGULATORY STUDYNUCLEAR LEGAL & REGULATORY STUDY8888

CURRENT CURRENT NUCLEARNUCLEAR--RELATED REGULATORY RELATED REGULATORY STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

Source: Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)

8989

NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NPIDP),NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NPIDP),FEASIBILITY STUDY (FS), SITE EVALUATION (SE) & BID DOCUMENTS FEASIBILITY STUDY (FS), SITE EVALUATION (SE) & BID DOCUMENTS

(BD)(BD)

9090

NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLANNUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN(NPIDP)(NPIDP)

9191

ASSESSMENT OF SOURCES & METHODS OF PROJECT FINANCINGASSESSMENT OF SOURCES & METHODS OF PROJECT FINANCINGIN THE FEASIBILITY STUDYIN THE FEASIBILITY STUDY

9292

NUCLEAR ENGINEERING HIGHER EDUCATION ROADNUCLEAR ENGINEERING HIGHER EDUCATION ROAD--MAPMAP

MILESTONE 1:MILESTONE 1:June 2009June 2009

Ready to make a knowledgeable Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear power commitment to a nuclear power

programmeprogramme..

MILESTONE MILESTONE 2:2:20152015

Ready to invite bids for the first Ready to invite bids for the first nuclear power plantnuclear power plant

MILESTONE MILESTONE 3:3:20212021

Ready to commission and operate Ready to commission and operate the first nuclear power plantthe first nuclear power plant

PHASE 1:PHASE 1:2008 to June 20092008 to June 2009

Considerations before a decision to Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme launch a nuclear power programme

is takenis taken

PHASE 2PHASE 2::June June 2009 2009 to 2015to 2015

Preparatory work for construction Preparatory work for construction of a nuclear power plant after of a nuclear power plant after a policy decision has been takena policy decision has been taken

PHASE 3PHASE 3::2015 to 20212015 to 2021

Activities to implementActivities to implementa first nuclear power planta first nuclear power plant

POSTPOST‐‐2021:2021:Maintenance and continuousMaintenance and continuousinfrastructure improvementinfrastructure improvement

NUCLEAR ENGINEERING HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT ROADNUCLEAR ENGINEERING HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT ROAD‐‐MAPMAP

Commencement ofCommencement ofnuclear energynuclear energy‐‐related subjectsrelated subjectsunder other engineering coursesunder other engineering courses

at local universitiesat local universities..

Commencement ofCommencement ofnuclear engineering nuclear engineering first degree courses first degree courses in local universities.in local universities.

Local graduates Local graduates in nuclear engineeringin nuclear engineeringenter the job marketenter the job market

during implementation during implementation of first nuclear power project.of first nuclear power project.

Sustained output of localSustained output of localnuclear engineering graduates nuclear engineering graduates commensurate with demand. commensurate with demand.

Conduct of shortConduct of short‐‐term coursesterm courseson nuclear engineeringon nuclear engineering

for engineering professionals from for engineering professionals from other engineering disciplinesother engineering disciplines

in preparation for in preparation for nuclear power project nuclear power project

management & implementation.management & implementation.

Commencement ofCommencement ofnuclear engineering nuclear engineering postpost‐‐graduate courses graduate courses in local universitiesin local universities

for sustainable longfor sustainable long‐‐termtermnuclear powernuclear power‐‐relatedrelated

research & development.research & development.

Sustained nuclear powerSustained nuclear power‐‐relatedrelatedlocal research & developmentlocal research & developmentfor longfor long‐‐term requirements.term requirements.

Development of teaching staffDevelopment of teaching staffin nuclear engineeringin nuclear engineering

through international cooperation.through international cooperation.

Development of teaching staffDevelopment of teaching staffin nuclear engineeringin nuclear engineering

from among local graduates.from among local graduates.

Sustained output of teaching staffSustained output of teaching staffin nuclear engineeringin nuclear engineering

from among local graduates.from among local graduates.

9393

NPP Operator SPVNPP Operator SPVNPP Operator SPV

Malaysian IndustriesMalaysian Industries

Malaysian EducationalMalaysian Educational& Training Institutions& Training Institutions

National National RegulatorsRegulators

(AELB, ST, DOSH, (AELB, ST, DOSH, DOE, MHLG)DOE, MHLG)

TSOTSO’’ss(NM & others)(NM & others)

NEPIO(MNPC)NEPIONEPIO(MNPC)(MNPC)

planning & planning & implementationimplementation

coordinationcoordination

technicaltechnicalsupportsupport

regulateregulate

NPP VendorNPP VendorTurnkey Turnkey

ContractorContractor

supplysupply

Vendor CountryVendor CountryTSOTSO

Vendor CountryVendor CountryRegulatorsRegulators

Vendor CountryVendor CountryIndustriesIndustries

Vendor CountryVendor CountryEducational Educational

&Training Institutions&Training Institutionste

chno

logy

tran

sfer

tech

nolo

gy tr

ansf

er

& te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e

& te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e

Vendor CountryVendor CountryNuclear UtilityNuclear Utility

NPP Owner SPVNPP Owner SPVNPP Owner SPV

CAPACITYCAPACITY--BUILDING BUILDING & SUPPORT NETWORK& SUPPORT NETWORK9494

SITE INVESTIGATION & SELECTION STAGESSITE INVESTIGATION & SELECTION STAGES

ConstructionOperation

Post

Closure

9595

ON HOLD PENDINGON HOLD PENDINGSTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTSTAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

PRELIMINARY PRELIMINARY SITE SELECTIONSITE SELECTION

Digital Map Overlay Digital Map Overlay with with Different Different Types Types of Mapsof Mapsusing GIS using GIS SoftwareSoftwarewith Weighting Factors with Weighting Factors for for a a Set of Site Set of Site Assessment Assessment ParametersParameters

Source: Petersen et al, Tectonophysics 390 (2004)

sensitive areas

roadssettlement areas

elevation / terrain

land use

9696

NATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FORNATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FORSOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTSSOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

*Public engagement is an integral part of SIA & EIA preparation*Public engagement is an integral part of SIA & EIA preparation

9797

NUCLEAR POWER STAKEHOLDER NUCLEAR POWER STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENT

relevant interrelevant inter--governmental agencies for international nuclear governance, governmental agencies for international nuclear governance, foreign Governments, especially supplier States, international cforeign Governments, especially supplier States, international civil society.ivil society.

MNPC. MOFA, KeTTHA, MNPC. MOFA, KeTTHA, MOSTI, NM & AELBMOSTI, NM & AELB

Government & political leaders, policyGovernment & political leaders, policy--makers,makers,Members of Parliament, Senators & State Legislative Assemblies.Members of Parliament, Senators & State Legislative Assemblies.

MNPCMNPC, , KeTTHA, MOSTI, KeTTHA, MOSTI, NM, AELB, ST & TNB.NM, AELB, ST & TNB.

Government Ministries & agencies, GovernmentGovernment Ministries & agencies, Government--linked companies, linked companies, industry organisations, professional bodies, academic & trainingindustry organisations, professional bodies, academic & training institutions institutions

& other agencies involved in all aspects of & other agencies involved in all aspects of nuclear power programme & project implementation. nuclear power programme & project implementation.

MNPCMNPC, KeTTHA, KeTTHA, MOSTI, , MOSTI, NM, AELB, ST & TNB.NM, AELB, ST & TNB.

civic society, mass media, noncivic society, mass media, non--governmental organisations (NGOgovernmental organisations (NGO’’s), s), religious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training creligious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training colleges, university & olleges, university &

school students, general public. school students, general public.

MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI,MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI,NM, Information Dept.,NM, Information Dept.,

AELB, ST & TNB.AELB, ST & TNB.

local Government, community leaders, village heads,local Government, community leaders, village heads,local associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, slocal associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, schools, etc. chools, etc.

MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI, MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI, KPKT, NM, AELB, ST, KPKT, NM, AELB, ST,

Information Dept., TNB,Information Dept., TNB,municipal authorities.municipal authorities.

INTERNATIONAL STAKEHOLDERSINTERNATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS

NATIONAL & STATE POLITICAL STAKEHOLDERSNATIONAL & STATE POLITICAL STAKEHOLDERS

NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL STAKEHOLDERSNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL STAKEHOLDERS

GENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERSGENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERS

STATES & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITESSTATES & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITES

Key Agencies:Key Agencies:

9898

SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY ISSUESISSUESAT AT NATIONAL NATIONAL vs. vs. LOCAL LEVELSLOCAL LEVELS

civic society, mass media, noncivic society, mass media, non--governmental organisations (NGOgovernmental organisations (NGO’’s), s), religious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training creligious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training colleges, olleges,

university & school students, general public. university & school students, general public.

local Government, community leaders, village heads,local Government, community leaders, village heads,local associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, slocal associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, schools, etc. chools, etc.

GENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERSGENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERS

STATE & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITESSTATE & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITES

Why nuclear?Why nuclear?Why not solar?Why not solar?Is it safe?Is it safe?What about the waste?What about the waste?IsnIsn’’t it too expensive?t it too expensive?Where to get the fuel?Where to get the fuel?Nuclear accidents?Nuclear accidents?Public radiation exposure?Public radiation exposure?Environmental impacts?Environmental impacts?Yes, but not in my backyard!Yes, but not in my backyard!

Why build in this district?Why build in this district?Is it safe for the people?Is it safe for the people?

Why build in this State? Why build in this State? WonWon’’t we lose the next election?t we lose the next election?Is it safe? What benefit to the Is it safe? What benefit to the State?State?

Why build here?Why build here?Is it safe for us?Is it safe for us?Accident effect?Accident effect?WonWon’’t our food, fish, t our food, fish, vegetable supplyvegetable supplybe contaminated?be contaminated?Our children?Our children?Our river, our beach?Our river, our beach?

STATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTSSTATE GOVERNMENTS

MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESMUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESMUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES

NATIONAL PUBLIC OPINIONNATIONAL PUBLIC OPINIONNATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION

NIMBY, BANANA!*NIMBY, BANANA!*

LOCAL POPULATIONLOCAL POPULATIONLOCAL POPULATION

*NIMBY *NIMBY = Not in My Backyard= Not in My Backyard*BANANA *BANANA = Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything= Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything

9999

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) PARAMETERSSOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) PARAMETERS

Demography ImpactsDemography Demography ImpactsImpacts

Community & Institution Structure

Impacts

Community & Community & Institution Structure Institution Structure

ImpactsImpacts

Individual & Family Impacts

Individual & Family Individual & Family ImpactsImpacts

Conflicts between Local Community & Foreign Workers

Conflicts between Conflicts between Local Community Local Community & Foreign Workers& Foreign Workers

Infrastructure & Amenities

Infrastructure Infrastructure & Amenities& Amenities

Health Health Health

Employment Employment Employment

Perception of Risk by the CommunityPerception of Risk Perception of Risk by by the the CommunityCommunity

Crime & SafetyCrime & SafetyCrime & Safety

Housing & Accommodation

Housing Housing & Accommodation& Accommodation

Cultural & Community Values

Cultural Cultural & Community & Community ValuesValues

Physically Challenged Person & Minority

Group Needs

Physically Challenged Physically Challenged Person & Person & Minority Minority

Group Group NeedsNeeds

100100

Source: Federal Town & Country Planning Dept. (JPBD) Malaysia

COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN & STRATEGIESCOMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN & STRATEGIESON NUCLEAR ENERGYON NUCLEAR ENERGY

New Comprehensive New Comprehensive Nuclear Law to beNuclear Law to be

tabled in Parliamenttabled in Parliament

In Situ Detailed In Situ Detailed Site InvestigationsSite Investigations

& Evaluation& Evaluation

Completion of Completion of Feasibility StudiesFeasibility Studies

Pending detailed site parameters

Leads to intense public debate

Pending prior approval of localauthorities & communities

Policy DecisionPolicy Decisionto proceed withto proceed withNuclear Power Nuclear Power Plant ProjectPlant Project

Pending completion of Feasibility Studies & Approval of Site by Local Stakeholders

Needs national public support

NEEDNEED

Public Opinion Research ResultsPublic Opinion Research Results

Social Media PlatformSocial Media Platformfor public feedback on concernsfor public feedback on concerns

Stakeholder Mapping Stakeholder Mapping with Segmental Concernswith Segmental Concerns

Communications Plan Communications Plan & Strategies to address & Strategies to address

public concernspublic concernsby stakeholder segmentby stakeholder segment

101101

Pending new law & regulations to comply

IN THE ENDIN THE END…………, , WHERE DO WE GO FROM HEREWHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE??

102

103

103

IN THE END…….

WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?104104

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Jamal Khaer Ibrahim,Director, Nuclear Power Programme Development,

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC),Prime Minister’s Department,

A-1-01 & A-1-03, SME Technopreneur Centre 2, 2260 Jalan Usahawan 1, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Tel: ++60-(0)3-8319 4700 Fax: ++60-(0)3-8319 4800Email: [email protected]

105105

Questions?

Documents

developing nuclear energy for power generation in malaysia's economic transformation programme