1

Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-Transport

October 2006

NESDB-WB Joint Workshop

Clean Air in Bangkok – Reducing Urban Pollution

CDP-Environment, Bangkok Thailand

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Bangkok Transport and Environment Context

Lead in Gasoline Phased-out Two Stroke Motorcycles Phased-out Continuous Improvements in vehicle

emissions and fuel quality standards Next Target: Gross Polluters and

Diesel Emissions Reductions Manage high polluting buses & trucks Maintenance – esp. commercial

vehicles

3

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

TSP

(mg/m

3)

ROADSIDE AMBIENT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

PM-1

0 (u

g/m

3)

ROADSIDE

AMBIENT

PM1PM100

TSTSPP

Air Quality Air Quality Trend BangkokTrend Bangkok

Annual avg std. Annual avg std. =0.10=0.10 mg./mmg./m33

Annual avg std. Annual avg std. == ug./m ug./m33

0

20

40

60

80

100

PM (

g/m

3 )

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

visibi

lity (k

m)

Roadside PM10 Ambient PM10 Visibility

VisibilityVisibilityRoadside PM10Roadside PM10

Ambient PM10Ambient PM10

VisibilityVisibility

4

• Very old age buses Very old age buses

• Engines mistuned to Engines mistuned to

gain powergain power

• Over-loaded operationOver-loaded operation

• Lack of maintenanceLack of maintenance

•Periodically repowered by imported used enginesPeriodically repowered by imported used engines

•Aggressive driving styleAggressive driving style

Causes of Black Smoke from Diesel EngineCauses of Black Smoke from Diesel Engine

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Why is Diesel a Problem for Air Quality?

Used by heavy duty traffic Significant emitter of fine particulates, SOx, NOx (secondary PM) associated health impacts

Diesel vehicles have a long life time delays introduction of latest technology

Black smoke major visible nuisance

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Reducing PM from diesel vehicleReducing PM from diesel vehicle

1) Cleaner new vehicles and fuels• Low Sulfur fuels• Alternative fuel vehicles, i.e. NGV, hybrid,

Bifuel,etc., Biodiesel, Gasohol

• Fuel cell, etc 2) Promoting and Implementing preventive

maintenance program3) Improving I/M program4) Retrofit program

5) Emission control device

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Emission Control Options Economic: (differentiated) taxes,

subsidies, pricing (congestion, parking) Administrative: emission, energy

efficiency and fuel quality standards, restrictions on operation (vehicles, parking), previous history

Technological: fuel improvements, new technologies, CNG retrofit, control devices

Transport policy: traffic management, public transport, NMT

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A Quick View of the Components

1. Database Development

• Collation of available data and reports• Vehicle testing for emission factors• GIS-based knowledge base development

2. Analysis of Options

• Identification of Policy, Institutional, Economic and Technical Options• Development of the IDEAS tool for analysis of alternative options• Building synergies with other analytical efforts

3. Synthesis and Outreach

• Consultations/Dissemination of data and analytical work• Selection of management options• Action Plan preparation

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Criteria for Option Selection

Cost and benefits Which measures are (likely) the most cost-

effective (Bath/population exposure reduced)? Compatibility with other sector objectives

Do the measures reinforce existing sector objectives and economic incentives?

Political feasibility Is there broad support from public and

stakeholders for the measure? Ease of enforcement

How difficult is the implementation and enforcement of the measure?

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Effectiveness in different dimensions:

What is the ‘best’ option?

Cost-benefit

1

23

4

5 6

Political viability1

3

2

4

5

6

Financial feasibility

1

2

34

5

6

Social acceptability

1

2

3

4

5

6

Pollution reduction

Eff

ecti

ven

ess

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Effectiveness in different dimensions:

What is the ‘best’ option?

Cost-benefit

1

23

4

5 6

Political viability1

3

2

4

5

6

Financial feasibility

1

2

34

5

6

Social acceptability

1

2

3

4

5

6

Pollution reduction

Eff

ecti

ven

ess ?

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How to find sustainable action?

Compatibility with other sector objectives Do they go against, or reinforce, other sector

objectives? Political feasibility

Are there interest groups that would oppose the proposed measures vigorously?

Cost of implementation Which measures would be the most cost-effective

(Rs / population exposure reduced)? Ease of enforcement

How difficult would it be to carry out the proposed measures or to enforce them?

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Improving urban air quality requires coordination of:

policies and actions of many sectors; and

stakeholders from local to national and regional/global levels

Think Big and Take Small Steps

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

While technical solutions are available, political commitment and institutional issues are most critical in generating positive change

Information and public awareness of urban air pollution levels and impacts are key to support policy change and local action

“Best” steps must weight: Technical feasibility; Cost-Benefit; Political viability; Financial feasibility; Social Acceptability

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Next Steps Solicit More Private Sector Solicit More Private Sector

Participation Participation Expanded Testing for more optionsExpanded Testing for more options Regionalization of the program – more Regionalization of the program – more

funding for transferring knowledge to funding for transferring knowledge to other cities and countriesother cities and countries

Harmonization with other initiatives Harmonization with other initiatives and promote Sustainable Urban and promote Sustainable Urban Transport initiatives (e.g. STEP)Transport initiatives (e.g. STEP)

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STEP Program Description and Coordination

The World Bank Carbon Finance

Demonstrative Pilots (2 million)

Sustainable Transport & Air QualityProgram in EAP

GEF

Grant Financing

Other Donors

Administrative Funds

Policy and Institutional Program Support (4 million)

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Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-Transport

Thank you!

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How do we go ahead?

Currentsituation

Goal

Comprehensive Strategy

Coordinated Action

Un-Coordinated Action

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What is the Clean Air Initiative?

The Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities The Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities is designed to be a network assisting is designed to be a network assisting cities in Asia to solve their air quality cities in Asia to solve their air quality problems. The initiative was problems. The initiative was established recently by a group of established recently by a group of cities, NGO’s and organizations, cities, NGO’s and organizations, including the World Bank, ADB, DBJ, US-including the World Bank, ADB, DBJ, US-AEP & EPA, Ford Motors, GTZ, SDC, AEP & EPA, Ford Motors, GTZ, SDC, Hong Kong EPD, ESCAP, and many Hong Kong EPD, ESCAP, and many others.others.

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CITIESBangkok,ThailandChang Mai,ThailandChengdu,PRCChittagong,BangladeshChongqing,PRCColombo,Sri LankaGuangzhou,PRCHangzhou,PRCHanoi,Viet NamHarbin,PRCHo Chi Minh City,Viet NamHyderabad, IndiaIslamabad,PakistanKathmandu,NepalMakati,PhilippinesMumbai, IndiaNaga,PhilippinesPhnom Penh,CambodiaPune, IndiaSurabaya,IndonesiaTianjin,PRCUlaanbaatar, MongoliaYogjakarta,Indonesia

CAI-Asia Members

42 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region

FULL PRIVATE SECTOR MemberFord Motor ShellCompany

ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR MemberAVL CorningACFA DEKRACerulean EMITEC MAHA SGSIPIECA ESP

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIESAsian Development BankAustralian Dept. for Environment and HeritageGerman Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)United States Asia Environmental PartnershipWorld Bank

Balochistan EPA, Pakistan NGAsCentral Pollution Control Board, IndiaDepartment of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Environment and Natural Resources, PhilippinesDepartment of Transportation and Communications, PhilippinesDhaka Transport Coordination Board, BangladeshMetro Manila Development Authority,PhilippinesMinistry of Environment, CambodiaMinistry of Environment, IndonesiaMinistry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, IndiaPollution Control Department, ThailandState Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point)Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam

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Five Major Five Major PollutantsPollutantsSOURCE

PM CO NOx SO2 HC

MOBILE SOURCE 20,602 349,771 264,648 9,973 232,973

POINT SOURCE 3,735 6,266 56,002 229,859 2,005

AREA SOURCE 13,855 107,738 8,511 184 33,904

TOTAL 38,192 463,775 329,161 240,016 268,882

Emission Inventory for BKK 1997 (ton/ year)

53.9

75.4 80.4 86.6

36.323.2

0.1

12.6

4.1

95.8

17.0

1.4

9.8

0.8

2.6

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

PM CO NOx SO2 HC

Mobile Point Area

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PM CO NOx SO2 HC

701 134,311 34,133 4,250 35,886

(3.4% ) (38.4% ) (12.9% ) (42.6% ) (15.4% )

6,366 34,821 65,836 1,868 15,749

(30.9% ) (10% ) (24.9% ) (18.7% ) (6.8% )

10,663 68,331 163,703 3,068 17,671

(51.8% ) (19.5% ) (61.8% ) (30.8% ) (7.6% )

motorcycle 2,871 112,308 976 786 163,677

(13.9% ) (32.1% ) (0.4% ) (7.9% ) (70.2% )

total 20,602 349,771 264,648 9,973 232,973

heavy duty diesel

Emission Inventory for BKK 1997 (ton/ year)Type of mobile source

gasoline passenger

car

Light duty diesel

source of pollutantsource of pollutant

46%

10%5%

39%

cars van&pickup

buses&trucks motorcycles

PM Emissions from Mobile Sources

in BKK (1997)

31%3%14%

52%

Gasoline LDD HDD Motorcycle

Composition of Vehicles in BKK (2001)

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Source of Source of PMPM1010

% of BKK Buses Violating Black Smoke and Noise standard

42.88 43.93

35.3541.59

35.1240.87

52

2327.71

24.3725.99

18.5

27.76

42.88

0

20

40

60

80

100

2539 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2545

(%)

black smoke noise

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Role of the World Bank:

Time

Social and Institutional RealitiesTechnology Ladder

InefficiencyGap