Developing and Leading Emergency Management Volunteers - Eric Goossens

Running head: EMERGENCY VOLUNTEERS

Effective Methods for Developing and Leading Emergency

Management Volunteers in the United States

By

Eric A. Goossens

March 2015

A Capstone Project Submitted to the Faculty of

Massachusetts Maritime Academy

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science in Emergency Management

Massachusetts Maritime Academy

Buzzards Bay, MA

March 2015

Emergency Volunteers 2

Effective Methods for Developing and Leading Emergency

Management Volunteers in the United States

By

Eric A. Goossens

This Capstone Project was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s capstone advisor, Professor Malcolm MacGregor, Department of Graduate and Continuing Education. It was submitted to the faculty of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

_____________________________________Eric A. Goossens

______________Date

_____________________________________Malcolm MacGregorCapstone Advisor

______________Date

_____________________________________Tom LennonCapstone Coordinator

______________Date

_____________________________________Dr. James McDonald, CPEDean of Graduate and Continuing Education

______________Date


Table of Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................................4

List of Tables......................................................................................................................................6

ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 1 – PROBLEM STATEMENT..................................................................................................8

CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................12

CHAPTER 3 – ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS....................................................................................19

CHAPTER 4 – RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS.......................................................................................40

Appendices.......................................................................................................................................43

Appendix A – Disaster Operations Volunteer Coordinator Job Description...................................44

Appendix B – Emergency Management State Statutes....................................................................50

Appendix C – Volunteer Organizations...........................................................................................55

References........................................................................................................................................86


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AED Automated External Defibrillator

CERT Community Emergency Response Team

COP Common Operating Picture

CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

DART Disaster Animal Response Team

DRC Disaster Response Coordinator

EMD Emergency Management Department

EMS Emergency Medical Services

EMT Emergency Medical Technician

EOP Emergency Operations Plan

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

HSEEP Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program

ICS Incident Command System

KSA Knowledge, Skill, and Ability

LEMC Local Emergency Management Coordinator

MOA Memorandum of Agreement

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

NGO Nongovernmental Organization

NIMS National Incident Management System

NVOAD National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

SATERN Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network

VIPS Volunteers in Police Service


VOAD Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

VPA Volunteer Protection Act of 1997

VPM Volunteer Program Manager

VRC Volunteer Reception Center


List of Tables

Table Number Description Page Number

Table 1 Volunteer and Donations Management Support Annex 20

Table 2 Volunteer Program Manager 22

Table 3 Job Descriptions Written for Volunteer Work 23

Table 4 Citizen Corps Partner Programs 26

Table 5 Nongovernmental Organizations 29

Table 6 Volunteer Reception Center 32


ABSTRACT

AUTHOR Eric A. Goossens

TITLE Effective Methods for Developing and Leading Emergency Management Volunteers in the United States

INSTITUTION Massachusetts Maritime Academy

CAPSTONE ADVISOR Malcolm MacGregor

DEGREE Master of Science Emergency Management

YEAR 2015

Local, state, and federal budget constraints are affecting the ability of professionals to maintain an all-hazards approach to emergency management. As natural, man-made, and technological disasters grow in scale and frequency, professional emergency personnel will require more support from volunteers to better prevent, mitigate, prepare, respond, and recover from incidents. Individuals and groups can create great value when trained and motivated properly. However, EMDs must consider volunteer challenges. This capstone paper will review effective ways for developing and leading emergency management volunteers in the United States. The following questions are explored (a) How should jurisdictions evaluate liability? (b) How should EMDs lead volunteers? (c) What motivates, attracts, and retains volunteers? (d) What organizations provide affiliated emergency management volunteers? (e) How can EMDs mitigate spontaneous volunteer challenges? and (f) How is technology changing the way volunteers interact with disasters? Analysis includes (a) addressing liability issues (b) creating VPM roles and responsibilities (c) writing a Volunteer and Donations Management Support Annex (d) comparing affiliated volunteer sources (e) creating VRCs (f) engaging the whole community, and (g) reviewing volunteer and incident technology. Recommendations cover (a) liability issues (b) VPM (c) volunteer procedures (d) affiliated volunteer organizations (e) VRC, and (f) volunteer and incident technology.


CHAPTER 1 – PROBLEM STATEMENT

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Increased natural and man-made disasters combined with reduced emergency

management budgets are creating a greater reliance on emergency management volunteers. Like

the jurisdictions where disasters occur, volunteers vary in KSA. When managed well, volunteers

can reduce human suffering, limit property and environmental damage, and restore communities.

However, poor volunteer management can create a disaster within a disaster. Improvements to

volunteer management are necessary for national preparedness and resiliency.

NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION AND OUTLINE

This capstone paper will examine the benefits and challenges of using volunteers in

emergency management by focusing on several questions.

How should jurisdictions evaluate liability?

The EMD is responsible for the safety of all incident responders. Emergency managers

should not authorize volunteer assignments if the risks for injury or death are too great.

Therefore, before the EMD develops a volunteer program, state and local laws regarding legal

protections for volunteers must be considered. Mutual aid agreements should clearly state what

laws apply for individuals from other counties, states, and countries. Emergency personnel must

track volunteer hours to ensure accountability and allow for eligible reimbursement through state

and federal grants. If a lawsuit occurs, documentation on all response individuals may be

needed. The Compensation/Claims Unit in EMD Finance and Administration should track

financial records for injuries and fatalities.


How should EMDs lead volunteers?

While volunteers can complement emergency management personnel, the work culture of

the local jurisdiction will dictate which model works best. Some jurisdictions hire a VPM to

manage volunteers from within the EMD or through partner agencies. Others may assign

personnel to coordinate resources from outside agencies. NGOs, community groups, churches,

and local businesses may provide specific volunteer development and management needs. In

addition, EMDs should consider mutual aid with neighboring towns to reduce constraints on

emergency operations staff. Volunteer agency agreements and plans should be part of the

Volunteer and Donations Management Support Annex of the EOP. Additionally, supporting

agencies should be involved in exercises to verify the EOP supports new developments.

Depending upon KSA, volunteers may be eligible to take on many assignments, because

individuals may have capabilities that are not represented by emergency management personnel.

However, the volunteers may not have the training necessary to fill all roles. Some exceptions

are collective bargaining roles and positions requiring certifications and licenses. If the quality

of a volunteer’s work is not acceptable, the EMD must enforce dismissal or reassignment

procedures. On the flip side, the jurisdiction must do its part and offer flexible work schedules to

volunteers in order to provide balance between employment, family, and community.

What motivates, attracts, and retains volunteers?

Sustaining a volunteer’s interest in emergency management efforts can be challenging.

Volunteers want to be involved in work that is personally worthwhile. In lieu of financial

incentives, recognizing participation is important to maintain a long-term relationship with a

volunteer. Emergency personnel and government officials can create stronger bonds with their

communities by respecting and valuing volunteers.


It takes a whole community to recover from disasters. A volunteer who is affiliated with

an NGO, government agency, or private business that has been trained with emergency

management skills can help relieve the burden on strained emergency resources. Long-term

preparation can be promoted as beneficial to the individual and to the local community as well as

using skills when disasters occur in other areas of the country or internationally.

What organizations provide affiliated emergency management volunteers?

Emergency management personnel should consider multiple partners. Citizens Corps

Partner Programs offer a variety of skills through CERT, Fire Corps, Medical Reserve Corps,

VIPS, USA on Watch, and the Corporation for National and Community Service. American Red

Cross, The Salvation Army, NVOAD, and VOAD are additional national and state based

organizations. Churches, private business, and civic groups may also be called upon for support.

How can EMDs mitigate spontaneous volunteer challenges?

Spontaneous volunteers who are not affiliated with any agency or emergency function

can present management challenges for the EMD. Individuals’ zeal and lack of emergency

management knowledge can make incidents worse as there is a clear difference between wanting

to help and actually being capable of doing so. Difficulties arise when volunteers act without

coordination from emergency management personnel or supporting agencies. However, these

issues can be mitigated during development of the EOP.

Large incidents may best be served by a VRC. VRCs can guide spontaneous volunteers

toward necessary tasks, as each volunteer must be assigned to an agency or emergency

management supervisor before being permitted to work at the incident scene. FEMA

recommends, “Spontaneous volunteers can then be screened by the Volunteer Coordinator and

given color-coded passes depending on whether they are assigned a skilled task or given


instructions and assigned a low-skill task” (FEMA, 2006, p. 5.4). Identification cards can ensure

only authorized individuals gain access to secure areas, such as crime scenes, hazardous material

spills, or buildings not evaluated for structural safety. VRCs provide security, accountability,

and safety training.

How is technology used for volunteer management?

Mobile applications and remote options provide opportunities for expanded situational

awareness. For example, people can access the Internet from distant locations and track incident

needs, manage donations, and direct emergency management personnel to rapidly changing

areas. Therefore, similar technology is essential to coordinating volunteer efforts.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the most effective ways for developing and leading emergency management volunteers

in the United States?


CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW

Academic researchers, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations provide a

wealth of information about emergency volunteers. Although new trends continue to emerge,

most sources advise jurisdictions implement flexible practices matching the local area’s culture.

Successfully creating structures to manage, develop, and sustain individuals and groups require

continuous planning and attention to challenging issues such as liability, unaffiliated volunteers,

and technology.

The current landscape is as follows:

inconsistent state liability laws increase the EMD’s financial risks,

NGOs generally do not receive the same protections as EMDs, and

spontaneous volunteers usually do not receive any protections.

This is due to the fact that, as a Citizen Corps report acknowledged, the legal complexities of

volunteers and emergency situations need more research. The challenges are volunteer laws are

difficult to find, protection varies between states, NGOs are not well protected, volunteers often

have multiple affiliations, and spontaneous volunteers are unlikely to receive financial

compensation for injury and death. For example, considerations should cover civil obligations,

injury benefits, and penalties for breaching licensing and certification requirements. “The

federal Volunteer Protection Act of 1997 (VPA) was enacted by Congress to promote

volunteerism by reducing individual volunteer’s concerns about civil responsibility. However,

the VPA and most state volunteer protection acts were not designed specifically for emergency

volunteers” (FEMA, 2012, p. 3). Law professor William Nicholson cites a gross oversight,

“Significantly, the Act does not exempt volunteers from liability for any harm caused while


driving a motor vehicle. This exclusion is significant, since, by some counts, half the claims

involving emergency response organizations involve vehicle accidents” (Nicholson, 2012, p.

133).

The reality of liability surrounding volunteers participating in emergency management

situations exists largely because spontaneous volunteers cannot be prevented. Joseph Jarret

warns, “Volunteers will most probably appear whether you encourage them or not and in larger

numbers than anticipated” (Jarret, 2013, para. 5). Arriving groups often do not understand

emergency management skills including situational assessments, incident management, and

chain of command. Lauren Fernandez, Joseph Barbera, and Johan van Dorp study spontaneous

volunteers and list one challenge as, “It can be challenging to integrate volunteers with little to

no experience and unknown mental and physical abilities into a response cadre of highly trained

professionals” (Fernandez, Barbera, & Van Dorp, 2006, p. 62). Although the potential benefits

of volunteers can be valuable, risks are associated with unmanaged personnel. Even so, Janette

Nagy, a contributing writer for Community Tool Box, notes that volunteers increase community

ownership and recommends appointing a volunteer coordinator or director.

NVOAD recognizes the value of volunteers and advises, “The successful integration of

citizen involvement in an emergency management setting is imperative to prepare for, respond

to, recover from, and mitigate the effects of disasters in our communities” (2008 National VOAD

Volunteer Management Committee, 2008, p. 3). Emergency management systems should

accommodate trained and supervised volunteers.

As EMD staff develops a plan to include volunteers for large incidents, they should be

cognizant of their bias towards volunteers. Researchers Tomoko Haraoka, Toshiyuki Ojima,

Chiyoe Murata, and Shinya Hayasaka find emergency manager perceptions about potential major


disasters can influence their willingness to work with volunteers. The authors analyzed

earthquake disasters and determined that, “leaders that had higher perceived severity of an

earthquake disaster in normal times conducted more collaborative activities with volunteers”

(Haraoka, Ojima, Murata, & Hayasaka, 2012, p. 3).

FEMA reviews best practices for integrating volunteers into all phases of disasters

through an independent study course. Topics encompass benefits and challenges of volunteers,

developing a volunteer program, working with voluntary agencies and community-based

organizations, legal issues, and volunteer stress. One contributor states, “When you have

completed your needs analysis, your next task is to develop a job description for each position

that you have identified. Because a job description may be used as a legal document, it should

be as complete as possible” (FEMA, 2006, p. 3.8). Nagy underscores the FEMA best practice

explaining, “Now that your organization has decided exactly why it wants volunteers, you may

want to write a formal job description” (Nagy, 2013, para. 22).

As part of the FEMA review of a whole community approach to emergency management,

several findings involve ways to improve volunteer relationships. Understanding the needs of

the local community is essential for success so adapting partnerships to incorporate volunteer

representatives may require expansion beyond traditional emergency communication methods.

One recommendation is, “Integrate the public and community institutions into the planning

process by hosting town hall meetings and by participating in non-emergency management

community meetings” (FEMA, 2011, p. 21). Additionally, FEMA recommends expanding

potential volunteer sources and functions. A few examples encompass

disabled individuals scanning communications and contacting agencies with

updates, houses of worship translating emergency information into


languages served by their members, and EMDs being supplemented by

existing social service agencies during disasters.

Another manual for disaster planning gives an excellent review for assessing community

needs, making an action plan, tracking results, and educating the public. Flexibility is necessary

to adapt any plan to the jurisdiction’s needs. As mentioned by SCRA, “In general, be cautious

about or avoid the temptation to import programs or services that are not grounded in or

connected to local resources and that cannot be sustained beyond the tenure of outside

volunteers” (SCRA Task Force for Disaster, Community Readiness, and Recovery, 2010, p. 57).

EMDs dealing with outside agencies need to remember that all disasters are local.

Understanding volunteer motivation is important for attracting and maintaining interest.

Jurisdictions can increase volunteer participation by reducing challenges. Five areas are

important, according to volunteers at the Rena oil spill in New Zealand. These constitute work

commitments, child care, physical nature of work, time requirements, and distance from home.

Another motivation can be adapted for recruiting volunteers. Researchers Rebecca Sargisson,

Sonya Hunt, Patricia Hanlen, Kelly Smith, and Heather Hamerton note, “Our respondents were

less likely to agree that they would like to participate in non-disaster-relief voluntary work than

in disaster-relief work” (Sargisson, Hunt, Hanlen, Smith, & Hamerton, 2012, p. 215). Thus,

EMDs should establish urgency for preparedness projects between disasters.

Trained disaster volunteers can be found through several organizations, such as CERT.

Rural communities often are more self-reliant than urban and suburban areas, as these areas may

have larger infrastructure than rural areas. Alternatively, urban and suburban configurations can

focus the teams on supporting professional emergency responders. Courtney Flint and Joanne

Stevenson evaluate CERTs in Illinois and clarify, “The CERTs in Illinois play four distinct roles:


(a) emergency responders; (b) educators of the general public; (c) providing services to enhance

community well-being; and (d) strengthening communal ties and creating a sense of local

identity and independence” (Flint & Stevenson, 2010, p. 124). Jurisdiction staff can build

relationships with partner agencies to determine the best approaches for integrating skills.

The challenges of unaffiliated volunteers have been recognized since Hurricane Andrew

in 1992. A decade later actions were taken to address volunteer challenges. A resulting report,

sponsored by Points of Light, UPS, and FEMA developed the foundation for recommended

improvements that are still relevant in 2015. The document presents several key issues covering

each phase of the emergency management cycle. Recommendations are also offered for

organizations including NVOAD, FEMA, state and local emergency management, The Points of

Light Foundation and Volunteer Center National Network, volunteer agencies, the private sector,

federal agencies, media, and associations and civic organizations. One key suggestion is,

“Include the activation and deployment of on-site volunteer resource managers early in the

disaster response plan” (Points of Light, 2002, p. 12). The mitigation issue focuses on

insufficient public awareness for appropriate disaster volunteering. Preparedness challenges

cover lack of national strategy and standards for unaffiliated volunteers, lack of national

guidance, and public confusion about appropriate roles for the emergency management cycle.

Response concerns comprise responsibility for onsite coordination, lack of information

management tracking systems, and risk management at incident locations. Recovery problems

focus on mobilizing sufficient volunteers.

Emergent online communities are expanding the availability and skills that volunteers

can contribute to disasters. Alisha Griswold, chair of the International Association of

Emergency Managers Emerging Technology Caucus, discusses programs that are receiving


support from unexpected sources, such as gamers. She discloses three primary components:

understanding the motivations of virtual volunteers, identifying social media platforms and

online communities most likely to influence organized response operations, and establishing a

monitoring or engagement program. According to Griswold, the mission of the Virtual Social

Media Working Group is, “To provide recommendations to the emergency preparedness and

response community on the safe and sustainable use of social media technologies” (Griswold,

2013, p. 18). A Virtual Operations Support Team can be used to support onsite responders. In

addition, FEMA indicates communications with online communities is an expected component

of crisis response operations.

Social media was used heavily during the 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.

Brett Peary, Rajib Shaw, and Yukiko Takeuchi determine, “An important aspect of social media

use in disasters is its ability to be used inside and outside the disaster-affected areas” (Peary,

Shaw, & Takeuchi, 2012, p. 16). Twitter was used extensively in Japan and Facebook was used

outside of the country. Individuals updating Twitter noted if they needed immediate help or if

they were safe. Three challenges cited by respondents were misinformation, limited updates

from government, and needed infrastructure improvements.

A special consideration for volunteers is that they may react differently to emergency

situations than professional staff; therefore, the EMD should monitor volunteer stress levels.

Patricia Harman and Michael Pinto, members of the The American Society of Safety Engineers,

advise, “A debriefing session for volunteers with a professional experienced in trauma stress

disorder also can help them deal with the powerful emotions” (Harman & Pinto, 2007, p. 61).

Volunteer leaders need the ability to reassign or dismiss people who can no longer perform

functions. In a report Volunteers of America Greater New Orleans shared lessons learned from


Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. These storms demonstrate that cultural competency, long-term

volunteer needs, volunteer coordinator support groups, and volunteer referrals to other agencies

are areas that should be understood before major events. The writers interpret, “In large-scale

disasters, volunteer coordinators should start support groups where they can share their

frustrations, best practices, and inspirations. Group dinners, outings, and social events are all

venues for such discussions” (Volunteers of America Greater New Orleans, n.d., p. 34).

Development of volunteer programs should receive the same rigor as other functions

including job descriptions, chain of command, and EOP documentation. Liability coverage may

vary by location and is a serious consideration. Ideally, volunteers should be trained by partner

agencies or within the EMD. However, jurisdictions can implement VRCs to prepare for

spontaneous volunteers and also to address negative trauma responses. Technology continues to

expand volunteer opportunities and is likely the best vehicle to address many of the overarching

concerns and challenges cited above.


CHAPTER 3 – ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS

Addressing liability issues

As volunteer issues are complex and varied between states, jurisdictions should seek

advice from legal representatives. However, legal advisors often are unfamiliar with emergency

laws. Three concerns should be evaluated: civil liability, injury benefits, and penalties for

breaching licensing and certification requirements. It should be noted that mutual aid

agreements with other states could provide significant barriers related to licensing and

certification requirements. According to the Citizens Corps Volunteer Liability Guide, “These

requirements affect a wide variety of professions, but of particular relevance in the emergency

management context are healthcare professionals, architects, and engineers. The penalties for

violation can be substantial, including criminal misdemeanor and felony charges” (FEMA, 2012,

p. 12). Research is available through emergency management agencies, state statutes, and state

legislation. Appendix B lists emergency management statutes by state.

Creating VPM roles and responsibilities

VPMs, or alternatively titled Volunteer Program Coordinators and Disaster Operations

Volunteer Coordinators are roles created by many jurisdictions as confirmed in my original

research cited in Table 1 (Goossens, 2014, para. 3). Key skills incorporate integrating volunteers

into the EOP, creating partnerships with agencies, planning for spontaneous volunteers, tracking

volunteer hours, understanding obligations and liabilities, evaluating mutual aid procedures, and

organizing VRCs.


Table 1

Survey question: Do you have a Volunteer Program Manager in your Emergency Management

Department or in a partner agency?

Answer Choices: Responses:

Yes 76.92%

No 17.95%

Unknown 5.13%

A variety of organizational structures can be used for VPMs. Some EMDs appoint a full-

time individual, while others add volunteer responsibilities to one or more existing staff

members. A third approach is partnering with an employee at a partner agency, such as VOAD.

Full-time EMD personnel offer advantages of department knowledge and decision making

processes; however, if staff positions are paid then budgets may not permit new employees. Paid

VPMs may also prevent staffing other areas such as GIS or communications. Using existing

staff to address volunteer issues can reduce costs; but, one caveat is volunteer work may be a

lower priority than other tasks. Conflicts between competing tasks can occur during exercises as

well as incidents, because responsibilities that are spread between multiple individuals result in

coordination that can become difficult. While partner assignments may be cost-effective, limited

knowledge of EMD policies and procedures, NIMS, and ICS may prevent quality support.

Decision makers within a jurisdiction needs to analyze the approach that will work best for their

emergency management efforts.


EMDs should decide whether VPM job descriptions are required. Table 2 reviews

jurisdictions that write volunteer work descriptions (Goossens, 2014, para. 4). One hiring

decision is whether applicants need to have emergency management experience or if experience

managing volunteer programs is sufficient. New volunteer programs may benefit from

experienced managers and on the job training for emergency management could complement

existing skills. Another benefit of job descriptions is the enhanced liability protection from

wrongful termination lawsuits. Many jurisdictions explain work characteristics, qualifications,

essential functions, core competencies, management competencies, and technical competencies.

An example of such a job description, The Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service

Disaster Operations Volunteer Coordinator, is shown in Appendix A (Mississippi Commission

for Volunteer Service, n.d.). Work characteristics define where the position is located in the

EMD, what agency departments and policies direct the position, and if there are travel

requirements. Qualifications cover educational and experience levels. A common stipulation is

ICS 100, 200, 700, and 800. In addition, ICS 300 and ICS 400 certifications are often requested.

In order to broaden the potential VPM candidate pool, some agencies do not require ICS 300

until after employment commences. Essential functions that are specific to the VPM role are, as

The Volunteer Center Serving Howard County, Maryland recommends, “plan for

disaster volunteers, create forms, checklists, and procedures, designate individual to supervise

volunteers, determine process by which volunteers will be selected, track hours for potential

reimbursement from state or FEMA, volunteer training and supervision, volunteer dismissal,

volunteer recognition, and consult with agencies before a disaster to discuss planning and issues

related to volunteer management” (The Volunteer Center Serving Howard County, n.d., p. 40).

VPM responsibilities may also change based on the current emergency management phase. For


example, VPMs may spend more time during preparedness meeting with partner agencies and

focus more on volunteer assignments during response and recovery. Core competencies may

require integrity, accountability, and communication skills. Management competencies can

constitute delegation, strategy, finance, and administration. Technical competencies often cover

problem resolution, stakeholder relations, and understanding local, state, and federal emergency

management laws. Navigating interactions between complex organizations is also a useful

competency that should be considered critical in the hiring process. After EMDs decide if VPM

job descriptions are necessary, the volunteer program structure should be analyzed.

Table 2

Survey question: Are job descriptions written for volunteer work?


Yes 62.5%

No 30%

Unknown 7.5%

Writing a Volunteer and Donations Management Support Annex

The need for a volunteer support annex is recognized by many published sources and

confirmed in my research as noted in Table 3 (Goossens, 2014, para. 2). However, annexes may

not be appropriate if an EOP has not been completed. The annex can operate as a general guide

or comprehensive document based on the strategy used to write the EOP. Some jurisdictions

cover affiliated volunteers, emergent volunteers, and donations management in one annex, while

other jurisdictions create separate annexes for each function.


Table 3

Survey question: Does your jurisdiction have a Volunteer and Donations Management Support

Annex to the Emergency Operations Plan?


Yes 70%

No 25%

Unknown 5%

Most often the annex explains:

purpose; guidance for coordinating with volunteers responding to any type of

disaster and interacting with volunteer organizations.

scope; covered entities may involve government agencies, NGOs, citizens, and

private organizations.

Mutual aid agreements should be noted and some agencies list agreements with local

towns or counties. Others may expand the scope to other intrastate regions or neighboring states.

Interstate relationships can be implemented via the Emergency Management Assistance

Compact.

The annex also establishes situations and policies that involve general overviews and

volunteer policies. Overviews describe potential hazards or reference the EOP policies that

describe requirements for incident management. Volunteers outside the affected area should be

directed towards approved community, state, or national NGOs. Expenses, procedures for


requesting volunteers, and references to policies not affected by the annex should be listed.

Depending on the type of incident, reimbursement may be possible through presidentially

declared disasters and state grants. All activities should be carefully tracked. Relationships

between local and national organizations need to be defined. For example, the local American

Red Cross chapter should fall under the guidelines of the national American Red Cross. Annex

policies and procedures do not supersede existing policies and procedures for responding

agencies.

Annexes include assumptions, concepts of operations, and responsibilities in similar

formats used by the EOP. In addition, Pierce County, Washington appends “citizen

preparedness” (Pierce County, 2010, p. 8). Annex appendices should provide more detailed

instructions.

As for cited assumptions, annexes should have a representative of potential

considerations such as:

Effective volunteer integration can enhance healing processes for individuals and the

community.

Regional collaboration may be required. Federal declarations may be enacted for

catastrophic events.

State and federal disaster assistance will supplement but not substitute for local

incident response.

Volunteer management requires coordination between all organizations.

Unaffiliated volunteers may overwhelm response and recovery activities.

The concepts of operations in an annex would contain activation, volunteer management,

and volunteer reception centers. NIMS and ICS processes are the most commonly used unless


other frameworks have been adopted by the jurisdiction. The annex provides coordinated

response by agencies of the jurisdiction. Activation level needs to be described as county or

town depending on the state organizational structure, although most states operate at the county

level.

Activation is based on incident scale and may be full or partial. Each activation level

should be explained. An EOC Liaison can be delegated to coordinate support requirements.

Large numbers of spontaneous volunteers may require assistance from the next level of

government or partner organizations. One example is the Massachusetts Emergency

Management Agency has staff assigned to coordinate CERT Teams. These teams could then be

asked to direct individuals to predetermined staging areas. Activation procedures should account

for VRCs, volunteer staging areas, transportation, communications, radios, call centers,

personnel, security, office equipment, and supplies. Hard copies of all electronic forms need to

be available to prepare for system outages or connectivity issues.

Finally, an annex would also have responsibilities with the organizational structure

clearly delineated. Volunteer management is often located under the Logistics Section of ICS.

Roles for primary agencies, support agencies, and volunteers need to be defined. Each

government agency’s requirements and partner agency’s requirements should be explained.

MOAs or MOUs between the EMD and responding NGOs do not have to be entered in the

annex. However, general responsibility overviews are part of the annex. One illustration is

volunteers must accept coordination from the EMD. Sign in forms at VRC orientations can be

required to be approved for volunteer service.


Comparing affiliated volunteer sources

Multiple governmental and NGO partner agencies are available. Citizens Corps agencies

embody CERT, Fire Corps, VIPS, Medical Reserve Corps, and the Corporation for National and

Community Service. Several Citizen Corps partners are used throughout the United States as

confirmed in my research in Table 4 (Goossens, 2014, para. 8). Large NGOs comprise

American Red Cross, The Salvation Army, HandsOn Network, DART, and Amateur Emergency

Radio Service. More detailed explanations about the mission and goals of the above mentioned

organizations follows.

Table 1

Survey question: Which of the following Citizens Corps Partner Programs does your

organization have partnerships?


Community Emergency Response Team 75%

Medical Reserve Corps 32.5%

VIPS 27.5%

Fire Corps 17.5%

Corp. for National and Community Service 10%

USA on Watch 5%

None 20%

CERT members should be involved during EMD exercises to understand where they can

help to alleviate strain on professional emergency services. Continued training enables members

to maintain effective disaster volunteering. FEMA supports over 2,200 CERT Programs in 28


states and Puerto Rico. Each CERT must be approved by appointed or elected officials. The

community-based approach allows citizens to be resilient. FEMA notes, “Through training

citizens can manage utilities and put out small fires; treat the three killers by opening airways,

controlling bleeding, and treating for shock; provide basic medical aid; search for and rescue

victims safely, and organize themselves and spontaneous volunteers to be effective” (Federal

Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], n.d., para. 15).

There are 993 community-based Medical Reserve Corps units that prepare for and

respond to natural disasters and emergencies affecting public health. Members do not have to be

medical or public health professionals to join. A variety of functions directly relate to

emergency management. Medical Reserve Corps explains, “Examples of activities that MRC

volunteers participate in and support include: emergency preparedness and response trainings,

emergency sheltering, responder rehab, disaster medical support and disaster risk reduction”

(Medical Reserve Corps [MRC], n.d., para. 2). While many Medical Reserve Corps members

cannot replace professional staff such as EMTs, they can offer surge services and run

decontamination operations. The group can also partner with CERTs and other NGOs to relieve

EMDs.

Although VIPS members can supplement several law enforcement activities such as

traffic and crowd control, program expenses can be cost prohibitive. For example,

Massachusetts requires training equal to professional police officers. The personal expense and

time commitments may prevent volunteers from joining the organization. In addition, EMDs

may not be able to sponsor teams due to budget constraints. According to VIPS, “The VIPS

Program provides support and resources for agencies interested in developing or enhancing a


volunteer program and for citizens who wish to volunteer their time and skills with a community

law enforcement agency” (Volunteers in Police Service [VIPS], n.d., para. 1).

Fire Corps members provide a number of services to support local fire departments and

increase preparedness for communities. Several skills embrace, “Providing refreshments to first

responders during long incidents, teaching fire safety to children, installing smoke alarms in

areas homes, distributing disaster preparedness materials, and executing home safety checks”

(Fire Corps, para. 1). Another example is using the team to dig out fire hydrants during major

winter storms. This helps provides access for fire personnel and prevents damage from snow

plows.

USA on Watch is a group that can be supplementary during a public health crisis. This

group has been rebranded as the National Neighborhood Watch program. The mission is

described as, “The National Neighborhood Watch Program (formerly USAonWatch) is the portal

for training to assist law enforcement agencies and their communities, technical assistance,

resource documents, watch stories, networking, and assistance to the field” (National

Neighborhood Watch, n.d., para. 3).

The Corporation for National and Community Service lists its primary objective as,

“Through AmeriCorps and Senior Corps, the Corporation for National and Community Service

helps communities across the nation prepare, respond, and recover from natural and man-made

disasters” (Corporation for National and Community Service, n.d., para. 1). AmeriCorps

members are assigned to a single location for one year. Their services are beneficial to response

and long-term recovery. These programs direct community groups, religious organizations, and

individual volunteers to complete projects supporting the EMD, NGOs, and citizens.


Each VOAD organizes NGOs focused on emergency management. These networks are

linked to NVOAD. The VOAD’s mission is, “serves as the forum where organizations share

knowledge and resources throughout the disaster cycle – preparation, response, recovery, and

mitigation – to help disaster survivors and their communities” (National Volunteer Organizations

Active in Disaster [NVOAD], n.d., para. 1).

According to the American Red Cross, “Each year the American Red Cross immediately

responds to about 70,000 natural and man-made disasters in the U.S” (American Red Cross, n.d.,

para. 1). The organization is chartered by United States Congress and provides multiple services

including Emergency Response Vehicles driving to disaster areas, sheltering, distributing relief

items, evaluating mental health needs, and dispensing meals and snacks. For large scale

incidents, the American Red Cross partners with other nonprofits, such as the Southern Baptists

Convention, to prepare hot meals for survivors. The American Red Cross is one of the most

used as verified by my research in Table 5 (Goossens, 2014, para. 9).

Table 2

Survey question: Which of the following nongovernmental organizations have partnered with

your organization?


American Red Cross 84.21%

Churches or Houses of Worship 57.89%

Community Groups 55.26%

Salvation Army 52.63%

HandsOn Network 5.26%

None 5.26%


The Salvation Army volunteer services cover food service, shelter, direct financial

assistance to individuals and families, donations management, emotional and spiritual care,

emergency communications through SATERN, disaster case management, and clean up and

reconstruction. The Salvation Army partners with local and state emergency management

agencies, FEMA, and NVOAD.

Hands on Network merged with The Points of Light Foundation on August 1, 2007.

HandsOn disasters notes its purpose as, “When disaster strikes, HandsOn Network Affiliate

Network Action Centers serve the critical role of organizing and leading volunteer response

efforts in communities around the world” (HandsOn Network, n.d., para. 1). 250 centers

annually engage 2,600,000 volunteers in a variety of projects.

DART handles evacuation management plan needs to accommodate animal rescue and

sheltering. Many pet owners will not leave their home if they cannot bring their animals. In

addition, American Red Cross shelters do not allow pets for safety reasons. Several cities

including Boston, Massachusetts, have purchased pet shelter trailers that are positioned next to

emergency shelters. Owners feel secure about their animals’ safety. A sense of normalcy can be

created by letting the owners walk and feed their pets. DART teams will also help to find pets

that may have been left behind. The Humane Society of the United States is one potential

partner. Animal cruelty prevention and close connections to law enforcement agencies help to

strengthen ties to the community.

Public service officials must approve using the Amateur Radio Emergency Service. The

organization explains, “The Amateur Radio Emergency Service® (ARES) consists of licensed

amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment, with their local


ARES leadership, for communications duty in the public service when disaster strikes” (Amateur

Radio Emergency Service, n.d., para. 2). Written communication records are added to incident

management documentation.

Preparing for spontaneous volunteers by creating VRCs

EMDs may decide to use VRCs for large events. Three options exist: physical location,

online management, or directing unaffiliated volunteers directly to NGO partners. Physical

locations are ideal when numerous individuals want to help during response or recovery.

However, staffing concerns need to be addressed in advance of events. Locations, supplies, and

layouts are necessary. Multiple facilities may need to be considered to be close to incidents that

may occur in different areas of the jurisdiction. Internet VRCs offer the ability for advance

submission of skills and availability. Databases can be developed to support each phase of the

emergency management cycle. Sending people to NGOs can work effectively when close

relationships with the EMD exist. However, pre-screening advantages are limited without a

VRC run by the coordinating agency.

The VRC can be documented in an appendix to the Volunteer and Donations

Management Support Annex or as a separate annex for the EOP. The annex explains purpose,

scope, authorities, assumptions, implementation, concepts of operations, and responsibilities.

Chatham County, Georgia, analyzes concepts of operations for unaffiliated volunteers, planning

to receive, public perception, pre-disaster preparedness, post-disaster implementation, and

documentation for reimbursement and risk management (Chatham County, 2011). Several

jurisdictions have used VRCs throughout the United States as confirmed by my research in Table

6 (Goossens, 2014, para. 5).


Table 3

Survey question: Has your organization used a volunteer reception center?


No 55%

Yes 40%

Unknown 5%

VRCs only cover unaffiliated volunteers. The primary annex purpose is to assign disaster

responsibilities to each capable person. EMDs note the benefits of volunteers and the potential

for overwhelming response by spontaneous individuals. Preparing for large-scale disasters

requires control, education, and practice. Voluntary organizations’ policies and procedures are

not superseded by the annex.

Responsible parties for annex management should be identified at local, state, and federal

levels. For example, in Massachusetts the VPM or other designated EMD member runs the local

level, a representative from the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency coordinates

regional resources, and the FEMA Region I Voluntary Agency Liaison interacts with national

entities. EOC management will authorize the need for a VRC. The primary agency will

coordinate activities from activation through demobilization. In addition, partners are delegated

responsibility for carrying out tasks defined by the annex.

As for cited assumptions, annexes should have a representative of potential

considerations such as:

Large numbers of individuals will want to help during disasters.


Volunteer management requires coordinated efforts between government, NGOs,

and private organizations.

Additional government employee duties may be required during emergencies.

Experienced volunteer coordinators can effectively manage individuals.

NGOs can quickly support active disasters.

Communities can respond and heal quicker by using volunteers.

Concepts of operations: unaffiliated volunteers. Emergent volunteers will be managed

distinctly from affiliated volunteers. The same procedures are used regardless of how many

people offer help. Spontaneous volunteers may have specialized emergency abilities;

conversely, lack of disaster training may inhibit consideration for integration into emergency

response operations. A screening process is used to match skills to needed tasks.

Concepts of operations: planning to receive. It is possible to gain maximum benefit

from volunteer contributions and leave them with a sense of accomplishment. Effective planning

will reduce screening and referral processing time. VRCs should not open until all staff and

supplies are ready. Just in time training may be required for personnel that normally have other

responsibilities.

Concepts of operations: public perception. Well managed emergent volunteers

improve public awareness. Spontaneous volunteers have the ability to meet individual needs of

survivors such as communicating locations for available recovery supplies and connecting family

members, while allowing professional responders and affiliated volunteers to remain focused on

their missions.

Concepts of operations: pre-disaster preparedness. The DRC should attend local

emergency management planning meetings, affiliate with VOAD, educate local coalitions and


community networks, develop a volunteer referral program, enable volunteer transportation into

the incident location, coordinate public information strategies related to volunteers, and select

facility options for the VRC. Vacant stores or office buildings may be useful if utilities can be

activated easily. Government offices including employment centers may be reconfigured for

temporary use.

Concepts of operations: post-disaster implementation. VRC personnel organize the

facility, prepare to receive volunteers, interview applicants, and refer individuals to appropriate

agencies. Workflows entail Disaster Referral Forms, Release of Liability Forms, safety

briefings, and job trainings. Six stations are recommended to optimize efficiency. Orientation

and Registration explains the volunteer process and gathers applicant contact information.

Interview determines which agencies will manage the volunteers. Data Communication

coordinates with requesting agencies. Volunteer Identification creates wrist bands or ID badges.

Safety Training reviews required personal protective equipment. Job Training prepares

volunteers for service.

Concepts of operations: other functions. Several VRC processes do not directly deal

with volunteers. The VRC director should organize the phone bank team, data entry personnel,

supply areas, public information officer, runners, and staff break areas. Calls need to be

recorded and posted on the request board. Referrals process through the online database.

Responsibilities. The DRC should work closely with the VRC director and liaison with

the EOC. The VRC director creates efficient flows for volunteers and information, briefs and

assigns tasks to the VRC personnel, and monitors operations for needed changes.


Engaging the whole community

Increased public awareness can benefit all emergency management cycle phases. The

NIMS all-hazards focus is challenging limited local, state, and federal emergency management

budgets. Community support is critical to prepare for and recover from disasters. Traditional

emergency management communication may not effectively reach all jurisdiction residents and

visitors. FEMA emphasizes a whole community approach. Business continuity and continuity

of government can strengthen all organizations in a community. Local leaders can identify

issues that may not have been reviewed by the EOP.

Vulnerable populations may need flexible support systems. The EMD must create plans

for different audiences including low income, seniors, children, non-English speakers, minorities

and special needs such as mobility, emotional, health, hearing, and vision. Each group may

receive trusted information in different ways. Emergency communications should be provided

through phone, Internet, television, cable, community groups, houses of worship, businesses, and

government agencies.

Evaluating volunteer and incident technology

Technology is enhancing the ability to understand and respond to disasters. However,

several challenges exist for available technology and information. One concern is the ability of

EMD personnel to manage and adapt to new products. Strategies for implementation can be

discussed with employees, partner agencies, and vendors. Depending on available resources,

solutions can remain basic or expand to comprehensive integration with other jurisdiction

systems. The Virtual Social Media Working Group and DHS First Responders Group analyzed

applications of social media in public safety. Three reviewed areas cover, “Effective

communications, achieving and maintaining situational awareness, and analysis” (The Virtual


Social Media Working Group and DHS First Responders Group, 2014, p. 11). Several

technology sources were noted. The below product reviews will increase awareness but should

be studied further to ensure compatibility with the needs of the EMD.

Social media. Geofeedia provides social media monitoring within a user-specified

perimeter for a variety of platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter. One example listed by the

organization is, “Improve disaster response with real-time, hyper-local social media monitoring

and analysis to assess crisis areas and coordinate responses anywhere in the world” (Geofeedia,

n.d., para. 5).

Twitter is a powerful social media tool. TweetDeck provides Twitter analysis of

communications relating to organizations and events. In addition, response agencies can validate

how their messages are being interpreted by the public. TweetDeck can enhance planning,

response, and recover by allowing users to, “Schedule Tweets to be posted in the future”

(Twitter, n.d., para. 8).

Hootsuite enhances social media communications across various Internet audiences.

Hootsuite discusses social lifecycle management, “From one dashboard you’ll schedule Tweets

and Facebook posts, monitor conversations, and more” (Hootsuite, n.d., para. 2).

The American Red Cross uses Radian6 to view social media content. Issue specific

information can be routed to departments. Salesforce sells the product and states, “Identify and

analyze conversations about your company, products, and competitors with the leading social

media monitoring and engagement tools” (Radian6, n.d., para. 1).

Humanity Road users analyze social media to provide situational awareness. Humanity

Road explains, “Volunteers route critical emergency aid information to those in need, connecting

official charity, aid organizations and nonprofits with those requiring assistance or aid”


(Humanity Road, n.d., para. 4). The NGO focuses on disaster preparedness, disaster response,

process improvement, and animals in disaster.

Individuals post information on Reddit and users vote on the popularity of the topic.

Although fact finding must be used to determine reliability of posts, emergencies can be reported

immediately. Reddit explains how the site works, “Redditors vote on which stories and

discussions are important. The hottest stories rise to the top, while cooler stories sink” (Reddit,

n.d., para. 1).

As public disaster communications become more complex, support for effective methods

is essential. Zemanta provides ads and links to promote messages. Zemanta explains, “Your

message should be integrated, entertaining, and informative. Content ads put your message

where it needs to be” (Zemanta, n.d., para. 1). Solutions comprise promoted recommendations,

in-text links to websites, and in-stream ads for news aggregation services.

Volunteer operations management. Response operations can be enhanced through

General Dynamic’s TIGR as explained, “The Tactical Ground Reporting or TIGR system, is a

web-based solution that empowers users to collect share, and analyze data using a Google®

Earth like interface backed by network distribution that is resilient to the tactical network

challenges” (General Dynamics, n.d., para. 1).

Waze provides a GPS enabled smart phone application that provides updates on current

traffic conditions. First responders and volunteers can determine best routes to travel to incident

locations.

Documents and information link together in maps, graphs, or networks on OpenCalais

Web Service. Calais explains, “You can use those maps to improve site navigation, provide

contextual syndication, tag and organize your content, create structured folksonomies, filter and


de-duplicate news feeds, or analyze content to see if it contains what you care about” (Calais,

n.d., para. 6).

Disaster Reporter maps incidents. FEMA explains, “The purpose of the FEMA Disaster

Reporter is to crowdsource and share disaster-related information for events occurring within the

United States, allowing citizens, first responders, emergency managers, community response &

recovery teams, and others to view and contribute information on a publicly accessible map”

(FEMA, n.d., para. 1).

Palantir offers disaster preparedness and crisis response products. The company notes

“Our products have been deployed to integrate massive volumes of data to support crisis

response operations on a moment’s notice” (Palantir, n.d., para. 2). The system identifies

vulnerabilities in supply chains and can be used to track employee and volunteer certifications.

IBM InfoSphere alleviates the difficulties managing extensive updates during disasters.

“IBM® InfoSphere® Streams is an advanced analytic platform that allows user-developed

applications to quickly ingest, analyze, and correlate information as it arrives from thousands of

real-time sources” (IBM, n.d., para. 1).

Coordinated observation infrastructure is used by Sensorweb to identify issues.

Sensorweb Research Laboratory states, “Our research work is largely motivated by the needs of

real-time and situation-aware information gathering from unattended environments and effective

information sharing over the Internet” (Sensorweb Research Laboratory, n.d., para. 3).

Volunteer roles. Citizens trained in CPR can register with PulsePoint to receive mobile

alerts when someone nearby has sudden cardiac arrest. Support can be given until the

professional first responders arrive. One important feature noted by PulsePoint is, “The


application also directs these citizen rescuers to the exact location of the closest publicly

accessible Automated External Defibrillator (AED)” (PulsePoint, n.d., para. 2).

Volunteers are asked to help identify items in photos using Tomnod. Applications for

disaster areas are ideal when pre-existing landmarks may be damaged or difficult to recognize by

responders. According to Tomnod, “The Tomnod mission is to utilize the power of

crowdsourcing to identify objects and items in satellite images” (Tomnod, n.d., para. 1).

Earthquake analysis can be enhanced by individuals reporting the effects on their

neighborhood via Did You Feel It? The United States Geological Survey states, “By filling out a

questionnaire, the public can help provide information about the extent of shaking and damage

for earthquakes in the U.S., and may provide specific details about how their area may respond

to future earthquakes” (United States Geological Survey [USGS], n.d., para. 2).

SeeClickFix allows users to report issues in their neighborhood such as downed trees or

malfunctioning street lights. SeeClickFix lists a valuable benefit, “This empowers citizens,

community groups, media organizations, and governments to take care of and improve their

neighborhoods” (SeeClickFix, n.d., para. 1). Collaboration with the Department of Public

Works, Police, Fire, and EMS can be enhanced during emergencies.

1


CHAPTER 4 – RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS

Effective volunteer management requires integration with EMD responsibilities. The

following recommendations will be explained (a) liability issues (b) VPM (c) volunteer

procedures (d) affiliated volunteer organizations (e) VRC, and (f) volunteer and incident

technology.

Liability issues

Legal counsel should be consulted for civil liability, injury benefits, and penalties for

breaching licensing and certification requirements. Counsel should be retained if for no other

reason than understanding local, state, and federal mandates require continuous review. Because

worker’s compensation and sovereign immunity may not to apply volunteers and unaffiliated

volunteers usually do not receive legal protections, thoughtful planning for volunteers and their

inherent liability need to be a priority, which would again be enhanced with legal counsel.

Appendix B lists emergency management state laws.

VPM

At least one person within the EMD or in a partner agency needs to maintain

responsibility for the emergency volunteer program. Large departments should hire a full-time

VPM. An alternative is to assign volunteer management roles to existing personnel. Work

descriptions for incident positions should be written to ensure clear goals are explained to

volunteers. The VPM needs to track volunteer hours and engage individuals to maintain interest

between incidents. Community awareness and preparation activities can help to expand

understanding beyond sporadic, large-scale disasters.


Volunteer procedures

The EOP should have a Volunteer and Donations Management Annex. Purpose, scope,

situations and policies, assumptions, concepts of operations, and responsibilities for emergency

management personnel and volunteers should be detailed. Partner contact information needs to

be updated at last annually and ideally quarterly. Plans for affiliated and spontaneous volunteers

must be covered.

Affiliated volunteer organizations

Trained disaster volunteers can be found at many governmental agencies and NGOs.

Building relationships with organizations in advance of events is critical to reducing strain on

emergency personnel and budgets. CERT programs can be developed to train emergency skills

to community members. Fire Corps, Medical Reserve Corps, VIPS, and National Neighborhood

Watch can complement professional responders. NVOAD and VOAD can coordinate multiple

NGOs. American Red Cross can be used for sheltering and mental health needs, while The

Salvation Army can focus on feeding survivors. In addition, HandsOn can provide help for

community projects and The Amateur Radio Emergency Service can expand emergency

communications at critical times.

VRC

VRCs are the best way to prepare for spontaneous volunteers. Locations, managers,

supplies, and activation procedures should be part of the Volunteer and Donations Management

Annex. Volunteer interviews, assignments to NGOs or EMD employees, and safety trainings

provide efficient access to incident requirements. Policies for denying and firing volunteers

should be clearly stated. One example of a denial policy is preventing individuals with physical

disabilities from working on debris removal assignments that require climbing stairs. Steve


McCurley advises, “It is especially important to have policies on probation, suspension, and

termination” (McCurley, 1993, para. 14). A potential violation includes drinking alcohol during

volunteer operations. Virtual VRCs are useful for volunteer screenings in advance of major

incidents.

Volunteer and incident technology

Internet and mobile phone applications continue to evolve. Integrating new tools for

managing and developing volunteers requires careful analysis to meet the needs and abilities of

the EMD. Partnering with different user groups can enable more effective disaster management.

Complexity can be overwhelming; therefore, technical advisors should be consulted.

Communications, volunteer tracking, and incident management are essential components. Paper

backups for all online forms need to be available in the event of power failures.

Conclusion

Each phase of the emergency management cycle can benefit from well-trained

volunteers. Volunteer development and leadership will continue to evolve. Key considerations

include organizational structure, liability, motivation, developing partnerships with local

agencies and organizations to assist, prepare for, and manage spontaneous volunteers, and

utilizing technology in a variety of ways to support all of the previously cited challenges and

opportunities.


Appendices


Appendix A – Disaster Operations Volunteer Coordinator

Job Description

MISSISSIPPI COMMISSION FOR VOLUNTEER SERVICE

JOB DESCRIPTION

POSITION: Disaster Operations Volunteer Coordinator DEPARTMENT: Operations

Characteristics of Work

This is a state funded position with the Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service (MCVS). The incumbent is responsible for preparing MCVS resources to respond to a disaster as requested through the State Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and as outlined in the Mississippi Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP). The incumbent is responsible for directing and overseeing any and all MCVS resources deployed in the event of a disaster. The incumbent is responsible for coordinating with local, state, and national agencies, both voluntary and government, to accomplish MCVS’s disaster goals. This position requires travel statewide and out of state on an as-needed basis; a valid Mississippi Driver’s License is required.

Qualifications

This position requires a four-year degree in an emergency management, political science, or communications-related field. A minimum of two years of experience in an emergency management field is also required; experience in field supervision is preferred. Additionally, the incumbent with knowledge of ICS 100, 200, 700, and 800, with ICS 300 certification is preferred. The incumbent must be familiar with FEMA and NIMS regulations, policies, and procedures, especially as they relate to volunteers and donations management. This position requires proficiency in Microsoft Office, Excel, Power Point, and Access.

Essential Functions

1. Implement the MCVS Continuity of Operations Plan and coordinate disaster-related efforts of MCVS during local response initiatives and statewide CEMP activation. Assist Emergency Management Assistance Compact member states as requested by those states and as directed by the Mississippi State EOC. 2. Coordinate training for volunteers and organizations in proper disaster response procedures regarding volunteer and national service efforts in support of rapid repairs to transition survivors back into homes as quickly as possible through the Volunteer Response Center (VRC) Model.


3. Track and report information on all volunteer response and disaster housing repair assistance request, provided, and referred through VRCs. 4. In non-disaster times, dedicate oneself to disaster preparedness by building the capacity of volunteers and voluntary organizations to effectively address disaster-related needs. 5. Regularly develop and disseminate resources to educate national partners and funders on the disaster-focused volunteer programs in Mississippi and to educate volunteers and national service members in disaster preparedness and response procedures. 6. Engage in grant-writing and strategic resource development to support disaster-related volunteer support efforts of MCVS. 7. Serve in an official or unofficial leadership capacity on governing boards to advise and direct the coordination of volunteers in Mississippi during a disaster and liaise between all voluntary and government agencies with a disaster mission or focus and MCVS.

COMPETENCIES: The following competencies describe the performance expectations for a successful employee in this position. Employees may be evaluated on these competencies as part of their performance review. The example behaviors under each competency may be modified by the agency as needed. Entry level employees may not be expected to possess the competencies at time of hire, but should be able to successfully demonstrate the behaviors after a reasonable period of time, usually 3-6 months.

CORE COMPETENCIES:

Integrity and Honesty – Demonstrates a sense of responsibility & commitment to the public trust through statements & actions.

o Models and demonstrates high standards of integrity, trust, openness & respect for others.

o Demonstrates integrity by honoring commitments and promises. o Demonstrates integrity by maintaining necessary confidentiality.

Work Ethic – Is productive, diligent, conscientious, timely, and loyal. o Conscientiously abides by the rules, regulations, and procedures governing

work.

Service Orientation – Demonstrates a commitment to quality public service through statements and actions.

o Seeks to understand and meets and/or exceeds the needs and expectations of clients.

o Treats clients with respect, responding to requests in a professional manner, even in difficult circumstances.

o Provides accurate and timely service or re-negotiates term changes when needed.

o Develops positive relationships with customers.

Accountability – Accepts responsibility for actions and results. o Is productive and carries fair share of the workload.


o Focuses on quality and expends the necessary time and effort to achieve goals. o Demonstrates loyalty to the job and the agency and is a good steward of state

assets. o Steadfastly persists in overcoming obstacles and pushes self for results. o Maintains necessary attention to detail to achieve high level performance. o Deals effectively with pressure and recovers quickly from setbacks. o Takes ownership of tasks, performance standards, and mistakes. o Has knowledge of how to perform one’s job. o Knows the organization’s mission and functions and how it fits into state

government.

Self-Management Skills – Effectively manages emotions/impulses & maintains positive attitude.

o Encourages and facilitates cooperation, pride, trust, and group identity. o Fosters commitment and team spirit in disaster situations. o Works effectively and cooperatively with others to achieve goals. o Treats all people with respect, courtesy, and consideration. o Remains open to new ideas and approaches. o Avoids conflicts of interest. o Promotes cooperation and teamwork. o Continuously evaluates and adapts; copes effectively with change. o Allows self and others to make mistakes and learns from those mistakes. o Values volunteerism.

Interpersonal Skills – Shows understanding, courtesy, tact, empathy, and concern to develop and maintain relationships.

o Demonstrates cross-cultural sensitivity and understanding. o Identifies and seeks to solve problems and prevent or resolve conflict situations. o Encourages others through positive reinforcement. o Models appropriate behavior. o Recognizes and develops potential in others; mentors and helps others translate

vision into action.

Communication Skills – Receives, attends to, interprets, and responds to verbal messages and expresses information to individuals or groups effectively.

o Expresses facts and ideas both verbally and in writing in a clear, convincing, and organized manner, helping others translate vision into action.

o Takes into account the audience and nature of the information. o Listens to others, attends to nonverbal cues, and responds appropriately. o Receives cues such as body language in ways that are appropriate to listeners &

situations. o Communicates ideas, suggestions and concerns as well as outcomes and

progress throughout the process of an activity.


o Communicates with co-workers; keeps them informed of activities, time lines, and other information necessary for coordination of activities and to enable them to share correct information to external stakeholders.

o Provides thorough and accurate information.

Self-Development – Adapts behavior or work methods in response to new information, changing conditions, or unexpected obstacles.

o Seeks efficient learning techniques to acquire and apply new knowledge and skills.

o Uses training, feedback, or other opportunities for self-learning and development.

o Develops and enhances skills to adapt to changing organizational needs.

MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES:

Emotional Maturity – Conducts oneself in a professional, consistent manner when representing the organization.

o Exhibits the ability to work through challenges and create opportunities. o Has the ability to work through adversity; holds self and others accountable for

actions. o Takes risks appropriate to one’s level of responsibility. o Acts as a settling influence in a crisis. o Emulates proven leaders.

Macro Oriented – Exercises good judgment; makes sound, well-informed decisions. o Communicates organizational vision; understands effects of decisions on the

organization & on other organizations as well as how external factors impact the organization.o Acts as a change agent by initiating and supporting change within the agency.

o Understands and appropriately applies procedures, requirements, and regulations to specialized areas of expertise.

Working Through Others – Supports, motivates, and advocates for MCVS disaster mission.

o Recognizes and appreciates diversity. o Creates synergistic teams using strengths of all team members. o Clearly and comfortably delegates work, trusting and empowering others to

perform, and sharing both responsibility and accountability. o Knows and understands staff’s strengths and needs. o Reinforces and rewards individual and/or team efforts and positive behaviors. o Monitors workloads and provides feedback. o Provides open and effective reciprocal communication. o Effectively supervises FEMA Corps Teams and NCCC Response Teams, as

needed.


o Is fair, yet firm with others.

Results Oriented – Plans effectively to achieve or exceed goals, sets and meets deadlines. o Identifies, analyzes, and solves problems. o Develops or participates in the development of performance standards and

outcomes, knows what and how to measure, and provides effective feedback. o Uses change management skills to bridge the gap between current and desired

results. o Pushes self and others for results.

Disaster Resource Management – Acquires, effectively and efficiently administers, and allocates resources: human, financial, material and informational.

o Demonstrates ability to plan, prioritize, and organize. o Works to develop and implement strategic planning for the agency.

TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES: Political Savvy – The ability to evaluate characteristics of each situation and uses appropriate tactics to achieve results.

o Knows and understands complex organizations. o Achieves results when dealing with complex situations o Anticipates difficulties and plans approach appropriately. o Effectively interacts and interfaces with different organizations and individually

appropriately by varying styles as needed. o Is creative and finds ways to accomplish goals. o Builds positive relationships. o Plans strategy, yet remains flexible. o Articulates organizational mission, goals, and objectives in a manner that relates

to different audiences.

Problem Solving/Decision Making – The ability and willingness to work with people and identify and solve problems in order to effectively and efficiently achieve goals of agency.

o Effectively recognizes and defines problems before seeking solutions. o Seeks input on problem identification and solution from appropriate sources

before moving to a solution. o Negotiates when necessary to resolve problems. o Seeks to identify & resolve conflict situations, & effectively deals with issues &

people. o Effectively develops and utilizes teams to solve problems. o Analyzes the effects of decisions on all stakeholders. o Exhibits the ability to handle multiple issues and projects concurrently. o Remains calm and rational under extended periods of highly stressful activities.

Stakeholder Relations – The ability and willingness to interact and communicate with stakeholders.


o Listens to the needs of stakeholders & addresses the issues in a timely & positive manner.

o Proactively provides stakeholders with proper information in an effort to promote the work of the agency and to reduce the occurrence of problems.

o Articulates service programs and needs to the community. o Builds alliances to meet goals through cooperative collaboration. o Markets the vision and work of the MCVS to various stakeholders. o Participates in the development and presentation of a strong public relations

program that delivers the message of MCVS to various stakeholders. o Represents the agency in local, state, and national activities.

Technical Proficiency – The ability and willingness to exhibit competency in the technical areas needed to perform the specific job.

o Reads, comprehends, interprets and implements the federal and state laws, the policies, rules and regulations that govern the agency.

o Demonstrates proficiency in applicable technical areas based on the application of acquired technical knowledge.

o Monitors compliance with policies and laws. o Recognizes the need for continued professional and technical development. o Participates in professional activities to enhance knowledge and skills.

(Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service, n.d., p. 1)


Appendix B – Emergency Management State Statutes

State Emergency Statutes

Alabama State Emergency Management Act: Title 31, Military Affairs and Civil Defense, Chapter 9, Emergency Management

Alaska State Emergency Management Act: Title 26, Military Affairs, Veterans and Disasters, Chapter 26.20, Homeland Security and Civil Defense; and Chapter 26.23, Alaska Disaster Act

Arizona State Emergency Management Act: Title 26, Military Affairs and Emergency Management, Chapter 2, Emergency Management

Arkansas State Emergency Management Act: Title 12, Law Enforcement, Emergency Management and Military Affairs, Title 5, Emergency Management

California State Emergency Management Act: Government Code Title 2, Government of the State of California, Division 1, General, Chapter 7, California Emergency Services Act

Colorado State Emergency Management Act: Title 24, Government–State, Article 32, Department of Local Affairs, Parts 21–26

Connecticut State Emergency Management Act: Title 28, Civil Preparedness and Emergency Services, Chapter 517, Civil Preparedness, Department of Emergency Management and Homeland Security

Delaware State Emergency Management Act: Title 20, Military and Civil Defense, Chapter 31, Emergency Management

Florida State Emergency Management Act: Title XVII, Military Affairs and Related Matters, Chapter 252, Emergency Management

Georgia State Emergency Management Act: Title 38, Military, Emergency Management and Veterans Affairs, Chapter 3, Emergency Management


Hawaii State Emergency Management Act: Title 10, Chapter 127, Disaster Relief; Chapter 128, Civil Defense and Emergency Act; Chapter 128D, Environmental Response; and Chapter 128E, Hazardous Materials

Idaho State Emergency Management Act: Title 46, Militia and Military Affairs, Chapter 10, State Disaster Preparedness Act

Illinois State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 20, Executive Branch, Section 3305, Illinois Emergency Management Agency Act

Indiana State Emergency Management Act: Title 10, Public Safety, Article 14, Emergency Management

Iowa State Emergency Management Act: Title 1, State Sovereignty and Management, Subtitle 12, Emergency Control, Chapter 29C, Emergency Management and Security

Kansas State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 48, Militia, Defense and Public Safety, Article 9, Emergency Preparedness for Disaster

Kentucky State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 48, Militia, Defense and Public Safety, Article 9, Emergency Preparedness for Disaster

Louisiana State Emergency Management Act: Louisiana Revised Statutes, Chapter 6, §29:721, Louisiana Homeland Security and Emergency Assistance and Disaster Act; and Chapter 9, §29:760, Louisiana Health Emergency Powers Act

Maine State Emergency Management Act: Title 37-B, Defense, Veterans, and Emergency Management, Chapter 13, Maine Emergency Management Agency

Maryland State Emergency Management Act: Public Safety, Title 14, Emergency Management

Massachusetts State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 639 of the Acts of 1950, Massachusetts Civil Defense Act

Michigan State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 30, Civilian Defense, Act 390 of 1976, Emergency Management Act


Minnesota State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 12, Emergency Management

Missouri State Emergency Management Act: Title V, Military Affairs and Police, Chapter 44, Civil Defense

Mississippi State Emergency Management Act: Title 33, Military Affairs, Chapter 15, Emergency Management and Civil Defense

Montana State Emergency Management Act: Title 10, Military Affairs and Disaster and Emergency Services, Chapter 3, Disaster and Emergency Services

Nebraska State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 81, State Departments, Sections 81-829.31–81-829.75, Emergency Management Act

Nevada State Emergency Management Act: Title 36, Military Affairs and Civil Emergencies, Chapter 414, Emergency Management

New Hampshire

State Emergency Management Act: Title 1, The State and its Government, Chapter 21-P, Department of Safety, Sections 21-P:34–21-P:48, Division of Emergency Services, Communications, and Management

New Jersey State Emergency Management Act: Appendix A:9-30, Civil Defense and Disaster Control Act; see compilation of authorities at: http://www.state.nj.us/njoem/law_lawlist.html

New Mexico State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 12, Miscellaneous Public Affairs Matters, Article 10, All Hazard Emergency Act; Article 10A, Public Health Emergency Response; Article 10B, Interstate Mutual Aid; Article 10C, Volunteer Emergency Responder Job Protection; Article 12, Hazardous Materials Response Act

New York State Emergency Management Act: Consolidated Laws EXC (Executive Code) Article 2-B, State and Local Natural and Man-made Disaster Preparedness, § 29-b, Use of Civil Defense Forces in Disasters (DEA); Unconsolidated Laws, DEA (Defense Emergency Act 1951), Chapter 784/51

North Carolina

State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 166A, North Carolina Emergency Management Act

North Dakota State Emergency Management Act: Title 37, Military Services, Chapter 37-17.1, Emergency Services

Ohio State Emergency Management Act: Title 55 (LV), Roads, Highways, Bridges, Chapter 5502, Department of Public Safety, Sections 5502.21–5502.41


Oklahoma State Emergency Management Act: Title 63, Public Health and Safety, Sections 63-683.1–63-683.24, Oklahoma Emergency Management Act

Oregon State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 401, Emergency Services and Communication

Pennsylvania State Emergency Management Act: Title 35, Health and Safety, Part V, Emergency Management Services

Rhode Island State Emergency Management Act: Title 30, Military Affairs and Defense, Chapter 30-15, Emergency Management

South Carolina

State Emergency Management Act: Title 25, Military, Civil Defense and Veterans’ Affairs, Chapter 1, Military Code, Article 4, South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division

South Dakota State Emergency Management Act: Title 33, Military Affairs, Chapter 15, Emergency Management

Tennessee State Emergency Management Act: Title 58, Military Affairs, Emergencies and Civil Defense, Chapter 2, Disasters, Emergencies, and Civil Defense

Texas State Emergency Management Act: Government Code, Chapter 418, Emergency Management

Utah State Emergency Management Act: Title 53, Public Safety Code, Chapter 2, Emergency Management

Vermont State Emergency Management Act: Title 20, Internal Security and Public Safety, Chapter 1, Civil Defense Generally

Virginia State Emergency Management Act: Title 44, Military and Emergency Laws, Chapter 3.2, Emergency Services and Disaster Law

Washington State Emergency Management Act: Title 38, Militia and Military Affairs, Chapter 38.52, Emergency Management

Washington D.C.

State Emergency Management Act: Division 1, Government of District, Title 7, Human Health Care and Safety, Subtitle J, Public Safety, Chapter 22, Homeland Security; and Chapter 23, Public Emergencies


West Virginia State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 15, Public Safety, Article 5, Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management

Wisconsin State Emergency Management Act: Chapter 166, Emergency Management

Wyoming State Emergency Management Act: Title 19, Defense Forces and Affairs, Chapter 13, Wyoming of Office of Homeland Security

(FEMA, 2012, p. 67)


Appendix C – Volunteer Organizations

State/Territory Volunteer Organization

Website

Alabama Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/alabama

Alabama American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Alabama Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=AL

Alabama Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Alabama

Alabama HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Alabama Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Alabama National Neighborhood Watch

http://nnw.org/find-a-watch-program

Alabama The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Alabama Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://alvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Alabama Volunteers in Police Service

http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Alaska Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/alaska

Alaska American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Alaska Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=AK

Alaska Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Alaska


Alaska HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Alaska Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Alaska National Neighborhood Watch


Alaska The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Alaska Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.akvoad.org/

Alaska Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

American Samoa

Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://asvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Arizona Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/arizona

Arizona American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Arizona Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=AZ

Arizona Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Arizona

Arizona HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Arizona Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Arizona National Neighborhood Watch


Arizona The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Arizona Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.azvoad.org/

Arizona Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf


Arkansas Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/arkansas

Arkansas American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Arkansas Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=AR

Arkansas Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Arkansas

Arkansas HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Arkansas Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Arkansas National Neighborhood Watch


Arkansas The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Arkansas Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.arvoad.org/

Arkansas Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - East Bay

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/east-bay

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Los Angeles

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/los-angeles

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Orange

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/orange

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Sacramento Valley

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/sacramento-valley

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - San Diego

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/san-diego

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - San Francisco

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/san-francisco

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - San Joaquin Valley

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/san-joaquin-valley


California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Santa Barbara

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/santa-barbara

California Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Santa Clara Valley

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/santa-clara-valley

California American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

California Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=CA

California Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#California

California HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

California Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

California National Neighborhood Watch


California The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

California Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.calvoad.org/

California Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Colorado Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/colorado

Colorado American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Colorado Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=CO

Colorado Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Colorado

Colorado HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Colorado Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx


Colorado National Neighborhood Watch


Colorado The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Colorado Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://covoad.communityos.org/cms/

Colorado Volunteers in Police Service


Connecticut Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/connecticut

Connecticut American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Connecticut Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=CT

Connecticut Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Connecticut

Connecticut HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Connecticut Medical Reserve Corps

https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Connecticut National Neighborhood Watch


Connecticut The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Connecticut Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Connecticut Volunteers in Police Service


Delaware Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/delaware

Delaware American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Delaware Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=DE


Delaware Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Delaware

Delaware HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Delaware Medical Reserve Corps


Delaware National Neighborhood Watch


Delaware The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Delaware Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Delaware Volunteers in Police Service


Florida Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Northern Florida

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/northern-florida

Florida Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Southern Florida

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/southern-florida

Florida Amateur Radio Emergency Service - West Central Florida

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/west-central-florida

Florida American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Florida Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=FL

Florida Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Florida

Florida HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Florida Medical Reserve Corps


Florida National Neighborhood Watch


Florida The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975


Florida Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://flvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Florida Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Georgia Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/georgia

Georgia American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Georgia Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=GA

Georgia Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Georgia

Georgia HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Georgia Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Georgia National Neighborhood Watch


Georgia The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Georgia Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://gavoad.communityos.org/cms/

Georgia Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Guam American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Guam Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=GU

Guam Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://guvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Hawaii Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/georgia

Hawaii American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter


Hawaii Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=HI

Hawaii Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Hawaii

Hawaii HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Hawaii Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Hawaii National Neighborhood Watch


Hawaii The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Hawaii Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://hivoad.communityos.org/cms/

Hawaii Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Idaho Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/idaho

Idaho Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=ID

Idaho Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Idaho

Idaho HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Idaho Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Idaho National Neighborhood Watch


Idaho The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Idaho Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://idvoad.communityos.org/cms/home

Idaho Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf


Illinois Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/illinois

Illinois American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Illinois Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=IL

Illinois Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Illinois

Illinois HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Illinois Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Illinois National Neighborhood Watch


Illinois The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Illinois Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Illinois Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Indiana Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/indiana

Indiana American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Indiana Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=IN

Indiana Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Indiana

Indiana HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Indiana Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Indiana National Neighborhood Watch



Indiana The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Indiana Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.invoad.com/

Indiana Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Iowa Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/iowa

Iowa American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Iowa Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=IA

Iowa Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Iowa

Iowa HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Iowa Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Iowa National Neighborhood Watch


Iowa The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Iowa Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://iavoad.communityos.org/cms/

Iowa Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Kansas Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/kansas

Kansas American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Kansas Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=KS

Kansas Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Kansas


Kansas HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Kansas Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Kansas National Neighborhood Watch


Kansas The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Kansas Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Kansas Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Kentucky Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/kentucky

Kentucky American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Kentucky Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=KY

Kentucky Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Kentucky

Kentucky HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Kentucky Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Kentucky National Neighborhood Watch


Kentucky The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Kentucky Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Kentucky Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Louisiana Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/louisiana


Louisiana American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Louisiana Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=LA

Louisiana Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Louisiana

Louisiana HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Louisiana Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Louisiana National Neighborhood Watch


Louisiana The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Louisiana Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://lavoad.communityos.org/cms/

Louisiana Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Maine Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/maine

Maine American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Maine Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=ME

Maine Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Maine

Maine HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Maine Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Maine National Neighborhood Watch


Maine The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Maine Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://mevoad.communityos.org/cms/


Maine Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Maryland Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/maryland-dc

Maryland American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Maryland Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MD

Maryland Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Maryland

Maryland HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Maryland Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Maryland National Neighborhood Watch


Maryland The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Maryland Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://mdvoad.org/

Maryland Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Massachusetts Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Eastern MA

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/eastern-massachusetts

Massachusetts Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Western MA

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/western-massachusetts

Massachusetts American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Massachusetts Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MA

Massachusetts Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Massachusetts

Massachusetts HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Massachusetts Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx


Massachusetts National Neighborhood Watch


Massachusetts The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Massachusetts Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://massvoad.org/news/?page_id=55

Massachusetts Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Michigan Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/michigan

Michigan American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Michigan Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MI

Michigan Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Michigan

Michigan HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Michigan Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Michigan National Neighborhood Watch


Michigan The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Michigan Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://mivoad.lodalo.com/index.html

Michigan Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Minnesota Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/minnesota

Minnesota American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Minnesota Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MN

Minnesota Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Minnesota


Minnesota HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Minnesota Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Minnesota National Neighborhood Watch


Minnesota The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Minnesota Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Minnesota Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Mississippi Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/mississippi

Mississippi American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Mississippi Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MS

Mississippi Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Mississippi

Mississippi HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Mississippi Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Mississippi National Neighborhood Watch


Mississippi The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Mississippi Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://msvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Mississippi Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Missouri Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/missouri

Missouri American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter


Missouri Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MO

Missouri Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Missouri

Missouri HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Missouri Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Missouri National Neighborhood Watch


Missouri The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Missouri Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://movoad.org/

Missouri Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Montana Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/montana

Montana American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Montana Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MT

Montana Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Montana

Montana HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Montana Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Montana National Neighborhood Watch


Montana The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Montana Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://mtvoad.communityos.org/cms/home

Montana Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf


Nebraska Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/nebraska

Nebraska American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Nebraska Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=NE

Nebraska Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Nebraska

Nebraska HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Nebraska Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Nebraska National Neighborhood Watch


Nebraska The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Nebraska Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://nevoad.communityos.org/cms/home

Nebraska Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Nevada Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/nevada

Nevada American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Nevada Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=NV

Nevada Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Nevada

Nevada HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Nevada Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Nevada National Neighborhood Watch


Nevada The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975


Nevada Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://voadnevada.wordpress.com/

Nevada Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

New Hampshire Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/new-hampshire

New Hampshire American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

New Hampshire Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=NH

New Hampshire Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#New+Hampshire

New Hampshire HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

New Hampshire Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

New Hampshire National Neighborhood Watch


New Hampshire The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

New Hampshire Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.volunteernh.org/html/nhvoad.htm

New Hampshire Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

New Jersey Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Northern NJ

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/northern-new-jersey

New Jersey Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Southern NJ

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/southern-new-jersey

New Jersey American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

New Jersey Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=NJ

New Jersey Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#New+Jersey

New Jersey HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map


New Jersey Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

New Jersey National Neighborhood Watch


New Jersey The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

New Jersey Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://njvoad.communityos.org/cms/home

New Jersey Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

New Mexico Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/new-mexico

New Mexico American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

New Mexico Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=NM

New Mexico Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#New+Mexico

New Mexico HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

New Mexico Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

New Mexico National Neighborhood Watch


New Mexico The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

New Mexico Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.nmvoad.org/

New Mexico Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

New York Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Eastern NY

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/eastern-new-york

New York Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Northern NY

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/northern-new-york

New York Amateur Radio Emergency Service - NYC

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/new-york-city-long-island


New York Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Western NY

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/western-new-york

New York American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

New York Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=NY

New York Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#New+York

New York HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

New York Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

New York National Neighborhood Watch


New York The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

New York Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://nyvoad.communityos.org/cms/home

New York Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

North Carolina Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/north-carolina

North Carolina American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

North Carolina Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=NC

North Carolina Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#North+Carolina

North Carolina HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

North Carolina Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

North Carolina National Neighborhood Watch


North Carolina The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975


North Carolina Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

North Carolina Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

North Dakota Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/north-dakota

North Dakota American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

North Dakota Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=ND

North Dakota Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#North+Dakota

North Dakota HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

North Dakota Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

North Dakota National Neighborhood Watch


North Dakota The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

North Dakota Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

North Dakota Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Northern Mariana Islands

Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=MP


Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Northern+Mariana+Islands



[email protected]

Ohio Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/ohio

Ohio American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Ohio Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=OH


Ohio Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Ohio

Ohio HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Ohio Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Ohio National Neighborhood Watch


Ohio The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Ohio Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Ohio Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Oklahoma Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/oklahoma

Oklahoma American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Oklahoma Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=OK

Oklahoma Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Oklahoma

Oklahoma HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Oklahoma Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Oklahoma National Neighborhood Watch


Oklahoma The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Oklahoma Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://okvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Oklahoma Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Oregon Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/oregon


Oregon American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Oregon Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=OR

Oregon Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Oregon

Oregon HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Oregon Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Oregon National Neighborhood Watch


Oregon The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Oregon Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://orvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Oregon Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Pennsylvania Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Eastern PA

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/eastern-pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Western PA

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/western-pennsylvania

Pennsylvania American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Pennsylvania Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=PA

Pennsylvania Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Pennsylvania Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Pennsylvania National Neighborhood Watch


Pennsylvania The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975


Pennsylvania Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://pavoad.communityos.org/cms/

Pennsylvania Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Puerto Rico Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/puerto-rico

Puerto Rico Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=PR

Puerto Rico Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Rhode Island Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/rhode-island

Rhode Island American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Rhode Island Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=RI

Rhode Island Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Rhode+Island

Rhode Island HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Rhode Island Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Rhode Island National Neighborhood Watch


Rhode Island The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Rhode Island Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://rivoad.communityos.org/cms/

Rhode Island Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

South Carolina Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/south-carolina

South Carolina American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

South Carolina Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=SC


South Carolina Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#South+Carolina

South Carolina HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

South Carolina Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

South Carolina National Neighborhood Watch


South Carolina The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

South Carolina Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://scvoad.communityos.org/cms/

South Carolina Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

South Dakota Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/south-dakota

South Dakota American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

South Dakota Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=SD

South Dakota Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#South+Dakota

South Dakota HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

South Dakota Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

South Dakota National Neighborhood Watch


South Dakota The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

South Dakota Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://sdvoad.communityos.org/cms/

South Dakota Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Tennessee Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/tennessee


Tennessee American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Tennessee Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=TN

Tennessee Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Tennessee

Tennessee HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Tennessee Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Tennessee National Neighborhood Watch


Tennessee The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Tennessee Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Tennessee Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Texas Amateur Radio Emergency Service - North TX

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/north-texas

Texas Amateur Radio Emergency Service - South TX

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/south-texas

Texas Amateur Radio Emergency Service - West TX

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/west-texas

Texas American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Texas Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=TX

Texas Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Texas

Texas HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Texas Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Texas National Neighborhood Watch



Texas The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Texas Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Texas Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

U.S. Virgin Islands


https://usvivoad.communityos.org/cms/home

Utah Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/utah

Utah American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Utah Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=UT

Utah Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Utah

Utah HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Utah Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Utah National Neighborhood Watch


Utah The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Utah Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://sites.google.com/site/utahvoads/home

Utah Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Vermont Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/vermont

Vermont American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Vermont Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=VT

Vermont Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Vermont


Vermont HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Vermont Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Vermont National Neighborhood Watch


Vermont The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Vermont Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://vtvoad.communityos.org/cms/

Vermont Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Virginia Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/virginia

Virginia American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Virginia Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=VA

Virginia Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Virginia

Virginia HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Virginia Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Virginia National Neighborhood Watch


Virginia The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Virginia Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://vavoad.communityos.org/cms/

Virginia Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Washington Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Eastern WA

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/eastern-washington

Washington Amateur Radio Emergency Service - Western WA

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/western-washington


Washington American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Washington Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=WA

Washington Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Washington

Washington HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Washington Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Washington National Neighborhood Watch


Washington The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Washington Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

http://www.wavoad.org/cms/

Washington Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Washington D.C.

Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/maryland-dc

Washington D.C.

American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Washington D.C.

Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=DC

Washington D.C.

Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#District+Of+Columbia

Washington D.C.

HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Washington D.C.

Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Washington D.C.

National Neighborhood Watch


Washington D.C.

The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Washington D.C.


[email protected]


Washington D.C.

Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

West Virginia Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/west-virginia

West Virginia American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

West Virginia Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=WV

West Virginia Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#West+Virginia

West Virginia HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

West Virginia Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

West Virginia National Neighborhood Watch


West Virginia The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

West Virginia Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

https://wvvoad.communityos.org/cms/

West Virginia Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Wisconsin Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/wisconsin

Wisconsin American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Wisconsin Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=WI

Wisconsin Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Wisconsin

Wisconsin HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Wisconsin Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Wisconsin National Neighborhood Watch



Wisconsin The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Wisconsin Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Wisconsin Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf

Wyoming Amateur Radio Emergency Service

http://www.arrl.org/Groups/view/wyoming

Wyoming American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/find-your-local-chapter

Wyoming Community Emergency Response Team

http://www.citizencorps.fema.gov/cc/CertIndex.do?reportsForState&cert=&state=WY

Wyoming Fire Corps http://www.firecorps.org/get-connected/connect-with-your-state-advocate#Wyoming

Wyoming HandsOn Network http://www.handsonnetwork.org/actioncenters/map

Wyoming Medical Reserve Corps https://www.medicalreservecorps.gov/StateCoordinators.aspx

Wyoming National Neighborhood Watch


Wyoming The Salvation Army http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/volunteer?_ga=1.19332472.1526573943.1413932975

Wyoming Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster

[email protected]

Wyoming Volunteers in Police Service http://www.theiacp.org/Portals/0/documents/pdfs/VIPSDirectoryUS.pdf


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