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Developing an Developing an Effective Vegetation Effective Vegetation
Management Program Management Program at Boone Lakeat Boone Lake
Exeter, RIExeter, RI
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE AQUATIC DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE AQUATIC VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLANVEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
LAKE ASSESSMENT* Water Quality * Biology * Watershed * Morphometry
LAKE ASSESSMENT* Water Quality * Biology * Watershed * Morphometry
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES* Fisheries/Wildlife * Recreation * Aesthetics
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES* Fisheries/Wildlife * Recreation * Aesthetics
EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES* Effectiveness * Environmental Effects * Compatibility with
Other Uses * Cost * Social Acceptability
EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES* Effectiveness * Environmental Effects * Compatibility with
Other Uses * Cost * Social Acceptability
FINAL DESIGN & PERMITTINGFINAL DESIGN & PERMITTING
IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION
MONITORINGMONITORING PUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC EDUCATION
2009 AQUATIC PLANT SURVEY TASKS
•Aquatic vegetation identification and distribution mapping.
•Qualitative shoreline and overall site assessment.
•Evaluate the feasibility of potential aquatic vegetation management/control strategies.
•Develop a recommended management program.
DOMINANT DOMINANT AQUATIC AQUATIC
VEGETATIONVEGETATION•Diverse plant assemblage – 10 different species of submersed and floating-leaf plant species observed.
•Greatest abundance of native plant growth observed in shallow water areas < 6 feet deep.
•Sparse to dense beds of non-native variable milfoil found throughout shoreline.
Variable WatermilfoilMyriophyllum heterophyllumheterophyllum
• Acidic waters• 7-10 pairs of
leaflets• Vegetative
propagation
Common ReedPhragmites australis
• Emergent wetland plant
• Common around salt marshes, highway drainage swales and lake shorelines
• Highly invasive
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF EXOTIC OR INVASIVE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF EXOTIC OR INVASIVE PLANTSPLANTS
FISH, WILDLIFE & NATIVE PLANTS
• Displacement of native plants
• Displacement of endangered, threatened or rare aquatic plants
• Habitat loss for fish & wildlife
• Change in spawning site availability
• Change in fish distribution
• Reduction in feeding success of predatory fish
• Reduction of open-water
WATER QUALITY
• Temperature & oxygen fluctuations
• Increased phosphorus (nutrient) loading
• Alteration in plant and algae communities
• Accelerated eutrophication rates
Source: A report from the Milfoil Study Committee on the Use of Aquatic Herbicides to Control Eurasian Watermilfoil in Vermont. VTDEC, March 1993
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF EXOTIC OR INVASIVE PLANTS POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF EXOTIC OR INVASIVE PLANTS (continued)(continued)
RECREATION
• Risk of swimmer entanglement
• Reduced access for boating & fishing
• Reduced aesthetics
LOCAL COMMERCE & REAL ESTATE
• Reduced property taxes
• Declining property values
• Renters fail to return for a second season
• Slowed business for marinas, etc.
• Declining attendance at lakefront beaches and parks
Source: A report from the Milfoil Study Committee on the Use of Aquatic Herbicides to Control Eurasian Watermilfoil in Vermont. VTDEC, March 1993
RECOMMENDED RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
GOALS/OBJECTIVESGOALS/OBJECTIVES•Control and prevent further expansion of non-native and invasive variable watermilfoil.
•Improve access for recreational activities (fishing, boating, wildlife viewing, etc.).
•Preserve diverse native plant assemblage, including: low-growing submersed species, and floating-leaved water lilies to provide fish and wildlife habitat
In-Lake Management TechniquesIn-Lake Management Techniques
Different Approaches•Physical/Manual•Mechanical•Biological•Chemical
Determining Which One to Use•Program goals and objectives•Accurate plant identification•Environmental constraints•Social acceptability•Cost
SMALL INFESTATIONSSMALL INFESTATIONS
Bottom Bottom BarriersBarriers
Hand Pulling Hand Pulling Suction HarvestingSuction Harvesting
LARGE INFESTATIONSLARGE INFESTATIONS
Mechanical Mechanical Harvesting Harvesting or Rakingor Raking
NOT RECOMMENDEDNOT RECOMMENDED
Drawdown Drawdown (limited benefit)(limited benefit)
– Navigate (2,4-D)Navigate (2,4-D)
– Reward (Diquat)Reward (Diquat)
– Renovate (Triclopyr)Renovate (Triclopyr)
– Sonar (Fluridone)Sonar (Fluridone)
CHEMICAL TREATMENTCHEMICAL TREATMENT
FACTORS FOR HERBICIDE FACTORS FOR HERBICIDE SELECTION…SELECTION…
•Target speciesTarget species•Size & configuration of treatment areaSize & configuration of treatment area•Selectivity desired or requiredSelectivity desired or required•Water usesWater uses•Flow considerationsFlow considerations•TimingTiming•CostCost
Herbicide ToxicityHerbicide Toxicity Risk = Toxicity x ExposureRisk = Toxicity x Exposure
Products registered by EPA under FIFRA, also Products registered by EPA under FIFRA, also registered in each Stateregistered in each State
20 active ingredients for aquatics in 1976 – now only 20 active ingredients for aquatics in 1976 – now only 8 8
No aquatic herbicides have a swimming restriction No aquatic herbicides have a swimming restriction on the label; however, closure on day of treatment is on the label; however, closure on day of treatment is recommendedrecommended
Use of lake water for drinking or for irrigation will be Use of lake water for drinking or for irrigation will be restricted following treatmentrestricted following treatment
What are the risks?What are the risks?
Available Aquatic HerbicidesAvailable Aquatic HerbicidesTRADE NAMETRADE NAME ACTIVE ACTIVE
INGREDIENTINGREDIENTMANUFACTURERMANUFACTURER
Aqua-Kleen / Aqua-Kleen / NavigateNavigate
2,4-D2,4-D Cerexagri / Cerexagri /
Applied BiochemistsApplied Biochemists
www.cerexagri.comwww.cerexagri.com
www.appliedbiochemists.comwww.appliedbiochemists.com
Aquathol KAquathol K EndothallEndothall CerexagriCerexagri www.cerexagri.comwww.cerexagri.com
Komeen / NautiqueKomeen / Nautique CopperCopper SePROSePRO www.sepro.comwww.sepro.com
RenovateRenovate TriclopyrTriclopyr SePROSePRO www.sepro.comwww.sepro.com
RewardReward DiquatDiquat SyngentaSyngenta www.syngentaprofessionalwww.syngentaprofessional
products.comproducts.com
Rodeo & genericsRodeo & generics GlyphosateGlyphosate Dow AgroSciencesDow AgroSciences www.dowagro.comwww.dowagro.com
SonarSonar FluridoneFluridone SePROSePRO www.sepro.comwww.sepro.com
HabitatHabitat ImazapyrImazapyr BASFBASF www.vmanswers.comwww.vmanswers.com
METHODS OF APPLICATIONMETHODS OF APPLICATION
Navigate (2,4-D)Navigate (2,4-D)o FormulationFormulation: Granular (BEE) : Granular (BEE)
o Mode of ActionMode of Action: Systemic – auxin mimic, inhibits cell division : Systemic – auxin mimic, inhibits cell division in new tissue and stimulates growth of existing in new tissue and stimulates growth of existing
tissuetissue
o Environmental FateEnvironmental Fate: Hydrolysis, microbial degradation, : Hydrolysis, microbial degradation, photolysisphotolysis
o Water Use RestrictionsWater Use Restrictions: Drinking < 70 ppb, Irrigation < 100 : Drinking < 70 ppb, Irrigation < 100 ppbppb
o AdvantagesAdvantages: fairly selective for broad-leaf (dicot) species, : fairly selective for broad-leaf (dicot) species, multiple year control, effective for spot-treatmentsmultiple year control, effective for spot-treatments
o LimitationsLimitations: prohibited in water supply watershed areas, : prohibited in water supply watershed areas, negative public perceptionnegative public perception
o Plants ControlledPlants Controlled: Milfoil, Water Chestnut, Waterlilies, : Milfoil, Water Chestnut, Waterlilies, WatershieldWatershield
Reward (Diquat)Reward (Diquat)o FormulationFormulation: Liquid: Liquid
o Mode of ActionMode of Action: Contact – interferes with photosynthesis: Contact – interferes with photosynthesis
o Environmental FateEnvironmental Fate: Sediment absorption, photolysis: Sediment absorption, photolysis
o Water Use RestrictionsWater Use Restrictions: Drinking 1-3 days, Irrigation 1-5 days, : Drinking 1-3 days, Irrigation 1-5 days, Watering Livestock 1 day Watering Livestock 1 day
o AdvantagesAdvantages: Rapid action effective for partial lake or : Rapid action effective for partial lake or shoreline shoreline treatmentstreatments
o LimitationsLimitations: Annual control does not kill roots: Annual control does not kill roots
o Plants ControlledPlants Controlled: Milfoil, Curlyleaf Pondweed, Elodea, : Milfoil, Curlyleaf Pondweed, Elodea, Hydrilla, Hydrilla, Coontail, Pondweeds, Naiad, Duckweed, Coontail, Pondweeds, Naiad, Duckweed, Bladderwort, Bladderwort, AlgaeAlgae
Congamond Lakes – Southwick MA Congamond Lakes – Southwick MA
Town operated mechanical Town operated mechanical harvesters for yearsharvesters for years
2000 – complete littoral zone 2000 – complete littoral zone infestation of Eurasian infestation of Eurasian watermilfoilwatermilfoil
2001 – Whole-lake (450 acres) 2001 – Whole-lake (450 acres) Sonar herbicide treatmentSonar herbicide treatment
2002-2009 – spot-treatments 2002-2009 – spot-treatments of 20-35 acres per year to of 20-35 acres per year to control curlyleaf pondweed control curlyleaf pondweed and Eurasian watermilfoiland Eurasian watermilfoil
Lower Suncook Lake – Barnstead, NH Lower Suncook Lake – Barnstead, NH
Variable watermilfoil Variable watermilfoil infestationinfestation
Reward (diquat) treatment in Reward (diquat) treatment in 2002 only provided seasonal 2002 only provided seasonal controlcontrol
Association coordinated a Association coordinated a grant funded research project grant funded research project and worked with legislators to and worked with legislators to get 2,4-D approvedget 2,4-D approved
Treated 132 acres with 2,4-D Treated 132 acres with 2,4-D in 2004, surveys and in 2004, surveys and treatment guided by GPStreatment guided by GPS
Briggs Marsh – Little Compton, RIBriggs Marsh – Little Compton, RI
Phragmites infestation around Phragmites infestation around this coastal freshwater pondthis coastal freshwater pond
Initiated Rodeo herbicide Initiated Rodeo herbicide spot-treatments in 1997spot-treatments in 1997
Treated with Airboat, but pond Treated with Airboat, but pond breaches to ocean regularlybreaches to ocean regularly
Switched to Argo track-driven Switched to Argo track-driven amphibious vehiclesamphibious vehicles
Infestation reduced to Infestation reduced to maintenance levelsmaintenance levels
Recommended ProgramRecommended ProgramBoone Lake – 2010Boone Lake – 2010
• Finalize aquatic plant management approach ASAP
• File RI DEM Pesticide Permit January
• Pre-treatment vegetation surveyMay
• Reward (Diquat) herbicide applicationfor the control of variable watermilfoil Late May - Mid June
• Spot-treatment of phragmites September
• Late-season vegetation survey September
• Project completion report Nov.-Dec.
ESTIMATED PROGRAM COSTS - 2010ESTIMATED PROGRAM COSTS - 2010
Permitting• File pesticide permit application with DEM
$200
Herbicide Treatment• Diquat treatment of up to 20 acres for the
control of milfoil and thinning of native species $4,875
• Glyphosate/Imazapyr spot-treatment of phragmites $650
Monitoring and Reporting• Pre and post-treatment surveys and year-end reporting
$750
TOTAL RECOMMENDED PROJECT BUDGET FOR 2010$6,475
Thank You!Thank You!