Upload
hanhu
View
216
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Developing an Almond Orchard for Top productionDeveloping an Almond Orchard for Top production
John Edstrom UC Farm Advisor, Colusa County
Vigorous 3Vigorous 3rdrd leafleafVigorous 3Vigorous 3 leaf leaf treestrees
producedproduced1,200 lbs/acre1,200 lbs/acre
44thth 2,500 lbs.2,500 lbs.
55thth 3,000 lbs3,000 lbs..
… in Kern and Colusa
Too wide a spacing?Non‐vigorous growth?Wrong rootstock?Wrong rootstock?Too much pruning?
For each 10% inc inFor each 10% inc incanopy shaded area
500 lbs more crop produced
Canopy filled early
Today'sToday's motto should bemotto should beToday sToday s motto should be …motto should be …Fill the Canopy FastFill the Canopy FastFill the Canopy FastFill the Canopy Fast
Economics of almond productionEconomics of almond productionEconomics of almond production Economics of almond production demand early yields/returndemand early yields/return
Canopy/fruitwood development depends onCanopy/fruitwood development depends on::Canopy/fruitwood development depends onCanopy/fruitwood development depends on::
Sit P tiSit P tiSite PreparationSite PreparationSoilSoilTree Spacing & DesignTree Spacing & DesignVarietyVarietyyyRootstock Rootstock PruningPruningPruning Pruning NutritionNutritionIrrigationIrrigationIrrigationIrrigation
Complete field work earlyComplete field work earlyRipper shanks break up compactionRipper shanks break up compaction Compost, OMCompost, OM
Apply lime if soil pH below 6.0 … always?Apply lime if soil pH below 6.0 … always?
Ready to plant by FebruaryReady to plant by February
Early planting promotes root growthbefore bud break...produces larger trees
fills canopy sooner…fills canopy sooner.
Berms/mounds in fall + herbicide
Machine planting saves time
Prune to 34-40 inches, whitewash, add carton
but, requires high degree of skill & precision ………
Stan “the GPS planlooked good on paper”
Almond and walnut trials at Nickels showedno advantage to slip plowing – drip & micros
For Arbuckle soils pre-plant soil fumigation questionable
…only small increase in deep roots
“Tile” drainage may protect roots from river seepage, or shallow water table.
Spacing critical to early yieldsSpacing critical to early yields
Stanislaus County Spacing TrialStanislaus County Spacing Trial
Spac g c t ca to ea y y e dsSpac g c t ca to ea y y e ds
Stanislaus County Spacing Trial Stanislaus County Spacing Trial
800 lbs
Big yield difference yr 4-6 due to spacings for peach root
Variety Combinations &Variety Combinations &Planting DesignsPlanting Designs
N 1 N 2 N
Nonpareil Monterey Nonpareil Fritz NonpareilNonpareil-Monterey-Nonpareil-Fritz-Nonpareil
50% - 25% - 25%
Preferred choice
Planting DesignsPlanting DesignsPlanting DesignsPlanting DesignsN 1 N 2 N 1 N 3 N 50% -25% -12% -12%N 1 N 2 N 1 N 3 N 50% 25% 12% 12%
Non Monterey Winters Fritz
N 1 N 2 N 3 N 50% -16% -16% -16% Non Monterey Aldrich Carmel*
N 1 2 N 1 2 N 33% -33% -33%Butte Aldrich Wood ColonyButte Aldrich Wood Colony
*Sonora pollen preload hives
Orchard Designs for GamblersOrchard Designs for GamblersIf Nonpareil price remains much higherIf Nonpareil price remains much higher
N FF NN N N
If Nonpareil price remains much higherIf Nonpareil price remains much higher
N NN NW A FFN N N
N N FFFF N N
N N N
W A FFN N NN
NN N NA FF WN N N
N FF NFF N N
N N FF
A FF WN NN N
NN N NW A FFN N FF
N FF NN N N
N N FF
W A FFN NN N
N N NA FF WWN N FF
3/4 Nonpareil, 3/4 Nonpareil, 1/4 Fritz
A FF WW
2/3 Non, 1/9 Winters,1/9 Aldrich,1/9 Fritz1/9 Fritz
Orchard Designs for GamblersOrchard Designs for GamblersIf Nonpareil price remains much higherIf Nonpareil price remains much higher
N FF NN N N
If Nonpareil price remains much higherIf Nonpareil price remains much higher
N NN NW A FFN N N
N N FFFF N N
N N N
W A FFN N NN
NN N NA FF WN N N
N FF NFF N N
N N FF
A FF WN NN N
NN N NW A FFN N FF
N FF NN N N
N N FF
W A FFN NN N
N N NA FF WWN N FF
3/4 Nonpareil, 3/4 Nonpareil, 1/4 Fritz
A FF WW
2/3 Non, 1/9 Winters,1/9 Aldrich,1/9 Fritz1/9 Fritz
Less pollen but 3 types close by
PA Hybrid Krymsk 86 Lovell M2624PA Hybrid Krymsk 86 Lovell M2624
Root Development at 2Root Development at 2ndnd leafleafRoot Development at 2Root Development at 2 leafleaf
Krymsk 86 Lovell M2624Krymsk 86 Lovell M2624
Select strong scaffolds,Select strong scaffolds,T b tt th k thi dT b tt th k thi dTwo better than weak thirdTwo better than weak third
NO!NO!NO!NO!
Bark InclusionBark Inclusion
A id li b b kA id li b b kAvoid limb breakageAvoid limb breakage
’t t li b l ti’t t li b l tiwon’t correct poor limb selectionwon’t correct poor limb selection
Limb tying for heavy crops… Limb tying for heavy crops…
2 year old Nonpareil
Short Prunedat 1st winter
Medium Prunedat 1st winter
Long Prunedat 1st winter
Stanislaus Pruning Trial SiteStanislaus Pruning Trial Site
Pruned Untrained & Unpruned
Pruning is DwarfingPruning is Dwarfing
Test Sites Pruned vs UnprunedTest Sites Pruned vs UnprunedStanislaus Colusa
pruned unpruned pruned unpruned
Kern
pruned unpruned
More pruning = less fruitwoodMore pruning = less fruitwood
Accumulative Yields lbs/acreAccumulative Yields lbs/acreAccumulative Yields lbs/acreAccumulative Yields lbs/acre
C l 1 C l 2 K St i lColusa 1
21 yrs
Colusa 2
13 yrs
Kern
13 yrs
Stanislaus
10 yrs
7’ x 22’ 16’ x 22’ 21’ x 24’ various
Unpruned 35,000 22,000 22,300 18,467p , , , ,
Pruned 34,000 22,600 20,700 17,507
Mechanical Topping ?Mechanical Topping ?
Reduces crop on bearing trees
Adds fruitwood to NB treesbut, may inc shade.
Affect on yield unknownec o y e d u o
Speaking of yield, get the crop to hullerSpeaking of yield, get the crop to huller
Nitrogen Trial N, K, Zn, B + others ?
Low N
High N
Row crop vs old orchard soilearly N rate varies 0-4oz/tree
Irrigation Trial g1.0 Et vs 1.25 Et..if water infiltrates
Single hose dripSingle hose drip Subsurface dripSubsurface drip
MicroMicro--jet + dripjet + drip Double hose dripDouble hose drip
2-2.5 ft sandy, 3-4 ft clay soilIf frost risk high
Technologies to optimize water use and tree growthTechnologies to optimize water use and tree growth
Probes for soil moisture status
Pressure chamber measurestree water stress
DendrometerDendrometerlimb growthlimb growth
Q ti ?Questions?