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1 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Developing a Multisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project to Foster Learning and Retention of STEM Material
Peter Avitabile, Stephen Pennell, John WhiteMechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell
ASEE Conference – June 2006 – Chicago, Illinois
TIME
FREQUENCY
ACCELEROMETER
IMPACT HAMMER
FORCE GAGEHAMMER TIP
FOURIERTRANSFORM
LVDT
DISPLACEMENT
ACCELERATION
DIGITALANALOG TO
DIGITIAL DATA ACQUISITION
NUMERICAL PROCESSINGINTEGRATION / DIFFERENTIATION
( )i1ii1i
1ii xx2
yyII −++= ++
−
QUANTIZATIONSAMPLINGALIASINGLEAKAGEWINDOWS
DYNAMIC TESTINGPULLS ALL THE
PIECES TOGETHER !!!
TIME
FREQUENCY
X
Y
TRANSDUCERCALIBRATION
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
HAMMER TIP CHARACTERIZATION
FOURIER SERIES & FFT
m
k c
x(t) f(t)
SDOF DYNAMIC
MODEL APPROXIMATION
SYSTEM MODEL
100
10
1
ω/ωn
ζ=0.1%
ζ=1%
ζ=2%
ζ=5%
ζ=10%
ζ=20%
ζ=0.1%
ζ=1%
ζ=2%
ζ=5%
ζ=10%
ζ=20%
0
-90
-180ω/ω n
)t(fxkdtdxc
dtxdm 2
2
=++
DIFFERENT PULSE SHAPES
)ps(a
)ps(a)s(h *
1
*1
1
1
−+
−=
FREE BODY DIAGRAM& EQUATION OF MOTION
LAPLACE & TRANSFER FUNCTION
tsinem
1)t(h dt
d
ωω
= ζω−
FIRST & SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS
SIGNAL CONDITIONER RISE & SETTLING TIME
2 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
The Problem
Students generally do not understand how basicSTEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) material fits into all of their engineering courses
Relationship of basic material to subsequent courses is unclear to the student.
Practical relevance of the material is not clear.
Students hit the “reset button” after each course not realizing the importance of STEM material
3 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
The Problem
Professor, why didn’t you tell us that the material covered in other courses was going to be really important for the work we need to do in this Dynamic Systems course ?
Student Comment:
Hmmmmm...
Professor Thoughts:
Student views material in a disjointed fashion
Professor clearly sees how pieces fit together
4 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
How to Solve the Problem
A new multisemester interwoven dynamic systems project has been initiated
This is to better integrate the material from differential equations, mathematical methods, laboratory measurements and dynamic systems
This is done across several semesters/courses to help students better understand the relationship of basic STEM material to an ongoing problem
5 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
• Develop a project which spans across several semesters & courses to interweave related STEM material in a coherent fashion – strongly emphasizing the inter-relationship
- Simple RC Circuit- Single SDOF System
Goals & Objectives
Cornerstone of Knowledge
• Suggested for first evaluations• These are generic to all engineering disciplines in that they exemplify 1st and 2nd order systems
6 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
What Needs to be Addressed
• Differential equations & numerical processing• Fourier/Laplace transformations• Instrumentation/signal processing/calibration• Analog & digital data acquisition systems• Time & Frequency data• Impulse response & frequency response• Rise time & settling time
Interwoven, multi-semester problem features:
7 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Comparison of Response of Experimental and Simulink M, C, K System
-0.200
-0.150
-0.100
-0.050
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time [sec]
LVDT displacement
Simulink generated response
Kari Stevens, 11/03/02
Cantilever Beam
Laser Measurement
Accelerometer
Strain Gage
Micrometer
Comparison of Non-Colocated Accelerometer, Laser and Strain GageApproximations of Tip Displacement of Cantilever
Actual System AddressesReal Measurement Problems
Components of Integrated ProjectNumerical Tools with Attention
to Real Measurements
Filtering IntegratesFirst Order Systems
Experimental Problem Integrates STEM Material
Analytical Tools Required
Mathematical Methods
8 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Scope of the Complete Project
Phase 1 Develop analytically oriented material to address the problems and techniques for solving dynamic system problems. The intent is to provide analytical tools but also address the anticipated problems encountered in a real measurement environment
Phase 2 Develop experimentally oriented acquired data that extends the application of previously identified analytical techniques and addresses measurement issues associated with collecting real world data
Phase 3 Implement materials generated in another discipline and another institution. Modify and enhance of all materials based on feedback
9 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Scope of the Complete Project
Phase 1 Develop analytically oriented material to address the problems and techniques for solving dynamic system problems. The intent is to provide analytical tools but also address the anticipated problems encountered in a real measurement environment
Phase 2 Develop experimentally oriented acquired data that extends the application of previously identified analytical techniques and addresses measurement issues associated with collecting real world data
Phase 3 Implement materials generated in another discipline and another institution. Modify and enhance of all materials based on feedback
10 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Phase 1 Develop analytically oriented material to address the problems and techniques for solving dynamic system problems. The intent is to provide analytical tools but also address the anticipated problems encountered in a real measurement environment
Phase 2 Develop experimentally oriented acquired data that extends the application of previously identified analytical techniques and addresses measurement issues associated with collecting real world data
Phase 3 Implement materials generated in another discipline and another institution. Modify and enhance of all materials based on feedback
Scope of the Complete Project
11 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
A simple mass, spring, dashpot system is used to measure displacement and acceleration
Numerical processing of integration/differential needed to process data
MCK Measurement System
m
k c
x(t) f(t)
12 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
MCK Measurement System
Requires extensive use of a wide variety of differentanalytical tools.Significant numerical data manipulation needed.
• Regression Analysis• Data Cleansing• Integration• Differentiation
13 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
MCK Measurement System
The data acquisition system and transducers are intentionally selected such that the majority of possible errors exist in the data
•Drift•Bias•Offset•Quantization•Noise
Plot of Displacement for a Spring-Mass System
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Time (sec)
Displ
Displ. Meas.Displ. Calc.
c(inch)
Velocity Comparison
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5Time (sec)
Velocity(in/sec)
14 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
MCK Measurement System
The students are forced to integrate key STEM material and concepts to solve this problem
• Numericalprocessing
• Filtering• Thinking is required !!!
Displacement Comparison
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (sec)
Dis
plac
emen
t (in
ches
)
Measured DisplacementCalculated Displacement
Displacm ent Comparisons
-0.5
-0.4-0.3
-0.2
-0.10
0.1
0.2
0.30.4
0.5
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Time (sec)
Dis
plac
emen
t (in
)
Displacement(LVDT) Displacement(Accleraometer)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (rad/sec)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0From: Input Point To: Output Point
Mag
nitu
de (
dB)
System: proj4_rc_2 I/O: Input Point to Output Point
Frequency (rad/sec): 120 Magnitude (dB): -3.03
100
101
102
103
104
-90
-45
0
Pha
se (
deg)
15 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Several tutorials have been developed related to aspects of dynamic system response evaluation
MATLAB scripts utilizing a simple graphical user interface (GUI) emphasizing the inherent aspects of 1st and 2nd order system response developed
LABVIEW modules were also developed
Voice annotated tutorials being finalized
What Has Been Addressed To Date
16 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Theoretical Aspects of First and Second Order SystemsFirst Order Systems – Modeling Step Response with ODE and
Block DiagramSecond Order Systems – Modeling Step, Impulse, and Initial
Condition Responses with ODE and Block DiagramsMathematical Modeling ConsiderationsSimulink and MATLAB Primer MaterialsMiscellaneous Materials
Some examples are illustrated on the following sheets
What Has Been Addressed To Date
17 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
2nd Order System Initial Condition GUI
User enters M, C, K and natural frequency, critical damping and damping are reported.User can vary the physical parameters with slide bars. The frequency response function magnitude is displayed root locus and time response.
18 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
First Order Low Pass Filter GUI
User enters time constant and sinusoidal frequency. The Bode plot is displayed with the cutoff frequency and the sinusoidal frequency applied. The initial sinusoidal signal and “filtered”time signal are also displayed.
19 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Fourier Series Signal Generation GUI
User enters frequency, amplitude and phase components of a user defined signal to display the resulting signal. The user can also select sample signals such as square, triangle, etc and the pre-determined fouriercoefficients are applied to the user-defined signal. The time signal as well as the corresponding frequency component is displayed.
MATLAB GUI Labview GUI
20 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Virtual Measurement System GUI
User enters M, C, K system. User enters the amount of experimental distortion on the accel. (sensitivity, bias, drift) and displacement LVDT (sensitivity, bias, noise) and the low pass filter characteristics to virtually “simulate” the measurement environment. Data can be exported with ability to select which outputs and what effects are included on the measurement.
21 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Single DOF Complex FRF Plot GUI
User enters M, C, K and natural frequency, critical damping and damping are reported.User can vary the physical parameters with slide bars. The complex frequency response function is displayed simultaneously as real, imaginary, magnitude, phase and nyquist plots.
Start MATLAB GUI
22 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Webpage --- dynsys.uml.edu
Project OverviewTechnical PapersTutorialsOnline AcquisitionDownloadsAcknowledgementsPeople
Tutorials cover a wide assortment of integrated material – both paper tutorials with Matlab and Labview modules with voice annotated multimedia overviews
23 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
COILLEAFEQ kkk += COILLEAFEQ kkk +=
Variable Mass
Variable Damping
Variable StiffnessImpact Force
Initial Displacement
System Characteristics Excitation
m
k c
x
Accelerometer LVDT
Measurement Devices
Online Measurement System
RUBEResponse Under Basic Excitation
24 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
RUBE II
RUBEResponse Under Basic ExcitationRUBE I
Online Measurement System
25 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Online Measurement System
RUBE
26 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Online Measurement System
RUBE
System can be remotely run
Stiffness is changed for each run
Sampling rate can be set
Impact is availableInitial displacements – three inputs
LVDT and accelerometers can be turned on and off as desired
Data saved and captured to browser
27 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Initialize Virtual Initialize Virtual InterfaceInterface
ImpactImpactor Initialor Initial
DisplacementDisplacement
Acquire DataAcquire Data
Cam Switch DepressedCam Switch DepressedShutting off MotorShutting off Motor Start AcquisitionStart Acquisition
Acquire DataAcquire Data
InitialInitialDisplacementDisplacement
Change StiffnessChange Stiffness
Start Start Acquisition Acquisition
Online Measurement System - Sequence
28 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Online Measurement System
RUBEData has different contaminants that distort data
29 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Highest Lowest Percent Change
Percent change of Damped
Natural Frequency
Damping Ratio 0.06 0.03 50% 2.30%Mass .134 slug .115 slug 14% 6.70%
Stiffness 11.5 lbf/in 9.68 lbf/in 16% 8.00%Damped Nat. Freq. 4.5 Hz 5.6 Hz 20% N/A
Online Measurement System Variation
30 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Highest Lowest Percent Change
Percent change of Damped
Natural Frequency
Damping Ratio 0.06 0.03 50% 2.30%Mass .134 slug .115 slug 14% 6.70%
Stiffness 11.5 lbf/in 9.68 lbf/in 16% 8.00%Damped Nat. Freq. 4.5 Hz 5.6 Hz 20% N/A
Online Measurement System Variation
COILLEAFEQ kkk += COILLEAFEQ kkk +=
Variable Mass
Variable Damping
Variable StiffnessSystem Characteristics
31 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
m
k c
x=.14m
=.16k
HzfHz n 7.55.4 <<
m
k c
xm
k c
x=.14m
=.16k
HzfHz n 7.55.4 <<
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
No WaterAdded Water
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
low dam pinghigh dam ping
0.5 1 1 .5 2 2.5 3
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.412 Inch S upports16 Inch S upports
Online Measurement System Variation
32 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Implementation of Materials Generated
Materials implemented at UMASS Lowell in the Mechanical Engineering Department
22.361 Numerical Methods for ME22.302 Mechanical Engineering Lab I22.403 Mechanical Engineering Lab II22.451 Dynamic Systems22.457 Vibrations
as well as in the Mathematics Department92.236 Differential Equations
33 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Implementation of Materials Generated
Materials implemented at UMASS Lowell in the Chemical Engineering Department
10.303 Fluid Mechanics10.315 Unit Operations Lab10.317 Applied Problem Solving Course (MATLAB)10.415 Process and Controls Lab
as well as in the Mathematics Department92.236 Differential Equations
34 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Implementation of Materials Generated
Materials implemented at Michigan Tech in the Mechanical Engineering Department
MEEM3000 Mechanical Laboratory SequenceMEEM3700 VibrationsMEEM4700 ControlsMEEM4701 Experimental Structural Dynamics
35 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Some General Observations
Specific evaluations for all the implemented materials for all the courses were not available at the time of the paper submission.
These will be published in a future ASEE paper.
Some general student’s statements are useful for overall comments that thread a theme through the implementation of this material.
36 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Some General Observations
The integration of the material (threaded as a theme) through the courses helped the student to understand the inter-relationship of material
The MATLAB and LabVIEW GUIs helped to solidify general concepts taught in the prerequisite courses
The hands-on application provides reality
The open-ended project with messy data forced students to take ownership of the problem, sort through the problem and think!
37 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Senior Presentation to Math Students
Differential equations are an important to future course work in upper level courses
Pay attention now – this snowboard is nothing more than a BIG differential equation – you need to know these ODEs to solve these types of problems
38 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Summary
A new multisemester interwoven dynamic systems project was described.
Several tutorials and modules developed were presented.
39 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Summary
The salient feature of the project is that material from various courses such as differential equations, mathematical methods, laboratory measurements and dynamic systems is integrated in a fashion that helps the students understand the need for basic STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) material.
40 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
This project is partially supported by NSF Engineering Education Division Grant EEC-0314875
Multi-Semester Interwoven Project for Teaching Basic Core STEM Material Critical for Solving Dynamic Systems Problems
Peter Avitabile, John White, Stephen Pennell
Acknowledgements
TIME
FREQUENCY
ACCELEROMETER
IMPACT HAMMER
FORCE GAGEHAMMER TIP
FOURIERTRANSFORM
LVDT
DISPLACEMENT
ACCELERATION
DIGITALANALOG TO
DIGITIAL DATA ACQUISITION
NUMERICAL PROCESSINGINTEGRATION / DIFFERENTIATION
( )i1ii1i
1ii xx2
yyII −++= ++
−
QUANTIZATIONSAMPLINGALIASINGLEAKAGEWINDOWS
DYNAMIC TESTINGPULLS ALL THE
PIECES TOGETHER !!!
TIME
FREQUENCY
X
Y
TRANSDUCERCALIBRATION
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
HAMMER TIP CHARACTERIZATION
FOURIER SERIES & FFT
m
k c
x(t) f(t)
SDOF DYNAMIC
MODEL APPROXIMATION
SYSTEM MODEL
100
10
1
ω/ωn
ζ=0.1%
ζ=1%
ζ=2%
ζ=5%
ζ=10%
ζ=20%
ζ=0.1%
ζ=1%
ζ=2%
ζ=5%
ζ=10%
ζ=20%
0
-90
-180ω/ω n
)t(fxkdtdxc
dtxdm 2
2
=++
DIFFERENT PULSE SHAPES
)ps(a
)ps(a)s(h *
1
*1
1
1
−+
−=
FREE BODY DIAGRAM& EQUATION OF MOTION
LAPLACE & TRANSFER FUNCTION
tsinem
1)t(h dt
d
ωω
= ζω−
FIRST & SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS
SIGNAL CONDITIONER RISE & SETTLING TIME
41 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
A special thanks to the students who have really been the driving force in making all this happen
Tracy Van Zandt, Nels Wirkkala, Wes Goodman and Jeffrey Hodgkins Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell
I could not have done any of this without their dedication and devotion
to making this all happen
I have the pleasure of working with them and having them contribute to this effort
Acknowledgements
42 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
And to the undergraduate studentswho have also participated
Adam Butland, Dana Nicgorski,Aaron Williams, Chris Chipman
Mechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell
This past year have also made significant contributions
to the overall project
I am very happy for theircontinued support and dedication
Acknowledgements
43 Dr. Peter Avitabile, Associate ProfessorMechanical Engineering DepartmentMultisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project
Developing a Multisemester Interwoven Dynamic Systems Project to Foster Learning and Retention of STEM Material
Peter Avitabile, Stephen Pennell, John WhiteMechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell
TIME
FREQUENCY
ACCELEROMETER
IMPACT HAMMER
FORCE GAGEHAMMER TIP
FOURIERTRANSFORM
LVDT
DISPLACEMENT
ACCELERATION
DIGITALANALOG TO
DIGITIAL DATA ACQUISITION
NUMERICAL PROCESSINGINTEGRATION / DIFFERENTIATION
( )i1ii1i
1ii xx2
yyII −++= ++
−
QUANTIZATIONSAMPLINGALIASINGLEAKAGEWINDOWS
DYNAMIC TESTINGPULLS ALL THE
PIECES TOGETHER !!!
TIME
FREQUENCY
X
Y
TRANSDUCERCALIBRATION
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
HAMMER TIP CHARACTERIZATION
FOURIER SERIES & FFT
m
k c
x(t) f(t)
SDOF DYNAMIC
MODEL APPROXIMATION
SYSTEM MODEL
100
10
1
ω/ωn
ζ=0.1%
ζ=1%
ζ=2%
ζ=5%
ζ=10%
ζ=20%
ζ=0.1%
ζ=1%
ζ=2%
ζ=5%
ζ=10%
ζ=20%
0
-90
-180ω/ω n
)t(fxkdtdxc
dtxdm 2
2
=++
DIFFERENT PULSE SHAPES
)ps(a
)ps(a)s(h *
1
*1
1
1
−+
−=
FREE BODY DIAGRAM& EQUATION OF MOTION
LAPLACE & TRANSFER FUNCTION
tsinem
1)t(h dt
d
ωω
= ζω−
FIRST & SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS
SIGNAL CONDITIONER RISE & SETTLING TIME
ASEE Conference – June 2006 – Chicago, Illinois