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Developing a methodology to assess agroecological retail enterprises
Paola GuzmanPhD Student
Centre for Agroecology, Water and ResilienceCoventry University
Mainstream Supply Chains
Conventionalisation
3
4
a. Vertical Integration
b. Marketing or production contracts
Agroecological BusinessesBox Schemes and CSAs in the UK
Box schemes
Agroecological BusinessesBox Schemes and CSAs in the UK
CSAs Community Supported Agriculture
Values Based Supply Chain 5
Cooperation and competition
Cooperation amongst the firms within the supply
chain
High levels of performance
Trust Shared vision
Partner selection
Effective information flows
Regional food systems
Shared descision making
Welfare of all the people within the
chain
Value chain economics
Agreed on formulas for
adequate margins
Target cost based
Contracts and agreements
Governance
Mechanisms to govern
Power and authority issues
Distributive justice
Procedural justice
Process based trust
Interorganisational trust
Implications of performance and
trust issues
Continuous improvement
systems
Assistance to strategic partners
Performance evaluation systems
Focus on quality and consumer
satisfaction
Strategic partners instead of
veritcal integration or coordination
Vertical linkagesHorizontal linkages
High levels of performance and
trust
Shared vision, information and
descision making
Support for strategic partners
6
Differentiated Products
Studies of food hubs in the USABenchmarking studies
Resource Guide
National Food Hub Survey
7 9
8 10
6
National Food Hub Survey
Operational characteristics
Years in operation
Geographic location
Revenue and sales
Mission statement
analysis by themes
Operational services and
activities
Producerorientated
services and activities
Communityservices and
activities
Definition of local
Local and regional aspects
Sales
Sales figures % of revenue
Revenue sources to begin
operations
Reliance on outside funding
Expenses
RevenueOperational
strucutre
Employees and volunteers
Management
Producers and suppliers
Producers’ practices
Changes in producers’ practices
Types of products
Infrastructure
Customers
FinancesValues Services and activities
10
Values Based Supply Chain 5
Cooperation and competition
Cooperation amongst the firms within the supply
chain
High levels of performance
Trust Shared vision
Partner selection
Effective information flows
Regional food systems
Shared descision making
Welfare of all the people within the
chain
Value chain economics
Agreed on formulas for
adequate margins
Target cost based
Contracts and agreements
Governance
Mechanisms to govern
Power and authority issues
Distributive justice
Procedural justice
Process based trust
Interorganisational trust
Implications of performance and
trust issues
Continuous improvement
systems
Assistance to strategic partners
Performance evaluation systems
Focus on quality and consumer
satisfaction
Strategic partners instead of
veritcal integration or coordination
Vertical linkagesHorizontal linkages
High levels of performance and
trust
Shared vision, information and
descision making
Support for strategic partners
National Food Hub Survey 7
Operational characteristics
Years in operation
Geographic location
Revenue and sales
Mission statement
analysis by themes
Operational services and
activities
Producerorientated
services and activities
Communityservices and
activities
Definition of local
Local and regional aspects
Sales
Sales figures % of revenue
Revenue sources to begin
operations
Reliance on outside funding
Expenses
RevenueOperational
strucutre
Employees and volunteers
Management
Producers and suppliers
Producers’ practices
Changes in producers’ practices
Types of products
Infrastructure
Customers
FinancesValues Services and activities
Box Scheme CSA
Is the enterprise a CSA or a box scheme?
Box schemes: 35
CSA: 14
n=49 n=49 n=49n=35
How does the enterprise sources its food?
Just buys produce: 10
Just grows produce: 14
Buys and grows produce: 25
Of those that buy, where do they buy?
Only buys direct from farmers:1
Only buys from wholesaler:5
Buys directly from farmers and wholesalers: 29
What was the financial performance of the enterprise in the last year?
Made a profit:24
Other:3
Broke even:9
Made a loss:13
National Box Scheme and CSA survey
National Food Hub Survey
Typology
10
National Food Hub Survey
10
Only buys direct from farmers
Only buys from wholesaler
Buys direct from farmers and wholesalers
Total
Made a profit 6% 47% 53%Broke even 12% 12%Made a loss 3% 8% 23% 35%Total 3% 14% 82% 100%
Box Schemes
% of the box scheme
sample
CSA % of the CSA sample
Total
Made a profit 19 58% 5 38% 24Broke even 5 15% 4 31% 9
Made a loss 9 27% 4 31% 13Total 33 100% 13 100% 46
National Box Scheme and CSA survey
Only buys direct from farmers
Only buys from wholesaler
Buys direct from farmers and wholesalers
Total
Just buys produce 3% 26% 29%Buys and grows produce
3% 11% 56% 71%
Total 3% 14% 82% 100%
Employment
National Food Hub Survey
10
Median value: 0.0075 Median value: 0.0264
Box schemes CSAs
FTEs needed to run a box scheme FTEs needed to run a CSA
Part time and full timePart time and full time
Number of customers FTE Hours per week
50 0.37 14.06100 0.75 28.12
300 2.25 84.37
Number of customers FTE Hours per week
50 1.32 49.5100 2.64 99
300 7.92 297
EmploymentNational Box Scheme and CSA survey
Box schemes
Range: £2.27 per hour to £17.73 per hour
Range: £1.26 per hour to £13.41 per hour
Living wage
UK living wage: £8.45 London living wage: £9.75
Average Wages
CSAs
Measurements London wages UK wages
Mean - standar average £12.67 £8.91Median - middle value £12.00 £8.45
Measurements UK wages
Mean - standar average £8.31Median - middle value £9.00
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2. Soil Association (2017) Organic Market Overview [online] available from <https://www.soilassociation.org/certification/market-re-search-and-data/the-organic-market-report/> [20 March 2017]
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7. National Good Food Network (2013) Food Hub Benchmarking Study [online] available from <http://ngfn.org/resources/ngfn-database/knowledge/2013 Food Hub Benchmarking Report.pdf> [20 May 2017]
8. Food Hub Collaboration (2014) Counting Values: Food Hub Financial Benchmarkin Study [online] available from <http://ngfn.org/re-sources/ngfn-database/knowledge/Food Hub Benchmarking Study.pdf> [20 May 2017]
9. Fischer, M., Hamm, M., Pirog, R., Fisk, J., Farban, J., and Kiraly, S. (2013) Findings of the 2013 National Food Hub Survey [online] available from <http://foodsystems.msu.edu/uploads/files/2013-food-hub-survey.pdf> [20 May 2017]
10. Hardy, J., Hamm, M., Pirog, R., Fisk, J., Farbman, J., and Fischer, M. (2016) Findings of the 2015 National Food Hub Survey [online] East Lansing. available from <http://foodsystems.msu.edu/resources/report/2015 National Food Hub Survey Findings.pdf> [20 May 2017]
