Dev Elopement of Emotions

8/2/2019 Dev Elopement of Emotions

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The development of emotions


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Outline

I: Introduction

II: Development of emotion responding

III: Development of emotional appraisal

IV: Individual differences


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I: Introduction


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I: Introduction

Philosophers view emotions skeptically.

Plato: emotions are like drugs -- corrupt

reason

Stoics: emotions need to be moderated

Darwin: emotions like fossils -- vestiges of

prior adaptations that are no longer useful


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Emotions: A modern view

The case of Phineas Gage.

Brain injury disrupted his emotions, making a reasonedexistence impossible.

Emotions now viewed as central to healthy social and

cognitive functioning


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What is an emotion?

An emotions is an:

Automatic, patterned response to an

event that includes

Behavioural-facial expressions and

Conscious appraisal of the eliciting event.


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DANGER!!


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What is an emotion?

An emotions is an:

Automatic, patterned response to an

event that includes

Behavioural-facial expressions and

Conscious appraisal of the eliciting event.


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Language suggests we experience a variety

of distinct emotions.

Are there distinct patterns associated with

different emotions?

If so, are there some innate patterns?

II: Development of emotional responses


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Language suggests we experience a variety

of distinct emotions.

Are there distinct patterns associated with

different emotions? YES

If so, are there some innate patterns? YES


Ekman & Izard: Differential

Emotions Theory


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Emotions Theory


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Basic emotions like sadness, surprise,

disgust, fear, happiness are innate and

universal.

Evidence?



Emotions Theory


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Methods



Emotions Theory


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Methods



Emotions Theory

Facial Affect Coding System


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Methods



Emotions Theory

Facial Affect Coding System


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Methods Cross-cultural studies



Emotions Theory


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Methods Cross-cultural studies



Emotions Theory

Converging judgements about expressed emotion


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Methods Developmental studies



Emotions Theory


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Disgust & Happiness



Emotions Theory

Disgust: Steiner & Sour liquid


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Disgust & Happiness



Emotions Theory

Disgust: Steiner & Sour liquid

YUCK!!


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Disgust & Happiness



Emotions Theory

Happiness


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Disgust & Happiness



Emotions Theory

Happiness

Early organized expression Newborns smile in their sleep


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Criticisms: Is emotional expression enough?

Saarni & Campos: Need to examine

whether emotions are expressed

meaningfully in appropriate contexts.



Emotions Theory


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Emphasis on the functional development ofemotion Do infants express emotions in

functionally appropriate ways?

If this more stringent criteria is adopted,newborn dont seem as well-organized.


Saarni & Campos: Social

Context Approach


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Hiatt, Campos, and Emde, 1979

10 to 12 month olds placed in contexts

thought to elicit 3 different basic emotions.

Happiness: playing with an attractive toy.

Fear: exposure to a stranger.

Surprise: object disappearance/appearance.


Saarni & Campos: Social

Context Approach


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2 conditions for discrete emotions

(1) The predicted expression must occur moreoften than any non-predicted emotion in

response to a particular context.

(2) The predicted expression must bedisplayed more often in its appropriateeliciting circumstance than in non-predictedcircumstances.


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Design & research questions.

Co

n

t

e

x

t

Happy Fear Surprise

Happy Happy

Fear Fear

Surprise Surprise

Emotion expressed


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Findings

For happiness, both conditions were met.


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Findings for happiness.

Co

n

t

e

x

t

Happy Fear Surprise

Happy 80 45 20

Fear 10

Surprise 10

Totals 100

Emotion expressed


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Findings for fear

Stimuli meant to elicit fear elicited

significantly more non-fear emotions


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Findings for surprise.

Stimuli thought to elicit surprise did elicit

surprise more often than non-predicted

emotion. However, surprise elicited as often by

fearful and happy contexts.


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Findings for surprise

Co

n

t

e

x

t

Happy Fear Surprise

Happy 20

Fear 30

Surprise 10 30 50

Totals 100 100 100

Emotion expressed


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Findings summarized.

Co

n

t

e

x

t

Happy Fear Surprise

Happy 80 45 20

Fear 10 25 30

Surprise 10 30 50

Totals 100 100 100

Emotion expressed


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Conclusions

Infants may be born with the elements ofemotional expression.

However, it is only in the course ofdevelopment that the elements becomefunctionally organized.

If the elements of emotion need to beorganized, what brings about thisorganization?


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1. Understanding intentions

Izard

Externality of causation and emotional

response to inoculation.

Young infants exhibit sadness and distress.

Older infants exhibit anger and distress.

Understand that something unpleasant is

happening to them rather than just

happening.


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2. Development of the self

Self-recognition @

24 months.

Leads to self-conscious emotions

including pride,

guilt, andembarrassment.


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3. Emotion Regulation

Emerges in infancye.g., self-distraction

Predicts compliance @ 3yrs

Later in development, is associated withsocial competence Cole, Zahn-Waxler,& Smith, 1994

Induced negative emotion in high, medium,and low-risk boys and girls

Experimenter either present or absent


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

High Risk

Med Risk

Low Risk

NegativeE

motion

Boys

Exp Present

Boys

Exp Absent

Girls

Exp Absent

Girls

Exp Present

Cole, Zahn-Waxler, & Smith, 1994


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

High Risk

Med Risk

Low Risk

NegativeE

motion

Boys

Exp Present

Boys

Exp Absent

Girls

Exp Absent

Girls

Exp Present

Cole, Zahn-Waxler, & Smith, 1994


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III: Development of emotional appraisal

Infants born capable of some basic appraisal

However, much about the emotional

significance of things needs to be learned

Ambiguity

Inborn affective map needs elaboration

How does this happen?


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Social Referencing

Sorce, Emde, Campos,

Klinnert, 1981.

Visual-cliff If mothers express fear,

infants do not cross

When mothers smile, most

infants cross

Infants internalize caregivers

affective map


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IV: Individual differences

Temperament

Refers to a variety of infant attributes

including:

Fearfulness

Irritability

Activity level

Concerns the "how" as opposed to the

"what" of behaviour.


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A biological basis for temperament?

Many argue yes.

Evidence?

Heritability studies.

Cross-temporal stability.


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1. Heritability studies

MZ vs. DZ twins.

Higher concordance amongst MZ vs. DZ

twins for social smiling and fearfulness.

Moderate heritability.


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2. Temporal stability

Kagan

Behavioural inhibition:

Fear responses to novel situations and

people

Children studied longitudinally

Measured at 21 months, 4, 6, & 8 years.

Evidence of stability


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3. Correlated traits

Behavioural and emotional characteristics

seem to co-occur

Over-active children are often low infearfulness.

Under-active children often moody,

resistant to change.


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3 categories of child temperament

Thomas & Chess, 1991

Easy temperament (good mood, flexible,

regular): 60% of infants.

Difficult temperament (active, inflexible,

and irritable): 15% of infants

Slow-to-warm-up (quiet, moody, passive

resistance to change): 23% of infants


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Summarizing temperament

Temperament concerns the how rather

than the what of behaviour.

Biologically derived.

Described in terms of both attributes and

broader profiles.


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Summarizing emotional

development Emotions are complex and multifaceted.

Structural and functional considerations.

Infants born with some basic emotions.

Cognitive, social and language development

transforms our emotional nature.

Emotions become more differentiated and

controlled.


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The Development of Social

Attachments


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Outline

I: Stages of attachment

II: Formation of Attachments

III: Attachment Theory

IV: Attachment and Temperament


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I: Stages of attachment (p. 402)

Pre-attachment (0-2 months)

Attachment in the making (2-7 months)

Clear-cut attachments (7-36 months)

Reciprocal partnership (36 months onward)


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II: The formation of attachments

I F i f A h


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Psychoanalytic theory: Freud

Psychosexual personality theory

For infants, libidinal pleasure orally derived

Feeding provides oral stimulation

Leads to attachment

I: Formation of Attachment

I F i f A h


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Social-Learning Theory

Primary and secondary drives

Mother associated w. positive

reinforcement

Satisfaction of primary drives.

Eventually, simply the presence of the

mother becomes reinforcing

Development of a secondary drive.


I F i f A h


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Is feeding important?

Harry Harlow

Too much emphasis on

feeding. Research on rhesus

monkeys.

Orphans prefer terry-

cloth not feeding

mother.



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John Bowlby

Critical of psychoanalytic and S-L theory

Proposed an Ethological Theory

Attachment is a "behavioural system that

has evolved over millions of years

What is a behavioural system?


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A behavioural system is an organized set of

behaviours that is goal-directed, activated

by particular eliciting circumstances, andturned off when goal attained.

Example: Feeding

And (according to Bowlby) attachmentHow?


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Comprised of a set of behaviours (e.g., crying,

distress, following, clinging, calling, etc.)

Goal-directed (i.e., maintain proximity withcaregiver).

Turned on by eliciting circumstances (i.e.,

separation, danger)

Turned off when goal attained (i.e., proximity with

mother)

Attachment is


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The internal working model

Around 12 months, infants begins to form a model

of the relationship they have with their care-giver.

Timing coincides with developing understanding ofobject permanence.

Includes a concept of the self, the caregiver, and the

relationship.

Forms a template that guides the establishment of

future attachment relationships.


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Measuring attachment

Ainsworth: The Strange Situation (p. 405).

Assessed the extent to which infants use

mother as a secure base. Focus on reunion episodes.

How does the infant utilize mother to re-

establish a feeling of security?


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Four attachment classifications

Secure; 65%

Settle quickly upon reunion.

Avoidant; 20%

Avoids contact with mother upon reunion.

Resistant; 10%

Fails to settle after reunion.

Disorganized; 5%

No clear reunion strategy.


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These categories describe 2

dimensions

Expressed emotion

A lot

Resistant

Little

Avoidant


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These categories describe 2

dimensions

Expressed emotion

Organized/disorganized

A lot

Resistant

Little

Avoidant

Disorganized


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Factors affecting the quality of

attachment Behaviour of principle care-giver (Nurture)

Ainsworths care-giving hypothesis.

Evidence?


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Ainsworths Baltimore study


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(A) sensitive.

(B) accepting of their role as mother

(C) co-operative

(D) emotionally accessible

Mothers ofsecure infants


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(A) misinterpret infant signals

(B) inconsistent

Mothers ofresistant infants


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(A) impatient with their babies

(B) unresponsive

(C) do not enjoy close contact

(D) express negative feeling about their

infants.

Mothers ofavoidant infants


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Sensitivity hypothesis: Further evidence

Meta-analysis: De Wolff & van IJzendoorn, 1997

Question: Is maternal sensitivity associated with

infant attachment status? 66 studies reviewed

All had examined parental antecedents of security.

Association confirmed but weak relationship.


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Criticisms

Thompson (1997)

Hypothesis not very precise.

Parents play many roles in relationships.

Sensitivity to what?

Why does sensitivity promote secure

attachment?


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Other maternal predictors

Being affectionate, non-intrusive (Bates et al.)

Negativity, tension (Moss et al.)

Interactive synchrony (Isabella et al.)

Criticism: Unclear how these

predictors relate to Bowlbys

conception of attachment.

Need for greater specificity.


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IV: Attachment and temperament.

Attachment theory maintains that strange

situation behaviour reflects the quality of

the infants caregiving But, might strange situation behaviour

simply reflect differences in temperament?

Some argue yes. Evidence?

Ainsworths Attachment Classifications


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Temperament

profile

Percent of

infants

Attachment

classification

Percent of 1-

year-olds

Easy 60 Secure 65

Difficult 15 Resistant 10

Slow to warmup

23 Avoidant 20

Vs.

Thomas & Chesss Temperament Profiles

Ainsworths Attachment Classifications


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Temperament

profile

Percent of

infants

Attachment

classification

Percent of 1-

year-olds

Easy 60 Secure 63

Difficult 15 Resistant 8

Slow to warmup

23 Avoidant 29

Vs.

Thomas & Chesss Temperament Profiles


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Conclusions

Suggests that strange-situation behaviour

indexes biologically-based differences in

emotionality, not care-giving.


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Criticisms

Temperament is dispositional

Cross-situationally and cross-temporally

stable. Higher concordance for MZ than DZ twins

True of attachment?


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Criticisms




True of attachment?

Not cross-situationally stable:Father-infant and mother-infant

attachments can be different


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Criticisms




True of attachment?



Not cross-temporally stable:Mother-infant attachment can

change over time


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Criticisms




True of attachment?



Not cross-temporally stable:Mother-infant attachment can

change over time

Concordance for attachment

not higher among MZ than DZ twins


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Conclusions

Biological and care-giving factors contribute to

the establishment of attachment.


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Summary

In the course of the 1st year, infant form

their first relationships.

Emotions are an important foundation forthe formation of attachment.

Documents

Dev Elopement of Emotions