Upload
dmfreedom1
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 1/38
Laboratory Markers
of Toxins and
Detoxification
Dr. Eve Bralley and
Dr. Elizabeth Redmond
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 2/38
Introduction
• Humans are constantly exposed to
exogenous and endogenous toxins.
• Detoxification is the process of
transforming and removing xenobiotics.
• Biotransformation occurs in steps I and II
•
Detoxification and biotransformation havetheir own energy, nutrient and regulatory
requirements
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 3/38
Classes of Toxins and
Methods of DetoxificationFigure 1
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 4/38
http://www.alternative-therapies.com/at/web_pdfs/ifm_proceedings_low.pdf
The Proceedings From the 13thInternational Symposium of
The Institute for Functional Medicine
Managing Biotransformation:The Metabolic, Genomic, and
Detoxification Balance Points
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 5/38
Detection of Toxic Burden
• Ammonia burden
– Citrate, isocitrate, cis-aconitate
– Orotate
• 8-OH-dG
• p-hydroxyphenyllactate
•
2-Methylhippurate• Dysbiosis markers
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 6/38
Additional Markers of
Toxicant Exposure
• Urinary glucarate
– Phase I and II upregulation
– herbicide, fungicide, petrochemical, alcoholand drug exposure
• Urinary benzoate – Glycine conjugation
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 7/38
Detection of Toxic Burden
• Porphyrins
• Heavy Metals
–
Whole blood, RBC, serum – Urine
– Hair
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 8/38
Phases of Detoxification
• Phase I: – primarily cytochromes
– addition of functional groups
• Phase II: – conjugation reactions
– attaches a water-soluble moiety
• Phase III: – antiporter system
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 9/38
Intermediate
MetaboliteToxins
Phase I
(Cytochrome P450)
Reactions: Oxidation
Phase II
(Conjugation Pathways)
Sulfation
Amino Acid conjugationGlucronidation
Glutathione
Metnhylation
ROS
Cell damage
Free
Radicals
Antioxidants:
Phytonutrients
Vitamin C, E
Minerals
Excretion:
BloodUrine
Feces
Phase II Nutrients:
Glycine
NAC
B vitamins
Phase I Nutrients:
B vitamins
Glutathione
Flavanoids
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 10/38
Phase I
• Operates via Cytochrome P450 enzymes (Cyp)
• Bioactivation – adds an attachment site to the
toxin - Requires NADH (from niacin)
• Can result in a more toxic toxin
• Generates reactive oxygen species – thus
ensuring antioxidant status is important
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 11/38
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 12/38
Phase II• Products of phase I detoxification are further
metabolized
• Water soluble molecules are added creating
inactive products called conjugates that are
excreted in bile and urine• Conjugases
– Sulfation
– Glucuronidation
– Amino acid conjugation• glycination
– Glutathione conjugation
– Methylation
– Acetylation
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 13/38
Glutathione and Sulfate Conjugate Formation
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 14/38
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 15/38
Use of Challenge Compounds to
Evaluate Phases of Detoxification
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 16/38
Caffeine Clearance
• 200 mg dose
• 2 and 8 hour saliva collection
•
Phase I microsomal P450 mixed functionoxidase activity
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 17/38
Caffeine Clearance
If High: – Liver is actively removing caffeine
– Enzyme induction
– Minimize exposure to environmental toxins
If Low: – Genetic polymorphisms or loss of liver function
– Processing and degradation of foreign compounds is
slower than normal – Xenobiotics could accumulate in adipose tissue
– Drugs: cimetidine, amphetamines, grapefruit
(narengenin)
– Low exposure to toxins
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 18/38
Acetominophen Biotransformation
• 650 mg dose
• Urinary acetaminophen sulfate and
acetaminophen glucuronide
• Sulfate and B-vitamin status
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 19/38
Aspirin Biotransformation
• 650 mg dose
• O-hydroxyhippurate
•
Glycine, pantothenic acid status
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 20/38
Conjugation Pathways Used for
Specific Compounds
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 21/38
Phase I/II Ratios
• Bioactivation
• Impairment in phase II conjugation could
lead to accumulation of toxic intermediates
• Supplement with antioxidant nutrients
– Free radicals
– Cell injury
– DNA modification
– Haptens
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 22/38
Factors that influence detoxification:
• Age
• Gender
• Diet and Lifestyle
• Environment
• Disease State
• Genetic polymorphisms
• Supplement use
• Intestinal Health
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 23/38
Supporting Detoxification
• Co-factors and Nutrients
– Nicain, B6, glycine, NAC
• Antioxidants/protective nutrients
– vitamin C and E, zinc, lipoic acid
• Phytonutrients can trigger the activity ofgene response elements
– Sulforaphane from broccolli
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 24/38
Polymorphysims
• There are many knownpolymorphysims that can affectdetoxification.
• Example of effects;
Felton, J.S. What do diet-induced changes in phase
I and phase II enzymes tell us about prevetnionfrom exposure to heterocyclic amines? Journal ofNutrition, Oct 2006. 136(10); 2683-4S
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/10/2683S
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 25/38
Case 1
• Case 1
•
52 year old man
• Suffers from
occasional abdominal
cramps, fatigue, and
malaise.
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 26/38
Case 1
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 27/38
Case 2
• 50 year old female
• Fatigue, depression,
joint pain, IBS
symptoms
D ifi i C i P fil
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 28/38
Case 2
Detoxification Capacity Profile
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 29/38
Case 2
Amino Acid Profile – 20 - Plasma
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 30/38
Case 2
OrganixSM Profile
GIfx
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 31/38
Case 3
• 49 year old male
• Depression, fatigue,
headaches, overweight
• Moderate alcohol
intake
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 32/38
Case 3
Detoxification Capacity Profile
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 33/38
Amino Acid Profile – 20 - Plasma
Elements Erythrocytes/Whole Blood
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 34/38
e e ts yt ocytes/ o e ood
OrganixSM Profile
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 35/38
Case 4
• 41 year old, painter
• Environmentally
sensitive
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 36/38
Case 4
Detoxification Capacity Profile
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 37/38
Case 4
OrganixSM Profile
GIfx
8/12/2019 Detoxification Companion Doc
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/detoxification-companion-doc 38/38