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AS 2452.1—2004
Australian Standard™
Non-destructive testing—Determinationof thickness
Part 1: Determination of wall thicknessof pipe by the use of radiography
A S 2 4 5 2 .1 —2 0 0 4
A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-007, Non-DestructiveTesting of Metals and Materials. It was approved on behalf of the Council ofStandards Australia on 15 October 2004.This Standard was published on 1 November 2004.
The following are represented on Committee MT-007:
ANSTO
Australian Aerospace Non-Destructive Testing Committee
Australian Industry Group
Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing
Australian Pipeline Industry Association
Australian Railway Association
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of AustraliaInstitution of Engineers Australia
National Association of Testing Authorit ies Australia
TestSafe Australia
Victoria Workcover Authority
Welding Technology Institute of Australia
Keeping Standards up-to-date
Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology andsystems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, andnew editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselvesthey are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments whichmay have been published since the Standard was purchased.
Detailed information about Standards can be found by visiting the Standards WebShop at www.standards.com.au and looking up the relevant Standard in the on-linecatalogue.
Alternatively, the printed Catalogue provides information current at 1 January each year, and the monthly magazine, The Global Standard , has a full listing of revisionsand amendments published each month.
Australian StandardsTM
and other products and services developed by StandardsAustralia are published and distributed under contract by SAI Global, whichoperates the Standards Web Shop.
We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especiallyencourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies orambiguities. Contact us via email at [email protected], or write to the ChiefExecutive, Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW2001.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 03553.
A c c e s s e d b
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V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1—2004
Australian Standard™
Non-destructive testing—Determinationof thickness
Part 1: Determination of wall thicknessof pipe by the use of radiography
Originated as AS 2452.1—1982.Second edition 2004
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part o f this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001,
Australia
ISBN 0 7337 6343 X
A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1—2004 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee MT-007, Non-Destructive Testing of Metals and Materials, at the request ofindustry. This Standard supersedes AS 2452.1 1982, Non-destructive testing
Determination of thickness, Part 1: Determination of wall thickness of pipe by the use of
radiography.
This Standard was prepared by the Australian members of the Joint Standards
Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee MT-007. After consultation with shareholders
in both countries, Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand decided to develop this
Standard as an Australian Standard rather than an Australian/New Zealand Standard.
The objective of this Standard is to specify methods for film radiography to determine wall
thickness of pipes and small fabricated vessels.
The objective of this revision is to expand the technology for the equipment and accessoriesused for radiography in determining wall thickness.
The methods in this Standard provide suitable bases for the testing of round pipe or other
small pressure vessels, including gas cylinders. The methods rely on the use of a source of
radiation, X-rays or gamma-rays, and require testing personnel to be experienced in the
handling and use of radiation equipment and materials.
This Standard is Part 1 of a series of Standards covering the radiography of ferrous
castings.
The series comprises the following parts:
AS
2452 Non-destructive testing
Determination of thickness2452.1 Part 1: Determination of the wall thickness of pipe by the use of radiography
2452.3 Part 3: Use of ultrasonic testing
The term ‘normative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard.
A c c e s s e d b
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A U S T R A L I A
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o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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3 AS 2452.1 — 2004
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................ 4
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.................................................................................. 4
3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ......................................................................................... 4
4 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................ 4
5 PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................ 5
6 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES ......................................................................... 5
7 PROCEDURE............................................................................................................. 6
8 MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION .............................................................. 9
9 QUALIFICATION OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION PERSONNEL....... 9
10 TEST REPORT........................................................................................................... 9
APPENDIX A APPROXIMATE CHORD LENGTHS FOR SOME TYPICAL
PIPE SIZES ...............................................................................................................16
A c c e s s e d b
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 4
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Non-destructive testing—Determination of thickness
Part 1: Determination of wall thickness of pipe by the use of radiography
1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies the methods for the determination of the wall thickness of pipes and
small fabricated vessels using X-ray or gamma-ray radiography.
NOTES:
1 Under a given set of radiographic conditions, the accuracy of the methods specified herein is
reduced with decreasing wall thickness and with increasing pipe or vessel diameter.
2 The methods specified herein are more accurate when a pipe is empty.
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this standard:
AS
1929 Non-destructive testing — Glossary of terms
2243 Safety in laboratories
2243.4 Part 4: Ionizing radiations
3998 Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnelCode of Practice for the Control and Safe Handling of Sealed Radioactive Sources Used in
Industrial Radiography*
NH and MRC Radiation Health Series No. 31, Code of Practice for the safe use of
Industrial Radiography Equipment
3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Exposure of any part of the human body to ionizing radiation may be injurious. It is
therefore essential that when X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are being used
adequate precautions be taken to protect testing personnel and any other persons in the
vicinity. NOTE: The use of radioactive substances and irradiating apparatus is controlled by various
statutory regulations. Reference should also be made AS 2243.4, the ‘Code of Practice for the
Control and Safe Handling of Sealed Radioactive Sources used in Industrial Radiography’ and
NH and MRC Radiation Health Series No.31 ‘Code of Practice for the safe use of Industrial
Radiography Equipment’.
4 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard, the terms and definitions given in AS 1929 apply.
* Issued by the National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra. A c c e s s e d b
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o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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5 AS 2452.1 — 2004
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5 PRINCIPLE
An image of the tangential section of a pipe produced on a radiographic film positioned
with its plane approximately normal to the path of the beam of radiation on the opposite
side. The wall thickness of the pipe at the point which is tangential to the beam is
determined from the resultant film images by the use of appropriate equations.
6 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
6.1 General
The radiographic testing system shall be capable of delineating boundaries and contours,
determining wall thickness of pipes of small fabricated vessels, and of producing
satisfactory image quality in a radiograph.
6.2 X-ray equipment
X-ray equipment up to 450 kV shall be used. The exposure shall be carried out at the lowest
voltage consistent with a reasonable time.
6.3 Gamma-ray sources
Gamma-ray sources given in Table 6.1 may be used for penetrating the approximate
thickness of steel specifications.
NOTE: Methods using gamma-rays are usually less sensitive than methods using X-rays.
TABLE 6.1
GAMMA-RAY SOURCE FOR THE TESTING OF STEEL
Approximate thickness of steel*
mmGamma-ray source
min. max.
Cobalt 60 (Co60) 50 200
Iridium 192 (Ir192) 10 90
Ytterbium 169 (Yb169) 6 20
* Values of thickness are generally regarded as those values above which exposure times
will be unreasonably long and below which the required quality may not be readily
achieved.
6.4 Intensifying screens
Metal intensifying screens emit electrons under irradiation and the action of these electrons
on the film contributes to producing a chosen density of radiograph with a shorter exposuretime. Screens are used to minimize scatter radiation. The following recommendations apply
to screens:
(a) Screens shall be handled carefully to avoid dents, creases, scratches and
contamination by dirt and grease.
(b) Any damaged screens which produce a spurious image in the section under test on the
radiographic film shall not be used.
(c) Foreign material such as grease or lint shall be removed with care from the surface of
the screen.
6.5 Cassettes
Irrespective of the type of cassette used, adequate precautions shall be taken to ensure good
film-to-screen contact. Rigid cassettes may be necessary to maintain a fixed position in
relation to the beam, especially where it is difficult to obtain film/screen contact. A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 6
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
6.6 Radiographs
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent
that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any wall thickness changes in the
test area.
7 PROCEDURE
7.1 General
7.1.1 Arrangement
The radiation source, the area of interest and the radiographic film shall be arranged in
accordance with the method chosen (see Figures 1 to 6).
NOTE: Vibration may effect the sharpness of the image.
7.1.2 Source-to-object distance
The distance of the radiation source to the edge of the area of interest shall be not less than
5 times the distance of the tangent point to the plane of the film. NOTE: This ratio should be increased proportionately with sources larger than 2 mm.
7.1.3 Exposure for steel
Exposure shall be selected to produce a film image of the area of interest which may be
satisfactorily measured. Consequently it is not necessary to achieve the radiographic density
levels used for the detection of discontinuities in normal radiography.
Dimensions of chord lengths for typical pipe sizes are given in Appendix A.
NOTE: Exposure charts (see Figures 7 and 8) are provided for steel using the following sources
of radiation:
(a) Ir192
.
(b) Co60.
These charts give exposures which have been found by experience for the various chord lengths
of a range of sizes of steel pipe. An alternative procedure involves the use of conventional
exposure charts (pipe thickness vs exposure) prepared for the type of radiation source it is
proposed to use.
7.1.4 Radiographic equivalence factors
Exposures for materials other than steel may be calculated by multiplying the section
thickness by the Radiographic Equivalence Factor (Table 7.1) and referring to the
appropriate exposure curve for steel.
7.1.5 Film processing
Normal film processing shall be carried out in accordance with the instructions of the film
manufacturer.
7.2 Method No.1
7.2.1 Application
This method is suitable for use on unlagged piping up to 300 mm in diameter where the
pipe axis can be aligned with the source.
7.2.2 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Estimate minimum film size required from pipe diameter and source-to-film distance.
(b) Position the cassette so that axis of the beam of radiation is normal to the plane of the
cassette through the centre of the pipe (see Figure 1). A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
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A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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7 AS 2452.1 — 2004
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(c) Make the exposure and measure the image of the wall thickness, m.
(d) Calculate wall thickness t according to the equation given in Figure 1.
7.3 Method No. 2
7.3.1 Application
This method is suitable for use on unlagged piping of all dimensions. In this method the
beam is normal to the film on one side but is offset from the pipe axis.
7.3.2 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Estimate the minimum film size required from the pipe diameter and from the
estimated wall thickness.
(b) Arrange the source in the offset position so that the angle of the beam of radiation
approximately bisects the wall thickness t to be measured.
NOTE: The beam may be positioned on either side , as required.
(c) Position the cassette so that the angle of the beam of radiation is at right-angles to the
plane of the cassette (see Figure 2).
(d) Make the exposure and measure the image of the wall thickness, m.
(e) Calculate t according to the equation relevant to the beam angle in Figure 2.
7.4 Method No.3
7.4.1 Application
This method is suitable for use on lagged piping where the diameter of the pipe and its
position within the lagging is known.
NOTE: The method may also be used on unlagged piping.7.4.2 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Estimate the minimum film size required from the pipe diameter and from the
thickness of the lagging.
(b) Arrange the source in the offset position. Let the distance from the centre-line
through the pipe equal h.
(c) Position the cassette so that the plane of the film is normal to the centre-line through
the pipe (see Figure 3).
(d) Make the exposure and measure the image of the wall thickness, m.
(e) Calculate wall thickness t according to formula (see Figure 3).
7.5 Method No. 4
7.5.1 Application
Suitable for use on lagged piping where the pipe diameter and its position within the
lagging is unknown.
7.5.2 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Position the cassette so that it is held on a radius equivalent to the distance from thesource to the film b (see Figure 4).
(b) Measure b and outside diameter DL over the lagging. A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
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P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 8
© Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
(c) Make the exposure and measure the image of the wall thickness, m.
(d) Calculate wall thickness t according to the equation in Figure 4.
7.6 Method No. 5
7.6.1 ApplicationThis method is suitable for use on small piping.
7.6.2 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Measure outside diameter of pipe D.
(b) Position to cassette so that it is held on a suitable radius from the source (see
Figure 5).
(c) Make the exposure and measure the width of the diametral image D1 and the image of
the wall thickness, m.
(d) Calculate wall thickness t according to the equation in Figure 5.
TABLE 7.1
APPROXIMATE RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIVALENCE
FACTORS RELATIVE TO STEEL
X-rays Gam ma-rays
Material 100
kV
140
kV
220
kV
250
kVCo60 Ir192 Yb169
Aluminium (1100) 0.08 0.12 0.18 — 0.35 0.35 —
Aluminium (2024) 0.12 0.13 0.14 — 0.35 0.35 —
Carbon steel 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Stainless steel (18-8) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Copper 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.3
Monel 1.7 1.5 1.2 — — — —
Lead — 14.0 11.0 — 2.3 4.0 7.0
Titanium — — 0.54 — 0.9 0.9 —
Concrete 0.09 — — 0.1 0.2 0.25 —
7.7 Method No. 67.7.1 Application
This method is suitable as a routine method where appropriate bar clamps may be fabricated
observing the constraints of the method.
7.7.2 Procedure
(a) Position cassettes in holders on ends of square bars. Slip over pipe as shown. Use
spring clamp to firmly hold device (see Figure 6).
NOTE: Posit ion clamp so as not to interfere with line of sight of the beam.
(b) Adjust the bar clamp so that both cassette holders are in contact with the pipe, and the
source holder is 5 times pipe diameter from films.(c) Make the exposure and measure the image of the wall thickness, m.
A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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9 AS 2452.1 — 2004
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(d) Calculate wall thickness t according to the equation in Figure 6.
NOTE: In practice no correction is generally necessary.
8 MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION
8.1 Measurement
The image of the thickness of the area of interest shown on the radiograph shall be
measured using any means appropriate to the order of accuracy required.
8.2 Calculation
The actual wall thickness shall be calculated using the appropriate formula for the method
used (see Table 8.1).
TABLE 8.1
WALL THICKNESS FORMULAS
Figure number Equation
1 t = m × a/b sin θ
2 (LHS) t = m × a/b
2 (RHS) t = m1
R × (a1
R /b1
R ) × sin θ
3( ) ( )
H
Dhmt
θ θ θ tan2/sin/sin 2
+×
=
4 )/2
b DL
bmt
−=
5 t = m × D/D 1
6 t = m × a/b
9 QUALIFICATION OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION PERSONNEL
Radiographic examination, interpretation, evaluation for compliance, and report shall be
made by personnel having qualifications and experience for their job function acceptable to
the testing body, the manufacturer and where required by the purchaser.
Operators shall have the qualifications detailed below or shall carry out their duties under
the supervision of persons responsible for the examination.
Qualifications normally acceptable for the examination of components include the
following:
(a) Certification by the Australian Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (AINDT) in
accordance with AS 3998 in the radiographic testing of ferrous castings.
(b) Equivalent qualifications.
10 TEST REPORT
The test report shall include the following information:
(a) Identification of the radiographic laboratory.
(b) Product identification or job description, including material and nominal pipe or
vessel diameter and location.
(c) Radiation source.
(d) Film type, exposure, and, if applicable, the relevant exposure-value.
(e) Source-to-object distance and source-to-film distance. A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
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A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
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o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 10
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(f) The method used.
(g) Chord length, in millimetres.
(h) Wall thickness, as measured on the radiographic film, in millimetres.
(i) Calculated wall thickness, in millimetres(j) Reference number of this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 2452.2.
(k) Report number and date.
FIGURE 1 ARRANGEMENT FOR METHOD 1
A c c e s s e d b
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P T Y L T D
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o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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FIGURE 2 ARRANGEMENT FOR METHOD 2
FIGURE 3 ARRANGEMENT FOR METHOD 3
A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 12
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FIGURE 4 ARRANGEMENT FOR METHOD 4
FIGURE 5 ARRANGEMENT FOR METHOD 5
A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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FIGURE 6 ARRANGEMENT FOR METHOD 6
A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
V E R I T A S
A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 14
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FIGURE 7 EXPOSURE CHART FOR IRIDIUM 192, FOR STEEL
A c c e s s e d b
y B U R E A U
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A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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15 AS 2452.1 — 2004
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NOTES:
1 The broken line shows theoretical exposure values. Exposure values found satisfactory in practice are
represented by the solid line.
2 For method of calculation of chord length see Figure 7.
FIGURE 8 EXPOSURE CHART FOR COBALT-60 FOR STEEL
A c c e s s e d b
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A U S T R A L I A
P T Y L T D
o n 2 7 M a r 2 0 1 3 ( D o c u m e n t c u r r e n c y n
o t g u a r a n t e e d w h e n p r i n t e d )
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 16
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APPENDIX A
APPROXIMATE CHORD LENGTHS FOR SOME TYPICAL PIPE SIZES
(Normative)
Standard (STD)
X-Strong (XS)
XX-Strong (XXS)
Nominal
pipe
size*
Outside
diameter
Wall
thickness
Approximate
chord
length†
mm mm
Pipe
schedule
or strength
mm mm
19.1
(3/4)
26.67 40, STD
80, XS
160 XXS
2.87
3.91
5.41
7.82
17
19
21
24
25
(1)
33.4 40, STD
80, XS
160 XXS
3.38
4.55
6.35
9.09
20
23
26
30
50.8
(2)
60.3 40, STD
80, XS
160 XXS
3.91
5.54
8.74
11.07
30
35
42
47
76.2
(3)
88.9 40, STD
80, XS
160 XXS
5.49
7.62
11.13
15.24
43
50
59
67
101.6
(4)
114.3 40, STD
80, XS
120
160 XXS
6.02
8.56
11.13
13.49
17.12
51
60
68
74
82
127
(5)
141.3 40, STD
80, XS
120
160 XXS
6.55
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
60
71
81
89
97
152.4
(6)
168.3 40, STD
80, XS120
160 XXS
7.11
10.9714.27
18.34
21.95
68
8394
105
113
203.2
(8)
219.1 30
40, STD
60
80, XS
XXS
7.04
8.18
10.31
12.70
22.23
77
83
93
102
132
(continued)
* Figures in brackets refer to imperial inch measurements; they have been
included for convenience of use of the table.
† Rounded to nearest millimetre.
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17 AS 2452.1 — 2004
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
Standard (STD)
X-Strong (XS)
XX-Strong (XXS)
Nominal
pipe
size*
Outside
diameter
Wall
thickness
Approximate
chord
length† mm mm
Pipe
schedule
or strengthmm mm
254
(10)
273.1 30
40, STD
60, XS
80
7.8
9.27
12.70
15.06
91
99
115
125
304.8
(12)
323.9 30
STD
40 XS
60
80
8.38
9.53
10.31
12.70
14.27
17.45
103
109
114
126
133
146
355.6(14)
355.6 2030, STD
40 XS
60
80
7.929.53
11.13
12.70
15.06
19.05
105115
124
132
143
160
406.4
(16)
406.4 20
30, STD
40, XS
60
80
7.92
9.53
12.70
16.66
21.41
112
123
141
161
182
457.2
(18)
457.2 20
STD30 XS
40
60
80
7.93
9.5211.13
12.70
14.27
19.05
23.82
119
131141
150
161
183
203
508
(20)
508 10
20, STD
30, XS
40
60
80
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.06
20.62
26.19
113
138
159
172
200
225
558.8
(22)
558.8 STD
XS
9.53
12.70
145
167
609.6
(24)
609.6 10
20, STD, XS
30
40
60
6.35
9.53
12.70
14.27
17.45
24.59
124
151
174
184
203
240
660.4
(26)
660.4 STD
XS
9.53
12.70
158
181
(continued)
* Figures in brackets refer to imperial inch measurements; they have been
included for convenience of use of the table.† Rounded to nearest millimetre.
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19 AS 2452.1 — 2004
NOTES
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AS 2452.1 — 2004 20
NOTES
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