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DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OFLEMON ADDITION UPON ELEMENTCONCENTRATIONS IN TEAOzgul Dere Ozdemir a , Azmi Seyhun Kipcak a , Emek Moroydor Deruna & Sabriye Piskina Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical andMetallurgical Engineering , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul ,TurkeyAccepted author version posted online: 23 Oct 2013.Publishedonline: 17 Jan 2014.

To cite this article: Ozgul Dere Ozdemir , Azmi Seyhun Kipcak , Emek Moroydor Derun & Sabriye Piskin(2014) DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF LEMON ADDITION UPON ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TEA,Instrumentation Science & Technology, 42:2, 153-160, DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2013.845847

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DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF LEMON ADDITION UPONELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TEA

Ozgul Dere Ozdemir, Azmi Seyhun Kipcak, Emek Moroydor Derun, andSabriye Piskin

Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering,Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

& Consumption of tea is a popular tradition in Turkey. In this article, non essential and toxicelement concentrations were determined in infusions and lemon added infusions in widely con-sumed Turkish teas (black, earl grey, and green tea). Element concentrations were found to bein the order of aluminum>nickel> barium in black and earl grey teas. In green tea, the orderwas changed to aluminum>nickel> lead> barium. The concentrations of arsenic and antimonywere below the detection limit of the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometrymethod employed. The addition of lemon increased aluminum, cadmium, and lead concentrationsin all teas whereas nickel concentration increased in black and green tea but decreased in earl grey.The barium concentration was same at all tea samples. In comparison with the recommended dailyallowance ratios, the amount of aluminum consumed is between 13.167–24.396% in males and17.556–32.528% in females for people who consume 200mL of teas daily. Other elements (cad-mium, lead, nickel, barium) which are a concern for tea consumption were determined and thehazard index of daily tea drinking was found to be in the safe range except for green tea with lemonaddition.

Keywords hazard index, lemon, non essential, tea, toxic

INTRODUCTION

Camellia sinensis plants contain an apical bud, followed by two leavesand their adjacent parts of fresh stalks, that leads to a completely differentchemical composition of tea. This composition depends on the amount offermentation and the degree of oxidation of polyphenols in the freshleaves. Consequently the type of manufacturing technique used determinesthe types of tea produced. Manufacturing techniques used to produce

Address correspondence to Emek Moroydor Derun, Chemical Engineering Department, Facultyof Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail:moroydor@gmail.com

Instrumentation Science and Technology, 42:153–160, 2014Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 1073-9149 print/1525-6030 onlineDOI: 10.1080/10739149.2013.845847

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different types of teas, differ from each other in terms of enzymatic oxida-tions (fermentation).[1] Consequently, there are three main types of teaproduction, including non fermented green tea, partially fermented orsemi-fermented oolong tea, and completely fermented black tea.[2] Forthe benefit of human health, the elemental composition of tea is an impor-tant factor. There are several non essential and toxic elements that arepresent in teas such as aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium(Ca), nickel (Ni), and antimony (Sb).

The non essential element aluminum has negative effects on the function-ing of the central nervous system. Excessive amounts of Al in the body may leadto Alzheimer’s disease.[3] Toxicologically significant As compounds can be eas-ily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. The nature of accumulation ofAs compounds has a special importance in terms of health.[4,5] Ba is not essen-tial for human nutrition. Water-insoluble forms of Ba as barium sulfate(BaSO4) are absorbed with much difficulty, and have very little toxicity. Inthe body, the bones are collect large amount of Ba compared to the kidneys,liver, and heart.[3] Ca is a toxic metal which has commonly been mixed withZn. This element is not easily removed after being consumed. It shows its toxiceffects by replacing Zn in enzyme systems that leads to disorder in these sys-tems.[3] Children are more sensitive than adults to chronic Pb poisoning.[6]

Ni plays an important physiological role in both human and animal metab-olism. In humans, it serves as an antidote to the adrenaline-boosting effectsof blood pressure.[3,4] Sb is a toxic element that is not normally introducedinto the body. It can be absorbed in dirty air and is deposited in the hairand bones. Sb can also be present in food; 40% may be excreted in urine.[7]

There are several studies about the non essential and toxic elementconcentrations on teas that are grown in their countries. Gonzalez et al.studied element concentrations in 26 types of black teas, 18 green teas, and4 oolong teas by ICP-AES.[8] Fernandez et al. determined Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe,K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, and Zn concentrations by ICP-AES. Mg, Al, Ca, and Kconcentrations were excessive in black tea infusions, while Zn, Mn, andCa concentrations were excessive in green teas.[9] Kumar et al. investigated15 different types of Indian tea and 7 types of American tea for Na, K, Mn,Cu, and Br.[10] Chen et al. determined lead concentration in 57 types of teathat were purchased in China.[11] Nookabkaew et al. studied the tea typesof G. pentaphyllum, Camellia sinensis, and Morus alba. They determined theconcentrations of Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Sb,Ba, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. G. pentaphyllum’s major elements were Mg, Ca, V,and Fe. Camellia sinensis’s major elements were Al and Ni; Morus alba’sis Cd.[12] Moghaddam et al. investigated 31 different types of tea for Znand Al that are bought from Iranian markets. The results of this studyshowed that the Iranian teas are rich in Zn and Al is below toxic levelsfor human health.[13]

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It is seen from the literature that the element concentrations on thelocal teas have been widely studied in some countries. The scope of thisproject is to determine element concentrations in some Turkish teas (blacktea, earl grey tea, and green tea) by inductively coupled plasma opticalemission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and investigate the health effects of pureinfusion and lemon added infusions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Black, earl grey, and green teas were purchased from a local market inIstanbul, Turkey. Lemons were supplied from a local grocery shop. Infu-sions were prepared by the method of brewing; 50 mL of 90–100�C waterwas poured over two grams of tea in the beaker and stirred for six minutes(ISO 3103).[14] The tea extract was filtered into a volumetric flask (100 mL)with Whatman blue ribbon filter paper and filled up to volume withultra-pure water (18.3 mX.cm) supplied from Human Power Iþ. In thelemon added experiments, after the same procedure lemons weresqueezed (pH� 4), filtered twice, and added to with 1:6 ratio.

Calibration sets were performed using Al, As, Ba, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Sbstandard solutions. Elemental analysis was performed with a Perkin-ElmerOptima 2100 DV model ICP-OES equipped with an AS-93 autosampler.Measurement parameters were 1.45 kW power, 15.0 L=min plasma flow,0.8 L=min auxiliary flow, and 1 L=min nebulizer flow.

RESULTS

The concentrations of non essential and toxic elements determined inthe Turkish black, earl grey, and green teas infusions, and the effect oflemon addition are summarized in Table 1. The concentrations of metalswere variable in the tea infusion samples. Results showed that black, earl

TABLE 1 Non Essential and Toxic Element Concentrations of the Widely Consumed Turkish Teas

Elements

Black (ppm) Earl Grey (ppm) Green (ppm)

Brewed Lemon Brewed Lemon Brewed Lemon

Al 6.78� 0.09 6.81� 0.03 6.32� 0.2 7.01� 0.08 11.68� 0.01 11.71� 0.22As Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD�

Ba 0.004� 0.0005 0.004� 0.0005 0.005� 0.0005 0.005� 0.0005 0.006� 0.0005 0.006� 0.0005Cd Below LOD� 0.0021� 0.0001 Below LOD� 0.014� 0.001 Below LOD� 0.161� 0.001Ni 1.640� 0.017 1.745� 0.076 1.732� 0.095 1.684� 0.101 1.789� 0.100 2.372� 0.095Pb Below LOD� 0.348� 0.032 Below LOD� 0.457� 0.042 0.217� 0.018 0.308� 0.017Sb Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD� Below LOD�

�Below LOD: below limit of detection of ICP-OES.

Non Essential and Toxic Element Contents in Teas 155

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grey, and green tea infusions contained Al in the highest amount of nonessential and toxic elements concentration followed by Ni and Ba in blackand earl grey teas and Ni, Pb, and Ba in green tea. The concentration ofeach metal in each type of tea infusion is described below.

The concentrations of Al, Ni, and Ba were found as 6.78� 0.09 mg=L,1.640� 0.017 mg=L, and 0.004� 0.0005 mg=L, respectively in black tea. Inearl grey tea, the concentration of Al was 6.32� 0.2 mg=L, while Ni was1.732� 0.095 mg=L, and Ba was 0.005� 0.0005 mg=L. In both infusionsamples, As, Cd, Pb, and Sb were below the instrumental detection limits.

The highest level of Al (11.68� 0.01 mg=L) was observed in green teainfusion followed by Ni (1.789� 0.100 mg=L), Pb (0.217� 0.018 mg=L),and Ba (0.006� 0.0005 mg=L). As, Cd, and Sb were below the instrumentaldetection limits.

Al, Cd, and Pb concentrations increased with lemon addition except Niin earl grey tea and Ba concentration was not changed after lemonaddition.

The daily Al intake (1 mg=kg-bodyweight=week[15]) from the consump-tion of three types of teas has been determined to evaluate the potentialhazard to health. The total amount of Al in tea infusions was calculatedon a daily basis:

DMI ¼ C � 100 A= ð1Þ

where C is the element concentration and A is the RDA, upper limit forRDA, adequate (mean) intake, or upper limit for Al. The calculated amountwas based on the concentration of the element in the infusion and theassumption that the average consumption of black, earl grey, and greentea was 200 mL a day (Table 2).

The other metals in tea infusions can pose a health risk to daily consu-mers of tea. This risk was estimated in this study by HI according to USEPA’s IRIS database[16] with Eqs. (2), (3), and (4):[17]

Hazard Quotient ¼ Exposure Dose=RfD ð2Þ

TABLE 2 Daily Maximum Intake (DMI) Non Essential Element (Al) for Human Body[15] and DailyEssential Element Intake Percentages for Human Body

Al (%)

Black Earl Gray Green

DMI (mg=day) Brewed Lemon Brewed Lemon Brewed Lemon

80 kg male 11.43 11.864 11.916 11.059 12.266 20.437 20.49060 kg female 8.57 15.823 15.893 14.749 16.359 27.258 27.328

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Exposure Dose ¼ CiDvEd=BwAt ð3Þ

Hazard Index ¼Xn¼k

n¼1

Hazard Quotient; ð4Þ

where RfD is the reference dose (Table 3); Ci is the average concentrationof the element in the infusion (mg=100 mL); Dv is the daily volume ofconsumed (e.g., 200 mL=day); Ed is the average exposure duration (e.g.,50 years); Bw is the average weight (e.g., 70 kg); and At is the averagelifetime (e.g., 70 years).

DISCUSSION

In the literature, the focus of the determination of Al was mostly ongreen or black teas. This study extends the data for earl grey teas and lemonaddition to teas. The determined concentrations for the different tea typeswere compared with data given in literature (Table 5). It can be seen thatthe daily intake of Al from tea infusions in the present study are below thestandard limits and may not constitute a health risk.

On the other hand, it is important to determine the HI of the As, Cd,Pb, Ba, and Sb in addition to elemental concentrations. It is seen thatlemon addition has very significant importance according to health riskassessment. It is found that HI values are 1.67� 10�1, 1.77� 10�1,4.92� 10�1 for black, early grey, and green teas, respectively. All of themwere lower than 1, so no adverse human health effects are expected tooccur. But lemon addition increased the health risks of tea consumptionbecause the HI values were increased to 6.79� 10�1, 8.53� 10�1, 10.10�10�1, respectively. These values were very close to 1.0 and HI value of greentea was 10.10� 10�1 (Table 4). According to US EPA guidelines, if the HIvalue� 1 there is moderate or high risk for health.

In conclusion, black, earl grey, and green teas which are widelyconsumed in Turkey, were investigated in terms of human health. It isessential to determine the presence of toxic elements and to avoid

TABLE 3 Recommended Reference Dose ofElements[16]

Elements RfD (mg=kg day)

As 3� 10�4

Ba 2� 10�1

Cd 1� 10�3

Ni 2� 10�2

Pb 1.43� 10�3

Sb 4� 10�4

Non Essential and Toxic Element Contents in Teas 157

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overconsumption. Many researchers have concluded that tea has veryimportant properties to prevent many diseases such as cardiovascular dis-ease[25] and some forms of cancer[26] but it should be noticed that theamount of tea consumption is very important especially with lemonaddition to tea infusion.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research has been supported by Yıldız Technical UniversityScientific Research Projects Coordination Department. Project Number:2013-07-01-KAP03.

TABLE 4 The Hazard Index of Black, Earl Grey, and Green Teas

Elements

Black Tea Earl Gray Tea Green Tea

Brewed Lemon Brewed Lemon Brewed Lemon

As – – – – – –Ba 4� 10�4 4� 10�4 5� 10�5 5� 10�5 6� 10�6 6� 10�6

Cd – 4� 10�3 – 29� 10�3 – 3.29� 10�1

Ni 1.67� 10�1 1.78� 10�1 1.77� 10�1 1.72� 10�1 1.83� 10�1 2.42� 10�1

Pb – 4.97� 10�1 – 6.52� 10�1 3.10� 10�1 4.40� 10�1

Sb – – – – – –Total 1.67� 10�1 6.79� 10�1 1.77� 10�1 8.53� 10�1 4.92� 10�1 10.10� 10�1

TABLE 5 Comparison of Element Concentrations in Tea Infusion with Different Publications

Tea Type Al (ppm) As (ppm) Ba (ppm) Cd (ppm) Ni (ppm) Pb (ppm) Ref.

Black – 1.15–0.00 – 2.02–0.00 – 3.28–0.00 [18]

Black – – – – – 5.20–4.74 [19]

Black 10.00–1.00 – 0.13–0.01 – – – [9]

Black 5.35–1.66 0.73–0.002 – 0.79–0.02 0.049–0.001 – [20]

Black 16.81–5.61 – – – 7.65–1.86 – [21]

Black 6.78=6.81� Below LOD 0.004=0.004�

Below LOD =

0.0021�1.64=1.745� Below LOD=

0.35�This study

Green 7.00–2.00 0.07–0.008 – – – [9]

Green – – – – – 0.265–0.41 [22]

Green 2.20–1.00 – – – – – [23]

Green 5.50–0.70 – – – – – [24]

Green – – – – – 0.032–0.004 [12]

Green 11.68=11.71� Below LOD 0.006=0.006�

odl =0.161�

1.789=2.372�

0.217=0.308�

This study

Earl Grey 6.32=7.01� Below LOD 0.005=0.005�

Below LOD=

0.014�1.732=1.684�

Below LOD=

0.457�This study

�Lemon Addition.

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