Determination of Calofric Value of the Biodiesel

8/3/2019 Determination of Calofric Value of the Biodiesel

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Graduation ProjectME 400

Determination of Calorific Value of the

Biodiesel

Furkan KKOLU

Durmu YAMAN

Nihat DOAN


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Aim of the Project The aim of the project is to determination of the

calorific value of the biodiesel produced in NEU

PROCEDURE:

1-Development and modification of the Bomb Calorimeter

2-Testing

3-Calibration

4-Calorific value determination of biodiesel


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CalorimeterA calorimeter is a device

used for calorimetry,the science of measuring

the heat of chemical

reactions or physical

changes as well as heatcapacity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction


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BiodieselBiodiesel refers to a vegetable oil or

animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting

of long-chain alkaly esters. Biodiesel is

typically made by chemicallyreacting lipids with an alcohol.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in

standard diesel engines and is thus

distinct from the vegetable and waste

oils used to fuel converted dieselengines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or

blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel can

also be used as a low carbon alternative

to heating oil.


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Working principle of calorimeterClean all the parts with alcohol,Connect the burning wire,Add fuel inside of the sample cup,Add 1 ml water into the bomb,Close the bomb cover carefully,Pump oxygen to the bomb


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Working principle of calorimeterFix the bomb in the water tank,Add 2 lt water to the water tank,Place thermocouples (4) in the tank

and mixer in the waterConnect electrical wires to the power

supply,Measure the temperatures of all

thermocouples

Turn on the power supply

Wait for all the fuel to fuel and then

turned off the power supply

Record the temperatures from

thermocuples every minutes until a

considerable decrease of water

temperature is observed.


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Modification of the

CalorimeterCover of bomb is redesigned and manufactured

A suitable casing is designed and manufactured


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General Appearance

t t


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est ng o t eCalorimeter

The bomb was tested on out of the system for the burningtime for methanol and biodiesel.

According to standards of ASTM D240 09 maximum

pressible air was 30 bars but was tested until 12 bars.

Because;

Sub-section of the bomb was welded and not strong

enough,

We wanted to use oil, but did not have theappropriate device.This is why we used oxygen,

Bomb had been vibrated when reached 12 bars,

Therefore defined as a maximum of 12bars.

t t


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est ng o t eCalorimeter

The bomb was tested at 12 bars for safety and leckage(ASTM D240 - 09: 30 bars)

Burning time for methanol and biodiesel was tested at

atmospheric conditions

Methanol:

Power: 4V-10 A (AC)

Average burning time: 17 seconds (8 tests)

Biodiesel:Power: 4V-15 A (AC)

Average burning time: 4 minute 20 seconds (5 tests)


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METHANOL = CH3OH

Burning Methanol with oxygen

CH3OH + 3/2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Molar mass of methanol

m =32.04 g/mol

Calibration with Methanol


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CALCULATION OF THEPRESSURE


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Calculation of EnergyMass of methanol: The fuel might be 1.1 g according the

standards but the fuel was used 0.45 g for safety.

q = C TTemperature difference ( T) measured.

q is the HHV of methanol


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SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITYSample calculations for Exp. 1Q before burning= -Qafter burning

Q = mCcalorimeter

T- T was known from experiment 1 (0.95 C)Ccalorimeter= Qtheoric/QexpQtheoric=HHV x m =22700 J/g x 0.45g=10221.8 J

Qexp=(mbcb+mH2OcH2O+mcupccup)(T)

=8760 J /0.45 g = 19466.67 J/g

Ccalorimeter= 10221.8 / 8760 = 1.167


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Table of the Calibration withmethanol

Number ofexperiment

Q experimental(kJ/kg)

Q theoric(kJ/kg)

C values(Qtheoric/Qexp)

1 19466.67 22700 1.167

2 14600.14 22700 1.555

3 15816.8 22700 1.436

4 14600.14 22700 1.555

5 15816.8 22700 1.436

6 15816.8 22700 1.436

7 17033.5 22700 1.333

8 15208.48 22700 1.493

9 17641.67 22700 1.287Cavg=1.4108


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Calculations ofT

9 Experiments were conductedTavg = 0.66 C


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SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITYFor all C values calculated with same method.


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CALORICIF VALUE OF THEBIODIESELThe fuel was 0.74 g according the standards but the fuel was used

0.52 g for safety.Biodiesel : C20 H40 O2

Molar mass of Methanol

m =352 g/molBurning of the Biodiesel with oxygen

C20 H40 O2 + 29 O2 20 CO2 + 20 H2O1mol C20 H40 O2 29 mol O2

0.52/352 ? O2

nO2 =0.043Pressure calculation was same with methanol

P= 5.5 atm

For ASTM standarts 5.5atm 14atm

For this reason 4.5 bars of press O2 applied.


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CALCULATION OF THE

BIODIESEL ENERGY

Qexp1=(mbcb+mH2OcH2O+mcupccup)(T)

=10950.11 x 2.3625

=25869.375 J / 0.52 g = 49748 J/g

We calculated the same method all the values of Q.


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Calorific Value of the

BiodieselNumber ofexperiment

Q experiment(kJ/g)

C value

1 49748.79 1.4108

2 35271.63 1.4108

3 46853.83 1.4108

4 37377.77 1.4108

5 40483.634 1.4108Q avg=40483.634

C= Qtheoric / QexperimentQbio= C x Qavg => Qbio=

57114.31 J/g

tavg

1.88

1.881.88

1.88

1.88


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Calculations ofT5 Experiments were conducted

tavg = 1.88 C


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Experiments for biodiesel

and their results


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Typical Temperature

Graph


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ConclusionThe mixer is not properly functioning (Tested by

adding ink to water)

Thermocouples are not in a fixed location therefore the

experiments can not be considered as repeatable.Bomb is too massive that temperature rise is low for

accurate measurement

Initial temperature of water is about 1.5 C lower than

room temperature and since the temperature rise is 2.36C on average heat gain from surrounding is expected.

The situation is worse for methanol since temperature rise

is only 0.7 C on average.

Documents

Determination of Calofric Value of the Biodiesel