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Determination of Aerodynamic Burden in Rail Tunnels using Measurements and Simulation

Dr. Johannes Rodler

Dr. Bernd Hagenah

Gruner GmbH, Wien (A)

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Contents

> Scope of work

> Approval of rolling stock

> Pressure loads in rail way tunnel

> Guidelines

> OEBB - requirements

> TSI - Technical Specifications of Interoperability

> EN14067 - rail way / aerodynamics

> Measurement 1:1 scale

> Measurement site / setup

> Measurement device

> Measurement results

> Calculation results

> Conclusion

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Pressure Variations in Railway Tunnels

vtr = 230 km/h Ltr = 400 m

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Impact of Pressure Variations in Tunnel

1 2 3

part of energy is emitted at the portal in form of a micro pressure wave

> Pressure load on infrastructure

> Built in Components

> Equipment e.g. Doors / Dampers

> Pressure load on trains

> Railcar Body, Windows, Doors

special attention in mixed traffic situations

> Passengers

> individual perception!

> comfort criteria (max. pressure variations in a given time interval)

> Sonic boom

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Guidelines

> UIC - International Union of Railways> UIC - Codex 779-11 - Determination of railway tunnel cross-sectional

areas on the basis of aerodynamic considerations comfort criteria

> ÖBB-Infrastruktur - Anforderungskatalog an Triebfahrzeuge für

die Zulassung im Netz der OEBB> Impact on the oncoming or overtaking train

> vtr > 160 km/h evidence of conformity

> TSI SRT (2008)> technical specifications of interoperability relating to safety in

railway tunnels aerodynamic criteria

> EN 14067 Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik> Teil 3: Aerodynamik im Tunnel

> Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im Tunnel

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Aerodynamic Criterion / Pressure Signature

∆pN frontal wave of the train nose entering the tunnel

∆pfr tunnel passage (friction)

∆pT rear wave generated by train tail entering the tunnel

∆pHp passage of the train nose

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Characteristic Limits

Requirements for an interoperable train passing through a tunnel tube at a speed of vtr< 250 km/h

Train type Reference case Criteria of the reference case

vtr[km/h]

Atu[m²]

pN [Pa]

pN+pFr[Pa]

pN+pFr+pT[Pa]

vtr, max < 250 km/h 200 53,6 ≤ 1750 ≤ 3000 ≤ 3700

vtr, max ≤ 250 km/h 250 63,0 ≤ 1600 ≤ 3000 ≤ 4100

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STADLER KISS WESTbahn / Measurements

The authorization of new rolling stock on Austrian railway sections demands

investigations on:

> Aerodynamic characteristics (TSI - pressure signature)

> Pressure drop during cross passage of the train nose

> Safeguard on field service personnel against aerodynamic impact

> Aerodynamic impact on passengers on the platforms

Extensive measurements were carried out from 26th to 29th of August 2011 on

"Westbahn" line.

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KISS WESTbahn / Measurements on the platform

1.2

m

0.56

m

3 m

USA

3 m

> 150 m

90 m

Luftgeschwindigkeit LuftgeschwindigkeitMeteorologie

90 m> 20 m

Trigger Trigger

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0.75

m ±

0.25

m

ca. 3

m0.2

m

3 m

4 m

2.5 m

1.5 m

1.8 m

2.1 m

2.4 m

2.7 m

3.0 m

3.3 m

USA

Meteorologie

Dru

ckm

essu

ng

DA

0.5 m

KISS WESTbahn / Measurements near the track

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KISS WESTbahn / Measurements in the Tunnel

Tunnelabschnitt Länge [m] Querschnitt [m2] Wandreibung λ

Melker Tunnel 1845 78 0.02

1*

xvcLc

xtr

trp

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Measurements / Measurement Site (550 m from Portal)

DruckmessplatteUSA

Trigger

DAQ

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Pressure Measurement

Parameters ValueMeasured area -6895 to +6895 Pa

Maximal error 0.33 %

Resonance frequency 70 kHz

2.26

12.7

Sample Rate 300 Hz !

150 mm15

0 m

m

coupling volume

perforation 1 mm

mm

signal amplifier

0 - 10V

0 - 10V

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Measurements / Measurement started with Trigger

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Measurement Results

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

-10.

00

-9.0

0

-8.0

0

-7.0

0

-6.0

0

-5.0

0

-4.0

0

-3.0

0

-2.0

0

-1.0

0

0.00

1.00

2.00

Zeit [s]

Dru

ck [P

a]

PRESS - Messung2PRESS - Messung4PRESS - Messung6PRESS - Messung8PRESS - Messung10PRESS - Messung14PRESS - Messung16

vwind ≥ 3.5 m/s

vwind ≤ 1.2 m/s

198.9 km/h ≥ vtrain ≥ 201.6 km/h

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Calculation with ThermoTun

ThermoTun is a computer programme by Prof. Vardy accepted worldwide for the simulation of trains in tunnels and of tunnel systems.

The correctness is confirmed by extended measurement campaigns.

The following, aerodynamically relevant, unsteady values can be determined (among others):

- Pressure variations of trains passing tunnels and on rolling stocks,

- Traction power requirements for trains in railway tunnels,

- Averaged air speed in the railway tunnel tube,

- Distribution and concentration of pollutants and smoke in railway tunnels.

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Calculation Results

0 2 4 6 8 100

0.5

1

1.5

t [s]

p stat

[kP

a]

MessfahrtBerechnung

MeasurementCalculation

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Calculation Results

0 2 4 6 8 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

t [s]

p stat

[kP

a]

Berechnung für ATunnel = 53.6 m2

∆p = 1.34 kPaN

∆p = 0.76 kPaT

∆p = 1.03 kPaFr

Calculation for

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Calculation Results

Source of pressure drop reference actual

Frontal wave ∆pN 1.7 kPa 1.34 kPa

Tunnel passage (friction) ∆pFr 1.03 kPa

Rear wave ∆pT 0.76 kPa

Sum ∆pN + ∆pFr + ∆pT 3.7 kPa 3.13 kPa

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Summary

> The approval of new rolling stock demands 1:1 scale

measurements of the pressure loads in rail way tunnels

> The requirements for an interoperable train passing through a

tunnel tube are given for specific cross-sectional areas

> Calculation of the pressure loads with simulation software

(validation based on measurements) are accepted

> The approval of the new STADLER KISS WESTbahn in the

Austrian rail network were carried out based on extensive 1:1 scale

measurements

> The simulation of pressure loads for specific cross-sectional

areas were done with TermoTun software

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Determination of Aerodynamic Burden in Rail Tunnels using Measurements and Simulationby Gruner

Thank you for your attention!