Details of Organic Chem!

Date ______

• Carbon &

The Molecular

Diversity of Life

&

• The Structure &

Function of

Macromolecules

Functional Groups, I

• Attachments that

replace one or more of

the hydrogens bonded

to the carbon skeleton

of the hydrocarbon

• Each has a unique

property from one

organic to another

• Hydroxyl GroupH bonded to O;

alcohols; polar

(oxygen); solubility in

water

•

Functional Groups, II

• Carboxyl GroupO double bonded to C to hydroxyl;

carboxylic acids;

covalent bond between

O and H;

polar; dissociation, H ion

• Amino GroupN to 2 H atoms;

amines;

acts as a base (+1)

• Sulfhydral Groupsulfur bonded to H;

thiols

• Phosphate Groupphosphate ion;

covalently attached by 1

of its O to the C

skeleton;

Polymers

• Covalent monomers

• Condensation reaction

(dehydration reaction):One

monomer provides a hydroxyl

group while the other provides

a hydrogen to form a water

molecule

• Hydrolysis: bonds between

monomers are broken by adding

water (digestion)

Carbohydrates, I

• Monosaccharides√ CH2O formula;

√ multiple hydroxyl (OH)

groups and 1 carbonyl

(C=O) group:

1:2:1 Ratio of C-H-O

• C6H12O6

• √ cellular respiration;

√ Glucose the most common

monosaccharide

Carbohydrates, II

• Disaccharides√ glycosidic linkage (covalent

bond) between 2

monosaccharides;

√ covalent bond by dehydration

reaction

• Sucrose (table sugar)√ most common disaccharide

Carbohydrates, III

• The REALLY big carbs!

• Polysaccharides Structural: Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound;

Chitin~ exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread

Lipids I

• Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

• 3 main types of lipids: Fats, phospholipids, steroids

• All are Hydrophobic

• All contain a Carboxyl group = fatty acid

• Ester linkages bind the 3 fatty acids to the 1 glycerol

(dehydration formation)

Lipids, II

Phospholipids

• 2 fatty acids instead of

3 Add in on phosphate

group

• ‘Tails’ hydrophobic;

‘heads’ hydrophilic

• Bilayer (double

layer);cell membranes

Steroids

• Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings

• Ex: cholesterol:

cell membranes;

precursor for other

steroids (sex hormones);

atherosclerosis

Proteins

• Importance:

Instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry

weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules known

• Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) bind together to form

peptide bonds, during dehydration reactions.

• The functional group in proteins are: carboxyl (-C=O-OH)

group, and an amino group (NH2),

• Proteins have a three-dimensional shape (conformation),

that fits one of four categories based on complexity.

Primary Structure

• Conformations:

1) Primary: Linear structure

• Simplest form the bonded amino acids

can take.

• EX; Poly peptide chain of amino acids

• Meth-lys-leu-ala-try

Secondary Structure

• 2) Secondary: These are folded

linear structures which

increases the complexity by

coils & folds that occur

between the hydrogen bonds.

• There are 2 possible outcomes:

• Alpha Helix:

coiling; Ex: keratin

• Beta Pleated Sheet:

parallel; Ex: silk

Tertiary Structure

• 3) Tertiary: Irregular

contortions form from

hydrogen bonds, causes an

irregular structure to form.

Quaternary Structure

• Last and largest

Conformation structure is

4) Quaternary:

• Massive complex that

contains all other

confirmations combined.

These make up all

enzymes in the body.

• EX: hemoglobin

Nucleic Acids, I

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

• Monomers of nucleotides :

nitrogenous base

pentose sugar

phosphate group

• Functional groups are amino NH2 and a

phosphate OPO3

• Nitrogenous bases:

pyrimidines~cytosine, thymine, uracil

purines~adenine, guanine

• Review base pair binding rules!

SUMMARY

• Bio-chemistry is the study of organic

compounds and how they assist in structure

and function of life.

• Carbon chains are versatile based on

functional groups. (There are 7)

• The 4 main classes of bio-chemical organic

classes/groups are described on the next

slide!

M= monomer (building blocks)

P= polymer

• Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (m) form disaccharides form polysaccharides (p) that make up complex carbs

• Lipids: glycerol (m) & fatty acids (m) form lipids (p), steroids (p) and phospholipids (p)

• Proteins- amino acids (m) form 4 different conformational proteins (p).

• Nucleic acids- nitrogenous base (m), pentose sugar (m) and phosphates (m) make up DNA (p) or RNA (p)