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1. How do people learn? Review of the place of learning theory in activity design.
2. What helps people learn more effectively? Principles of effective pedagogic design.
3. What works in practice? – Case study analysis.4. What does the technology contribute? Typology of
technologies for learning. Examples Lecture Capture, Moodle for Peer assessment.
5. How can I approach the design of technology enabled activities? Design task with JISC effective practice planner.
1. How do people learn?Three approaches to understanding learning
Three (and a half) approaches to understanding learning
People learn by association: building ideas or skills step-by-step e.g. mnemonics, training drills, imitation, instruction associative learning leads to accurate reproduction or recall
People learn by constructing ideas and skills through active discovery e.g. exploration, experimentation, guided discovery, problem-solving, reflection constructive learning leads to integrated skills and deep understanding
People learn by constructing ideas and skills through dialogue e.g. discussion, debate, collaboration, shared knowledge-building social constructive learning also leads to integrated skills and deep
understanding
People learn by participating in communities of practice e.g. apprenticeship, work-based learning, legitimate peripheral participation situated practice leads to the development of habits, values and identities
Three broad approaches cont. All approaches emphasise:
Learner activity Constructive alignment of activities with desired outcomes The importance of feedback Opportunities for consolidation (practice) and integration
They differ in: The role and importance of other people The authenticity of the activity The formality of activity structures and sequences The emphasis on retention/reproduction or reflection/internalisation The locus of control
Further resources
Terry Mayes and Sara de Freitas (2004) Review of e-learning theories, frameworks and models
JISC Effective Practice in a Digital Age: pages 10-11
Theory into Practice database http://tip.psychology.org/theories.html
Theories of Learning – short paper from Oxford Brookeshttp://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsd/2_learntch/theories.html
2. What helps people learn more effectively?Principles of effective pedagogic design
Principles of effective learning design People learn more effectively when:
They are active They are motivated and engaged Their existing capabilities are brought into play They are appropriately challenged
zone of proximal development scaffolding differentiation
They have opportunities for dialogue (with tutors, mentors or peers)
They receive feedback (intrinsic or extrinsic) They have opportunities for consolidation and
integration
Outline of a learning activityIdentities: preferences, needs, motivations Competences: skills, knowledge, abilities
Roles: approaches and modes of participating
Tools, resources, artefacts Affordances of the physical and virtual environment for learning
learningenvironment
Other people involved and the specific role they play in the interaction e.g. support, mediate, challenge, guide
specific interaction of learner(s) with other(s), using specific tools and resources, oriented
towards specific outcomes
learner(s)
other people
learning activity
learning outcome(s)
New knowledge, skills and abilities Artefacts of the activity processFeedback (intrinsic or extrinsic)
Further resources
Effective Practice in a Digital Age: pages 12-13 Beetham, H. & Sharpe R. (2007) Rethinking
Pedagogy in a Digital Age. Oxon:Routledge
John Biggs (2003) Aligning teaching for constructive learning:available from the HE Academy resources database
Activity - 1
3. What works in practice?Case study analysis
Think about the following:
Which learning theories are relevant?
Which pedagogic principles are being used?
Which activities help learners achieve which outcomes?
How do the e-learning tools and resources support specific activities/outcomes? specific learners’ needs?
LearningActivity
ProblemsInvestigationsProjectsTasksRole plays
LearningResources
LearningSupports Modified after
Oliver &Herrington, 2001
Books, papers, Notes, web links, audio,Video, home study kits,Lectures, etc
Schedules, instructionsProcedures, announcements
individual group
Teams, collaboration,Tutorials, conferences,Buddies, mentors
Tutorials, quizzes,Simulations, worksheets
Elements in learning design
assessment
Further resources
Littlejohn, A. & Pegler, C. (2007) Preparing for blended e-learning. Oxon:Routledge.
Diana Laurillard (2003) Rethinking University Teaching 2nd Edition: Routledge
4. What does the technology contribute?
Typology of technologies for learning.
A typology of technologies for learning Based on Laurillard (1993, 2nd Edition 2003) Typology has been used to support design for learning
e.g. Conole (2004); Littlejohn (2004); Warren and Mayer (2000) Expresses how technologies are used for learning
Narrative = enabling representation of ideas Communicative = enabling dialogue between learners and others Interactive, Productive and Adaptive = enabling various forms of
interactivity between learner(s) and the learning system Integrative (added category) = enabling integration of learning
across activities
The typology can be used to… Choose a technology type
to support a specific learning activity or outcome
Choose specific technologies within a type to suit learners’ ICT capabilities and skills to offer learners’ choice and autonomy
e.g. over mode of access, approach to learning, medium used, adaptive technology…
to support collaborative and peer learning (if appropriate)
that is available, affordable and effectively supported
Focus on technologies
Lecture Capture Moodle tools for Peer Assessment
Further resources
Mason, R. & Rennie, F. (2008) E-learning and social networking handbook. Oxon:Routledge.
5. How can I approach the design of technology enabled activities?
Design task with JISC effective practice planner.
Tools for design
JISC Planner – detailed analysis of context Oliver and Herrington LDS – description of a
learning design.
Activity 2 - Have a go ……
Use the scenario provided or your own course to develop a technology enabled activity design.
Where next….
Research and evaluation methods, including ethical considerations: – 1/12/10.
Discuss your plans with your adviser Drafts of design proposal: 12/12/10
