DESIGNING MODERN BRITAINKEY STAGE 2 TEACHERS PACK

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INDEXThis pack contains everything you need to know about visiting the Design Museum’sDesigning Modern Britain exhibition with your pupils, including preparation information,background notes to accompany the exhibition and KS2 pupil activity sheets to supportyour class while working in the galleries.

The pack also contains follow-up, creative design briefs to inspire you and your pupils after the visit, along with useful information about resources, skills and techniques,a glossary and practical teaching tips to support your pupils’ development as youngdesigners and makers.

SECTION 1 BEFORE YOUR VISIT

2 About the Design Museum and Design Museum Education 4 Design Education6 What is good design?7 Why draw? 8 The Design Process 9 Product Evaluation

11 Preparation for your visit 15 Designing Modern Britain – exhibition notes for teachers 19 Designing Modern Britain – gallery activity sheets for KS2 pupils

SECTION 2 AFTER YOUR VISIT

12 Handling collections14 Organising a Design week24 Back at School Design – Design and Make briefs 34 Examples of fonts

SECTION 3 BACKGROUND DESIGN SKILLS + INFORMATION

35 Skills and paper technologies 40 Health and safety 41 Design and make resources – classroom basics 42 Top tips for design activities in the classroom 44 Glossary 45 Health and safety vetting form 46 Risk assessment template

This pack was written by Sarah Richardson and was supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund.

SECTION 1BEFORE YOUR VISITABOUT THE DESIGN MUSEUMThe Design Museum is one of the world’s leading museums of 20th and 21st centurydesign. Since 1989 the museum has been housed in a former banana warehouse atShad Thames, on the south bank of the river by Tower Bridge. The museum is the UK’scultural champion of design and one of the UK’s largest providers of design educationresources. You can visit the Design Museum’s website at www.designmuseum.org todownload our primary education resources and to discover more about the museum,our exhibitions and the designers featured in Designing Modern Britain.

ABOUT DESIGN MUSEUM EDUCATIONA visit to the Design Museum is an exciting and engaging introduction to designeducation for Key Stage 2 pupils. The museum’s wide range of exhibitions explore thework of major contemporary designers as well as the history of 20th and 21st centurydesign. All of our exhibitions are supported by Teachers’ Notes, Key Stage 2-relatedgallery task sheets for pupils and a range of hands-on Primary Design Workshops.

PRIMARY DESIGN WORKSHOPSThe Design Museum offers a range of Primary Design Workshops for Key Stage 2, led by an experienced team of designers and teachers. These 90-minute workshops arebased on our unique product handling collections and relate directly to the Design andTechnology, Art and Design, and History curricula and to relevant QCA Units.Workshops include product handling and creative activities and time spent working inthe galleries supported by KS2 activity sheets; they can also be tailored to suit yourgroup’s particular needs. All school visits must be booked in advance and teachers arewelcome to make a free preparatory visit to the exhibition by arrangement with theeducation department.

To contact the museum’s Education Team call 020 7940 8782 or email us at:education@designmuseum.org.

SELF-DIRECTED VISITS Primary school groups are welcome to explore the museum’s exhibitions, includingDesigning Modern Britain, on independent, self-directed visits to the Design Museum.Visits for pupils at Key Stages 1 and 2 are free. Designing Modern Britain ExhibitionNotes for Teachers and activity sheets for pupils at Key Stage 2 are included in this pack.

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SPECIAL NEEDS GROUPS We welcome opportunities to organise visits and workshops for pupils with specialeducational needs. A specialist member of staff is available to plan and lead these visits every Thursday, but we are happy to arrange similar visits on other days.

OUT-OF-HOURS ACTIVITIESDesign Museum Education offers a range of out-of-hours activities for primary agedchildren, including after school design and make projects, and Saturday DesignChallenge courses for Gifted and Talented pupils, both for KS2 groups. Out-of-hoursprovision can be arranged with individual schools and tailored to meet the needs of your pupils.

INSET AND CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT You can arrange Design and Technology INSET days, half days and twilight sessions at the museum with our education team. Tailored to suit the CPD priorities of individualprimary schools, these sessions can include curator-led exhibition tours, producthandling and creativity workshops, access to design education teaching materials, aD&T curriculum focus session and advice on the development of effective D&T teaching and learning at your school.

PRIMARY D&T COORDINATORS’ CONFERENCE Design Museum Education runs a programme of CPD events and conferences forprimary D&T Coordinators. Conference days offer new ideas and resources for leadingD&T at your school and include sessions from top designers and D&T curriculumspecialists, presentations on successful D&T projects given by fellow teachers, hands-onworkshops, exhibition tours and classroom resources to take away.

For more information about our next primary D&T Coordinators’ conference, contact themuseum’s Education Department.

FURTHER INFORMATION & BOOKINGS For further information about the Design Museum’s education programmes or to book a school visit, please contact:

Education CoordinatorDesign Museum Shad Thames London SE1 2YD

T 020 7940 8782 F 0870 909 1909 E education@designmuseum.org www.designmuseum.org

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DESIGN EDUCATIONDesign affects us all. We live, work and play in a designed environment. Designedobjects, products and systems surround us, yet in our day-to-day life we tend to takefamiliar objects for granted. Perhaps only when something does not work properly do we notice it. Good design is often taken for granted because it works well.

If children are to make sense of their world, they need to be able to make informedjudgements about design. By developing visual skills throughout their education,children learn to appreciate the value of design. By looking at existing products in a clearand structured way, they begin to look at designed objects, networks and environmentswith more critical eyes.

Design education encompasses a wealth of learning and has links to many areas of thecurriculum. It develops visual literacy and appreciation of aesthetics, and extendschildren’s thinking skills as well as their verbal skills and vocabulary. Well-thought-through design activities allow children the opportunity to think ‘out of the box’, exploringtheir areas, thinking creatively and problem solving while employing a variety of skills,techniques and processes. Children become familiar with researching, investigating andevaluating a wide range of materials and their properties.

Through learning about design, children are encouraged to explore their world, enabledto have an informed opinion about it, and equipped with a vocabulary with which toexpress those opinions.

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ENCOURAGING CHILDREN TO THINK LIKE DESIGNERSn Use collections of everyday products in the classroom and ask children

questions to encourage them to evaluate the products (See product evaluation section).

n Designers are constantly making things better for people. Allow children to come up with a range of their own design solutions to solve a given problem or design brief. Encourage creative thought and dialogue.

n Begin a project with a relevant design brief or ‘reality based’ project.

n Encourage children to think about their target audience and market when developing designs.

n Encourage children to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of a design and to give reasons why.

n Plan Design and Technology projects with a focused block of teaching time – preferably 3-4 days per project.

n Research important designers and familiarise children with their work. (‘Design at the Design Museum’ at www.designmuseum.org is an extensive archiveof designers and a fantastic research resource for you and for upper KS2 pupils).

n Develop and use a basic design vocabulary with your pupils during D&T sessions to encourage their use of design language, to help them to articulate their ideas and to evaluate their designs and the work of others. (Photocopy, laminate and display the GLOSSARY terms included in this pack in the classroom).

n Create a design environment in the classroom with a workshop atmosphere:

CREATE SPACE! Rearrange the tables in the classroom or book the hall for large-scale ‘making’ projects. Creativity needs room to flourish!

n Organise a central table on which to store materials. Everyone needs to know which materials are available, how to use them and where they are.

n Stick working drawings, initial sketches, research and visual images on the walls or cupboards to keep design ideas safe, accessible and visible.

n Check there are materials and tools fit for the purpose and sufficient for everyone to use. You cannot expect children to achieve good-quality work with poor quality resources! For example, blunt scissors will chew through materials whereas a good pair of scissors will cut cleanly.

n Take digital photographs of children’s creative work in progress so that they can evaluate their work as well as document their ongoing work.

n Evaluate work by going back to the original design brief you set them. A designer works to a brief and sets out to find a solution, therefore children need to be mindful of their brief throughout their project.

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n As a brainstorming activity or during thinking skills sessions, choose an object or product and ask the children to think of three ways they could modify it for a particular audience or purpose. This actively encourages creative thinking and sharing of ideas as well as generating a whole host of rapid design solutions.

n Promote the use of ideas, inspiration or concept boards (collections of samples and visual images).

n Individually price the materials for the project and give the children a budget for their design brief.

n Treat children like designers. Allow them to work individually or to have specific roles in small design teams. Encourage the teams to think of a company name and identity.

WHAT IS GOOD DESIGN?The great German designer Dieter Rams spent 40 years working for the electronics giantBraun, where he was Director of Design until 1997. He described good design as follows;

Good design is innovative. Good design makes a product useful. Good design is aesthetic. Good design helps us to understand a product. Good design is unobtrusive. Good design is honest. Good design is durable. Good design is ‘consequent’ to the last detail. Good design is concerned with the environment. Good design is as little design as possible. Back to purity, back to simplicity.

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WHY DRAW?Children are independently motivated to use drawing to represent and interpret the world around them. Drawings are useful because they can be quick, immediate andcan communicate ideas. Drawings do not depend on a child’s written or oral literacy skills; they are a vehicle of expression and communication and a useful way of ordering thoughts.

Drawing helps children develop observational skills and offers them an alternative means through which to investigate and understand the world in which they live. By looking carefully at – and creating close observational drawings of – objects in thedesigned and made world, children begin to develop a greater understanding of their world and to become more visually literate.

THE POWER OF DRAWINGLike reading, writing and numeracy, visual literacy needs to be taught and practised.Observational drawing is a particularly effective means of focusing the attention of thedrawer on to the object being drawn, and of increasing the drawer’s understanding of the object viewed. Drawing helps children to investigate qualities of shape and structure,pattern and texture, the effect of light, or the position of an object in space.

In design, making visual studies of objects and sketching ideas is essential. It is good practice to label or annotate drawings with relevant information and to note any observations or thoughts.

DRAWING WARM-UPS n Encourage children to warm up with simple exercises: shaking, wiggling and

stretching fingers, hands, wrists, arms. Stretch to get oxygen to the brain.

n Give children the opportunity to draw freely. Begin a drawing session with expressional mark making, scribbles, straight lines and curves to help relax and build their confidence and pencil control.

n Draw anything and everything, exploring a variety of media, pencils (hard and soft), chalk, charcoal, felt tip pens.

n Try to vary the pressure.

n Challenge children to a drawing task. Try drawing an object using one line. The challenge is not to take the pen off the paper until the drawing is complete. It’s okay to trace over a line more than once, as long as the pen remains on the paper. (‘Taking your pencil for a walk’).

n Encourage children to not cross out or rub out. They need to add to the drawing, not subtract from it. As well as practising drawing skills, children need to be encouraged to practise, explore and experiment with ‘3D sketching’, prototype or mock-up model making.

n Use modelling materials such as Plasticine, silver foil, (safe) wire, pipe cleaners, art straws, paper or card to stimulate 3D mock-ups. (See Skills and Paper Technologies for ideas.)

n Once the children have completed their 3D models, encourage them to draw them.

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THE DESIGN PROCESSLike any creative activity, the design process is not linear. The various stages of theprocess – from the designer's initial response to a given brief, through to the finalproduct or design solution – are not necessarily clearly defined and will often involverevisiting ideas, evaluating and making modifications throughout. The design process ispresented here as a clearly identified, linear process only to make clear the variousstages a designer will go through during the overall design process.

BRIEFINGThe design process always begins with a design brief. This identifies the task to be achieved and statesthe requirements of the design and the available budget.

RESEARCH There should be a period of time at the start of any project spent thinking about the brief and researchingthe subject. The process of researching helps to deepen an understanding of the subject and inspiresideas. Set aside some time for the children to research their project, looking on the internet, at books inthe class or school library, or at objects in their own homes or in the local environment. Research can beon history, trends and lifestyle, materials, processes, costs, marketing, ergonomics. Think about theneeds of the market and target audience. Who is the product for? What are their needs?

INITIAL IDEAS Encourage children to mind-map a product as an excellent way to begin a project. If, for instance, thedesign brief is to design a chair, list all the different types of chairs, their features and where you findthem. Next, discuss ideas and make sketches, notes and references. At this stage it is important to beopen minded, allowing ideas to be limitless and to let them flow. Recording every thought and idea onpaper is essential; everything is valid at this stage.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT After generating initial ideas, next comes the making stage. This is when prototypes or models are created.During the making process, children will be modifying, adapting and evaluating their ongoing work.Children should feel free to explore and experiment with their ideas and with the materials they are using.

EVALUATION AND MODIFICATIONOngoing evaluation, and the presentation of work in progress to others, is extremely important to thedesign process. Once any design idea has been evaluated, modifications and changes may benecessary. This may mean revisiting the design brief, more research or re-designing. The design processis an ongoing, fluid dialogue between all the stages.

PRESENTATION OF FINAL DESIGN SOLUTIONPresenting a final design solution to a group, large or small, at the end of the project when the product iscomplete or the concept is fully formed is essential. Invite an individual or group of children designers topresent their project ideas to the rest of the group. Have an open question-and-answer session. This isthe time to evaluate the product. Refer back to the original design brief and ask the question ‘Does thefinal product or solution satisfy the given design brief?’

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PRODUCT EVALUATIONBy asking questions about products and their design, children can begin to evaluate them. This leads to deeper understanding and knowledge of design. In product design it is important to analyse objects, to raise questions, identify problems and try to findsolutions. Listed below is a suggested framework for looking at objects, with a range ofquestions to stimulate children’s thinking and discussion skills, and to increase theirawareness of design.

FUNCTION What is the object? Is it obvious what it is? What is it for? Who was it designed for? Howdoes it work? What does it do? Why was it designed that way? What are the drawbacks?What are the problems? What are some possible solutions? Would you use it? How is itassembled? Does it fit together well? Does it have safety in mind? What informationdoes the object give us? Can you see a recycling symbol? Can you see instructions foruse? Are the instructions easy to follow? Try following them and see. How would yourewrite the instructions? When is it used? Does it open? If so how? What are thefastenings and how effective are they? Can you see the name of the designer?

AESTHETICS Draw the object. How does it look? Do you like the way it looks? Do you dislike it? Why?Can you describe it? Where has the designer got their inspiration from for the design? Can you see any natural shapes or forms? Does it look new or old? Do you think it ismodern? Why? Is it outdated or old-fashioned? Why? Is it comfortable? Does the shaperemind you of anything else? What colour is it? Does it have a pattern or is it plain? Arethere any graphics, writing or images on it?

MATERIALS What is it made from? Is it made from natural or man-made materials? How many different materials have been used? Make a list of the materials used. Why were thesematerials used? Are the materials appropriate to the product? Why? Are the materialsappropriate to the function? Why? What other materials could it have been made from?How have the materials been assembled and attached together? What is the surfacetexture like? Smooth? Rough? Shiny? Can you describe how the product feels when you touch it?

MANUFACTURE How do you think it was made? Was it made by machine or by hand? How well was itmade? Where was it manufactured? When was it made? How is it packaged?

DESIGNER Who designed it? When was it designed? Where was it made? Can you see a copyrightsign? Do you know about any other products this designer has made? Can you find out?

INSPIRATION What does the object or its shape remind you of? What do you think was the inspirationfor this product?

DESIGN MODIFICATION How would you improve this design? What would you change? How would your changesimprove the design?

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TARGET AUDIENCE Who is this product for? Is it for an elderly person or a young person? People withspecial needs? A family? A couple? People with lots of money or people with not verymuch money? If this product was going to be used by a child would it need to bemodified? How could you change the design to suit another target group? What do youthink this product might cost? Where could you buy it? When you have considered allthese questions you can make the judgement: is it a successful product? Does theproduct or ‘design solution’ fulfill the need?

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PREPARATION FOR YOUR VISITThe better prepared you and your pupils are for your visit to the Design Museum the more you will all get out of it. The information below will help maximise the value andenjoyment of your visit.

BEFORE YOUR VISIT n You are welcome to make a free preparatory visit to the exhibition before bringing your

class. Please arrange this visit with the museum’s education department. Familiarise yourself with the museum layout including where the toilets are; gather some useful resources as well as visiting the exhibitions in your own time.

n Make sure you have planned the route from your school to the museum prior to the visit and made a risk assessment for the visit. A template version is provided in this pack.

n Before your class visit think about design and designers with your pupils. Remind the children that design affects all aspects of our lives from the clothes and shoes we wear,to the buildings we use, to the parks we play in, to the knife and fork we eat with. Design has a huge impact on our lives and it shapes our world. Make a list or mind-map the different job titles for designers, for example an architect, a fashion designer, an interior designer, a graphic designer, and note what they are responsible for designing.

n Photocopy the Designing Modern Britain exhibition background notes for all the adults accompanying your class on the visit to familiarise them with the exhibition in advance.

n Go through the gallery activity sheets with your pupils to familiarise them with what is meant by an annotated diagram and why it is important to make careful observational drawings.

n Divide your class into groups of 5 or 6 pupils before you leave school. They should work in these groups in the exhibition to avoid congestion around particular exhibits.

n Remind children that the objects on display at the museum should not to be touched and the exhibition pieces or display cabinets should not be used to lean on when filling in their worksheets.There are some chairs in the exhibition that the children can sit on.

n Please remind your class to be considerate of other members of the public visiting the exhibition at the same time as them.

AT THE MUSEUM n If you are coming to a workshop, we provide clipboard, pencils, paper and photocopied

KS2 gallery activity sheets for the children to use in the exhibition. If you are on a self-directed visit, please photocopy these sheets and bring them together with clipboards and pencils.

n Although there is a cafe on site, there is not a specific lunchroom for school groups. If there is not an afternoon booking for the education room, it may be possible in bad weather to eat lunch in this room, however, we cannot guarantee this facility. A five-minute walk from the museum will bring you to the City Hall where there is a large, open grassy area for picnics.

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n On your arrival, a member of the education team will meet you downstairs, at the main entrance. Both the shop and the toilets are in this area. Please make sure the children go to the toilet before you are escorted upstairs to start your session in the education centre.

n All coats and bags can be left in the education room during your visit. It is advisable, however, to keep personal or valuable items with you.

n Ask the children to make a presentation about something they enjoyed, studied or researched at the museum.

n Create a handling collection in your class (see HANDLING COLLECTIONS).

n Plan a design-and-make activity using the design brief ideas set out in this pack (see BACK AT SCHOOL).

n Encourage your children to continue to look at, think about and respond to design within their environment.

n Organise a Design Week in your school, a design competition, or design awards.

HANDLING COLLECTIONSWHY USE A HANDLING COLLECTION?Using a handling collection as part of good design education is highly recommendedbecause children can interact with a range of similar objects, comparing and contrastingmaterials used, function, aesthetics, manufacturing processes, features etc (seePRODUCT EVALUATION). They can explore elements of texture, ergonomics, ease ofuse, comfort etc, by interacting with and holding the objects. A handling collectionenables children to make informed decisions about aesthetics versus function whileidentifying the pros and cons of each object. A handling collection makes productevaluation more meaningful, real and fun.

By becoming fully engaged with a group of products, children can find inspiration and ideas for their own designs while developing a critical eye for design solutions andfamiliarising themselves with the work of designers. Always prompt children to think about what modifications they would make to any product they are interacting with.

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DEVELOPING A HANDLING COLLECTIONThe idea is simple: gather a group of products with a common theme or design function. Choose an everyday item, something easy to find at home and bring into school, for example:

NEW KS1 & 2 HANDLING COLLECTION LOAN BOXESExtend the handling collections available for use at your school by making use of theexciting new opportunity to borrow Designing Modern Britain handling collection loanboxes for KS1 and KS2. Each box contains a collection which documents thedevelopment of British domestic design from the 1940s–2000s and can be used inclassroom handling sessions and for display. For Key Stage 1, the boxes contain arange of old and new versions of the same products, including telephones, egg whisksand radios. For Key Stage 2, the boxes contain complete handling collections of anindividual product, tracing its development from the 1940s to the present day. For KS2you can choose from a complete collection of telephones, kettles or radios.

A set of laminated teachers' notes with cross-curricular links, suggested design activitiesand relevant design books accompanies each collection. The KS1 & 2 boxes can beloaned to your school for half a term. For more information and to book a box, call or email the education department.

Toothbrushes: children’s, travelling, electric, left-handed, adults, novelty.

Spoons: teaspoon to tablespoon, ice cream scoop, serving, cooking, long-handled,ladle, souvenir, decorative, wooden, baby’s spoon, antique spoon.

Belts: tie belt, leather, fabric. Different fastenings: buckles, Velcro, press studs.Different functions: money belt, workman’s belt, decorative, chain belt, children’ssnake belt.

Cups: plastic baby cup, disposable cup with lid, travel, novelty, cups and saucers,mugs, different shapes, sizes, logos, types of ceramics (china etc).

Bags: rucksack, handbag, clutch bag, swimming bag, shopping trolley, string bag,decorative evening bag, plastic supermarket bag, overnight bag.

Footwear: wellies, trainers, football boots, Converse boots, deck shoes, flip-flops, high heels, slippers, baby shoes, wedges, platform shoes, knee length or ankle boots, brogues, suede shoes, slip-ons, lace-ups, shoes with Velcrofastenings, ballet shoes, Doc Martens.

If your budget allows, include a couple of ‘high design’ objects by well-known designers in your handling collection. This gives your children the opportunity to handleobjects which may be unfamiliar to them. Display the collection with interactive labelsand questions about the products.

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ORGANISING A DESIGN WEEK IN YOUR SCHOOLA school-based Design Week provides a great opportunity to highlight and celebrate theinfluence design has in our world and can open children’s minds to the wealth of designopportunities there are in the world of work. Co-ordinating a Design Week, either in yourclass or as a whole school, gives a design project greater impact and focus. Many differentskills and cross-curricular links can be made while working on a Design Week project:

n Organise a trip to the Design Museum as part of the children's research and inspiration for the project. Either book a workshop at the museum with the education department, book a self-directed class visit or take a virtual visit on the internet to www.designmuseum.org within the comfort of the school’s IT suite!

n Invite a local designer into the school to give a talk or masterclass on their particular area of design. Send a letter to parents asking for help or contacts, there may be a designer among them!

n Allow a block of time, 2 days minimum, 3-4 days ideally, to work through a design-and-make project. With this approach children have time to contemplate their ideas, fully engage in their practical work, complete their design brief and finally to evaluate and present their ideas.

n At the museum we offer whole day INSET or twilight sessions tailor-made for your staff to help kickstart the project. Inspire your staff and arrange Design & Technology INSET to give teachers time to plan, try out ideas, design objects and discuss how the week will work.

n Invite specialists design educators/artists into school to support the class-based work. Create handling collections of everyday items, belts, and toothbrushes, drinking vessels, spoons etc to display around the school. Label the display with questions to stimulate thought and discussion. Encourage children to handle the products on display.(See PRODUCT EVALUATION for suggestions).

n Each class can research the work of a famous designer and make a presentation in a special Design Assembly. (See Design at the Design Museum at www.designmuseum.org for information about designers). Extend the research project to the whole school by asking children to vote for their favourite designer from those researched.

n Set a graphic design competition to create a poster either to advertise the forthcoming Design Week or an invitation to invite parents/carers to the special assembly or for an after-school private view to celebrate work generated during the week.

n Ask the children to collect basic recycled materials to use for the production of 3D models, mock-ups and products (see DESIGN AND MAKE RESOURCES.) This reinforces the theme of recycling and the use of sustainable materials, plus it helps to keep down the cost of resources for the project.

n Relate a design brief to an existing class topic or identified need in the school.

n Talk to other schools that have organised design weeks for advice and to share ideas.

n Have fun, be creative and generate lots of designs!

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DESIGNING MODERN BRITAINEXHIBITION NOTES FOR KS2 TEACHERSDesign has transformed British life since the 1930s. Many of its most gifted designers ofthe 20th and 21st centuries have worked in Britain and their achievements have changedthe lives of millions of people by making them more efficient, enjoyable, sustainable andfun. This exhibition illustrates how designers have responded to social, cultural,economic and technological changes to modernise Britain.

It illustrates how design helped the war effort in the early 1940s and to rebuild Britain after World War II. The exhibition ends by exploring how the regeneration of the ThamesGateway in the approach to the London 2012 Olympic Games will define a new way of life for the Britain of the future.

1920-1930s DESIGNING MODERN TRANSPORT

n One of the world’s most progressive public transport systems was established in London during the 1930s. A total of five underground railway companies, 17 tramways, and 66 bus companies were merged together in 1933 to form the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB).

n Prior to the amalgamation, each company had its own signage, maps and vehicle liveries, resulting in long, complicated and confusing journeys for passengers.

n Frank Pick, the vice-chairman of the LPTB, saw the need for a strong new identity. He believed this could be achieved by implementing a comprehensive design policy covering station architecture and furniture, signage, posters, maps and clothing worn by workers. Pick believed there should be clear, coherent and exemplary design.

n Architect Charles Holden was responsible for developing the aesthetic buildings, which were revolutionary at the time, using glass bricks as a new building material.

n Contemporary artists such as Man Ray were commissioned to design posters to advertise and celebrate the possibilities of travelling in London by public transport. British artist Paul Nash designed the upholstery.

1930sDESIGNING MODERN HOMESn By the early 1930s, advances in construction technology had created a new style of

housing which we still associate with the ‘modern home’. As electricity became more widely available, homes were painted in pale colours rather than darker tones, which were previously needed to disguise the grime of gaslights.

n Windows were enlarged because buildings could be supported by newly developed types of industrial material such as aluminium, steel and glass.

n The Government established a Board of Trade advisory panel in 1942 to produce specifications for “furniture of good, sound construction in simple but agreeable designs for sale at reasonable prices”.

n Some 20 designs, simple in style, and devised for speedy production, were manufactured. The principle materials were wood, as plastic and metal were needed for the war effort.The utility style proved too austere for the public. By 1952, materials were more readily available, and the Utility Scheme ended.

1930s-1940s DESIGNING FOR A CRISISn The Utility Scheme is an example of a design solution to a national crisis.

During World War II, all suitable materials were reserved for the military, with little left for daily use in the home. Demand for new housing and furniture was unprecedented as tensof thousands of homes (and their contents) were destroyed in the Blitz. Wartime trauma prompted half a million couples to marry in each year of the war. The problem seemed set to worsen in peacetime, when the service people would return, hoping to set up new homes.

1950sDESIGNING FOR MODERN CONSUMERSn The 1951 Festival of Britain was conceived to celebrate the centenary of the 1851 Great

Exhibition and the end of post-war austerity. A £12m budget was allocated to the festival.

n More than 8.5m people visited the South Bank site alone. Millions more enjoyed the Industrial Power Exhibition in Glasgow, the Farm and Factory exhibition in Belfast, the roving Land Traveller exhibition, local celebrations in towns and villages, and the arrival of the festival ship, the Campania, at ports around the country.

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1960s-1970s DESIGNING MODERN FLIGHTn Aircraft production was one area of British industry

which had flourished during World War II. During the late 1940s and 1950s, many of the technologies originally developed for military use were adapted to make passenger aircraft faster and more powerful.

n While the US and the Soviet Union battled for supremacy in the space race in the 1960s, Britain and France pooled their resources in the quest to develop the world’s first supersonic passenger aircraft.

n On 2 March 1969, Concorde 001 completed its first flight, from Toulouse. On 14 October 1975, British Airways and Air France accepted bookings for the first commercial supersonic flights.

n Throughout 27 years of commercial service from 1976 to 2003, Concorde seemed to belong less to the modern world than to the future.

1970s DESIGNING MODERN CULTUREn Everything seemed possible in the arts during the early 1970s. In every area of

contemporary culture, artists such as Gilbert and George, Richard Long and Susan Hiller rejected traditional hierarchies and claimed new freedoms. Radical playwrights, filmmakers, authors, architects and designers in their own fields were doing the same.

n The National Theatre, then housed at the Old Vic behind Waterloo Station, interpreted its role literally as “the theatre of the nation” with a mission to reflect the changing reality of modern life.

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1980sDESIGNING MODERN LEISUREn In 1982, the Hacienda nightclub opened in Manchester. Formerly a yacht showroom, it

was styled into what was described as an “industrial entertainment zone”. Ben Kelly was commissioned to design the club. He stripped the building to iron pillars and girders, introduced checker-plate flooring and road bollards, and raised the DJ onto a platform constructed of scaffolding to accentuate the industrial character. The Hacienda became the blueprint for super clubs around the country such as the Ministry of Sound in London and Cream in Liverpool. The influence of industrial interior design can also be seen in mainstream shops, for example, sandwich shop, Pret a Manger.

2000sDESIGNING BRITAIN’S FUTUREn To equip Britain for the future, we need to build nearly 150,000 new homes a year as

well as more than 100 new schools, hundreds of children’s centres and dozens of new hospitals. Every secondary school in the country is to be rebuilt or renovated, while prisons, roads, bridges and public transport systems are to be constructed.

n The exhibition also includes iconic 20th century British vehicles, including the Mini, aclassic E-type Jaguar, the Sinclair C5, and the Raleigh Chopper.

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DESIGNING MODERN BRITAINGALLERY ACTIVITY SHEETS FOR KS2 PUPILS1 CHAIRS

Take time to look at the collection of chairs in the exhibition and choose two of yourfavourite designs. Draw the chairs carefully in the spaces below, paying attention todetails and features you can see. Annotate your diagram with labels noting: n Which materials have been used and why?n What shape does it remind you of?n Use of colour.n Design features, such as wheels to move the chair, armrests and back supports.

chair 1Name of design

Name of designer

Date of design

I like this chair because

I think this chair has been designed to be used in

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chair 2Name of design

Name of designer

Date of design

I like this chair because

I think this chair has been designed to be used in

Draw your own design of chair in the space below

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2 THEATRE DESIGN

Name the play these amazing masks were made for

Which animal has inspired this mask?

What are the masks made from?

Do they look comfortable to wear?

How would you change the design of the mask?

Draw the mask in the space below. Give yourself a drawing challenge and try to draw themask using one line. Think about where you will start and then keep your pencil on thepaper until you have finished your drawing. Annotate your drawing with your thoughtsabout the materials used and how you would make any modifications.

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3 CARS AND BICYCLES

Find the car with registration number 860 RAU

Name of design

Name of designer

Date of design

Draw the car in the space below, paying attention to special features, for example, windscreen wipers, wheel hubs, lights etc. Annotate your drawing and label the different design features you can see.

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Choose a different car or bicycle. Draw it below and annotate your diagram, makingnotes on the use of colour, shape, function, materials used etc.

List five things you find interesting or unusual about the cars and bicycles on display.

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2

3

4

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SECTION 2BACK AT SCHOOLDESIGN BRIEFSThe Designing Modern Britain exhibition looks at the work of British designers whodesigned for the future and who provided solutions which helped to shape modern Britain.The design-and-make project briefs below aim to encourage children to think about howtheir ideas and designs could impact on their future … thinking ahead to 2020.

The ideas suggested below can be used as design briefs or as a springboard to exploreyour own project ideas. Each activity suggests useful materials, discussion, evaluationand assessment points, plus teaching tips. Any paper technologies or skills that supportthe projects below are featured in the practical section of this pack (see SECTION 3: SKILLS AND PAPER TECHNOLOGIES).

You will need to make a risk assessment relating to any materials and techniques you choose to use in the projects. Make sure you demonstrate safe ways of using any equipment used.

All of the design briefs below meet the National Curriculum requirements in Design &Technology at KS2 and make cross-curricular links to QCA Art & Design Units: TAKE ASEAT and WHAT A PERFORMANCE, and the QCA History Unit: BRITAIN SINCE 1948.

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1. DESIGNING MODERN TRANSPORTVEHICLE DESIGN BRIEF:

Design a vehicle of the future for the year 2020. The vehicle needs to be designed for use in a large, busy city that is divided by a river. It can carry one or more passengers.Your vehicle should be versatile and designed to travel in at least two ways, such ason land, on rails and on or under water. Resources are scarce and petrol supplies arefinite. Therefore you will need to address sustainable power sources and materials inyour research. Your vehicle should have at least one moving part and needs to begiven a name.

Look at different forms of transport, such as boats, hovercraft, planes,helicopters, cars, trams, skateboards, scooters and bikes. Look at

different forms of transport used in other countries, for example tuk-tuks in Thailand andrickshaws in India. Compare and contrast how they move, the advantages/disadvantages of each. Which features are suitable for a city vehicle? Why? How does each vehicle affectthe environment? How many people do they carry and where do they sit. Do they sit? Howmany wheels does it have? Does it need to have wheels? What are the safety features?How do they work?

n Collect a variety of images showing different forms of transport to make a visual resource and generate a bank of ideas for inspiration.n Develop a class handling collection for the project.

You could use toy cars, small models and real objects, for example a pair of roller blades, a skateboard or child's scooter. This forms a bank of real objects to inspire the class and for the children to explore, draw and discuss.

n Allow children time to make drawn studies of toy cars, vans, planes etc, while researching the brief and developing their ideas. Ask the children to annotate their diagrams, including labelled features, materials, and functions.

n If you plan to use recycled materials for the children's models or mock-ups, a blunt cocktail or barbecue stick threaded through a straw makes a simple and effective axle mechanism. Plastic lids added to either end of the wooden stick make good wheels.Similarly, plastic bottles, milk containers etc, form a strong, sturdy body for a vehicle. Children may need help cutting through the plastic.

n Develop creative thinking skills by using five minutes of carpet time to discuss existing designs and possible modifications. It is important to remember that part of the design process is the generation of ideas and a range of possible solutions. It is not always necessary to make the final products discussed.

n Use a Barbie doll or Action Man to add context and scale to their model.

SUGGESTED RECYCLED MATERIALS: Plastic containers such as milk and fizzy water bottles, fabric conditioner bottles, vegetable containers/plastic drinking straws/blunt cocktail and barbecue sticks/glue guns/Barbie doll or Action Man.

Discussion point

Teaching tips /

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ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATIONn Does the final product or design solution satisfy the original design brief?n How accurately has the product been made? For example cutting, assembly,

joining methods, measuring.n Have pupils made appropriate choices and use of materials and tools?n Have pupils been able to evaluate and modify their work?n Can pupils explain their ideas and express what they wanted their design to achieve?

Giving children a chance to assess their own work is a valuable experience. Choose 3-5 assessment points, write them on the board and ask the children to givethemselves marks out of 5 for each point (5 = highest, 1 = lowest). Add the scorestogether to give an overall score for each design.

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2. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL MAKING 3D DESIGN BRIEF:

Design and make a model of an environment for the year 2020. You can chooseeither of the following:

1. A primary school playground and outdoor area.2. An animal enclosure for your favourite zoo animal.

You should consider fully how the environment will work and the needs of its users. What different areas and structures will you need to create? How much space will theusers need? What key features will the environment need to include? Which materials aresuitable for use in the construction? Are they made from sustainable sources? You shouldalso use recycled materials where possible in your model. Label the different features ofthe environment. What are they made from and why? Define the target audience andconsider fully their needs in your design. Give a name to the environment you havecreated.

What is an architect? List ten different types of building and name theirmain function, for example living, recreation, education, etc. Discuss

how different buildings affect the way we live.

n Explore the model-making techniques set out in this pack to givechildren time to practise their skills and experiment with ideas.

(See PAPER SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGIES).n Contact a local architect to see if they have any old models they would be willing to

donate, to use as a stimulus for discussion and reference. n Ask if someone from an architect’s office would be prepared to come into the

class and give a talk or masterclass about their work.n Link the project with Architecture Week in June.n Collect empty cardboard boxes to use as the basic material for children's model making.

If you break the boxes down flat they become much easier to store. n Use torn pieces of sponge and scouring pads, small blocks of oasis or scrunched tissue

paper to represent foliage within a landscape.

SUGGESTED MATERIALS: Blunt wooden barbecue sticks/single-layered brown cardboard/drinking straws/cocktailsticks/coloured and textured paper/green sponge or oasis for trees and foliage/Plasticine.

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION:n Does the design solution satisfy the original design brief?n How accurately has the product been made? For example, cutting, assembly,

joining methods, measuring.n Have pupils made appropriate choices and use of materials and tools?n Have pupils been able to evaluate and modify their work?

Giving children a chance to assess their work is a valuable experience. Choose 3-5assessment points, write them on the board and ask the children to give themselves marks out of 5 for each point (5 = highest, 1 = lowest). Add the scores together to give an overall score.

Discussion point

Teaching tips /

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3. DESIGNING MODERN CULTURETHEATRE DESIGN BRIEF:

Design and make one of the following:

A mask for the main character from your favourite play or story.A headpiece for a carnival costume.A shoe for a character in a pantomime.

Your design should be based on the construction techniques used by John Napier forEquus. Your design should be sturdy, comfortable for the user to wear, provide goodvisibility for the user if relevant, and should clearly reflect your chosen character. Your finaldesign should also be visually exciting, dramatic and demonstrate your creative andimaginative skills. Use recycled materials where possible in your final design.

What are the different design roles within a theatre production, forexample costume, lighting, staging or make-up. Why do actors wear

costumes? How can costumes be worn? Full body costume/masks/wigs etc. Look at aselection of costumes from different West End theatre productions such as The Lion Kingor Mary Poppins. What materials are they made from? Do the costumes look comfortable and easy to wear?

n Develop a class handling collection of headwear or shoes for the project. This forms a bank of real objects for the children to

explore, try on, draw and discuss. n Collect images of animals, carnival masks, African masks and make a visual

resource for inspiration.n For design brief 1, ask the children to collect old newspapers and bring them into

school. Spend a session making newspaper rods or spills (see PAPER SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGIES.) These rods could be used as the basic material for the animal masks.

n Single corrugated cardboard provides an excellent base for solid masks. Children could cover the cardboard with tissue paper and watered-down PVA glue (half water to PVA glue) for a bold, colourful, varnished finish. If the masks are large, use cheap decorating brushes to apply the glue to the tissue.

SUGGESTED MATERIALS:Newspaper rods and thin wire, masking tape or duct tape (silver sticky tape purchasedfrom a plumbers’ merchant), art straws and wire, barbecue sticks, single corrugated browncardboard boxes, tin foil, decorating brushes.

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION:n Does the design solution satisfy the original design brief?n How accurately has the product been made? For example, cutting, assembly,

joining methods, measuring.n Have children made appropriate choices and use of materials and tools?n Have children been able to evaluate and modify their work?n Have children been able to realise their design ideas?

Giving children a chance to assess their own work is a valuable experience. Choose 3-5 assessment points, write them on the board and ask the children to givethemselves marks out of 5 for each point (5 = highest, 1 = lowest). Add the scores up.

Discussion point

Teaching tips /

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4. DESIGNING FOR MODERN CONSUMERSIDENTITY GRAPHIC DESIGN BRIEF:

“A symbol is required for the Festival of Britain, to be held in the summer of 1951. It is intended that it shall be used in connection with all the official activities of thefestival and as a mark of recognition awarded by the festival authorities to allapproved non-official activities.”

This was the original commissioning design brief set for the Festival of Britain 1951.

Design an eye-catching, colourful symbol or logo for a festival taking place in your localarea or school. Develop different versions of the logo on to three different festivalsouvenirs: including both 2D and 3D items such as a T-shirt or bag, badge or mug, flag orbanner. Use a maximum of three colours in your design. Your logo can includeillustrations, representational (real) or abstract images, letters or numbers and no morethan three complete words. Your final designs should be presented on white backgrounds.

Why do we use signs and symbols? Where do you see signs andsymbols in everyday life? List some examples: what key messages or

information do they communicate? What key message or information do you want tocommunicate through your symbol or logo? What will it tell us about the festival? Who isthe festival's target audience? How will the symbol appeal to that audience? Whichimages and colours have been used and why?

n Collect images showing a variety of recognisable symbols/logos (for example the recycling symbol, washing instructions, Nike, BBC

and your school logo), to make a visual resource and ideas bank for inspiration. Compare and contrast the success of these graphic design solutions.

n Use graph paper to draw out the final designs.

SUGGESTED MATERIALS: Graph paper/pencils/rulers/tracing paper/plain paper/felt tip pens or colouringpencils/collaging materials.

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION:n Does the graphic design solution satisfy the original design brief?n How accurately has the logo been made? For example, measuring, line control,

filling with colour?n Have children been able to evaluate and modify their work?

Giving children a chance to assess their own work is a valuable experience. Choose 3-5 assessment points, write them on the board and ask the children to givethemselves marks out of 5 for each point (5 = highest, 1 = lowest). Add the scorestogether to give an overall score.

Discussion point

Teaching tips /

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5. DESIGNING MODERN FLIGHT3D DESIGN BRIEF:

Design a futuristic aircraft for the year 2020. Your aircraft should seat two passengersand should include space for luggage. Your final design should have a ‘wow’ factorand encourage a ‘must fly’ response from your target audience. Resources are scarceand fuel supplies are finite, so you will need to address sustainable fuel sources andconstruction materials in your research. Your final design will be used as aninspirational model and does not need a motor or to be able to fly.

Have you ever flown? What did you like/dislike about it? How is flyingmade comfortable for passengers? List five advantages and

disadvantages of flying. What are the main design features of an aeroplane? Why wasConcorde different from other passenger planes? Compare and contrast a modernaeroplane with a plane made 100 years ago. How has it changed? Look at Australiandesigner Marc Newson’s ‘Kelvin’ plane on the Design Museum website for inspiration.

n Collect images showing different forms of airborne transport: planes,helicopters, rockets, hang gliders, hot air balloons etc. Make a visual

resource of ideas for inspiration.n Develop a class handling collection of model aircraft: you could use toy helicopters,

aeroplanes, model aircraft, aeroplane souvenirs etc. This forms a bank of real objects for the children to explore, draw and discuss.

n Make paper aeroplanes and test them in the playground. Try making planes using different weights of paper. How does this affect their flight? Investigate the factors that helped or hindered their flight, eg folding techniques, shape of plane, choice of paper etc.

n Look at flight and airborne travel in nature, for example insects, birds, seed pods and bats.These provide ideas and help children understand the inspiration man has taken from nature to develop forms of flight.

SUGGESTED MATERIALS:Plastic containers such as milk and fizzy drinks bottles, fabric conditioner bottles,vegetable containers/plastic drinking straws/blunt cocktail and barbecue sticks/glueguns/single corrugated cardboard.

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION:n Does the design solution satisfy the original design brief?n How accurately has the product been made? For example, cutting, assembly, joining

methods, measuring.n Have children made appropriate choices and use of materials and tools?n Have children been able to evaluate and modify their work?

Giving the children a chance to assess their own work is a valuable experience. Choose 3-5 assessment points, write them on the board and ask the children to givethemselves marks out of 5 for each point (5 = highest, 1 = lowest). Add the scores together to give an overall score.

Discussion point

Teaching tips /

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6. DESIGNING FOR MODERN CONSUMERS/DESIGNING FOR A CRISISFURNITURE DESIGN BRIEF:

Design and make a model of a chair for the year 2020 (choose one option):To take on a picnicFor your dream bedroomFor a future king or queen For your favourite celebrity

Your design should demonstrate creativity and flair, imaginative use of materials andshould meet the needs of the user. You should consider issues such as portability, use offolding mechanisms and suitability for the purpose. You should also consider decorativeand styling features so that your chair has visual impact and appeal. There is a resourcecrisis, materials are scarce and therefore the use of recycled materials is essential. Yourfinished model should be made to a scale for Barbie or Action Man and should be weight-bearing to a given load as agreed with the class.

How many different seats have you sat on today? List as many differentchairs or forms of seating as you can in three minutes and considering

their function, aesthetics and use of materials (see PRODUCT EVALUATION.) What is thedifference between chairs at home and chairs at school? What is the difference between achair used indoors and a chair used outside? How comfortable is it? Who will be usingyour chair? List the different people who might need to sit on it and the different needsthey might have. How will you use colour or decoration on your chair if appropriate?

n Develop a class handling collection of four or five chairs for the project.You could use children’s chairs, folding chairs, toy chairs,

stools etc. Compare and contrast the design features, materials, aesthetics, and comfort. (see PRODUCT EVALUATION).

n Collect images from the internet, from the wide selection of chairs on the Design Museum’s website, furniture catalogues, design books and magazines showing a variety of chairs. Make a visual resource of ideas for inspiration.

n Plan time to allow children to make observational drawings of chairs in their design books and annotate their drawings.

n In the ‘generating ideas stage’ allow time for several short, playful design exercises. In groups, give the children a large handful of plastic lids and ask them to design a seat for two people. Selecting from the different sizes, shapes and coloured lids, children arrange the lids into chair designs, assembling them without gluing or sticking them together. Give only two or three minutes for the task and then ask the children to draw their idea and give their chair a title. Repeat, giving a different brief. For example, a seat for a baby, a chair for a restaurant. Remember this activity is aimed at encouraging children to think rapidly and creatively and to generate lots of design solutions. It is not an exercise in making.

SUGGESTED MATERIALS: Single-layered corrugated cardboard/correx/pipe cleaners/telephone wire/foamboard/fabric offcuts and decorative odds and ends/foam padding or cotton wool/a Barbieto use as an ergonome, to add context and scale to the model chair.

Discussion point

Teaching tips /

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ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION:n Does the design solution satisfy the original design brief?n How accurately has the product been made? For example, cutting, assembly, joining

methods, measuring.n Have pupils made appropriate choices and use of materials and tools?n Have pupils been able to evaluate and modify their work?

Giving the children a chance to assess their own work is a valuable experience. Choose 3-5 assessment points, write them on the board and ask the children to givethemselves marks out of 5 for each point (5 = highest, 1 = lowest). Add the scorestogether to give an overall score.

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7. DESIGNING MODERN TYPOGRAPHYGRAPHICS PACKAGING DESIGN BRIEF:

Design the packaging for a delicious, new chocolate bar. Your packaging needs to be visually appealing and enticing to the buyer. You will need to design the wrappingor packaging and give a name to the chocolate bar, along with a logo. You shouldinclude a list of ingredients and a barcode on the wrapper. You need to consider yourtarget audience and practicalities such as how the bar will stack on the shelf, how itwill be transported and how much it will cost in the shops. Make full use ofillustration, typography, colour and materials for the packaging. To market yourchocolate bar, design an A3 poster to accompany the launch of the new product.

The Verdana typeface is the most widely used font on the internet. Didyou know that Matthew Carter designed it in 1996, for Microsoft? Look at

a selection of magazines, food packaging, newspapers etc and compare the style oflettering or typefaces used. What is your favourite font? Why? How does the style oflettering affect the look of a product? Why is branding important in product design? Whatmessage does it try to communicate? Who is your target audience? What do you want tocommunicate to them about the chocolate bar?

n Develop a class handling collection for the project of chocolate barsand food packaging. This forms a collection of graphics packaging,

lettering and font styles that are designed for different audiences and purposes, which the children can explore, draw and discuss together.

n Carry out some market research in your class to find out which chocolate packaging is the most popular. Analyse the winning bar. Why is it the favourite?

n Ask around the staff: somebody may have old newspapers or comics that can be used to compare design styles, past and present.

n Introduce the children to typography and the art of graphic design by analysing letters and words from packaging, magazines, newspapers, carrier bags, book covers and of course, the computer. Look at size, shape, spacing, use of colour, outlines etc. Look at fonts on packaging etc and explore how they relate to the product inside. In an IT lesson look at different styles of font, and print them (see EXAMPLES OF FONTS).

n Study the construction of lettering using guidelines and typesetting. Enlarge a selection of fonts on the photocopier and encourage the children to trace them and also copy them freehand on graph paper. Annotate drawings, including the names of parts of the letters. For example, the header, serif, etc.

n Discuss traditional printing methods, such as printing stamps and newspapers, and look at how new technologies and the computer have impacted on this profession.

n Establish a graphics tray in the classroom stocked with an ample supply of different-sized graph paper, tracing paper, lettersets, rulers, black biros and pencils. Laminate sample sheets showing different fonts and typefaces for children to use as reference material.

n Develop the children’s newly designed logos by printing them onto paper bags.Remember, a printed image is always reversed, so any lettering needs to be drawn or placed back to front on the printing tile; use tracing paper to help reverse the lettering.

Discussion point

Teaching tips /

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n Study the construction of lettering using guidelines and typesetting. Enlarge a selection of fonts on the photocopier and encourage the children to trace them and also copy them freehand on graph paper. Annotate drawings, including the names of parts of the letters, for example, the header, serif, etc.

SUGGESTED MATERIALS: food packaging, leaflets, magazines, newspapers, carrier bags, comics, graph paper,tracing paper, lettersets, rulers, black biros and pencils.

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION:n Does the graphic design solution satisfy the original design brief?n How accurately has the logo been made? For example, measuring, line control, filling

with colour?n Have children been able to evaluate and modify their work?

Giving the children a chance to assess their own work is a valuable experience. Choose3-5 assessment points, write them on the board and ask the children to give themselvesmarks out of 5 for each point (5 = highest, 1 = lowest). Add the scores together to give an overall score.

EXAMPLES OF FONTS

DESIGNING MODERN BRITAIN: Ariel Black 20pt

Designing Modern Britain: Marker Felt 20pt

DESIGNING MODERN BRITAIN: Book Rounded Bold 20pt

DESIGNING MODERN BRITAIN: Times New Roman 20pt

Designing Modern Britain: Impact 20pt

Designing Modern Britain: Verdana 20pt

Designing Modern Britain: Univers Bold 20pt

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SECTION 3BACKGROUND DESIGN SKILLS + INFORMATION

SKILLS & PAPER TECHNOLOGIES

PAPER + CARD

How to fold a piece of paper or card It is important to fold paper or card accurately with a firm, crisp crease.

n Carefully match the corners and edges of the paper together. Firmly hold the corners with one hand. Run your finger down from the middle towards the fold. (fig. 1)

n Crease well at this point. This secures the fold. Crease well. Run your finger along the fold from the middle to the left and then to the right. (fig. 2)

Cutting How to cut a circle.

n Cut a square approximately the same size as the required circle. (fig. 3)

n Hold the scissors straight with one hand, opening and closing the blades. Hold the square with the other hand, and slowly rotate the shape. Keep moving this hand as the scissors cut away the corners. (fig. 4)

Cutting more than one circle

n Fold a piece of paper once and cut a circle. This will produce two circles exactly the same.

n Fold a piece of paper twice and cut a circle. This will produce four circles. Fold a piece three times and cut a circle. (fig. 5 & fig. 4) This will produce eight circles exactly the same.

Tabs A tab creates a surface on which to glue.

n Fold along the edge of a piece of paper or card and apply PVA glue.

n Hold the tab in place and count to three, allowing the glue a little time to stick. (fig. 5)

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How to make a corner fixing

n Fold a tab and cut up to the fold. This cut allows movement. Apply a small amount of PVA glue to the corner of the tab. (fig. 1)

n Join the cut tabs together. This makes a curved shape. Crease the paper at this point to make a corner. (fig. 2)

n Making more than one cut along the tab allows a lot of flexibility. (fig. 3)

How to make a tower

n Fold a tab and cut up to the fold four times.

n Crease the paper at the point of each cut. Apply PVA glue to the edge of the paper and fix into a tower. (fig. 4)

n By cutting the tab in different places and varying the amounts of cuts, different 3D shapes are created. Experiment and see. (fig. 5)

How to attach a cylinder

n Cut around the base of the cylinder. Ensure that each cut reaches the same point. (fig. 6)

n Fold back each cut section. Apply PVA glue on each tab and hold down to allow the glue time to stick. (fig. 7)

n For a stronger fix, measure and cut out a circle from the base card. The circle needs to be the same size as the diameter of the cylinder. Slide the cylinder through the hole and fix the tabs securely to the base. Cover with tape to make it more secure. This creates a stable fitting when joining chair legs to the seat. (fig. 8)

Tearing

n Tearing paper creates a rough edge, which has a different effect to a straight cut edge.

Snipping

n Fold a piece of paper and make diagonal snips with your scissors. This will create a spiky surface texture. (fig. 9)

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fig. 1

fig. 2

fig. 3

fig. 4

fig. 5

Slotting

Slotting is a simple technique which joins together two or more pieces of card or paper.

n Cut into the paper or card and slot them together. (fig.1 and 2)

Fringing

This technique can be used for decoration in D&T projects, especially in textile projects if you are making clothes, shoes, bags and accessories. Fringing can also be used to trim models of soft furnishings, such as lampshades, chairs andcurtains.

n Fold a piece of tissue paper in half. Cut towards the fold in regular intervals. Make sure you do not cut through the fold. Leave a small border from the folded edge. (fig. 3)

n To make a tassle, roll the paper fringe and secure the edge with PVA glue. (fig. 4)

n Roll the paper fringe around a pencil if you want it to be curly. (fig. 5)

Experiment using different types of paper, sugar paper, tracing paper and explore the range of textures you can create.

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Making papier mache

n Mix an amount of cellulose paste with water. Spread it directly onto the newspaper with your hand. (Alternatively you can use watered-down PVA glue.) Turn the paper over and repeat. Make sure the paper is thoroughly covered with paste. (fig. 1)

n Tear long strips directly from the gluey paper. (fig. 2)

n Overlap the strips of paper as you apply them to your model. Smooth out any creases. (fig. 3)

n When you are finished, clean the table by rubbing away the excess paste with dry newspaper and then washing it with warm, soapy water.

How to make paper rods or spills

Paper rods, or spills, are 100% recycled and a fabulous resource for construction, model making and art projects.

n Fold the corner of a newspaper tightly over a wooden barbecue stick. Roll the newspaper away from you, keeping your fingers spread out. (fig. 4)

n Remove the barbecue stick and continue to roll your newspaper. Keep fingers and hands spread evenly along the rod. Hold onto the rod as you work otherwise it will simply unroll. (fig. 5)

n Fix with a small piece of masking tape. (fig. 6)

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CARDBOARD

Sewing n Cardboard provides a firm base on which to sew.

Using a large-eyed blunt needle and masking tape to secure the loose ends of the thread, practise making stitches and try out attaching objects to the board in different ways. (fig. 1)

n Cardboard is a great material to use as a firm (fig. 2a) base or inner sole if you are making slippers or shoes. Make sure the corrugation runs horizontally to allow movement and cover the card with felt. (fig. 2a and 2b)

Constructing n Cardboard boxes provide a strong, rigid material

for model making. Push a barbecue stick into the corrugation to extend or attach extra card (fig. 2b) shapes. Feathers, pipe cleaners or cocktail sticks can also be attached in the same way (fig. 3, 4 and 5)

n Score into cardboard cuts through the outer surface, causing a clean cut and allowing movement. A single cut creates a hinged effect. (fig. 6)

n Scoring on alternative sides of the card creates a stepped effect. (fig. 7)

n Scoring many times on one side allows the cardto be rolled up into a cylinder. (fig. 8 and 9)

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HEALTH AND SAFETYBefore starting work on any design & make project a risk assessment should be made.

Using tools n Will any child be using sharp instruments or tools to cut card or wire? If so, are

the appropriate tools available? Check if they are in good working condition. Damaged or partly broken tools are likely to create more accidents than good quality, effective sharp tools.

n Clear instructions and regular reminders should be given about how to handle, use and carry tools.

n Set aside a table to accommodate special equipment during a project and consider supervision arrangements of this area at all times.

Using glue guns n When glue guns are integral to a project, make sure there is a separate table or space

dedicated to this purpose. Cover the table with a layer of paper to catch any dribbles of glue; otherwise the table will be very messy at the end of the project.

n Demonstrate how to use the glue guns by highlighting any potential hazards. Make sure the lead for the glue gun is out of the way so that nobody is likely to trip over it.

n Children should be supervised at all times when using glue guns. Alternatively this job can be carried out by a parent helper, teacher or teaching assistant. Take particular care when gluing certain materials together. Plastics can melt at a high temperature even when coming into contact with a cold glue gun.

n Check before the lesson that there are plenty of glue sticks. Also check the glue guns are safe to use and not broken.

Using scissors n Make sure there are good quality scissors available for cutting. Blunt scissors can be

more dangerous to use than effective, sharp scissors.

n Reinforce scissor safety. Show children how to carry scissors safely, holding them facing downwards by the blades and keeping the blades together when the scissors are not being used. When passing a pair of scissors to someone, it is important to hold onto the blades and pass the scissors with the handles showing. Scissors should be stored blade downwards in a scissor rack or pot.

DESIGN BRIEF Ask the children to design a poster or leaflet showing how to store and use D&Tequipment properly.

Make a study or close observational drawing of a piece of practical equipment or D&T kit.Annotate the children's drawings and display them in your D&T area if you have one.

Health & Safety and Risk Assessment templates for your use when planning a visitto the Design Museum can be found at the back of this pack.

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DESIGN & MAKE RESOURCES– CLASSROOM BASICSIt is very useful to collect and store everyday resources to be used for classroom design & make activities. These can include:

n Good quality left- and right-handed scissors n PVA glue, glue spreaders, glue pots n Glue guns and plenty of glue sticks n Hole punchers n Paper fasteners n Paper clips n Staplers and appropriate staples n A selection of sticking tape: Sellotape, masking tape, parcel tape and brown paper n Gummed parcel tape n Various card, thin coloured card, recycled cardboard boxes – food packaging,brown cardboard boxes, corrugated card and greetings card n General recycled materials, plastic bottles, fruit netting, bubble wrap, foam padding, plastic food trays. These materials can be used for construction and model making as well as providing handy storage. n Blunt BBQ sticks, cocktail sticks n Cable ties n Silver foil n Cling film n Rulers n Compasses n A range of drawing equipment, soft pencils, black biro pen, fibre tip pens n Plasticine n A range of paper, A4, A3, A2, A1, graph paper, tracing paper, cellophane, carbon paper, coloured paper and textured paper n A selection of safe wire: telephone wire, thin copper wire, floristry wire, pipe cleaners n Various threads, string, wool, thin cotton, twine, raffia n Newspapers and magazines

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TOP TIPS FOR DESIGN ACTIVITIES IN THE CLASSROOM1. Storing assorted cardboard boxes for model making can become an issue in theclassroom. Breaking them down and storing the boxes flat can reduce this problem. Train the children to reconstruct the boxes as and when they are needed. Reassembleeach box, securing the open edges with masking tape. Fold each box so that theglazed, printed side is on the inside. This leaves the plain card exposed, which is amuch more absorbent surface on which to apply paint. This storage method alsoteaches children about nets.

2. Collect plenty of brown cardboard boxes before starting any design-and-make project.Strong cardboard is an excellent resource for construction and model making. Emptyphotocopying paper boxes are perfect. Remember to store them flat to save space inyour class and reconstruct them with sticky parcel tape when needed.

3. A glue gun is great for D&T projects as the glue forms a strong bond, but it needs tobe used with care. The glue melts at a low temperature yet is hot to the touch when itfirst comes out of the gun. Warn children about the temperature of the glue andsupervise use of the gun at all times. Certain materials, especially plastics, can beextremely hot when coming into contact with the glue. Be aware of your school’s Healthand Safety policy and procedures before using a glue gun in the classroom, and make arisk assessment before beginning any design-and-make activity.

4. Collect plenty of visual references, pictures from books, magazines, postcards andreal objects for research, drawing reference and inspiration.

5. Encourage the class to collect recycled plastic food trays for storing bits and pieceswhile working on a project. Introduce the idea of working with tidy trays so that thechildren can look after their materials and tools carefully, keeping them together in oneplace, on the table and not scattered over the floor.

6. Try 3D sketching or observational model making to encourage children to responddirectly to 3D objects. Use modelling materials such as silver foil, Plasticine, wire or thin card.

7. Ensure there are lots of glue sticks available in stock before using the glue guns. A class full of children working with glue guns can use a lot of glue!

8. Cover a table with paper and use only for gluing with glue guns. The paper will savethe table from getting marked with glue.

9. Stock up on blunted cocktail and barbecue sticks and plastic cable ties from a poundshop. They are extremely useful for construction and model making.

10. To get a glazed finish on a painted surface, add PVA glue to ready-mix paint beforepainting. To get a clear varnish effect, thin PVA glue with water and apply. This createsa slightly glazed, varnish finish to the surface.

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11. Allow PVA glue time to stick. Encourage children to count to three while holding down whatever they are gluing.

12. Recycle hair accessories such as bows, flowers, beaded tassles etc and use them for final touches on textile projects.

13. Tape a carrier bag to the corner of each table and encourage the children to keeptheir working space tidy, systematically clearing as they go. At the end of the lessonrecycle the waste and keep the carrier bag for another day.

14. Make sure there are good quality left- and right-handed scissors available for thechildren’s use. Children need to be able to cut through all sorts of materials with effectivetools. Any child who finds cutting a problem will become more frustrated if the scissorsare blunt. Left-handed scissors need to be provided for left-handed children.

15. Work on design-and-make activities in blocks of time. Plan a whole day or two, orarrange a design week so that children can become absorbed in the design process andcomplete and evaluate a design project successfully

16. Introduce the children to the idea of making duplicate copies of their work. Place asheet of carbon paper and a piece of A4 paper inside their design books. When it is timefor the children to plan and sketch their ideas, they will automatically produce a carboncopy of the original. This copy can then be kept for assessment purposes or mountedand displayed to show the process of children’s designs.

17. Use graph paper when the children are drawing out ideas and making technical drawings.

18. Give the children plenty of opportunity to draw. The more drawings children make,the more practised and visually articulate they will become. Also, through regularsketching and drawing, both in 2D and 3D, pencil control and fine motor skills willimprove.

19. Set up a table of everyday designed products for the children to investigate. For example plastic cups, bottle opener, can opener, washing-up gloves, clothes pegs,brushes and cutlery. Ask the children to make close observational drawings of theseproducts. Annotate the drawings, labelling the features of the object, their functions,materials used and why.

20. Make paper rods or spills out of newspaper. They are a great, cheap resource for construction work and are 100% recycled. (See skills and techniques for furtherinstructions).

21. Use the internet for researching projects and finding information about designers. Here are some useful websites for design projects focusing on interior design, productdesign, architecture and fashion.

www.designmuseum.org www.fashion.comwww.habitat.comwww.lloydloom.com

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GLOSSARY The following glossary lists the design vocabulary used in this pack. Aesthetic: the way something looks Analyse: to examine and look at something carefully to find out about it Annotated diagram: a labelled drawing, plan or sketch of an idea or design, recordingthoughts and observationsArchitect: someone who designs buildings Assemble: to join together Budget: an amount of money available Client: the customer Compare: to find similarities between two or more things Contrast: to find differences between two or more things Construct: to make by fitting pieces together Copyright: the right to control or produce an original idea or product. Copyright isshown by this symbol ©. The date is also clearly stated Design: to draw a plan, pattern or 3D sketch of something Design brief: an outline of a given project or task Design process: the development of a product, from initial brief to finished product Ergonome: a cut-out pattern of the human body Ergonomic: the design of something that specifically relates to the human shape Evaluate: to judge the worth or value of something Form: the three-dimensional shape of an object Function: the way something is used; its purpose Inspiration: the source or creative influence of an idea Manufacturing: the process by which something is made Market: the people providing a demand for a product Material: a substance used for making something Modify: to change something slightly Plan: a way of doing something that you think about in advance Problem: something that is difficult to understand or answer Problem solving: a way of finding an answer to a problem Process: a series of actions for doing something Prototype: a 3D trial model of a product made so that a design can be tested before it is produced Recycle: to use something again Research: careful study of a subject to find out more information about it Reinforce: to strengthen something Secure: to fix firmly and safely Slotting: a way of fitting two or more pieces together without glue Solution: an answer to a problem Tab: a folded area of card or paper on which to glue Target audience: who is the product aimed at? Test: to try something out

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HEALTH + SAFETY VETTING FORM The following information is a guideline for visiting groups; this is not a formal document.

Name of School/College: Lead Teacher:

Date of visit: Time of visit:

Has a preliminary visit been made? Yes / No

In order to assist teachers with the completion of risk assessments for a group visit to the Design Museum, we can confirm that we have the following arrangements anddocumentation for Health & Safety in place:

For any further information please contact Becky Nixson Education Coordinator020 7940 8782 becky@designmuseum.org

Subject

Health & Safety Policy (five or more employees)

COSHH Assessments

Risk Assessments including premises and risks to visitor

Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of equipment

Health and Safety Training for employees (appropriate to any activities/involvement in visit)

Fire and Emergency procedures

First Aid

Accident Reporting

Third Party Liability Insurance (a copy can be provided)

Yes / No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

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RISK ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE

The following information is a guideline for visiting groups; this is not a formal document.

Name of School/College: Lead Teacher:

Date of visit: Time of visit:

Has a preliminary visit been made? Yes / No

Possible Hazards

Getting lost on the journey

Crossing roads

Using escalators/lifts/stairs

Getting separated on public transport

Getting trapped on transport

Being injured by members of the public

Being stung/bitten by an animal while on the journey

Falling/being pushed into water

Impact with something solid (falling onto something, or something falling onto someone).

Getting lost inside the museum

Losing items of clothes/accessories

Risk of injury whilst in workshops, including use of hot glue guns, staplers, knives, pins, needles, scissors, etc…

Other:

Please tick or cross accordingly,identify who may be affected, and any other important details