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Paul WilliamsonJuly 2019
Designing for one trillion devices
@Arm @pnwilliamson
2 © 2019 Arm Limited2 © 2019 Arm Limited
A trillion things must work separately, together, automatically and resiliently
Agenda
Technology gaps
A trillion things
The road forward
3 © 2019 Arm Limited3 © 2019 Arm Limited
• Are there a trillion things?
• Yes, if you include consumables
A Trillion is a Lot
Scale and growth dominate
Cu
mu
lati
ve
62 Billion
2017 2022 2027 2032
1 Trillion
126 Billion
4 © 2019 Arm Limited
Today’s trillions are not electronic
5 © 2019 Arm Limited
Industry
Commercial facilities,warehouses
Publicinfrastructure
Management& maintenance
Automotive
Logistics & optimization
Home
Smart meters,monitors
Agriculture
Water quality, humiture, soil
Disaster management
Flooding, earthquakes,landslides
What Will the Trillions Do?
6 © 2019 Arm Limited
<#>
The Basic IoT Algorithm
• Gather a lot of data
• Perform some
processing
• Send results to
cloud app
For each sensor
• Gather data from
lots of sensors
• Process and look for
useful information
• Do something with that
information
For central app
• Implement instructions
from cloud app
Optional actuator
6 © 2019 Arm Limited
7 © 2019 Arm Limited7 © 2019 Arm Limited
World RF designers: ~5,000• Average volume needed for trillion radios: 200,000,000
World IC design teams: ~20,000• Average volume needed for trillion objects: 50,000,000
People who can write code : ~20,000,000• Average volume needed for trillion objects: 50,000
How do you design a trillion chips?
7 © 2019 Arm Limited
8 © 2019 Arm Limited8 © 2019 Arm Limited
Consistent accessible platforms look essential
9 © 2019 Arm Limited
<#>
How Do You Build a Trillion Chips?
About 30% of total annual worldwide production
TSMC annual capacity (2015) 9,000,000 wafers
2mm2 per sensor chip, 35000 per 300mm wafer
28,000,000 wafers
9 © 2019 Arm Limited
10 © 2019 Arm Limited10 © 2019 Arm Limited
240 mAh coin cell (CR2032)
Weighs 3g, contains about 109mg of Lithium
1 trillion cells contain 109 billion grams, which is 109,000 Metric tons
How Do You Build a Trillion Batteries?
32,500 Metric tonsApproximate annual worldwide Lithium production
10 © 2019 Arm Limited
11 © 2019 Arm Limited11 © 2019 Arm Limited
Energy Harvesting looks like a good idea
12 © 2019 Arm Limited
EH
Source
InputPower
Conversion
OutputPower
Conversion
StoredEnergy
Time
MCU
Store StoreStoreBootRun
Run Run Die!
Battery-less Operation
1ms
Losses
13 © 2019 Arm Limited
<#>
Moving the Goalposts
Both leaders using Arm Cortex-M
Scored 377 at launch against 187 of nearest competitor
Sub-threshold operation enabled Ambiq micro to set a new record in ULP benchmarks
13 © 2019 Arm Limited
14 © 2019 Arm Limited
Voltage from
solar cell
T
0.6
0.3
1.2
Use it or
lose it
Charging Direct operation Discharging
Store energy
in battery
84%
16%
Solar
Energy
0.3 ≤ VMPP < 0.6
VMPP > 0.6
Energy harvesters have variable output, causing waste of available energy
Significant gains possible from direct-operation under some conditions
Scheduling work for these periods is an interesting challenge
63%
37%Compute
Cycles
Direct operation
sub-threshold
Near-threshold
from battery
System level optimisation: Use it or lose it
A. Savanth, Integrated Reciprocal Conversion with Selective Direct Operation for Energy Harvesting Systems, TCAS 2017
15 © 2019 Arm Limited15 © 2019 Arm Limited
Demonstration 1uW compute
16 © 2019 Arm Limited
How to make the IoT work safely and securely
Needs to workseparately
01 03 0402
17 © 2019 Arm Limited
Energy
Systems challenge from transistors to applications
Needs to work together across ecosystem
Process technology
Power efficient RTL
Application SW layer
Power management policies/drivers
Low power libraries
SoC architecture
System components – memory/display/PMU
IoT Constraint
18 © 2019 Arm Limited18 © 2019 Arm Limited
Optimize across the system to achieve lowest power
• Run a Cortex®-M0 for 10 cycles
• Write one bit of flash
• Write ~300 bits of DRAM or SRAM
• Send ~5 bits across LPDDR4
• Transmit 2 bits of UWB data
• Transmit 0.02 bits over Bluetooth LE
• Drive an electric car 100fm (@1MJ/km)
~0.05% of the distance across Si atom
Energy Efficiency: Things You Can Do With 100pJ
19 © 2019 Arm Limited
How to make the IoT work safely and securely
01 03 0402
Needs to worktogether
20 © 2019 Arm Limited20 © 2019 Arm Limited
Martin Michael LomasneyPolitical Boss, Boston’s 8th Ward
Never write if you can speak; never speak if you can nod; never nod if you can wink”
“
21 © 2019 Arm Limited
Massive data, low information content
Video Monitoring
22 © 2019 Arm Limited
How to make the IoT work safely and securely
01 03 0402
Needs to workautomatically
23 © 2019 Arm Limited
Has a solution that can be graded objectively
Lots of data available for training
Is difficult to describe the solution in a program
Would take too much effort to do manually
What Makes a Good Machine Learning Problem?
24 © 2019 Arm Limited
How to make the IoT work safely and securely
01 03 0402
Needs to workresiliently
25 © 2019 Arm Limited25 © 2019 Arm Limited
Gerald WeinbergAuthor of The Psychology of Computer Programming
If builders built buildings the way programmers wrote programs, then the first woodpecker that came along would destroy civilization.”
“
26 © 2019 Arm Limited26 © 2019 Arm Limited
Platform Security Architecture
Analyze
Implement
Certify
Architect
Hardware & firmware architect specs
Firmware source code
Independently tested
Threat modellingCommon principles across
multiple use cases
Device identity
Trusted boot sequence
Certificate-based
authenticationSecure over-the-air
software update
A framework for building secure devices – openly published
27 © 2019 Arm Limited27 © 2019 Arm Limited
Creating an IoT Security Ecosystem
Developed by Certified partners
psacertified.org
28 © 2019 Arm Limited
Needs to workautomatically
Needs to workresiliently
Needs to worktogether
Needs to workseparately
Key points for IoT
03 040201