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1
Design of Everyday Things
Don Norman
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 2
Agenda
!Discuss Norman’s views on HCI &design
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 3
Summary
“Darn these hooves! I hitthe wrong switch again!Who designs theseinstrument panels,raccoons?”
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 4
Don Norman
!Currently with NielsenNorman group
!Previously Professor atUCSD, at Apple, HP, etc.
2
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 5
Discussion
!What did you take away from DOETbook?
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 6
Daily Challenges
!How many of you can use all thefunctionality in your
"VCR
"Digital watch
"Copy machine
"Stereo system
"Plumbing fixtures
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 7
Fun Examples
!Leitz slide projector
"To move forward,short press
"To move backward,long press
!What happens whenyou get frustrated?
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 8
Fun Examples
Doors
3
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 9
Fun Examples
Phones
How do you- transfer a call- change volume- store a number- ...
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 10
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 11
Changing Ringer Volume
!Press “Program”
!Press “6”
!Set volume
" Low - Press “1”
"Medium - Press “2”
"High - Press “3”
!Press “Program”
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 12
Important Concepts
!Affordances
!Visibility
!Conceptual models
!Mapping
!Feedback
!Constraints
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Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 13
Affordance
!What is it?
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 14
Visual Affordances
!Perceived and actual fundamentalproperties of an object that determinehow it could be used
"Chair is for sitting
"Ball is for throwing
"Button is for pushing
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 15
Yikes!
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 16
Mantra
!Complex things may need explanation,but simple things should not
" If a simple thing requires instructions andpictures, it is likely a failed design
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Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 17
Designing for People
!Norman’s 2 main principles
"Provide a good conceptual model
"Make things visible
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 18
Conceptual Model
!What does Norman mean by that?
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 19
Conceptual Models
!People build their own systems of howthings work
"Example - car
!Designer can help user foster an
appropriate conceptual model
"Appearance, instructions, behavior...
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 20
Visibility
!When functionality is hidden, problemsin use occur
"Occurs when number of functions isgreater than number of controls
!When capabilities are visible, it doesnot require memory of how to use
"Remind person how to use something
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Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 21
Simple Example
What if both sides were “big” and you had toremember which side the “small” one went into?
Electric plugs
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 22
Simple Example
!Bathroom faucets
"Two functions
• Hot/cold
• Pressure
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 23
Bathroom Faucets 1
Can you figureout how to useit?
Are two functionsclear and independent?
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 24
Bathroom Faucets 2
Can you figureout how to useit?
Are two functionsclear and independent?
7
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 25
Bathroom Faucets 3
Can you figureout how to useit?
Are two functionsclear and independent?
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 26
Two Important Principles
!Mapping
!Feedback
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 27
Mapping
!What does this mean?
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 28
Mapping
!Relationship between two objects,here, between control and action/result
"Good:
• Car, various driving controls
• Mercedes Benz seat adjustment example
"Bad
• Car stereo - Knob for front/back speakers
• Stoves
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Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 29
Mapping Examples
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 30
Mapping Examples
Money:Euros vs. US DollarsSize::value
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 31
Yikes!
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 32
Why Not Design Better?
!Stove
!Speakers
Physical, monetary,convenience, etc.,constraints dictateotherwise
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Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 33
Feedback
!Let someone know what just occurred
"Can be sound that’s made
"Can be change in physical state
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 34
Constraints
!Limitations on what can be done
"Physical - keys
"Semantic - menu graying
"Cultural - Colors
" Logical - When all above don’t apply
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 35
Individual Differences
!For whom do you design?
"Everyone? Impossible
"Average? Excluding half audience
"95%? Still may miss a lot
!Can’t accommodate everyone
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 36
Individual Differences
!Designers are not representative of theuser population for whom they aredesigning
!Don’t expect users to think or act likeyou
!People vary in both physical attributesand mental/cognitive attributes
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Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 37
Example: “Big Talker”Leonid Leonid Stadnyk Stadnyk usesuses
a a cellphone cellphone at hisat his
home in Ukraine. Hehome in Ukraine. He
finds the keys difficultfinds the keys difficult
to work.to work.
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 38
Example
Scissors
Affordances - Insert somethinginto holes
Constraints - Bigger hole forseveral fingers, small for thumb
Mapping - How to insert fingersinto holes suggested by visibleappearance
Conceptual model - Suggested byhow parts fit together and move
Users - Often for right handed users only
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 39
Why Design is Hard
!Number of things to control hasincreased dramatically
!Displays are more virtual/artificial
!Marketplace pressure
"Adding operations cheaper (computers)
"Adding controls expensive (real estate,cost)
!Errors are becoming increasinglyserious
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 40
Try and Try Again
!Norman thinks that it often takes 5 or 6tries to get something “right”
!Simply may not have that luxury in acompetitive business environment
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Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 41
Upcoming
!Photos
!Videos
!User Centered Design
!IRB
Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 42
Photos…
!Short break and photo session