Siamak Khaledi

Hari Mann

James Perkovich

Samar Zayed

Design of an Underwater Mine

Countermeasure System

1

Reducing the asymmetry between laying and clearing mine fields

George Blaha –

Raytheon Integrated

Defense Systems

Agenda

Context Analysis

Stakeholder Analysis

Problem/Need Statements

Concept of Operations

Simulation

Project Plan

2

•70% of Earth is covered in water

•80% of the human population lives

within 60 miles of coastal areas

•90% of global commerce is

conducted by sea

Importance of Maritime Travel

3

(Wired)

Inland waterways

•Link coastal cities to the open ocean

•Experience heavy commercial and military traffic

Example of Inland Waterway

Mouth of the Chesapeake Bay

3rd and 4th largest ports on East Coast

• Hampton Roads

• Baltimore

Homeports to 69 Navy ships

4

(NOAA Nautical Chart 12222)

(Google Maps)

Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel

2 spans of tunnel

Each 1 mile wide

5

(NOAA Nautical Chart 12222)

•It is critical that waterways remain clear

of threats for the unimpeded conduct of

Coast Guard and Navy missions.

•Underwater mines can block

waterways and severely hinder the

progress of a naval fleet.

Importance of Naval Operations

6

The mission of the Navy is

to maintain, train and

equip combat-ready naval

forces capable of winning

wars, deterring aggression

and maintaining freedom

of the seas.

Mines vs. U.S. Navy’s Mission

1950: Mining of Wonsan Harbor during the Korean War delayed 250 ships

from approaching for invasion.

• 2 ships sunk

• More than 200 sailors dead

• Shore landing delayed by 5 days

– “...when you can’t go where you want to, when you want to, you haven’t got command of the sea” -Admiral

Forrest P. Sherman, USN Chief of Naval Operations, October 1950

7

(U.S. Navy Museum)

•1991: USS Princeton struck a moored mine during the Gulf War causing $24M in damage

•1988: The USS Samuel B. Roberts struck an Iranian M-08/39 mine causing $89.5M in damage

• M-08/39 mine costs an estimated $1,500

Mine Attacks on the U.S. Navy

8

(21st Century U.S. Navy Mine Warfare)

Attacks on U.S. Navy 1950 - 2000

Mines

Missile

Torpedo

Small Boat

Aircraft

• According to U.S. Navy’s Mine

Countermeasures Squadron

Three:

• Up to 200 times longer to

clear a minefield than to lay

a minefield

• Cost to lay a minefield can

be 0.5%-10% the cost of

clearing a minefield

Underwater Mines

9

(21st Century U.S. Navy Mine Warfare)

•More than 30 countries

produce mines.

•20 countries export mines.

Current Neutralization Process

Underwater Mine Clearance Process

• 1st pass: Mine detection

• 2nd pass: Mine neutralization

• 3rd pass: Verification

10

Sonar Operation Procedure

• Sends sound waves

• Receives sound wave echoes

• Towed through the water

Limitations

• Transportation and manning contains

majority of cost

• Operating speed is limited by sonar

(Defense Industry Daily)

(Emerald Group)

Factors Affecting Mine Detection

11

Scope of Project

12

Agenda

Context Analysis

Stakeholder Analysis

Problem/Need Statements

Concept of Operations

Simulation

Project Plan

13

Stakeholder Analysis

14

Class Title Examples Objectives

Pri

mar

y System Operators e.g. sailors, pilots • Operational safety

Seco

nd

ary

Designers and

Manufacturers

e.g. Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems • Provide a cost effective solution to warfighters

• Grow market share

System Enforcers U.S. Navy • Clear underwater mines in a safe, timely and cost

effective manner

Department of Defense • Maintain freedom of movement in waterways

Beneficiaries Military Traffic • Conduct missions in a safe and timely manner

Commercial Traffic • Safe transportation through waterways

Minelayers Enemies • Deny freedom of action to U.S. Navy forces

Terrorists • Cause chaos

• Seek media attention and worldwide recognition

Tert

iary

Servicemen System Trainers • Adapt to new procedures

System Maintainers

Taxpayers Congress • National security

• Value of investment People

Environmental Groups e.g. EPA, NRDC • Protection of environment

Stakeholder Interactions

15

SYSTEM

Environmental

Groups

Taxpayers

Servicemen

Minelayers

Beneficiaries System Enforcers

Designers &

Manufacturers System Operators

3. Need for system 1. Mine laying

2. Need for action

4. Create system 5. Countermeasure

Cost

New procedures Environmental impact

Concern over value of investment

Concern over new procedures Concern over environmental impact

Primary

Tertiary

Secondary Intended interaction

Indirect impact

Response to impact

Stakeholder Tensions

I. System Operators vs. System Enforcers: - Safety concerns for operators

II. Servicemen vs. System Enforcers: - System may add significant burden to maintenance procedures

16

A. Internal tensions

B. External tensions

I. Environmental Groups vs. System Enforcers:

- Sound waves produced by sonar can be lethal to marine animals

II. Taxpayers vs. System Enforcers: - System utility must justify the cost

Agenda

Context Analysis

Stakeholder Analysis

Problem/Need Statements

Concept of Operations

Simulation

Project Plan

17

Gap Analysis

18

The threat of underwater mines is increasing because they are

easy to build and difficult to detect/neutralize.

Problem Statement

Mines are a very effective method of blocking shipping

lanes, restricting Naval operations.

The placing of mines in waterways can have severe

negative economic and environmental impact.

The ability to clear waterways of mines is slow and costly.

•Up to 200 times longer to clear a minefield than to lay a minefield.

•Cost to lay a minefield can be 0.5%-10% the cost of clearing a minefield.

19

Need Statement

There is a need for the U.S Navy to improve the effectiveness of

mine clearance systems.

•Reduce operational cost

•Increase the rate of detection and neutralization of underwater

mines

•Remove health risk of personnel

Win-Win :

National security through better defense by reducing time

Value of investment through long term savings in cost

Maximizing safety for system operators

Minimizing impact on underwater environment

20

Agenda

Context Analysis

Stakeholder Analysis

Problem/Need Statements

Concept of Operations

Simulation

Project Plan

21

Mission Requirements

MR.1 System operators shall be protected from mine explosions.

MR.2 The system shall detect underwater moored mines.

MR.3 The system shall cover XX square miles in XX hours.

MR.4 The system shall be transportable on current Navy ships.

22

Concept of Operations Constraints: Vehicle tows a sonar through the water.

Use existing sonar and vehicle systems.

1) Vehicle Alternatives

2) Sonar Alternatives

• Pair 3 vehicle alternatives with 2 sonar alternatives

3) Time and cost calculations

23

Alternative Useful in own

territory

Useful in enemy

territory

Safe from striking

mines

Unmanned surface

craft X

Unmanned helicopter X X

Unmanned

submersible X X

Surface Alternatives

24

Textron Fleet-Class Common

Unmanned Surface Vessel

Weight: 22,000 lbs.

Length: 39 ft.

Beam: 10.25 ft.

Draft: 2 ft., 2 in.

Range: 1,200 NM

Tow capacity: 5,000 lbs. at 10 knots

(AAI Corp.)

Meggitt Hammerhead

Weight: 1,984 lbs.

Length: 17 ft.

Beam: 4.7 ft.

Endurance: 8 hours at 20 knots

Tow capacity: 500lbs. at 35 knots

(Meggitt Training Systems)

Underwater Alternative

25

Lockheed Martin Remote Multi-Mission Vehicle (RMMV)

(Lockheed Martin)

Length: 23 ft.

Diameter: 4ft.

Weight: 14,500 lbs.

Speed: >16 knots

Operating Depth: 10-200 ft.

Airborne Alternatives

26

U.S. Marine Corps K-Max

Weight: 5,145 lbs.

Lift capacity: 6,000 lbs.

Flight endurance: 2 hours, 41 minutes

(AAI Corp.)

U.S. Navy Fire Scout

Weight: 6,000 lbs.

Lift capacity: 2,650 lbs.

Flight endurance: 5-8 hours

(Lockheed Martin) (Northrop Grumman)

Sonar Alternatives

27

Speed: up to 11 knots

Depth: 200m

Width: 300m

Speed: 10-12 knots

Weight: 975 lbs.

Length: 10.5 ft.

Width: 15.5 in.

Thales T-SAS Raytheon AN/AQS-20A

Agenda

Context Analysis

Stakeholder Analysis

Problem/Need Statements

Concept of Operations

Simulation

Project Plan

28

Simulation Inputs/Outputs

29

Simulation Design

30

Assumptions:

Acceleration forces are negligible

Tow angle is same for all vehicle

alternatives

Inputs Output

Sonar Vehicle Energy Time

Alt

ern

ativ

es

1

Raytheon

Airborne Kmax

2 Fire Scout

3 Surface

Meggit

4 Textron

5 Submersible RMMV

6

Thales

Airborne Kmax

7 Fire Scout

8 Surface

Meggit

9 Textron

10 Submersible RMMV

Simulate energy and time

needed to complete 1 square

mile

Submersible Alternative

31

(drag due to water resistance)

Surface Alternative

32

(drag due to air and water resistance)

Airborne Alternative

33

(drag due to air resistance)

Energy to Cost Calculation

34

Energy Density Cost per Volume

.

Energy Density for:

• Diesel = 128,450 BTU/Gal.

• Gasoline = 116,090 BTU/Gal.

*

*

Value Hierarchy/Tradeoff

35

Utility

Process Time (h)

Safety

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Uti

lity

Cost ($)

Agenda

Context Analysis

Stakeholder Analysis

Problem/Need Statements

Concept of Operations

Simulation

Project Plan

36

Work Breakdown Structure

37

Project Timeline

38

Major milestones include the faculty presentation, final

proposal submission, IEEE conference paper abstract and

final report.

Budget

Based on $33/hr ($68,640/year) plus 2.0

mark up factor 39

$0.00

$20,000.00

$40,000.00

$60,000.00

$80,000.00

$100,000.00

$120,000.00

$140,000.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

ACWP

BCWP

BCWS

Worst Case

Best Case

Weeks

Project Risks and Mitigation

Risk Mitigation Simulation: Critical task because many other tasks depend on it. Failure to complete on time could delay the whole

project.

Start early and budget extra time for simulation. Perform thorough research prior to simulation design. Work through winter break.

Background information: Mines and countermeasure systems often contain

classified information.

Work closely with sponsor for ways to access data. Use open source data and sensible assumptions.

Stakeholders: Satisfying all objectives of a stakeholder may be

infeasible.

Better achieve stakeholder’s feasible objectives. Justify why solution is best available.

Communication with sponsor: Sponsor is busy and sometimes difficult to reach.

Allow ample time for response. Perform extended research.

40

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Questions?