Design, Manufacturing of Inspection Tool to Chech Angularity in Yoke Shaft

1

Chapter 1: ABSTRACT

An Inspection Tool is basically a Gauge which is the main aspect of this project.

The component to be tested on it is a Yoke Shaft, a product being manufactured in

Mahindra Sona Limited, Nasik. Various applications are being related to yoke shaft,

out of which transmission plays an important role, also in automobiles, etc.

Focussing these factors it is the prime requirement to design a gauge which will

take into account the parameters like compatibility, super finishing of the tool, proper

material selection, tribological considerations, overcoming failures, and reducing cycle

time for inspection, high accuracy and easy handling located near to the machines.

Currently the inspection process consumes lot of iterations and time.

Efforts have been done to throw light on the design of a highly precise gauge

which will check if the offset distance between the axis of splines and bores is within the

prescribed tolerance zone, as well as the centrality of bores simultaneously. This accuracy

needs to be kept throughout the hobbing process. Further, this check will ensure the

proper lubrication and alignment during the assembly of the component with other parts.

Manufacturing of the proposed design is the next step after computing number of

iterations. These gauges will ultimately emphasis on the dimensional accuracy and

efficiency of the product.

2

Chapter 2: COMPANY PROFILE

MAHINDRA SONA LTD.

Address: - Mahindra Sona Limited,

Plot No. 89/1, MIDC,

Satpur, Nashik -422 101

.

The manufacturing unit is situated at Nashik about 180 km North-east of Mumbai

and employs about 370 people. Its constructed area is around 10000 Sq. meters. The

Nashik plant commenced production in 1979 following a technical and financial joint

venture between Mahindra & Mahindra Limited and Dana Corporation USA, named

Mahindra Spicer Limited.

In 1984, Mahindra Spicer Limited merged with its parent company Mahindra &

Mahindra Limited and became MSL Division of the parent company. In March 1995,

Mahindra & Mahindra Limited and Sona Koyo Steering Systems Ltd. formed a new

company MAHINDRA SONA LIMITED to take over the automotive component

business of MSL Division of Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.

The company is engaged in designing and manufacturing a wide range of auto

ancillary products such as propeller shafts, clutches, universal joint kits, steering joints,

steering column parts and axle shafts. The company is original equipment supplier to

almost all vehicle manufacturers in India and caters to the spare parts market through a

wide distribution network.

The company has been certified for ISO-9001 in 1995 and QS-9000 in1999. The

company firmly believes that the high standards of quality can only be achieved through

strong systems and the support of its people.

3

Mahindra Sona Limited manufactures Yoke shafts, Propeller Shafts and

components for Automotive Applications like Passenger Cars, Multi Utility Vehicles,

Sport Utility Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Medium Commercial Vehicles and

Heavy Commercial Vehicles. MSL Drive Shafts also cater to wide Industrial

Applications like Earth Moving Equipment, Engine Dynamometer Testing, and Radiator

Fan Drive for Railways, Steel Rolling Mills, and Printing Machineries etc, MSL’s other

products include Steering Universal Joints for. Automotive Applications like Passenger

Cars, Multi Utility Vehicles and Heavy Commercial Vehicles.

The other product line of Mahindra Sona Limited is for the Automotive Clutches.

This includes the worlds latest Diaphragm Type and the convential lever type for

Passengers Cars, Multi Utility Vehicles, Sport Utility Vehicles, Light Commercial

Vehicles, Medium Commercial Vehicles, Heavy Commercial Vehicles and Farm

Tractors.

4

Chapter 3: THEORY OF GAUGE

The gauges used in the industries have been used to perform various functions for

controlling the quality of the components like shafts, keys, joints. The gauges are actually

dimension measuring instruments. The dial gauges are specifically designed for this

purpose.

1st Principle Method

The existing system for checking the angularity of a splined yoke shaft is a tedious

job. In the 1st principle method, the Yoke shaft is mounted between the two centres. Thus,

now it has only rotational degree of freedom. With the help of a height gauge the bore

axis is made horizontal. With reference to this position the angularity of the splines is

measured by using a dial gauge.

The procedure for the 1st principle method is:

1. The Yoke shaft is placed between the two centres.

2. The height gauge is used at both the bores of the yoke shaft to make it perfectly

horizontal w.r.t. the platform.

3. Then using a dial gauge the angularity is measured at a roughly horizontal spline.

4. Then the angularity is measured at a diametrically opposite spline..

5. The difference between the two readings is the angularity for the Yoke shaft.

Use of 1st principle method

Although the 1st principle method sounds simple, it is not so. It requires a very

skilled person for the measurement. It is tedious for the operator.

The company required a method or a gauge which was simpler in operation. The

gauge should be such that anyone should be able to use it, also it should be within the

reach of the operator.

5

Concept for the gauge3

Inspite of advancement in machine tool technology, it is impossible to achieve

dimensional perfection due to various reasons such as human error, vibrations, tool wear,

deflection,..etc.

It has been realised that perfect components are difficult to produce and any

attempt towards perfection will result in extra cost of the component. If the dimensions

are to be maintained within a very close degree of accuracy, lot of time will be consumed.

The functional aspects of the component can be achieved even without going for its exact

dimensions. As no two things are identical in nature a kind of permitted variations has a

significant importance.

A comparator gauge is used to find out by how much the dimensions of a given

component differ from that of a known datum. A dial indicator forms an integral part of

the comparator gauge. If the dimension is greater or less than the standard, then the

difference will be shown on the dial.

Yoke Shaft

A die cast of Yoke shaft is procured from the vendors. The company performs

operations like Boring, Drilling, Grooving, Coating and Grinding on the die cast. Thus a

finished product is obtained.

The Yoke shaft is used along with the propeller shaft of the vehicles. We designed

a gauge for the Yoke Shaft No. 3382901. This Yoke shaft is supplied to JCB,Ashok

Leyland, Nissan and other such heavy vehicle Companies.

Chapter 4: PROBLEM STATEMENT

6

Design and Manufacture the gauge to check the angularity of Yoke shaft which

should fulfil the following requirements:

1. The system should be simple in working.

2. The time required for measurement should be minimum.

3. The system should be within reach.

4. The gauge should be easy to operate for anyone.

5. A few changes made, the gauge can be used to check other yoke shafts.

[Fig. 1] Courtesy MSL

Chapter 5: DESIGN OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS

7

5.1 BED

Material SAE8620 / 20MnCr5

Basic size 500mm x 200mm x 20mm

Quantity: 1

No. Specification Function

1 Case Hardening Creates a hard, wear resistant skin but preserving

a tough and ductile interior.

2 Length 500mm Long Enough to slide the job

.

3 Width 200mm Ease of loading the job, as the width is 50%

more than the maximum width of the job.

4 Thickness 20mm Guide plates are bolted to the Base plate using

M6 x 20 screws.

5 4 x M8 Tap, holes For fixing the Guide Plates to the Base plate

using Allen screws.

6 4 x Ø7 Dowell holes For accurate positioning of the Guide Plates on

the Base plate.

7 Super finishing on the upper

surface.

To reduce wear and tear due to the sliding

motion of the Locator.

8

9

5.2 GUIDE PLATES



Quantity: 2




2 Length 261mm Length of the Guide Plates is 1.25 times that of

the Locator for easy in sliding and rotating.

3 Guide plate is provided with

a step.

For proper mating with the Locator and sliding

in a determined path.

4 2 C’Holes, M14x1 For fixing the Guide Plates to the Base plate

using Allen screws.


the Base plate.

6 Super finishing on the

mating surfaces.



10

11

5.3 MALE PART



Quantity: 1


1 Height 100mm It comes in contact with the Alignment Mandrel

at its diameter.

2 1 x Ø10 hole with C’ Bore. For attaching the Mandrel to the Male Part.

3 Housing, Ø20

For mounting of spring.

4 Super finishing on the

mating surfaces.



12

13

5.4 FEMALE PART


Basic size: 140mm x 20mm x 180mm (rect. Plate)

40mm x 30mm x 180mm (guide plates, 2 nos.)


1 A rectangular plate For sliding of male part.

2 Thickness 30mm It matches exactly with the step of the male part

provided for sliding.

3 2 C’ Bore, M7 x 1 Provided for fixing the female part to bed.

4 2 C’ Bore, M14 x 1 For attaching the guide plates to the rect. Plate.


the rectangular plate.

5 Super finishing on all the

mating surfaces.


motion over the Base plate.

14

15

16

5.5 RING


Basic size ID Ø40, 5mm thick

Quantity: 1


1 ID Ø 40 To accommodate the spline locator.

2 Thickness 5mm For attaching the cantilever strips.

3 Cantilever strips.

50mmx15mmx10mm: 3nos.

These are welded at the circumference of the

ring to transfer the response.

4 Super finishing on the inner

surface.

To reduce wear and tear and to help in easy press

fit of the Ring in the Locator.

17

18

19

5.6 SPLINE HOLDER


Basic size 60mm x 30mm x 144mm (rect. Block)

167mm x 100mm x 12mm (rect. Plate)

Quantity: 1


1 Bore, Ø40 To accommodate the spline locator.

2 Height 144mm So that the dial gauge comes in plane with the

top surface of the cantilever strips.

3 2 C’ Bore, M7 x 1 Provided for fixing the rectangular block to the

rectangular plate.

4 Chamfer, 2 x 450

To avoid sharp edges for safety precautions.

20

21

22

5.7 SPLINE LOCATOR


Specification: 16x Ømm x 25mm

Quantity: 1




2 Minor Diameter Ø12 So that the spline locator will accommodate the

splines of yoke shaft.

3 Outer Diameter Ø12 To accommodate the hole in spline holder

4 Super finishing on the outer

surface.

As it comes in contact with the Alignment

Mandrel

23

24

5.8 ALIGNMENT MANDREL


Basic size Ø34.7mm x 155mm

Quantity: 1




2 Diameter Ø34.7 So that the Yoke Shaft is inserted in to the

alignment mandrel.

4 Chamfer, 2 x 450 To avoid sharp edges for safety Precautions

5 Super finishing on the outer

surface.

As it comes in contact with the Yoke Shaft.

OTHER STANDARD COMPONENTS

Spring: Ø20 Mean Dia., 1.5mm Wire Dia.

Bolts: M6, M7, M10, M14

Dial Indicator: Make- Baker Co.

Least Count: 1 µm

25

26

Chapter 6: MANUFACTURING OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS

6.1 BED:

Material: SAE8620 / 20MnCr5

Qty: 1

Raw Material Size: 500mm x 200mm x 20mm

Weight: 15 kg

Raw Material Cost: Rs. 1000

Process time: 8 hrs

Manufacturing Cost: Rs. 440

Component cost: Rs. 1440

No. Operation Description Machine Used Machine Tool Rate

(Rs./hr)

Cost

(Rs)

1 Blank Sizing Milling

Machine

Shell End Mill 100 100

2 Case Hardening &

Tempering

250

3 C’ Bore

M8 through

Drill

Ø7 through

Drilling

Machine

Ø7 drill

M8 Tap

30

30

15

15

4 Blank thickness Grinding Surface Grinder Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

27

6.2 GUIDE PLATE:


Qty: 2


Weight: 1.0 kg


Process time: 8 hrs



No. Operation Description Machine Used Machine

Tool

Rate

(Rs./hr)

Cost

(Rs)

1 Sizing Milling

Machine

Step Milling 100 200

2 Case Hardening & Tempering 25

3 Boring

Ø7 through

C’ Bore Ø14 through

Drilling

Machine

Ø7 Drill

Ø14 Drill

30

30

15

15

4 Surface Grinding all over Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

28

6.3 MALE PART:


Qty: 1


Weight: 2.34 kg


Process time: 6 hrs

Manufacturing Cost: Rs.275



(Rs./hr)

Cost

(Rs)

1 Sizing Milling

Machine


2 Boring

C’ Bore Ø20

through

Drilling

Machine

Ø 20

30

15


Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

29

6.4 FEMALE PART:

Material: SAE 8620 / 20MnCr5

Qty: 1

Raw Material Size: 140mm x 20mm x 180mm (rect. plate)

40mm x 30mm x 180mm (guide plates, 2 nos.)

Weight: 5.6 kg


Process time: 7 hrs


Component cost: Rs790

No. Operation Description Machine Used Machine

Tool

Rate

(Rs./hr)

Cost

(Rs)


Machine

Shell End

Mill

100 100

2 Step Milling Milling

Machine


3 Case Hardening and Tempering 75

4 Boring



Drilling

Machine

Ø7 drill

Ø14 drill

30

30

15

15

5 Chamfer Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

40 20


Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

6.5 RING:

30


Qty: 1

Raw Material Size: Ø40, 5mm thick

Weight: 0.2 kg


Process time: 6 hrs




(Rs./hr)

Cost

(Rs)

1 Case Hardening and

Tempering

50

2 Boring

Ø7 through

(Cantilever strips)

Drilling

Machine

Ø 7 drill

30

15

3 V- Butt Weld Arc Welding

Machine

Copper

Electrodes

150 40

4 Surface Grinding all over Surface Grinder Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

6.6 SPLINE HOLDER:


31

Qty: 1

Raw Material Size: 60mm x 30mm x 144mm (rect. block)

167mm x 100mm x 12mm (rect. plate)

Weight: 3.6 kg

Raw Material Cost: Rs 145

Process time: 10hrs



No. Operation Description Machine

Used

Machine Tool Rate

(Rs./hr)

Cost

(Rs)


Machine

Shell End

Milling

100 100

2 Step Milling Milling

Machine


3 Boring

Ø40 through


Drilling

Machine

Ø40 drill

Ø7 drill

30

30

15

15

5 Chamfer Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

40 20

6 Surface Grinding both faces Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

6.7 SPLINE LOCATOR:

32


Qty: 1

Raw Material Size: Ø 25 x 25

Weight: 97 gm


Process time: 5 hrs


Component cost: Rs 225

No. Operation Description Machine

Used

Machine

Tool

Rate(Rs./hr) Cost(Rs)

1 Turning Lathe Turning 100 100


Tempering

25

3 Chamfer Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

60 30

4 Surface Grinding both

faces

Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

6.8 ALIGNMENT MANDREL:

33


Qty: 1

Raw Material Size: Ø34.7mm x 155mm

Weight: 1.15 kg


Process time: 6 hrs




(Rs./hr)

Cost

(Rs)

1 Turning Lathe Turning 100 100


Tempering

50

3 Centre Drilling Lathe Drill 100 100

4 Chamfer Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

40 20

5 Surface Grinding both faces Surface

Grinder

Abrasive

Wheel

60 60

Chapter 7: CASE HARDENING OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS

34

The various components in the inspection tool which has been manufactured are

prone to lot of wear over the period of time. So components such as mandrel, guide plates

etc. needed case hardening.

Hardness is normally required only on the surface of the specimen, alloying of the

whole specimen is not necessary. According to our requirement we employed the

carburising process for case hardening.

Carburising2:

Here the specimen is heated beyond the upper critical temperature in a sealed

container having the atmosphere of carbon. The heating is continued for 4-10 hours

depending on the depth of the penetration required. As a result, carbon penetrates into the

surface layer making the specimen harder.

Process:

The case hardening is carried out in the pit type furnace also called as the ‘Old

vertical retort furnace’ .

The charge is loaded into the furnace, the time being 2-2.5 hours. During this

period the temperature achieved is about 920ºC.

For the carburising of the charge, LPG is used as the medium of carbon. At high

temperature the LPG dissociates into carbon and hydrogen. This carbon

penetrates into the the charge thus causing carburising.

The discharge of the LPG is 1.2 litre/hr.( for a required case depth of 1.2-1.5 mm,

hardness :- 59-60 RC.)

This process goes on for 9.5 hours.

After the penetration of carbon in the charge, the charge is cooled in the pit

furnace for about 2.5 hrs. Here the temperature drops from 920-820ºC.

The charge is removed from the pit furnace and dipped into the quenching oil.

(Oil name: 22XFQ)

The charge is then removed from the quenching oil tank and then washed.

Chapter 8: DESIGN OF SPRING

35

Constraints in Spring Design1:

The spring should be such that after mounting the yoke shaft on the mandrel, the

male part should not slide down until a small amount of load is applied by the operator.

Free length of the spring should be about 29mm. On application of load, deflection

should be about 1mm.

Considering the weight of the components and force applied by the operator the

total load on spring comes out to be about 70N.

Material available- Plain Carbon Steel

Shear strength- 400MPa

Modulus of rigidity- 80GPa.

From the above given data

F = 70N; δ = 1mm Lf = 29mm τ = 400N/mm2

G = 80x103N/mm

2

Assumption:

Spring index C = D/d = 6

Clearance between adjacent coils = c = 3mm

Ls + δ + (n + 1) x c = Lf

Where,

Ls = solid length n = no. of turns

Ls = (n + 2) x d

. . . (n + 2)d + 1 + (n+103 = 29

. . . nd + 2d + 3n = 25……………………………………………..eq

n 1

Now

δ = (8 x F x C3 x n)/(G x d)

. . . 1 = (8 x 70 x 6

3 x n)/(80 x 10

3 x d)

. . . n/d = 2.2314

. . . n = 2.2314d nd = 2.2314d

2……………………………eq

n 2

Substituting eqn 2 in eq

n 1

36

2.2314d2 + 2d + 3 x 2.2314d = 25

Solving above eqn

d = 2.46mm

d ≈ 2.5mm

D = Cd

D = 15mm

n = d x 2.2314

n = 5.57

n = 6 turns

. . . Wire diameter of spring is 2.5mm

. . . Mean coil diameter = 15mm

. . . No. of turns = 6

Considering shear failure of spring

τmax = Kw(8FC/πd2)

Kw = (4C-1)/ (4C-4) + 0.615/C

. . . Kw = 1.2525

. . . τmax = 1.2525[(8 x 70 x 6)/(π x 2.5

2)]

. . . τmax = 214.33N/mm

2 < 400N/mm

2

. . . Design is safe

Chapter 9: STRESS ANALYSIS OF SPRING

1. Material

37

No. Part

Name Material Mass Volume

1 Spring [SW]AISI 1020 0.0138668 kg 1.75529e-006 m^3

Elastic modulus 2e+011 N/m^2

Poisson's ratio 0.29 NA

Mass density 7900 kg/m^3

Yield strength 3.5157e+008 N/m^2

2. Load & Restraint Information

Restraint

Restraint1 <spring> On 1 Face(s) immovable (no translation).

Description: Fixed Bottom most Surface

Load

Load1 <spring> On 1 Face(s) apply normal force 70 N using

uniform distribution

Description: Load on Top most Surface

3. Study Property

38

Mesh Information

Mesh Type: Solid mesh

Mesher Used: Standard

Automatic Transition: Off

Smooth Surface: On

Jacobian Check: 4 Points

Element Size: 1.2068 mm

Tolerance: 0.060341 mm

Quality: High

Number of elements: 8881

Number of nodes: 17036

Solver Information

Quality: High

Solver Type: FFE

4. Stress Results

39

Name Type Min Location Max Location

Plot1 VON: von

Mises stress

6598.63

N/m^2

(-

0.504114

mm,

0.407115

mm,

6.2798

mm)

1.37103e+008

N/m^2

(-

6.83688

mm,

0.190768

mm,

-

0.427651

mm)

5. Displacement Results

Name Type Min Location Max Location

Plot2 URES: Resultant

displacement

0

mm

(0 mm,

0 mm,

6.25

mm)

1.11206

mm

(-1.79372

mm,

30.25 mm,

9.83781

mm)

6. Static Nodal Stress Plot

40

7. Static Displacement Plot

Chapter 10: COST ESTIMATION OF INSPECTION TOOL

41

No. Description Quantity Rate Cost (Rs)

1 BED 1 Rs. 1440 Rs. 1440

2 GUIDE PLATE 2 Rs. 400 Rs. 800

3 MALE PART 1 Rs. 370 Rs. 370

4 FEMALE PART 1 Rs. 790 Rs. 790

5 RING 1 Rs. 180 Rs. 180

6 SPLINE HOLDER 1 Rs. 455 Rs. 455

7 SPLINE LOCATOR 1 Rs. 225 Rs.450

8 ALIGNMENT MANDREL 1 Rs. 380 Rs. 380

9 DIAL GAUGE (1 µm) Rs. 4000 Rs. 4000

10 OTH. STANDARD PARTS Rs. 150

TOTAL Rs. 8695

Chapter 11: ASSEMBLY OF INSPECTION TOOL

42

1. The Bed forms the rigid base for the assembly of the gauge.

2. The two Guide Plates are mounted on the Bed with the help of four Allen screws.

3. There are four Dowell holes provided on the Bed as well as on the Guide Plates

for the accurate positioning of the Guide Plates.

4. Female Part is attached to the end of the Bed with the help of another set of Allen

screws.

5. The Alignment Mandrel is attached to the Male Part. This assembly is inserted in

the slot provided in the female part.

6. The spring is placed between the male part and the bed.

7. The Spline holder is free to slide length wise along the Bed.

8. The Guide Plates restrict the motion of the spline holder in the cross direction and

vertically upwards, limiting it to only 1 degree of freedom.

9. The Spline Locator is inserted in the bore of the spline holder.

10. The Ring is mounted on the spline locator such that the spline locator has only

rotational degree of freedom.

11. A M6 screw is provided for gripping of the ring to the spline locator.

12. The Dial Gauge is mounted on the spline holder by fixing the arm of the gauge on

the cantilever strip.

Chapter 12: WORKING OF INSPECTION TOOL

43

The inspection tool is to be located of a horizontal surface.

Ensure that the dial gauge reading is set at some fixed reading at a pressure.

Insert the Yoke Shaft in the Alignment Mandrel.

Now move the spline holder in the splined portion of the yoke shaft by

adjusting the rotation of the spline locator.

Once the position of the Yoke Shaft is fixed with respect to the gauge, observe

the reading on the dial indicator.

If the reading shown is within the permissible limits(i.e. 1.3 TIR), then the

product is accepted otherwise rejected.

Chapter 13: ADVANTAGES OF THE DEVICE

44

1. Its simple in construction and ease in operation make it suitable to be operated

even by unskilled labour.

2. It saves a lot of time for inspection than the previous system.

3. The gauge system can be used for the different size of the Yoke Shafts because of

the standardization.

4. All the degrees of freedom are restricted ensuring accurate reading.

5. Due to compact size, it can easily be kept near the lathe machine.

6. It relieves the physical stress on labour which was occurring during manual

inspection.

7. The efficiency of the system has been increased to great extent.

8. The precision of the system is high i.e. repeatability of the system is high.

9. The wastage of material has been dropped considerably.

10. The gauge has simple manual operation.

11. The gauge gives the direct reading on dial.

12. The system does not need any external power source.

13. The system facilitates for individual product testing.

14. The system has low capital cost as it is mechanically operated.

15. It has low maintenance cost.

All these advantages make it suitable to be used for the purpose according to

which it is designed.

Chapter 14: LIMITATIONS OF THE DEVICE

45

1. The system is not automated.

2. As analog gauge is used there is no digital display.

3. Operational errors can occur which leads to errors in readings.

4. Because of the sliding movement wearing takes place at various places.

5. Weight is high.

Chapter 15: DEVICE RESULT

46

Time for one job is measured using a stop watch. It is less than 45 seconds. Due

to this reduction in time, the sample size of the batch can be increased, thus ensuring

greater accuracy. The gauge has simple operation as it uses the base of 1st principle

method. The operation is simple thus no skilled operators are required to carry out the

measurement.

Simple operation makes the process less tedious for the operator. The time

required for measurement is less it reduces the stress of the operator due to quick

measurement.

This gauge also facilitates individual product testing.

Chapter 16: FUTURE SCOPE

47

Taking an overview of this project, it is purely a mechanical one. There is a

possibility of inducing automation in the response measuring instrument i.e. the dial

indicator can be replaced by a digital display in combination with sensor circuit.

Also the device can be directly connected to the manufacturing unit such that the

error occurring can be manipulated by the device and the same signal can be sent to the

manufacturing unit to compensate the error.

48

Chapter 17: CONCLUSION

The gauge designed by us is an effective solution given to Mahindra Sona

Limited for the problem faced by them for checking the angularity of yoke shaft which is

being used in the propeller shaft for the power transmission purpose. This checking, in an

effective manner saves a lot of time at the assembly line too.

While working under the project we got a chance to learn how the actual

management is being carried out in the plant and the span of control results in the passing

information from one level to another.

We also learnt the various aspects of Manufacturing such as cost analysis and the

working cycle of the worker. The actual concepts of production were understood by us

practically. The problems which come in the way were dealt with and working in a team

actually prepared us for the future to come, when we would actually step in the industry.

In short the overall experience of the project was very informative and an eye

opening which actually showed the difference in practical concepts and theoretical

concepts. The events occurred gave us an immense knowledge about the actual industrial

environment.

49

Chapter 18: REFERENCES

BOOKS

1. Mechanical Springs (Chapter 10, pg 296) from Design of Machine Elements by

V. B. Bhandari. Retrieved, March, 21st 2010

2. Heat Treatment of Steels (Chapter 4, article 4.40, pg 4-33) from Metallurgy by

A. S. Gholap & M. S. Kulkarni Retrieved, March, 25th 2010

3. Metrology and Quality Control (Chapter 4, article 4.10, pg 4-22) by

R. K. Jain. Retrieved, April, 12th

2010

SOFWARES

1. CATIA V5R16

2. AUTOCAD-2008

3. SOLID WORKS-2005

Documents

Design, Manufacturing of Inspection Tool to Chech Angularity in Yoke Shaft