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DES IG N G U IDE

This PowerPoint 2007 template produces a 36”x48”

presentation poster. You can use it to create your research

poster and save valuable time placing titles, subtitles, text,

and graphics.

We provide a series of online tutorials that will guide you

through the poster design process and answer your poster

production questions. To view our template tutorials, go online

to PosterPresentations.com and click on HELP DESK.

When you are ready to print your poster, go online to

PosterPresentations.com

Need assistance? Call us at 1.510.649.3001

QU ICK START

Zoom in and out As you work on your poster zoom in and out to the level

that is more comfortable to you.

Go to VIEW > ZOOM.

Title, Authors, and Affiliations Start designing your poster by adding the title, the names of the authors,

and the affiliated institutions. You can type or paste text into the

provided boxes. The template will automatically adjust the size of your

text to fit the title box. You can manually override this feature and

change the size of your text.

TIP: The font size of your title should be bigger than your name(s) and

institution name(s).

Adding Logos / Seals Most often, logos are added on each side of the title. You can insert a

logo by dragging and dropping it from your desktop, copy and paste or by

going to INSERT > PICTURES. Logos taken from web sites are likely to be

low quality when printed. Zoom it at 100% to see what the logo will look

like on the final poster and make any necessary adjustments.

TIP: See if your school’s logo is available on our free poster templates

page.

Photographs / Graphics You can add images by dragging and dropping from your desktop, copy

and paste, or by going to INSERT > PICTURES. Resize images

proportionally by holding down the SHIFT key and dragging one of the

corner handles. For a professional-looking poster, do not distort your

images by enlarging them disproportionally.

Image Quality Check Zoom in and look at your images at 100% magnification. If they look good

they will print well.

ORIGINAL

DISTORTED Corner handles

Good p

rinting q

uality

Bad p

rinting q

uality

QU ICK START ( con t . )

How to change the template color theme You can easily change the color theme of your poster by going to the

DESIGN menu, click on COLORS, and choose the color theme of your

choice. You can also create your own color theme.

You can also manually change the color of your background by going to

VIEW > SLIDE MASTER. After you finish working on the master be sure to

go to VIEW > NORMAL to continue working on your poster.

How to add Text The template comes with a number of pre-

formatted placeholders for headers and text

blocks. You can add more blocks by copying and

pasting the existing ones or by adding a text box

from the HOME menu.

Text size Adjust the size of your text based on how much content you have to

present. The default template text offers a good starting point. Follow

the conference requirements.

How to add Tables To add a table from scratch go to the INSERT menu and

click on TABLE. A drop-down box will help you select rows

and columns.

You can also copy and a paste a table from Word or another PowerPoint

document. A pasted table may need to be re-formatted by RIGHT-CLICK >

FORMAT SHAPE, TEXT BOX, Margins.

Graphs / Charts You can simply copy and paste charts and graphs from Excel or Word.

Some reformatting may be required depending on how the original

document has been created.

How to change the column configuration RIGHT-CLICK on the poster background and select LAYOUT to see the

column options available for this template. The poster columns can also

be customized on the Master. VIEW > MASTER.

How to remove the info bars If you are working in PowerPoint for Windows and have finished your

poster, save as PDF and the bars will not be included. You can also delete

them by going to VIEW > MASTER. On the Mac adjust the Page-Setup to

match the Page-Setup in PowerPoint before you create a PDF. You can

also delete them from the Slide Master.

Save your work Save your template as a PowerPoint document. For printing, save as

PowerPoint of “Print-quality” PDF.

Print your poster When you are ready to have your poster printed go online to

PosterPresentations.com and click on the “Order Your Poster” button.

Choose the poster type the best suits your needs and submit your order.

If you submit a PowerPoint document you will be receiving a PDF proof

for your approval prior to printing. If your order is placed and paid for

before noon, Pacific, Monday through Friday, your order will ship out that

same day. Next day, Second day, Third day, and Free Ground services are

offered. Go to PosterPresentations.com for more information.

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Penguins are flightless birds that are aquatic and everything about their body shape is tuned for

swimming. They are known for their black and white feathers and their short legs. Unlike most birds,

penguins are not able to fly but their flipper-like wings make them a powerful swimmer. There are 18

different species of penguin in the world and they vary in size and shape. Penguins are social birds that

live together in groups. All species of penguin can be found in the southern hemisphere, from Antarctica

to the tropical Galapagos Islands. Penguin population are declining due to diseases, climate change,

pollution, and decreasing in food sources.

Abstracts

Traits

Penguins tobogganing over ice to move faster. From, artflakes.com

Breeding

Penguins usually mate, nest and raise their chicks at special nesting area on the shores. They build

their nesting area with whatever material they could find. Breeding seasons vary among species, the

annual breeding seasons for most species is during spring through summer (seaworld.org, 2002). Mate

selection is up to the female and they usually select the same male from the previous year. Nesting

habitats and nesting materials vary among species to species, for example; emperor penguins prefer ice

areas with fairly level surface and sheltered from winds while chinstrap penguins nest on fairly steep

slopes. Their egg shapes and sizes vary among species.

Prey

Penguins eat seafood, mainly fishes and krill but they also eat squid and crustaceans. Food

preferences are slightly different from species to species (Chiaradia, 2012). The amount of food

consumed depends on its overall size. Penguins feed at sea they rely on their vision to locate prey. They

catch prey with their bills while their spiny tongue and powerful jaw help grip the pray from falling.

They swallow food as whole. Many species prefer to hunt near the shoreline but will travel various

distances in search of food. Penguins often consume more when there’s more food because it allows

them to build up layers of fat. Penguins go through fasting period during nesting season; they do not

leave nesting areas to feed. Instead, they used their built up fat layer for energy until the molt is over. As

soon as the egg is laid, the male are left at nesting area to watch and keep the egg warm while the female

go out looking for food. After hatching, the chick is fad by both of its parents until it can hunt on its

own. Penguins don’t live near fresh water; they have a gland that takes salt out of the sea water that they

drink.

List of penguin species

Adelie Penguins, Macaroni Penguins, Chinstrap Penguins, African Penguins, Erect-crested Penguins,

Galapagos Penguins, Gentoo Penguins, Fiordland Penguins, Humboldt Penguins, Emperor Penguins,

King Penguins, Yellow-eyed Penguins, Little Blue Penguins, Magellanic Penguins, Rockhopper

Penguins, Royal Penguins, Snares Penguins, Fairy Penguins.

All penguin species are native to Southern Hemisphere. Many penguins live at the South Pole on

Antarctica, but not all penguins live in such a cold climates. They can be found on the coasts of South

America, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the Galapagos Islands. Most penguins live on remote

islands and regions free from land predators. Different species thrive in varying climates, from freezing

cold climate to tropical climates. Some live on thick ice while others live on sandy beaches very close to

the equator. Penguins do not migrate great distances and they generally return to colonies where they

were hatched and breed. Penguins live close to water where they can swim and hunt for food. Their

body is designed to easily adapt to water. They are able to live in the coldest part of the world because

their feathers keep the water for rechecking their body. Most penguins live close to cold regions because

their main food sources such as fish, krill, squid, and crustaceans are found in colder water.

World Penguin Distribution marked in orange. The picture show that all penguin species live in

Southern Hemisphere. From, defenders.org

Threats

Climate change is the main cause of threats to penguins. Due to rising temperature, penguin

population has decrease about nearly 80 presents (defenders.org). Study show that global temperature

has been increasing and the annual sea ice melting season also extended. The loss of ice means less food

for penguins because their main pray depend on polar ice to reproduce. Also, penguins are not able to

reach their food source because the currents and moving much faster. Climate change could also affect

their habitat, forcing the penguins to move and find new place to live and breed. Other threats to

penguins are humans because of food competition. Human reduce the food available for penguins, we

are able to catch mass quantities of marine organism due to advance in technology. Penguins can get

caught in nets and suffer from other harmful fishing techniques. Oceanic pollution such as oil spill, leak

fuel and trash in the ocean can destroy penguin's habitat. Penguins suffer a lot from water pollution, oil

can be toxin and poisonous when it stays on the penguin. Penguins face many danger, they are eaten by

marine mammals such as seals, sea lions and orcas. They are safer on land but smaller penguins can be

attack by numbers of birds such as sea eagle. Skaus usually work in pairs, one will distract the penguin

and the other will snatch the egg. They don't really have any weapons to fight off predators. Larger

penguins have a better chance of getting away from certain predators.

Range

Two Skaus teaming up to steal the egg from the adelie penguin (Pennycook, 2009).

Conservation

There are many steps we can take to protect penguins and improve their environments. Enforcing

better policies and regulation can lessen oil pollution and other oceanic pollution. Society can help by

preventing overfishing and buying from fishers that practice fishing methods that are more sustainable.

We can help keep the world's ocean clean by recycling and disposing trash properly. Help slow global

climate change by using energy efficient appliances and reducing daily energy use. We can also help by

donating to penguin conservation organizations and volunteering to care for penguins. Anyone who

loves these unique birds learns the threats and takes step to protect them.

References

http://www.artflakes.com/en/products/emperor-penguins-tobogganing, accessed 11/25/13

http://www.defenders.org/penguins/basic-facts, accessed 11/25/13

http://www.defenders.org/penguins/threats, accessed 11/25/13

http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/penguins/physical.html, accessed 11/25/13

CHIARADIA, A., FORERO, M. G., HOBSON, K. A., SWEARER, S. E., HUME, F.,

RENWICK, L., & DANN, P. (2012). Diet segregation between two colonies of little penguins

Eudyptula minor in southeast Australia. Austral Ecology, 37(5), 610-619. doi:10.1111/j.1442-

9993.2011.02323.x.

Fordyce, R., & Ksepka, D. T. (2012). THE STRANGEST BIRD. Scientific American, 307(5), 56-61.

Halsey, L. (2002). Ultimate divers. Biologist, 49(4), 161.

Lu, Y., Tieyan, L., Bo, L., Yi, S., Jinfeng, C., Jinfeng, S., & ... Mingsheng, C. (2012). Modeling

Huddling Penguins. Plos ONE, 7(11), 1-8.

pennycook, J. Penguins 1 – skuas 0. Retrieved from

http://icestories.exploratorium.edu/dispatches/penguins-1-skuas-0/

Penguins are known for their tuxedo-like black and white coloring called counter shading. This

protects the penguins from predators in the sea and on land as well. Penguins are shaped like a

torpedo; they have round compact bodies with short necks and round big head that help them

adapted to water. They have denser bones, subcutaneous fat and thick skin for protection. Their body

is designed to help them survive in marine environment and help them stay warm in extremely cold

climates. They are awkward on land and they often waddle due to their legs and feel being set far

back on their bodies. They have short legs and webbed feet that allow them to jump from rock to

rock, move faster over ice and aid in swimming. Unlike other birds, penguins have short compacted

and waterproof feathers help keep themselves warm. Penguin’s wings are tapered, flat and very thin,

they cannot fly but their specialized flipper wings make them a power swimmer (Fordyce, 2012).

When under water, penguin uses the wings to speed and the legs and feet for direction changes.

Penguins spends many of their lives in the sea, they have supraorbital gland that helps extract salt

from their body and keep the bird's body chemistry balanced. Different species of penguins can be

identified by their head and facial marking (seaworld.org, 2002). The largest penguin is the emperor

penguins; average stands about 45 inches tall and weighs 90 pounds. The smallest is the fairy

penguin; these bids stand 10 inches tall on average and weight about 2.5 pounds.

Order: Sphenisciformes, Family: Spheniscidae, Class: Aves

Behavior

Penguins are social birds that swim, feed, and nest together in groups. They are highly adapted

to life in water and spend as much as 75% of their time there. Unlike many aquatic birds, penguin

species are considered to show more impressive breath holding capabilities (Halsey, 2002). The

emperor penguins can dive for well over 10 minutes. They can dive well below the water's surface to

find prey. They can swim as fast as fifteen miles per hours. While swimming penguins usually leap

in and out of water in shallow arcs known as porpoising which help them breathe. To move faster on

ice, penguin use tobogganing, lying on their stomach and sliding on ice using their flippers and feet

for propulsion. Because penguins walk slowly, tobogganing can also help them escape from

predators. Penguins can also bounce up to 5 feet. During the winter, penguin huddle in groups to

protects themselves against wind and cold (Lu, 2012). This helps them share body heat and give

them a better chance of survival because the birds change position.

Lal Cin

Penguins