Page 02

FormatC

ontents

Form

at

Page 02

FormatC

ontents

Con

tent

s

___Stock Weight & Size

GSM / ISOA & B SeriesC SeriesExamplesJapanese / USA SizesNewspaper SizesExamples

___Stock Finishes

Coated / Uncoated Gloss / MattSilk / LinenLaid / WoveBoards / CartonPlastics / Acetate

___Binding Techniques

Saddle Stitch / PerfectJapanese Stab Stitch / CopticRing / Spiral RingExamplesThermal Tape / Plastic CoilScrew & Post / Double LoopExamplesFoilding / CreasingCollating / Perferating

04060810121418

202122232425

262830323436 384042

Paper SizesG

SM &

ISO

06

Paper Sizes

07

___Weight

Paper Density is the correct term for the weight of the paper or pulp and it uses a certain area of the paper to measure the mass. It is also reffered to as ‘grammage’. Paper products that let little or no light pass through are considered dense or heavy and paper products that allow some light to pass through are considered lightweight.

The most common way of expressing paper density is in grams per square meter (g/m²).

___Caliper

Caliper is the name given to the paper thickness. It is a common measurment that is required for certain printing applications. Since a paper’s density is typically not directly known or specified, the thickness of any sheet of paper cannot be calculated by any method. Instead, it is measured and specified separately as its caliper.

Caliper is measured in micrometers (1/1000 of a mm).

Grammage is measured by Quality Control System and verified by laboratory measurement.

___GSM

GSM stands for ‘Grams per Square Meter’. It is the standadised measurement for paper and allows printers to have a much more precise control of how thick or thin the paper should be for it’s particular use. It actually tells you how much a square meter of the paper your using would weigh in grams. This is a really good system as it allows clients to know exactly what they are getting through the use of GSM samples.

Colour

08

A &

B S

erie

s

___A Series

The A Series of paper is probably the most common and recognizable. This is because it is what is conventionally used in Europe throughout most businesses because it has become part of the fabric of our lives. It is used in desktop printers for the masses and in offices as well as most printed material such as mail, posters and flyers. This is mainly because of it’s ease, popularity and usability to sit within our everyday lives.

The dimensions of the A size paper are defined by the ISO system, for example, A5 is half of A4 size paper and A2 is half of A1 size paper.

___B Series

As well as the A Series, there is also a less popular B Series of paper. The area of the B Series sheets is the geometric mean of successive A Series sheets. This is not common in general and office use but is still used regularly is certain situations. A lot of Books and Posters tend to use this measurement. For example B5 is a popular choice for books and B3 is a popular choice for posters depending on the situation.

Colour

09

A5___ 210 x 148 mm

B5___ 250 x 176 mm

A4___ 297 x 210 mm

B4___ 353 x 250 mm

A3___ 420 x 297 mm

B3___ 500 x 353 mm

A2___ 594 x 420 mm

B2___ 707 x 500 mm

A1___ 841 x 594 mm

B1___ 1000 x 707 m

m

A0___ 1189 x 841 mm

B0____1414 x 1000 mm

Format

10

C S

erie

s

___C6

The C6 envelope is used to hold an unfolded A6 sized peice of paper. So this is an A4 sheet folded in half twice; Once verticlaly and once horizontally, and also an A5 sheet folded in half once horizontally.

___C5

The C5 envelope is used to hold an unfolded A5 sized peice of paper. This can also be an A4 sheet folded once in half, horizontally.

___C4

The C4 envelope is used to hold and unfolded A4 sized peice of paper. This can also be an A3 sheet folded once in half, horizontally.

Format

11

___DL

The DL sized envelope is used to hold an A4 sheet folded into three equal sections vertically. This also works for an A5 sheet folded in half vertically.

The C Series is used for envelopes, designed to take A series paper. eg C4 is used to hold A4. DL envelopes take A4 sheets, folded into three. The C Series of sizes, like the B Series, is the geometric mean of the areas of both the A and B Series Sheets of the same number. For example, C4 is the mean of both A4 and B4 which makes it slightly bigger than A4 but slightly smaller than B4. Somewhere in the middle. This size is only ever used for enveolopes and a practial use would be that an A4 sized letter would fold down into a C4 sized envelope.

Format

12

Pape

r Siz

es

13

Format

__Fig.1Alumini DesignBusiness Cards, A6 Booklet & A3 Foldout.

__Fig.2C4 sized envelope with Button & String Fastening.

__Fig.3A2 Double Sided Print. Folded down.

__Fig.4C4 sized Perforated Envelope.

__Fig.5American SizedLetter Heads,Business Cards &DL Envelopes.

14

Paper Sizes

8.5 x 11”216 x 279 m

m

11 x 17”279 x 432 m

m

17.5 x 22.5”445 x 572 m

m

19 x 25”483 x 635 m

m

23 x 35” 584 x 889 m

m

25 x 38”635 x 965 m

m

15

Paper Sizes

___Japan

The JIS defines two main series of

paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series, but with slightly different tolerances. The area

of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding

A-paper (instead of the factor 1.414... for

the ISO B-series), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding

A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same

as for A-series paper. Both A- and

B-series paper is widely available in Japan, Taiwan and

China, and most photocopiers are

loaded with at least A4 and either one of

A3, B4 and B5 paper.

There are also a number of traditional

paper sizes, which are now used mostly only by printers. The

most common of these old series are

the Shiroku-ban and the Kiku paper sizes.

___ANSI

Like the ISO System, The American

National Standards Institute created their

own system which would also take the

form of one sheet of paper cut in half would make two of

the smaller size but it is slightly different in measurements to A,

B or C.

The Ansi A Size of paper in used for

Letters which is of a different size to but

similar to that of A4. Ansi B is the size

that is used for Leger or Tabloid and this

is again different to but a similar size to A3. There is also C,

D and E which are similar to A2, A1 and

A0.

___North America

Most paper manufactured

and sold in North America is measured

in Inches. Sheet sizes are based on trimming a quantity of 8.5 inches X 11

inches items or pages from a single sheet

wirh a minium os waste. Some sheet

sizes are exact multiples of this and

other are based on multiples but

slightly oversized to accomodate on-press

requirements. (See Diagram)

16

Paper SizesN

ewsp

aper

Siz

es

___Broadsheet

The term broadsheet derives from single sheets of political satire and ballads sold on the streets, which became popular after the British placed a tax on newspapers by the number of pages in 1712.

The broadsheet size for newspapers is becoming less popular and many titles are switching from broadsheet to tabloid.

In Australia and New Zealand the term broadsheet is used to refer to papers that are printed on A1 size paper (841 x 594 mm)

___Berliner

The Berliner format (also known as Midi) is commonly used by newspapers across Europe. Confusingly the title ‘Berliner Zeitung’, often referred to as just ‘Berliner’ is not printed in berliner size.

___Tabloid

The tabloid size is often referred to as being ‘half the size of a broadsheet’ however this is not strictly true as broadsheet is 750 x 600 mm (29.5” x 23.5”)

Tabloid size is actually not very different from A3 and thus a transition to printing tabloids on an A2 sheet (remember that newspaper sizes are the size of the folded pages) would be sensible in the longer term.

The word tabloid when referring to newspaper sizes comes from the style of journalism known as ‘tabloid journalism’ that compacted stories into short, easy to read and often exaggerated forms. Tabloid journalism itself got its name from the ‘tabloid pills’ marketed in the 1880’s, that were the first highly compacted and easy to swallow pills commonly available.

17

Paper Sizes

___Tabloid430 x 280 mm

16.9 x 11.0”

___Berliner470 mm × 315 mm

18.5 × 12.4”

___Broadsheet750 x 600 mm

29.5 x 23.5”

18

Paper SizesPa

per S

izes

__Fig.1Tabloid Sized

Newspaper. Risograph Printed.

__Fig.2A5 Sized Limited

Edition Newspaper.

__Fig.3A2 Print Folded

down to A4.

__Fig.4Broadsheet sized

Newspaper.

__Fig.5Berliner Sized

Newspaper.

19

Paper Sizes

20

Stock FinishesC

oate

d &

Unc

oate

d

___Coated

Coated stock has a surface sealant, like varnish on wood. This is made up of various liquids and clay along with other substances. Coating allows ink to sit up on top of the surface of the paper without seeping into the paper fibers. Halftone dots and type are therefore very crisp and controllable on press. And, in most cases, coated stock costs more than uncoated stock.

___Uncoated

Uncoated paper soaks up ink like a sponge. Ink enters the paper fibers and spreads, causing halftone dots to grow. This is especially noticeable on newsprint, which is a type of uncoated stock. Halftone screens printed on newsprint are coarse, and the halftone dots are visible. Photo quality suffers, but for a throw-away piece like a newspaper or an inexpensive paperback novel, this is acceptable.

21

Stock FinishesG

loss & M

att

___Gloss

This lustrous, shiny, surface is produced

by adding compounds to the paper during its manufacture. It

is usually found on higher quality coated

paper.

___Matt

This is a dull finish devoid of the luster of gloss finishes making

text easier to read and colours looking

softer.

22

Silk

& L

inen

Stock Finishes

___Silk

Coated stock has a surface sealant, like

varnish on wood. This is made up of various liquids and

clay

___Linen

This looks like linen cloth and is an

embossed finish.

23

Laid & W

oveStock Finishes

___Laid

It simulates the look and feel of handmade

paper containing grids of parallel lines and is created using

special rollers applied while the paper is still

wet.

___Wove

This smooth but not slick finish has

a slightly patterned mesh texture created

via a felt roller covered in woven

wire.

24

Boa

rd &

Car

ton

Stock Finsihes

___Board

This is a thick paper based material.

While there is no rigid differentiation

between paper and paperboard,

paperboard is generally thicker

(usually over 0.25 mm/0.010 in or 10 points) than

paper. According to ISO standards,

paperboard is a paper with a basis

weight (grammage) above 224 g/m2, but there are exceptions.

Paperboard can be single or multi-

ply. Paperboard can be easily cut

and formed, is lightweight, and

because it is strong, is used in packaging.

Another end-use would be graphic printing, such as

book and magazine covers or postcards.

Sometimes it is referred to as

cardboard, which is a generic, lay term

used to refer to any

Format

25

Plastic & A

cetate

___Acetate

Cellulose Acetate film, or safety film, is used inphotography

as a base material for photographic

emulsions. It was introduced in the

early 20th century by film manufacturers as a safe film base

replacement for unstable and highly

flammable nitrate film.

26

Sadd

le S

titch

Binding Methods

This is probably the most simplest way to bind a book. It is

typically used to bind things like notebooks, brochures, pamphlets

and other small books. This is

ectremly common and something that

you are likely to see on a day to day basis.

The book is stapled at the centre down the spine, usually two or three times depending on the size. The ‘saddle’

refers the the center of the folded papers

where it is stapled and is said to be

based off the shape of a horses saddle. A long arm stapler is all you need for

this method. Nothing special.

27

Perfect StitchBinding Methods

Perfect Stitch is generally used on

all ‘Hardback’ books such as novels,

diaries or dictionarys. They generally last a long time and are built to do so. In the

process of this, a thick cover is applied with the use of a certain

kind of glue.

The result of this method is top quality

and will protect the contents of the book

as well as give it a really nice final finish.

It is much harder to do on an amateur level,

but still possible.

28

Japa

nese

Sad

dle

Stitc

hBinding Methods

The official name for this method is actually the

Yotsunme Toji and this is a very simple

but effective form of Japanese book

binding. The name simply translates to “Four Holes’ as this is what is created to

bind the book.

Four Holes are made down one edge of the

book through all the pages and then this

is sewn in a particular method. This is

good for repairing books or sewing

together loose pages that have been

transformed into a book.

29

Coptic

Binding Methods

This is one of the oldest forms

of bookbinding tecniques and is

said to have been practiced by the

Sopts in Egypt. It is also quite simple but

gives an amazing finish to the visual

quality of the book.

This binding is useful because the covers can be folded right back to touch each other without being damaged. There is

no spine to the book and the pages are folded inside each

other.

Two covers are placed above and below the papers and it is sewed through one edge. There are different methods of sewing. Some of them are easy while others are difficult. I always advice to start with easy ones and then go for the difficult ones.

Binding MethodsR

ingb

ind

30

Ring Bind Securesloose printed

pages in a soft or hard-covered book with rings that hold the pages through

holes punched in the pages is ring binding.

3-ring binders may have any number of rings. A single

ring is also a form of ring binding. Covers

are less common. Single sheets of

paper or cards (often laminated) are

punched with a single hole, usually in a top corner, then put on a ring that snaps open

and closed.

Binding MethodsSpiral R

ingbind

31

Spiral plastic ring binding is a popular

binding style in which holes are punched

through pages and a plastic coil is inserted through the holes and

then trimmed to fit. For self-publishing

writers, coil binding is one of the most cost-effective ways to bind

a book, especially if you plan a small

run. While many people have their

spiral ring booklets assembled by a

professional printer, the process can be

done at home, either by hand or with the

aid of a machine. The cheapest, but most

time-consuming, way is by hand.

32

Bin

ding

Met

hods

Binding Methods

33

Binding M

ethodsBinding Methods

__Fig.1Bukowski Book.Corner Fold Binding Technique.

__Fig.2Crossover Festival.Perferated Ticket.

__Fig.3Page & Joy. Saddle Stitched Bound Book.

__Fig.4Harry Potter.Perfect Bound, Hardback Book.

__Fig.5Replacing Magazine. Thermal Tape Bound.

34

Ther

mal

Tap

eBinding Methods

Modern tape binding uses heat to transfer

the tape onto and around the spine of

the book which gives a nice professional

finish. The old ‘hand taping’ method was literally just folding

tape around the spine with no heat transfer which left a more ‘amateur’

looking effect.

Once cool, the strip becomes firm so lettering can be

applied to the spine.

Spine Copy is printed using gold

lettering. It is attractive and it

makes your book easier to find on the

shelf.

35

Plastic Coil

Binding Methods

Little holes are punched down the

left side of the pages and a plastic coil is

run through them in a spiral pattern. This

is general used for manuals and books

that are used in a workplace. It might

not seem like the most aesthetically

pleasing method of binding but it is

fairly cheap and very useful. Generally,

the coils are black or white in colour but

can be produced in any colour depending

on the book and purpose.

36

Scre

w &

Pos

tBinding Methods

In the Screw and Post method of binding, covers and signatures or individual pages are collated and assembled in a stack then trimmed on all sides. They are then drilled and fastened together with posts held on by screws. Screws can be unswrewed to add or remove pages as needed.

37

Souble LoopBinding Methods

Wire binding is one of the most popular

commercial book binding methods used

in North America

With this binding method, users insert their punched pages

onto a “C” shaped spine and then use a

wire closer to squeeze the spine until it is round. Documents

that are bound with wire binding will open

completely flat on a desk and allow for

360 degree rotation of bound pages.

There are three common hole patterns

used in binding documents with

double loop wire. Each hole pattern

has specific sizes and applications where it

is best suited.

38

Bin

ding

Met

hods

Binding Methods

__Fig.1Elasticated Folder

Fastening.

__Fig.2Ringbinder Folder.

__Fig.35.0%.

Coptic BoundWooden Book.

__Fig.4Japanese Stab

Stitched Magazines.

__Fig.5Screw & Post Bound

Booklets.

39

Binding M

ethodsBinding Methods

40

Fold

ing

Folding Methods

Printed documents can be folded in a

number of different ways. The most

common folds are shown below. Paper

of around 200gsm and above needs to be creased to

prevent it from ‘cracking’ (tearing).

This involves scoring the paper before it is

folded.

.

___Six Page Accordian

Two simple folds where one fold

bends in the opposite direction of teh other, resulting in six panel

or pages. Acordian folds can comprise

six, eight, ten or more panels. (See Fig. C)

___Six Page Barrel

Two simple folds where the outer edes

of each panel or page are folded in towards each other resulting

in six panels or pages. Barrel Folds

consisting of more than six panels or

pages are often called rolling folds. (See

Fig. D)

___Four Page

One Fold made along either the short or

long dimension of teh paper resulting in four panels or pages. (See

Fig. A)

___Four Page Short

A Simple fold made asymmetrically so that two pages or

panels are larger than the others.

(See Fig. B)

41

Folding Methods

42

Col

latin

gFormat

Collating is a term used to describe how printed material is organized. For example, if you had a document that was five pages long and was printing multiple copies with collate enabled it prints pages 1,2,3,4 and 5 in that order and then repeat. (See Fig. A)

However, if collate was disabled and you were printing three copies of those same five pages it would print pages in this order: 111, 222, 333, 444, and then 555. (See Fig. B) Keep in mind that Collate will be grayed out unless you are printing multiple copies.

Format

43

Perforating

Perforations are usually used to allow easy separation of two sections of the material, such as allowing paper to be torn easily along the line. Packaging with perforations in paperboard or plastic film is easy for consumers to open. Other purposes include filtrating fluids, sound deadening, allowing light or fluids to pass through, and to create an aesthetic design.

Various applications include packaging films (to allow the contents to breathe), medical films, micro perforated plateand sound and vapour barriers.

A perforation is a small hole in a thin

material or web. There is usually more

than one perforation in an organized

fashion, where all of the holes are called

a perforation. The process of creating

perforations is called perforating, which

involves puncturing the workpiece with

a tool.

Ref

eren

ces

____References

page 12 http://biglitho.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Large-format-litho.jpg

page 13http://www.asia.ru/images/target/img/prod-uct/11/72/68/11726848.jpg

page 18http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qcuftpB9Hx8/TK-MZI6o7fNI/AAAAAAAAC4o/gfXogHZNR-A/s1600/Flexographic+Plate+2.jpg

page 19http://www.progresspackag-ing.co.uk

page 32http://www.pyramidvisuals.co.uk/about/printing-machines/hp9000/images/hp-9000-digital-printer.jpg

____Design By

Sam Lanesadcastle.co.uk

@sadcastle

____Typefaces Used

RaisonneHelvetica

page 34http://www.stuartmorris.co.uk/images/m/2012-07/1p~w635/What-is-screen-printing.jpg

page 35http://www.progresspackag-ing.co.uk

page 41http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uolOAyVOYpo/Sm-73pedIJI/AAAAAAAAAtc/5gxVDkaLIxs/s400/Letterpress+demo.JPG

http://www.inkcups.com/uploads/images/top-graphics/equipment/pad-printing/icn-B150/top-image.gif