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8/16/2019 Design and Economy of Renewable Energy Sources to Supply
1/4
C
IRE
0
20
th
International
Conference
on Electricity
Distribution
Prague 8 11 June
2009
Paper 0404
DESIGN AND ECONOMY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES TO SUPPLY
ISOLATED LOADS AT RURAL AND REMOTE AREAS OF EGYPT
(2)
(3)
and the
AblaGADO
Rural Electrification Authority, Ministry of
Electricity
&
Energy, Shebin El-kom, Egypt
ABSTRACT
Meteorological conditions in many sites of the world
countries as well as in Egypt are well adapted to install
more than one
of
renewable energy sources (RESs) to
supply electrical loads. Solar and wind energies are the
most convenient and economic types of RESs pertaining
the Meteorological conditions
of
Egypt. Also, the main
type
of
isolated loads at rural and remote areas
of
Egypt is
pumping loads for irrigation purposes. So, three
alternatives
of
solar photovoltaic and wind energy
systems can be used to supply these loads. In this work, a
proposed model has been introduced to evaluate the
design and economy
of
these alternatives to supply
isolated loads in a remote area. This model is used also
for optimizing these alternatives
of
RESs from
economical point
of
view. The proposed model depends
on the Meteorological data at the installation site, the
performance
of
solar photovoltaic and wind energy
systems used, the type and capacity of energy storage
facility employed, the economical parameters of these
resources and load.
The proposed model is applied numerically to design
three alternative sources
of
solar photovoltaic and wind
energy systems to supply an isolated load in a remote area
of
Egypt. The economy
of
these sources are determined
and compared to develop the most economical one of
these RESs.
Introduction
More than small villages in remote areas ofEgypt have no
reliable source and had no local transmission grid. These
areas extend from 22° N up to 31.5° N and enjoyed with
3000 to 4000 hours
of
sunrise per year [1]. Most of these
areas have yearly average wind speed of 10meters per
second [ 2]. So, the actual energy needed for these
villages
of
Egypt offer a rewarding opportunity for the
utilization solar and wind energy system can be used to
supply electrical loads in such areas. But, the
intermittency
of
solar radiation and wind speed is the
main problem
of
these sources . The solution of this
problem is in general employing energy storage facilities
or small diesel-generator to supply loads at the time of
unavailability output
of
these RESs. On the other hand,
diesel generator is unreliable and costly [3]. Also, the
storage battery is the major cost element of RESs, have a
limit life-time and require regular maintenance [4].
Therefore, the design and economy
of
solar photovoltaic
(PVS) and wind energy (WES) systems depends on many
variables, namely; the meteorological data at the
Atef EL-ZEFTAWY
Dept ofElec. Engineering, Faculty
of
Engineering,
Menoufiya University, Shebin El-kom, Egypt
installation site, the performance
of
PVS and WES used,
the type and capacity of energy storage facility employed
, the economic parameters of these resources and load.
In previous publications [5], a proposed generation
model has been introduced to develop the availability of
PVS and WES to meet an isolated load. Also, a proposed
technique has been given to find correlation between the
outputs of wind energy system and load demand in order
to decrease the whole power cost [6]. In other references
[7,8] , load management techniques are suggested to
minimize the capacity
of
storage battery with power
suppliers in remote areas.
In this work, a proposed generation and cost model has
been introduced to develop the economical source of three
options of RES to supply an isolated load. These options
are solar photovoltaic or/ and wind energy systems
accompanied with energy storage facility.
2. PROPOSED APPROACH:
The model aims to develop the economical source of
three options
of
renewable energy sources to supply an
isolated load in remote areas. This load comprises several
individual loads such as residential and water pumping
loads. The study options ofRESs are shown in Fig
.l
and
the specification
of
these options are given below:
l-Solar photovoltaic power system accompanied with an
energy storage facility (ESF).
2-Wind energy system accompanied with ESF.
3- Solar photovoltaic and wind energy system
accompanied with ESF
The design and cost of each option are modeled here as
followings:
Option 0):
The generation system in this option is PVS and two of
energy storage facilities. These facilities are battery and
water storage (basin) for irrigation, Fig. l-a, The hourly
insolation and the average monthly temperature through
the year months at the installation site may be used for
designing PVS as follows:
a- The hourly generation
of
a standard PVS has a peak
power of IkW and number
of
modules m through the
year months (Pe(i
j»)
is given as follows [9]:
PC i,})) = m * VC i.}) * f c i,}) l )
Where the hourly voltage (Ve(ij») and current
(le(ij»)
of one
PVS module through the i th hour
of
the month j of the
year are:
VC i,})
=
24 -2.1
*
1 0 3 TcO)
-
25)
f c i,})=
1.35
H i.}) +
O.5*1O 3 Tcor
25
Where and T
e
G
are solar insolation
CIRED2009
Session
4
Paper No 0404
8/16/2019 Design and Economy of Renewable Energy Sources to Supply
2/4
C
IRE
0
20
th
International
Conference
on Electricity
Distribution
Prague, 8 11 June
2009
Paper
0404
Fig-la- Option (1); solar photovoltaic system and ESF.
Option (2):
A wind energy system (WES) accompanied with
storage battery and water storage (basin) is used here to
supply the load demand as shown in Fig. l-b. The hourly
output of WES through the year months (Pw ij» is
deduced as a function
of
the installat ion site and WES
characteristics as in reference [5].
The annual energy output of this WES (Ec) is given as:
Irrigation
Plant
;,
Pump1
' Water
basin
Residential
:;
load
~
- . : -
....-=;...-
CI C Storage AC/DCcn erter
convert battery
Fig-lb- Option (2); wind energy system and ESF.
t; =LL PW i
,} )
13
Consequently, the
number
ofwind-generator of rated
power, P
wg
required to meet the load demand is obtained
from equations 7 and 13.
The mass balance equation between the generation
and load in this option is given as:
P
) ~ P I
= P W i,j) +PS i,j) + P sp i,j)
14
Where;
P w i,j)
is the direct wind generation used.
Computer package in reference [10] is used to assess the
capacities of the storage battery and water basin required
for this option ofRESs.
The cost function
of
this option f
02
) is given as:
£; 2
=
f
w
+ fs (15)
Where f
s
is given as in equation
11
and f
w
is cost function
of the WES and given by:
f
w
= N
w'
D
w'
cw'Pwg (16)
where N
w
D;
and
Cw
are the number of wind generator
(WG) used, the annual discount rate and the capital cost
per
1
kW
of
the WG have rated power
ofP
wG
•
WESn , -.... , - - - - . . / . { r igation
7'; - r , Water r an.t,
pu p\
-' basin
P : i , ~ P S i,J +
P P
i,J (17)
Where; v i.j)
+ w
i,}) - PL i ,}) (18)
Thus, the rated and peak power of WES and PVS, and
capacities
of
the storage battery and basin are determined
for this option. The cost function of this option of RESs
o3) is given as:
1 3=Iv +Iw +Is 19
Where v Iwand
Is
are determined from equations 10, 16
and 11 respectively.
WES: ·I..
- r - ,
PVS
> : ··.• )
,.. -' ..
I
/ DClAC
/- '-,/ - / - / ' cd ivertt
, f . ,I . / .... ;...../
l -
' I Residential
:
,.
load
Fig-lc. Option (3) Solar photovoltaic & wind energy
system and ESF.
3. APPLICATION:
The proposed model in section 2 is applied to supply
an isolated load at EL-kharga oasis (25
0
27
N) in the
western desert
of
Egypt. Fig -2 gives the average daily
Option (3):
Solar photovoltaic and wind energy systems
accompanied with storage battery and water storage
(basin) are used here to feed the load demand, Fig .
l-c
.
The mass balance equation between the hourly
generation P1 ij) for this option
ofRES
s
is given by :
Irrigation
plant
.
Residential
---- +
load
-----,..-.
Pump
Water
C;
> basin
/ : ~ > :
:-
·1
;
'.'
.L
battery
temperature through i th hour of the month
j
respectively.
The annual DC energy, EJ:DC) and AC energy EJ:AC)
outputs
of
this PVS are given as:
Ev DC) =
L L ~ i 4
Ev AC)
= 1 J ~
>Ii
Ev DC) 5
Where
1]pc
is the efficiency
of
inverter.
b- The power and energy requirements for load comprises
residential and pumping loads can be stated as:
PI
i,})
= Pr
i,j)
+
P p i,})
6
s,
=L L r.;
7)
Where
P . i ~
Pr(J) and Pp(ij) are the total hourly, residential
and pumping loads through the j th month and E. is the
total annual load.
E q u ~ t i o n s 5 and 7 reveal the peak power of PVS, P
vp,
required for meeting the load demand,
c- The mass balance equation between PVS generation
and load is given by:
PV i
,} ) = = P : i ,} ) + +
P SP
,} ) 8
Where; p \{iJ), P
s(ij)
and Psp ij) are the direct and storage
powers for residential and pumping loads through the i th
hour of the j th month .
This model can be used with a published computer
package [10] to find correlation between PVS generation
and load, and estimate the capacities of storage battery,
CBs, and water basin, Qs
p
be used for supplying
residential and pumping loads at non- powering
ofPVS
.
The cost function ofthis option ofRESs is:
o
= Iv
+
Is 9
Where f
v
and
fs
are the cost functions
of
PVS and storage
facilities used which are given as:
Iv =
o,
*c
v
* r; (10)
f s=D
sCB
s+
o,*c
p
*Ep+D
sp
*c
sp
*Qsp (11)
where D ; D; D
sp
and D
p
are the annual discount rate
of
PVS CBs: Qs
p
and the annual energy required for pumps,
E
p'
and given by
[11] :
D
=
r 1+rl / [ 1+rl-l] 12
Where, r,n are the interest rate and life time of the
considered system.
PVS
CIRED2009 Session 4
Paper No
0404
8/16/2019 Design and Economy of Renewable Energy Sources to Supply
3/4
C
IRE
0
20
th
International Conference
on
Electricity Distribution
Prague
,
8 11 June
2009
Paper
0404
load curve through a year. This figure illustrates the
categories
of
the load at the considered site [5].
Fig-2 average yearly daily load curve
at El-kharga oasis [5].
Solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and its
direction, humidity and air pressure have been measured
by the Meteorological Authority of Egypt at the
considered site [1,2]. These data are utilized with the
previous published models [9,12] to estimate the solar
radiation received on PVS array, and wind speeds
through the year seasons (months). Fig. 3 gives the daily
solar radiation received on unit area
of
the PVS array
through the year seasons. While, Fig. 4 depicts the hourly
wind speed at the study site. Results
of
these figures are
used with the proposed model in section 2 to determine
the design and economy
of
the suggested RES options to
supply the load demand in Fig. 2. This load curve can be
modified to generate water pumps through the hours of
high insolation [6].
carrying out this application:
l-Wind-generators
of200
kW rated power are used.
2- A storage source battery is used to supply residential
loads, while a basin is used for irrigation at non
powering ofRESs.
3- The charge source for the pumping storage is restricted
by the permitted loading in PVS and WES, while the
storage battery is charged from PVS in option 3.
4- Water- pumps are driven by a 5 HP, 220 v induction
motor.
5- When the feeder pump is operating it can delivers 40
% of the basin capacity in one hour . While, the
irrigation plant's operation requires 20
%
of the basin
capacity each hour.
6- The economical parameters of PVS, WES and storage
facilities are taken from references [11,13].
7- life- time of PVS and WES is taken as 20 and 30
years, while the life- time
of
the storage battery, water
pump-set , and water basin are 2.5 and 50 years
respectively.
The computer pakage in reference [10] is applied to
estimate the peak power ofPVS, the number
ofWES
, the
capacity
of
the two storage facilities used and the cost
function of the suggested three options to supply the
given load. The results
ofthis application are summarized
as follows:
Option 1 Option2 Option 3
Peak power ofPVS, kW 2664.5 21
Number ofwind-generator 2 1
Capacity
of
the storage 664 473 440
battery, Ah
Capacity
of
the reservoir, m'
2475 3150 400
Cost function,
1.
E.lyr
226465 206769 125401
The above summarized results concluded that opion (3)
has small capacity
of
storage battery and storage water
(basin) compared with other options. So, this option is the
economical source
of
RESs to supply the load demand at
the considered site
of
Egypt. Also, it should be declare
that the utilization
of
PVS with energy storage facilities,
option (1), is costly due to the high cost
of
PVS elements
and big capacity of the energy storage facilities require
for this source.
a) Spring season
Dayllours
-
_
March
_· · -April
-
Mo
,
0000
00
i
c
600
500
400
.iii
300
S 00
'00
,
I-,
-, ~ -,,-.
- ,,
->
, - ,- -,,
i
2O: l-,_ _, - -, _,_
t:
_ ~ , , , _
- . .. . Decerrtl&r
·· ·
.· ·
·January
- february
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
DrI, llours
a) Winterseason
90
A.Jlping load
80
.Residential load
70
60
.....
.
-
50
., j
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8
1Bay
16 18 20 22 24
N •• _ _• Jul)t
8)() . - A..gust
eoo
..
.
.
i ..
D> '
o
800
600
•
'DO
e
200
0
-
----.-----,.-----.-------.- .------.----.- -.-------.- .-----.-------,
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Day h
our
s .
Fig. 4 the average hourly wind speed at the study site
through a day
of
different year seasons.
The following assumptions are considered through
a) Summer season a) Autumn season
Figure 3. The hourly solar radiation at
El-kharga
site
throygh a day
of
different year months.
4-CONCLUSION:
A proposed model is presented in this paper to design
three alternative sources
of
solar photovoltaic and wind
energy accompanied with energy storage facilities to
supply isolated loads. Also, an economical model for
optimizing these renewable energy source alternatives
has been introduced. The proposed model is applied
numerically to design the suggested RES alternatives in
order to supply an isolated load in a remote area of Egypt.
Moreover, the economies
of
these alternatives are
deduced. The remarkable results
of
this application may
summarize as given below:
1- Option (3), solar photovoltaic and wind energy
systems accompanied with energy storage facilities, is the
most economical source of the study RES alternatives
(125,401 L.E./yr). While, option (1), solar photovoltaic
Spring
S
UrTTT
r
Autunm
- - - - IMnter
10
1:
6
14 .......
E
~ 2
CIRED2009
Session
4 Paper No 0404
8/16/2019 Design and Economy of Renewable Energy Sources to Supply
4/4
C
IRE
0
20
th
International
Conference
on Electricity
Distribution
AblaGado
Prague 8 11 June
2009
Paper 0404
Atef El-zeftawy
power system accompanied with energy storage
facilities, is very high cost (226465 L.E./yr). The annual
cost of option (2) is 206769 L.E ( 1.0 = L-E 5.5).
2- Utilization of different type of RESs to supply
electrical loads in remote areas decrease the capacity of
energy storage facilities and the corresponding costs.
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AM
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lW
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[5] Ahmed, G.E.; Photovoltaic- Powered Rural Zone
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Egypt, 2000.
[9] Aly,G.e.M, El-zeftawy, A
A,
Eraky, S. A and
Abou-Elazm.A . M.; Modelling of Alternative PV
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Proceedings of 9 th International Middle East Power
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,2003,
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[10] Abou-Elazm, A.M., Aly, G. E. M., El-zeftawy, A
A , Eraky, S. A.; Optimizing of Alternative PV
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[11] Edin, R. ,Ponser, M., Bending, R., Couch, E. and
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[12] Salameh, Z.M.; Photovoltaic Module- Site
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[13] Alsema, E.A, Wild Scholten, M.J.de; Fthenkis,
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[14] Ministry of Electricity and Energy of Egypt,
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CIRED2009 Session 4
Paper No
0404