Design and development of portable solar power packs and lighting

system

Project guide :Prof. R.B.Chadge

Project members:Aditya Pant (A-13)

Anamika Rane (A-1)Manish Ingle (B-137 )

What are solar panels?

How do solar panels work?

What are solar panels made of?

SOLAR PANEL

Solar Insolation: Insolation is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area and recorded during a given time.

It is also called solar irradiation and expressed as hourly irradiation if recorded during an hour, daily irradiation if recorded during a day, for example. If this energy is divided by the recording time in hours, it is then a density of power called irradiance, expressed in W/m2 (watts per square meter).

Derating factor: A factor which accounts for real world inefficiencies which affect a battery based PV system (e.g., heat, humidity, bird droppings, wire losses, inverter losses, battery losses). We recommend using a derating factor of 0.80 to 0.90 which will result in a good safe estimate of the power that you will obtain from our system[4].

Efficiency: The ratio of power output of a Photovoltaic cell to the incident power from the sun or simulated sun sources under specified standard insolation conditions.

Open-Circuit Voltage : The maximum possible voltage across a photovoltaic cell; the voltage across the cell in sunlight when no current is flowing.

Short Circuit Current : The current flowing freely through an external circuit that has no load or resistance; the maximum current possible.

Peak voltage : Highest peak voltage rating of the SPV.

Peak current : Highest peak current rating of the SPV.

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS

What is an inverter?

Two types of SPV inverters: 1) String Inverter. 2) Micro-Inverter.

INVERTER BASICS

Power factor: The ratio of real power (watts) to apparent power (volt-amps) in an AC circuit.

Displacement power factor is the ratio of fundamental watts to fundamental RMS volts times.

Inverter Efficiency: By efficiency, we are really saying, what percentage of the power that goes into the inverter comes out as usable AC current. This efficiency figure will vary according to how much power is being used at the time, with the efficiency generally being greater when more power is used.

DC Input Voltage: The lower the input voltage, higher the current will be needed to use. If a 12 volt and a 24 volt inverter of the same power rating are compared, the 12 volt item will need to draw twice the current. To carry that current, the cables from the battery to the inverter will need to be 4 times the size.

AC Output Power: Any inverter will have a quoted output power which will be the maximum power level they can provide continuously, measured in watts or kilowatts. Inverters will normally however cope with higher levels of power for a short period, enabling them to deal with a short power surge that many appliances will draw at turn on. The power output characteristics will vary between different inverters but they may be able to produce 10% over the rated figure for 5 minutes, 50% over for 5 seconds, more for 1 second.

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS

What is battery ?

Types of batteries: -Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) (vented & semi-sealed). -Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH). -Lithium-ion (Li-ion). -Lead-acid (vented & valve-regulated).

BATTERY

Depth of discharge : The ampere-hours removed from a fully charged cell or battery, expressed as a percentage of rated capacity. For example, the removal of 25 ampere- hours from a fully charged 100 ampere-hours rated cell results in a 25% depth of discharge. Under certain conditions, such as discharge rates lower than that used to rate the cell, depth of discharge can exceed 100%.[4]

Battery capacity : The maximum total electrical charge, expressed in ampere-hours (AH), that a battery can deliver to a load under a specific set of conditions.

Battery cell : The simplest operating unit in a storage battery. It consists of one or more positive electrodes or plates, an electrolyte that permits ionic conduction, one or more negative electrodes or plates, separators between plates of opposite polarity, and a container for all the above.

Battery available capacity : The total maximum charge, expressed in ampere-hours, that can be withdrawn from a cell or battery under a specific set of operating conditions including discharge rate, temperature, initial state of charge, age, and cut-off voltage.

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS

Battery energy capacity : The total energy available, expressed in watt-hours (kilowatt-

hours), that can be withdrawn from a fully-charged cell or battery. The energy capacity of a given cell varies with temperature, rate, age, and cut-off voltage. This term is more common to system designers than it is to the battery industry where capacity usually refers to ampere-hours.

Battery cycle life : The number of cycles, to a specified depth of discharge, that a cell or battery can undergo before failing to meet its specified capacity or efficiency performance criteria.

Battery life : The period during which a cell or battery is capable of operating above a specified capacity or efficiency performance level. For example, with lead-acid batteries, end-of-life is generally taken as the point in time when a fully charged cell can deliver only 80% of its rated capacity. Beyond this state of aging, deterioration and loss of capacity begins to accelerate rapidly. Life may be measured in cycles and/or years, depending on the type of service for which the cell or battery is intended.

Battery Efficiency : The voltage efficiency is determined largely be the voltage difference between the charging voltage and voltage of the battery during discharging.

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS (cont’d)

Designing of solar panels : Designing of panels taking into consideration

various factors and constraints for maximum efficiency. Studying the various factors related to SPV and giving them the due importance during the designing of the panels.

Designing of lighting system and inverter system : Designing the inverter system including the studies related to the terminologies and efficiency.

Designing of battery pack system : Designing of the battery pack system considering the battery constraints and types.

Vendor selection : It includes the selection of the supplier or the manufacturer , contacting them sending and receiving the details needed related to the SPV , Inverters , Batteries considering costing , nearness , and the specifications required .

Scope And Methodology

Manufacturing of system : After the selection of the vendor

and the type of the SPV, Inverter and batteries comes the important part that is the manufacturing of the system . It includes the combination of various process , components , machineries and man-power required for the manufacturing .

Registering with MNRE: After the manufacturing of the product it has to be registered with the MNRE that is the MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY.

Installation of the system: After the registration is complete is the process of installation of the product.

Scope And Methodology (Cont’d)

DESIGN PROCEDURE

Where: DR = Derating Factor = 85%. Insolation = 5.24 hours. Pf = Power factor = 85%. ᵑI = Inverter Efficiency = 80%. DOD = Depth of Discharge = 80% ᵑB = Battery efficiency = 80%.

SPV INVERTER LOAD DR

INSOLATION

DOD

Pf

ᵑI

ᵑB ᵑB

1st Cylcle:

Inverter Output = SPV (Wattp)*DR*Insolation = A (VA-hr)

Day Load = A*Pf*Inverter Efficiency* Pf (W-hr)

SPV INVERTER LOAD

DR

Insolation

ᵑI

Pf

DESIGN PROCEDURECycle:1

2nd Cycle:

Inverter Output = A (VA-hr).

Battery output = A*Efficiency of Battery = B (VA-hr).

SPV INVERTER BATTERY

DR

Insolation iN

ᵑB

DESIGN PROCEDURE

3rd Cycle:

Battery Output = B (VA-hr). Inverter Output = B*DOD*Efficiency of battery = C (VA-hr). Night Load = C* Pf*Efficiency of inverter (W-hr). Total Load = Day load +Night load.

Voltage of battery: If Total Load < 1kW-hr; Battery = 24V.

If Total Load = 1-3kW-hr; Battery = 48V.

If Total Load > 3kW-hr; Battery = 120V.

Ampere Rating of Battery = (Battery output) / Voltage of battery = Amp-hr

BATTERY INVERTER LOAD

DOD

ᵑB

ᵑI

Pf

DESIGN PROCEDURE

Work plan and schedule

A new dimension for solar energy- Kimberly Allen, MIT News

Office A Review of Solar Energy-Markets, Economics and Policies--

Govinda R. Timilsina, Lado Kurdgelashvili, Patrick A. Narbel -The World Bank Development Research Group Environment and Energy Team October 2011

Hotspots of solar potential in India- T.V. Ramachandra , Rishabh Jain , Gautham Krishnadasa , reference,Bangalore,Karnataka560012,India

Glossary of Terms, SOLAR Web sources

REFERENCES

THANK YOU !