Design and Analysis of Lifting Mechanism in Water Dams Using … · 2018-07-13 · Design and Analysis of Lifting Mechanism in Water Dams Using Composite Materials . Mukhalad Kadim

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 13 (2018) pp. 11045-11053

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

11045

Design and Analysis of Lifting Mechanism in Water Dams Using Composite

Materials

Mukhalad Kadim Nahi

M.Tech., Engineering chief in ministry of water resources. Iraq.

Abstract

A hydraulic gate is an essential tool in the regulation of the

flow of water through any component such as the path to an

irrigation system from a dam. Generally, it is responsible for

holding back water in the upstream, although this work is

sometimes done by gates that apply in reversible water flow in

exceptional cases.

An optimal lifting mechanism design of efficient control and

well-equipped structure and trustable mechanism to lift the

gate in question from a mechanical point of view, spur gate

are provided with self-locking mechanisms to keep the gate at

a given position without necessarily using motor breaks. Dam

gate hoists are made of various components which include

speed reduction gear mechanism that contributes immensely

in the reduction of torque and reduces the effort required to

lift the gate. It is very important for one to know how to

calculate the breaking load in the system, design and offer in-

depth analysis of the load at which hoist can work or fail.

In this paper, the lifting mechanism used in lifting the gate

will be modeled and assembled in three dimensions modeling

software pro/Engineer. The lifting mechanism consists of

Drive unit, Gear trains and Hoist frame consisting of wire

ropes, with wire rope drum, lime shafts, equalizer plates etc.

All this part are desired components in modelling a 3D lifting

mechanism.

Structural, fatigue modal analysis is done on the assembly by

using composite materials like Aramid fiber, carbon fiber, E

Glass Epoxy, S2 Glass Epoxy and NI-Cr-Steel-Carbon fiber to

compare the deformations, stresses and frequencies between

the materials. Analysis is done using Ansys Application.

INTRODUCTION

A dam refers to a barrier designed to withhold water or

regulate underground water channels. Dams created in a given

area have many uses and are sometimes referred to as multi-

purpose projects. Dams can be used for industrial

applications, irrigation, domestic use, navigation and

aquaculture. For many dams, however, its primary function

has been the generation of Hydro-electric power. Dams can

also be used to store water meant for long term use, or

reserved for dry seasons. In essence, dams are mainly used for

water retention while dikes and floodgates are used to prevent

and manage water flow in order to prevent spill overs that

could cause adverse effects to the populations living around

the dam.

Types of Dams

There are many ways in which a dam can be formed. They

can be formed by deliberate human activity, intervention by

wildlife such as beavers and through natural means such as

down warping of a given piece of land. Manmade dams are

usually classified with reference to its intended purpose, size,

and structure.

By structure

This is classification based on the material and structure of the

dam in question. Structural classification consist of arch-

gravity dams, those easily created without material,

embankment dams and masonry dams; all endowed with

several subtypes.

Arch dams

Stability in arch dams is usually obtained by the application of

an arch as well as gravity action. Gravitational forces channel

all the weight of the dam to the foundation when the upstream

face has been vertically inclined. A sustainable distribution of

normal hydrostatic pressure within the arch action and the

vertical cantilever will depend on the dam's stiffness and

compactness in the horizontal and vertical direction. The

distribution is more complicated when the upstream face is

sloped.

2- Gravity dams

Gravitational forces are the primary forces holding this kind

of dams from the push from the water reservoir due to the

mass of the dam. The downstream pressing forces on the dam

tends to overturn the reservoir by constant rotation about its

toe; referring to a point located in the downstream side of the

given dam. The force exerted is counteracted by the dam’s

weight; this phenomena tends to rotate the dam about its toe

creating a delicate balance.

mailto:[email protected]



11046

Barrages

Barrage dams are formed when a large barrier i.e. a gate that

can be regulated is used to control water flow in a given

reservoir. The gates allows water to be retained during low

seasons and opened during raining seasons that, if left

unregulated, could flood the dam beyond its holding capacity.

Gates are usually fixed between two flanking piers that are

strong enough to offer support against the water load, often

leading to stabilized water flow in irrigation schemes.

ADVANTAGES OF DAMS

1. Dams are used to produce hydroelectric power which

can be used for domestic use as well as for industrial

use.

2. Dams assist in water regulation. In hydroelectricity

plants, regulation ensures water is available around

the clock thus saving it so that it can be utilized

another time when electricity demand soars.

3. Dams are durable and can be used for many years

with minimal maintenance requirements.

4. Reservoir formed when a dam is constructed can be

used for leisure purposes such as boat riding and

fishing. Some dams are tourist attractions.

5. Water stored in a dam can be used for irrigation for

the surrounding community.

6. Dams enable us to store potential energy until it is

desired for use.

7. Hydroelectric power generation is clean and does not

produce greenhouse gases that could be hazardous to

the environment.

DISADVANTAGES OF DAMS

1. The construction of standard dams is very expensive.

2. Dams often take several years because the initial

expenses are recovered and profitability achieved.

3. Dams claim large chunks of land during construction

thus displacing many families.

4. Dam construction causes loss of livelihoods to

farmers and business people displaced during

construction. In many countries around the world,

people are often forcefully evicted to pave way for

dam construction.

5. Dam construction can trigger other natural disasters.

A good example is the construction of the American

Hoover dam that triggered several earthquakes and

caused land displacement.

6. Even though there has been professional regulations

for dam constructions, the dams collapse sometimes

under its own weigh. This can lead to destruction of

property and loss of lives.

7. Dams often block rivers during construction.

Coupled with outflow regulation, communities living

downstream that rely on the river for domestic use

suffer from the process. This leads to strained

diplomatic relations among neighboring countries.

8. A large dam constructed is likely to alter the water

table. The construction of the Aswan High Dam in

Egypt, for example, altered the water level. The

eminent change in the water table has caused

dampness that has resulted in the destruction of

ancient stone monuments and buildings. The change

in water table has also resulted in difficulty in

construction of roads within the area.

LITERATURE SURVEY

An optimal design of lifting mechanism that is efficient,

effective and well-equipped with trustable mechanism and

proficient control system lift the gate is vital from the

technical perspective of the problem & eventually for public

site. Electricity driven, connected shafting, completely

bounded gear reduction, protected and elastic couplings,

indented drums, and toughen stainless steel cables . The winch

of the dam gate has some mechanisms that slow down the rate

of flow of water, increases the spin and assists in lifting the

gate.

UNITS

A: Area (mm2)

E: Young's modulus (GPa)

Fx,Fxyz: Forces in X , Y, Z directions (N)

[ɸ] : Vector of nodal displacement (mm)

{6} : Stress tensor (MPa)

ASTM: American society for testing and materials

COM: Center of mass

IP : Interface pressure (MPa)

Material properties :-

Material

properties

Aramid

fiber

Carbon

fiber

Composition of

(Ni-Cr-STEL-

CF)

E glass

epoxy

S-2

glass

Youngs

modulus

(MPa)

4830 245000 204500 50000 86900

Poisson’s

ratio 0.23 0.34 0.2845 0.3 0.23

Density

(g/cc) 1.52 1.79 5.5106 2 2.46



11047

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR LIFTING

MECHANISM OF WATER DAM

MATERAIL- S-2GLASS

Construct a representation of an object-in two or three

dimension, which is molded and experimented using the work

plane coordinating system.

Define Material properties

Come up with a list of the materials that is contained by the

object (or project). This will comprise of mechanical and

thermal properties.

Generate mesh

By this stage ANSYS will be able to comprehend the general

disposition of the part. What is now expected is a detailed

explanation on how the modeled system is able to be

fragmented to finite pieces.

Apply loads

After the completion of the system’s design and assembly of

parts, it can now be subjected to physical constrains such as

boundary conditions and loading.

Obtain solution

This is one of the most crucial stages because ANSYS needs

to know the problems that may come about and come up with

comprehensive strategies to deal with these problems

Presentation

After all the necessary adjustments have been made and

conclusions drawn, the data obtained can finally be presented

using several means such as graphs, photos, tables etc.

Deformation S-2GLASS

Stress S-2GLASS

Strain S-2GLASS



11048

MATERIAL - NICKLE -CHROMIUM -STEEL -CARBON FIBER

Deformation -

Stress - NICKLE -CHROMIUM -STEEL -CARBON FIBER:

Strain - NICKLE -CHROMIUM -STEEL -CARBON FIBER:

MATERIAL - E GLASS EPOXY:

Deformation - E GLASS EPOXY:

Stress - E GLASS EPOXY:

Strain - E GLASS EPOXY:



11049

MATERIAL - CARBON FIBER :

Deformation - CARBON FIBER :

Stress - CARBON FIBER :

Strain - CARBON FIBER :

MATERIAL - ARAMID FIBER

Deformation- ARAMID FIBER

Stress- ARAMID FIBER

Strain



11050

RESULTS TABLE

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Aramid fiber Carbon fiber E glass epoxy S – 2 glass Ni-cr-steel-carbon fiber

Deformation (mm) 0.013993 0.00046383 0.0013619 0.0020573 0.0003912

Stress (MPa) 0.24053 0.23957 0.23621 0.23932 0.23678

Strain 5.219e-5 9.9921e-7 4.8655e-6 2.883e-6 1.1944e-6

FATIGUE ANALYSIS

FATIGUE

ANALYSIS

Aramid

fiber

Carbon

fiber

E glass

epoxy

S – 2

glass

Ni-cr-steel-

carbon

fiber

Life 2.5e10 2.5e10 2.5e10 2.5e10 2.5e10

damage 1e32 1e32 1e32 1e32 24.071

Safety factor 15 15 15 15 15

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

aramid fiber carbon fiber e glass epoxy s-2 glass ni-cr-steel-carbonfiber

De

form

ati

on

(mm

)

Materials

COMPARISON OF DEFORMATION VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS

deformation (mm)

0.234

0.235

0.236

0.237

0.238

0.239

0.24

0.241

Stre

ss (

MP

a)

Materials

COMPARISON OF STRESS VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS

Stress(Mpa)

0.00E+00

1.00E-05

2.00E-05

3.00E-05

4.00E-05

5.00E-05

6.00E-05

Stra

in

Materials

COMPARISON OF STRAIN VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS

Strain

0.00E+00

5.00E+09

1.00E+10

1.50E+10

2.00E+10

2.50E+10

3.00E+10

life

Materials

life

life



11051

MODAL ANALYSIS

Mode Modal analysis Aramid fiber Carbon fiber E glass epoxy S – 2 glass Ni-cr-steel-carbon fiber

Mode 1 Frequency (HZ) 3.699e-6 0 2.9679e-4 3.1088e-4 1.8847e-4

Deformation (mm) 11.483 10.582 10.011 9.0264 6.0309

Mode 2 Frequency (HZ) 0.43041 2.8258 1.2068 1.4351 1.4702

Deformation (mm) 0.75296 0.69374 0.65633 0.59187 0.39541


Deformation (mm) 1.0319 0.96361 0.9067 0.8111 0.5452


Deformation (mm) 0.82734 0.77468 0.72822 0.65034 0.43772


Deformation (mm) 14.092 13.02 12.305 11.077 7.4104

0.00E+00

2.00E+31

4.00E+31

6.00E+31

8.00E+31

1.00E+32

1.20E+32

Dam

age

Materials

Damage

Damage

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

safe

ty f

acto

r

Materials

Safety factor

Safety factor

0.00E+00

5.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.50E+01

2.00E+01

2.50E+01

3.00E+01

3.50E+01

4.00E+01

4.50E+01

aramid fiber carbon fiber e glass epoxy s-2 glass ni-cr-steel-carbonfiber

Freq

uen

cy (

Hz)

Materials

COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS

frequency1 (Hz)

frequency2 (Hz)

frequency3 (Hz)

frequency4 (Hz)

frequency5 (Hz)



11052

CONCLUSION

In this thesis the lifting mechanism to lift the gate is modeled

and assembled in 30 modeling software pro/engineer. the

lifting mechanism consists of a drive unit, hoist frame, drive

unit, and gear trains with rope drum and equalizer plates, wire

ropes, coupling and equalizer plates etc. structural, fatigue and

modal analysis is done on the assembly by using composite

materials aramid fiber, carbon fiber, E glass epoxy, S2 glass

epoxy and Ni- Cr- steel – carbon fiber to compare the

deformations, stresses and frequencies between the materials.

By noting the mechanical study result, the distortion and

stress values are less for Ni-Cr-steel-carbon fiber material

than other material. By observing the fatigue analysis result,

the frequency values are less for aramid fiber but the

deformation values are less for NI-Cr-steel- carbon fiber.

So it can concluded using Ni-Cr-carbon fiber is better.

FUTURE SCOPE

The use of Ni-Cr-steel-carbon fiber is better from the above

work but the presence of steel increases the weight of the

lifting mechanism and more power is required to lift the gate

of the water dam hence more experiments need to be done to

overcome this problem.

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2.00E+00

4.00E+00

6.00E+00

8.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.20E+01

1.40E+01

1.60E+01

Def

orm

atio

n(m

m)

Materials

COMPARISON OF DEFORMATION VALUES FOR ALL MATERIALS

deformation (mm)deformation (mm)2deformation (mm)3deformation (mm)4



11053

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Documents

Design and Analysis of Lifting Mechanism in Water Dams Using … · 2018-07-13 · Design and Analysis of Lifting Mechanism in Water Dams Using Composite Materials . Mukhalad Kadim