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Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology. dr Iwona Kokorniak (with contribution from dr Jarosław Weckwerth ) 17th January 200 9. Connected speech. You can’t go with us ju: kɑ:nt gəʊ wɪð ʌs jə kɑ:ŋk gəʊ wɪð əs kɑ:ŋ gəʊ. Connected speech. Ten past ten - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Descriptive Grammarof English
Part 1:Phonetics
and Phonology
dr Iwona Kokorniak
(with contribution from dr Jarosław Weckwerth)
17th January 2009
2
Connected speechYou can’t go with us
ju: kɑ:nt gəʊ wɪð ʌsjə kɑ:ŋk gəʊ wɪð əs kɑ:ŋ gəʊ
3
Connected speech
Ten past ten
ten pæst tentem pæs ten
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Connected speech
I can buy it
aɪ kən baɪ ɪtaɪ kəm baɪ ɪt
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Connected speech
do you think
du: ju: θɪŋkdə jə θɪŋkdʒə θɪŋk
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Connected speech
we should go
wi: ʃʊd goʊwi ʃʊg goʊ
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Why reduced vowels and stuff?
Typical for …… stressed times languagesIsochrony: Intervals between stresses …… tend to be similar …… irrespective of how many syllables
there are in between
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Stress timing in English
That’s the house that Jack built
And this is the edifice that Jason constructed
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Stress timing in English
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Compare
Spanish is an example of a syllable timed language
Here, each syllable occupies more or less the same amount of time
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Compare
Juan habla con Fidel
Juanita hablaba con el comandante
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Syllable timing
Malicious English phoneticians …
… call it ‘machine gun speech’
Polish is not a typical member of any of the two classes
13
Physical correlates of stress
PitchStressed syllables have higher pitch
LengthStressed syllables are longer
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Physical correlates of stress
LoudnessStressed syllables are louder
QualityStressed syllables have full vowels,
unstressed syllables may have reduced vowels
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English stress placement
May fall on any syllable in the word (is free)
characterdevelop
employee
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English stress placement
Rules are complex, with many exceptionsBest to memorise with each new word
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Polish stress placement
In a vast majority of casesStress is fixed on the penultimate syllable (second from the end)Sometimes may cause problems for Polish learners of English
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Polish stress placement
Traditionally not stressed on the penultimate syllable:muzyka, etc.zrobiliśmy, etc.zrobilibyśmy, etc.siedemset, etc.
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English stress
Stress placement:
There are some rules for complex words
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Secondary stress
In words of 3+ syllables …… if the main stress is on the third (or further)…… then one of the first two syllables carries secondary stress
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Secondary stress
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Secondary stress
In complex words
Falls on the same syllable where main stress falls in the ‘root’ word
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Secondary stress
because
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Secondary stress
because
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Tertiary stress
In very long words
There may be tertiary stress in the middle
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Tertiary stress
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Stress & suffixes
Some suffixes attract stress to themselves
Refugee, trainee, employee,Engineer, volunteer, pioneer,Chinese, Japanese
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Stress & suffixes
Some suffixes attract stress to a defined syllableorganisation, constribution, intuition, reflectionability, acceptability, possibility, capability
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Stress & suffixes
photography, geography, bibliography, geology, meteorologybiological, technical, political, historical
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Stress & suffixes
Some suffixes are partially regularphotographic, optimistic, terrific, historicBUTArabic, Catholic, heretic, choleric, politic, rhetoric, lunatic
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Stress & suffixes
potential, fundamental, essential, initial,
BUT
rational, federal, cardinal
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Stress & suffixes
instinctive, prospective, reflexive, explosiveBUTalternative, demonstrative, conservariveBUTcommunicative, imaginative
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Stress & suffixes
dangerous, hazardous, humorous, glamorousBUTadvantageous, corageous, malicious
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Stress & suffixes
Some do not affect stress placement at all
organising, associating, communicating, imagining, characterising, developing, influencing
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Stress & suffixes
associated, alternated, interrogated, influenced
influences, etc. etc.
These are usually very problematic for Poles
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Stress & suffixes
Compare Polish:
telewizortelewizora
telewizorowi
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Compounds & phrases
English teacher ‘a teacher from England’ (may teach
e.g. biology) ‘a teacher of English’ (may be e.g.
Japanese)
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Compounds & phrases
CompoundsEnglish / biology / art. / chemistry
teacher
PhrasesEnglish, short, thin, boring, black,
bald teacher
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Compounds & phrases
Compare Polish:Pociąg osobowy, pospieszny,
towarowy (like compounds)Długi, czysty, pachnący, szybki pociąg
(phrases)
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Compounds & phrases
Compounds carry early stress (on the 1st element)
‘English teacher‘hot dog
‘moving van‘White House
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Compounds & phrases
Phrases carry late stress (on the last element)
English ‘teacherhot ‘dog
moving ‘vanwhite ‘house
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Compounds & phrases
Compound verbs, adjectives and adverbs usually have late stress
grow ‘up, double-’checkcold ‘blooded, old-’fashioned
down-’hill, north-’west
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Compounds & phrases
Place names (if not with ‘Street’) carry late stress
Fifth ‘Avenue, Park ‘Lane,Leicester ‘Square,
Hyde ‘Park, New ‘York, Melrose ‘Road
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Stress shift
English avoids two stressed syllables next to each otherTherefore, if such a thing would result in a phrase …… the stress in the first word is moved forwards
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Stress shift
ˌJapa'nesebut
ˌJapanese 'carnot
Japa‘nese ‘car
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Stress shift
ˌNew 'Yorkbut
ˌNew York ‘Citynot
New ˌYork ‘City
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Stress shift
A very good description in Wells’s dictionary
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The syllable
How many syllables?Do you know?
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The syllable
Usually there’s a vowel in each syllableThe vowel plus the consonants around it form the syllableWhich consonants???
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Syllabification
Consider:extra
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Syllabification
e.kstrəekstr.ə
BAD! WHY?
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Syllabification
Rules of syllable structureLanguage-specific i.e. different in each languageConsider: BrdaNo similar example in English
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English syllable structure
54
English syllable onsets
All consonants before the vowelMax. 3If 3, then:/s/ + voiceless plosive + approximant, e.g. /skr/
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English syllable onsets
So e.kstrə bad because the onset is not allowed
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Polish syllable onsets
Compare Polish:wzglądwzdłużmgła, etc. etc.
57
English syllable onsets
In particular no clusters of:Plosive + plosivePlosive + nasalPlosive + fricative
58
English syllable onsets
Thus:ptolemy /'tɒləmi/knee /ni:/psycho /'saıkəʊ/xerox /'zıroks/
59
English syllable onsets
Homework:
Look up ‘Gdansk’ in Wells’s dictionary
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English syllable peaks
Syllable peak = nucleus
Usually a vowel
Sometimes a syllabic consonant
61
Open and closed syllables
Closed (checked) syllables
Those that have consonants after the vowel (a coda)
All English vowels allowed
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Open and closed syllables
Open syllables
No coda
Only ‘tense’ vowels allowed:
Long vowels and diphthongs
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Open and closed syllables
Short (‘lax’) vowels:
ı e æ ʌ ɒ ʊOnly allowed in closed syllables
64
Open and closed syllables
Thus:
Are impossible in English
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Syllabic consonants
n lMay act as syllable peaksIf another consonant precedes
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Syllabic consonants
Transcription convention in Wells’s dictionary:
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Syllabic consonants
IPA
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Syllabic consonants
In rhotic varieties, /r/ may be syllabic
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Syllabic consonants
As a result of assimilation /m/ and /ŋ/ may become syllabic
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Syllabic consonants
71
What we’ve done
Described the sound system of English
72
What we’ve coveredBasic articulatory phonetics
Details of English consonants and vowels (British and American standards)
73
What we’ve covered
Comparison of some aspects of English phontics & phonology with Polish
English connected speech, also compared with Polish
74
What we’ve covered
English word stress, with special emphasis on complex words
English syllable structure
75
What for?
So that you know what you’re doing as a professional language user
76
What for?
So that you can decode actual pronunciation from an entry in a dictionary...
...and use it in your English
77
What for?
So that you can detect and address the problems of your own future students
78
What for?
To make learning the pronunciation of other languages easier
79
What for?
To make you aware that language works as a system
Polish, too!
80
What now?
Don’t throwthis knowledge away
81
What now?Remember about sources!
etc. etc.