hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a319/P319 Description, contents… · Web viewWavelet analysis on inter-annual variation of precipitation in Guangdong, China Xiaohong Chen

Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing WorldEdited by Xiaohong Chen, Yongqin David Chen, Jun Xia & Hailun Zhang IAHS Publ. 319 (2008) ISBN 978-1-901502-44-2, + pp. Price £72.00

Many regions in Asia are experiencing unprecedented rapid development resulting in great pressures on environmental quality and sustainable management of natural resources. China has traditionally emphasised water shortages in the Yellow River basin and flooding by the Yangtze River, but water problems in South China, and especially the Pearl River (Zhujiang) basin have attracted attention in recent years. Many of the contributions are from China, especially the south, and provide an insight to the innovative work that is on-going there.

1. Novel Techniques for Hydrological Analysis: using artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy analysis, genetic algorithms (GAs) and back propagation (BP) algorithms to solve a variety of hydrological problems

2. Hydrological Modelling: popularity of the Xinanjiang model in China is demonstrated, as well as use of other models

3. Hydrological Impacts of Global Change and Human Activities: studies carried out in China and other countries in Asia

4. Optimal Allocation of Water Resources: addresses the techniques and application of water resources optimization in different settings

5. Water Resources and Watershed Management: covers issues such as water rights, watershed rehabilitation, urban water supply, water governance and institutional reform in regions under rapid development.

6. Water Environment and Aquatic Ecosystems: illustrates the variety and complexity of water quality problems

Contents

Preface by Xiaohong Chen, Yongqin David Chen, Jun Xia & Hailun Zhang

1 Novel Techniques for Hydrological Analysis

Wavelet analysis on inter-annual variation of precipitation in Guangdong, China Xiaohong Chen & Dedi Liu

3

A parallel adaptive metropolis algorithm for uncertainty assessment of Xinanjiang model parameters Chun-Tian Cheng, Xiang-Yang Li & K. W. Chau

10

ANN models for groundwater dynamics in the lower reach of Shiyang River basin, northwest China Zailin Huo, Shaoyuan Feng, Shaozhong Kang, Wangcheng Li & Shaojun Chen

17

Application of ANN for runoff forecasting: an analysis of the methodology Yajiao Li, Bing Shen & Jiake Li

25

Application and testing of a new flood stochastic simulation model in China Yuangfang Chen, Wenpeng Wang, Guoxin Chen, Shujiang Li & Aomi Chen

31

A hybrid fuzzy and neural network model for hydrological forecasting in ungauged basins Ranhang Zhao & Shouyu Chen

39

A fuzzy pattern recognition model for water quality evaluation based on the principle of maximum entropy Juliang Jin, Youfu Zhang, Yiming Wei & Lihua Tang

49

Appropriate spatial scales to achieve model output uncertainty goals Martijn J. Booij & Charles S. Melching

57

Application and evaluation of methods for identifying hydrologically homogeneous regions Jingyi Zhang, Haiqing Xu & Hui He

68

A new design flood hydrograph method based on bivariate joint distribution Yi Xiao, Shenglian Guo, Pan Liu & Bin Fang

75

Stable isotopic characterization of precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang Mountain, north China Fadong Li, Xianfang Song, Changyuan Tang, Changming Liu, Akihiko Kondoh & Wanjun Zhang

83

2 Hydrological Modelling

Monthly streamflow simulation for Upper Changjiang Basin above the Three Gorges in China Tian-Yu Long, Ming-Ko Woo & Robin Thorne

93

Application of the SIMHYD rainfall–runoff model to two catchments in China Xiang Zhang, Xiaodan Chen, Francis Chiew & Caiyun Liu

101

Low flow simulation for Dongjiang Basin using the Xinanjiang watershed hydrological model Guoru Huang & Yongqin David Chen

108

Exploring hydrological process features of the East River (Dongjiang) basin in south China using VIC and SWAT Ji Chen & Yiping Wu

116

GIS-based hydrological modelling: a comparative study of HEC-HMS and the Xinanjiang model Mohammad Bakir & Xingnan Zhang

124

Rainfall–runoff relation for porous pavements under artificial rainfall Lizhou Hou, Shaoyuan Feng, Yueyuan Ding & Fengxin Wang

134

Development and application of an infiltration rate curve for runoff analysis in the North China Plain Haoyun Hu, Chenghua Dang & Xiaoli Ren

143

Modelling and predicting the unsaturated hydraulic transport properties with a new characteristic model Y. Wang, S. M. Grove, M. G. Anderson & L. F. Liu

149

A hybrid finite analytical method for numerical simulation of jets in co-flowing conditions Xiaohua Wei & Wensheng Luo

157

3 Hydrological Impacts of Global Change and Human Activities

Evaluating the influence of land-cover change on catchment hydrology through the modified Xinanjiang model Fei Yuan & Liliang Ren

167

Analysis of hydrological changes of lakes and rivers in Xinjiang using GIS techniquesand remote sensing data Dilinuer Aji, Akihiko Kondoh & Changyuan Tang

175

Impact of human activities on the flow regime of the Yellow River Guobin Lu, Qiongfang Li, Zhenhua Zou, Hongjie Wang, Ziqiang Xia & Xirong Ma

184

Modelling of water availability response to climate change: a case study of Dongjiang (East River) basin, south China Tao Jiang, Yongqin David Chen, Xiaohong Chen, Tao Yang, Zufa Liu & Kun Li

192

Recognition of climatic drought in Anzali wetland basin on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea Bahman Ramezani

200

Flow and sediment regulation and its effects in the Yellow River Dong Wang, Shaoming Pan, Jichun Wu, Qingping Zhu, Ling Wang & Chang Liu

206

4 Optimal Allocation of Water Resources

Sustainable-development-oriented optimal allocation of water resources: a case study in Foshan City, Guangdong, China Dedi Liu, Xiaohong Chen & Bingjun Liu

217

An improved optimization method for long-term operation of cascade multipurpose reservoirs in Yellow River, China Yadong Mei & Ying Xiong

225

Optimal water resource allocation in the water source area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project Bingjun Liu, Dongguo Shao & Xingpin Shen

232

Measures for ensuring security and safety of water supply in Dongguan City, south 240

China Bing Ji, Jinchun Fan, Jin Tao & Jian Liang

Models for optimum distribution of water resources at three hierarchies and their applications Qiting Zuo, Zening Wu & Junxia Ma

247

Influence of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project on water resources carrying capacity of the Yangtze River Basin Jun Yan, Jun Wang, Zhanwen Ding, Xiaolei Zhang & Hucheng Li

255

A two-stage dynamic game model for water resources optimal allocation Jian-Cang Xie, Fan Sun, Yu-Peng Wang, Ker Kong & Yew-Gan Thian

263

Optimal design of seasonal flood control water levels for the Three Gorges Reservoir Pan Liu, Shenglian Guo & Wei Li

270

5 Water Resources and Watershed Management

Reform of water rights system in China: theory and practice Shaohua Li, Zengchuan Dong & Xuetao Sun

281

A comprehensive benefit evaluation for the Xiangjiang River basin rehabilitation project Yunqing Wu, Dongguo Shao & Yi Xiao

289

Participatory approach in groundwater management and ecological restoration in a coastal area affected by seawater intrusion Shisong Qu, Weiping Wang & Liting Xing

296

Application of the FOSM method in water project management Jian Pan, Wenyao Yan, Naiji Zhang, Huiting Liu, Rongjun Mai & Hui Chen

303

Governance and regulation in the drinking water sector for Karnataka State, India H. K. Ramaraju

311

Institutional reform of water resources management in China Meinan Liu, Zufa Liu, Tao Jiang, Xiaohong Chen & Haixia Yu

319

An analysis of urban water resources carrying capacity: a case study of Shenzhen city Junhe Chen & Chunyuan Huang

326

6 Water Environment and Aquatic Ecosystem

EO-1 Hyperion and ALI inter-sensor comparison of retrieval of river suspended solid concentration in the Pearl River Estuary Shuisen Chen, Ligang Fang, Yuhuai Zeng & Lixin Zhang

337

Assessment models for anti-pollution capability of karst groundwater in north China Liting Xing, Fengxin Kang, Weiping Wang & Zhenmin Ma

347

Assessment of nitrate pollution using stable isotopic and geochemical methods in 355

the Pearl River Delta, south China Yintao Lu, Changyuan Tang, Jianyao Chen & Sakura Yasuo

Characteristics and distribution of rare earth elements in suspended sediments of the Zengjiang River, south China Zhen Tao, Quanzhou Gao, Xiaohong Chen, Zufa Liu & Jian Ding

363

Calculation of pollutant flux of the Qiantang River based on ADCP Haixia Yu & Liqiang Xu

372

Adsorption and desorption of phosphate by wetland sediments in Hong Kong Yuk Fo Lai & Kin Che Lam

378

Hydrochemical analysis on groundwater in shallow aquifer of Manukan and Mabul Islands, Malaysia Ahmad Zaharin Aris, Mohd Harun Abdullah & Baba Musta

387

A multi-parametric eco-hydrological model for the spawn field of Acipenser sinensis downstream of Gezhouba Dam Yongbo Chen, Xuan Ban & Damei Li

395

Revegetation with Panicum repens on the water fluctuation belt of reservoirs in south China Hua Fang, Jian-Ping Lin, Jiang-Ming Mo, Qi-Feng Fu & Shu-Bin Lin

401

Non-point source water pollution and water quality protection in Guangdong Province Zufa Liu, Tao Jiang, Xiaohong Chen, Haixia Yu, Wenjie Lin, Xia Liu & Mingyu Huo

407

Modelling the impact of land use changes on nonpoint source pollution loading Wing Chi Hui & Yongqin David Chen

415

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008, 3–9.

Wavelet analysis on inter-annual variation of precipitation in Guangdong, China

XIAOHONG CHEN & DEDI LIUDepartment of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China [email protected]

Abstract This paper deals with the inter-annual variations of annual precipitation in Guangdong Province, China. By means of Morlet wavelet analysis, the paper reveals the existing period and mutation year of annual precipitation series from 1956 to 2000 for the whole province. It is found that annual precipitation variation of the province mainly falls into the time scales of 10 years, 4 years and 5 years, of which the 10-year period is the most noticeable. The results are compared with those obtained by traditional power spectral analysis. Both methods, the wavelet analysis used here and traditional power spectral analysis by the Guangdong Hydrology Bureau, obtain the same 10-year period of annual precipitation series in Guangdong Province.Key words annual precipitation; variation; period; wavelet analysis; Guangdong Province, China

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008,10-16.

A parallel adaptive metropolis algorithm for uncertainty assessment of Xinanjiang model parameters

CHUN-TIAN CHENG1, XIANG-YANG LI1 & K. W. CHAU2

1 Institute of Hydropower System & Hydroinformatics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, [email protected]

2 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

Abstract Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, which are popular for estimating parameter uncertainty of hydrological models, generally converge slowly, and are easy to get stuck in a local optimized region in the parametric space. In this paper we present a new MCMC sampler entitled the Parallel Adaptive Metropolis (PAM) algorithm, which is well suited to estimating the parameter uncertainty of hydrological models. The PAM algorithm provides an adaptive MCMC sampler to estimate the posterior probability distribution of parameters under a Bayesian framework. The performance of the PAM algorithm is greatly improved through parallel computing. The PAM algorithm is applied to assess the parameter uncertainty of the Xinanjiang model using hydrological data from Shuangpai Reservoir, China. The case study demonstrates that there is considerable uncertainty about the Xinanjiang model parameters. Key words hydrological model; MCMC; PAM; parallel computing; uncertainty assessment

mailto:[email protected]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008., 17-24

ANN models for groundwater dynamics in the lower reach of Shiyang River basin, northwest China

ZAILIN HUO, SHAOYUAN FENG, SHAOZHONG KANG, WANGCHENG LI & SHAOJUN CHENCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, no. 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China 0Hfengsycau @163.com

Abstract Two BP-ANN models were developed for monthly average groundwater level in two sub-regions, i.e. Xinhe and Xiqu in the Minqin Oasis of northwest China. The models include seven input factors, which were monthly average groundwater level prior to the month under study, irrigation area, surface water from outer regions, precipitation, evaporation, population, and monthly irrigated water amount. The test results showed that the two models have a high precision, with average absolute errors of 0.29 m and 0.37 m for Xinhe and Xiqu, respectively. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the effect of input factors on groundwater level. The results showed that the main factor affecting groundwater level fall was human activities. The reduction of surface water from outer regions also accelerated the drop of local groundwater level. The results showed that the ANN model for groundwater level provides fairly good modelling capability and is an easier approach in sensitivity analysis, which is conducive to more appropriate groundwater management strategies.Key words artificial neural network; groundwater dynamics; northwest China


Application of ANN for runoff forecasting: an analysis of the methodology

YAJIAO LI, BING SHEN & JIAKE LI Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, [email protected]

Abstract The rainfall–runoff process is the physical basis of ANN (Artificial Neural Network) runoff forecasting models. Flood forecasting models can be divided into two categories based on differences between the input and output factors. One is the multiple inputs and single output model, and the other is the multiple inputs and multiple outputs model. In this paper, the applicability and existing problems of these models are analysed. Then, improvements for sample selection, input and output data adoption, etc. are suggested, based on the physical processes of rainfall–runoff, to cope with the existing problems in flood forecasting.Key words artificial neural network; flood forecasting model; physical process of rainfall–runoff formation



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008, 31-38

Application and testing of a new stochastic flood simulation model in China

YUANFANG CHEN1,2, WENPENG WANG1, GUOXIN CHEN1, SHUJIANG LI1 & AOMI CHEN1

1 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, [email protected]

2 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China

Abstract A new flood stochastic simulation model developed by Khristoforov is applied and tested at the Quxian station on the Qiantang River in eastern China. We propose a new method for model parameterization using observed flood data to test the assumptions of the parameter distributions. Many stochastic tests are made of the flood processes simulation using the new model, including short- and long-series tests of different durations of flood volume and flood peak. The results show that the simulated flood processes can pass all tests and they can describe the characteristics of the real flood processes well. In addition, the new model is also compared with conventional models, including the seasonal AR(1) model and the Disaggregation (DIS) model. The results show that the new model performed better than the conventional models. Key words disaggregation model; seasonal AR(1) model; statistical test; stochastic simulation

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008.,39-48

A hybrid fuzzy and neural network model for hydrological forecasting in ungauged basins

RANHANG ZHAO1,2 & SHOUYU CHEN2

1 School of Civil & Hydraulics Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, [email protected]

2 School of Civil & Hydraulics Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

Abstract This paper introduces two parsimonious models for hydrological forecasting in ungauged basins by using hydrological data observed in gauged basins that are similar. Considering the fuzziness in the concept of similar basins, we studied the computation model and method for similar basin selection with fuzzy set theory, in which similar basins with enough field data are chosen. Then we established a mixed forecasting model combining neural networks with fuzzy pattern recognition. The fuzzy pattern recognition model established is taken as excitation functions of the hidden layer and output layer, and by combining a BP (back propagation) algorithm with a genetic algorithm (GA), a BP model adjusting the weights of the forecasting system is developed. The network training is carried out by using GA, then, the weights are accurately computed with the BP algorithm. One operational case is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed models. Key words artificial neural network; BP algorithm; fuzzy pattern recognition;

genetic algorithm; similar basin; ungauged basin


A fuzzy pattern recognition model for water quality evaluation based on the principle of maximum entropy

JULIANG JIN1, YOUFU ZHANG2, YIMING WEI3 & LIHUA TANG1

1 College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, Chinajinjl66 @126.com

2 Tourism District of Dongqian Lake Branch, Ningbo Planning Bureau, Ningbo 315121, Zhejiang, China3 Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China

Abstract A fuzzy pattern recognition model for water quality evaluation was developed on the basis of the least weighted general distance and the objective influence of uncertainty estimated by the principle of maximum information entropy of Jaynes. To balance the least weighted general distance and the maximum entropy, a new methodology was developed to use the model of maximum entropy fuzzy pattern recognition as the practical modelling process, to use the grade judgment standard as the principle of theoretic grade, and to use accelerating genetic algorithms to determine the balanced parameter between the least weighted general distance and the maximum entropy. The theoretical analysis and applications show that the new method for determining the balance parameter is highly feasible and reliable. The new model is theoretically sound and widely applicable for fuzzy pattern recognition for handling various problems in comprehensive water resources evaluation.Key words fuzzy pattern recognition; genetic algorithms; principle of maximum entropy; water quality evaluation; water resources comprehensive evaluation


Appropriate spatial scales to achieve model output uncertainty goals

MARTIJN J. BOOIJ1 & CHARLES S. MELCHING2

1 Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The [email protected]

2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA

Abstract Appropriate spatial scales of hydrological variables were determined using an existing methodology based on a balance in uncertainties from model inputs and parameters extended with a criterion based on a maximum model output uncertainty. The original methodology uses different relationships between scales and variable statistics. It is extended with two different uncertainty propagation methods, the mean-value first-order second-moment (MFOSM) method

and Monte Carlo analysis, and backward uncertainty propagation to obtain appropriate scales based on two uncertainty criteria. The methodology is applied to three flood estimation methods. The application to the River Meuse basin in western Europe revealed that the methodology can be used for the considered flood estimation methods under similar climatological and geographical conditions. The results showed different relative input and parameter uncertainties for the different flood estimation methods (3–6%) for a specific maximum output uncertainty (25%) and different appropriate spatial scales for the dominant variables.Key words appropriate scale; backward uncertainty propagation; flood estimation; HBV model; MFOSM method; Monte Carlo analysis; SCS method; unit hydrograph


Application and evaluation of methods for identifying hydrologically homogeneous regions

JINGYI ZHANG1, HAIQING XU1 & HUI HE2

1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, [email protected]

2 Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100053, China

Abstract Delineation of hydrologically homogeneous regions is a key procedure for regional flood frequency analysis and network analysis. The main objective of this study was to evaluate and compare various methods for identifying a group of hydrologically homogeneous regions. This study investigated four delineation methods: the single variant method, Ward’s cluster method, fuzzy c-means method and artificial neural networks, using data from Jiangxi Province in South China. The results of flood analysis in Jiangxi Province demonstrated that hydrological delineation using these four techniques proved to be more appealing and reliable than that derived merely from geographical proximity. Key words fuzzy c-means method; hydrological classification; single variant method; SOFM; Ward’s cluster method

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008, 75-82.

A new design flood hydrograph method based on bivariate joint distribution

YI XIAO, SHENGLIAN GUO, PAN LIU & BIN FANGState Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, [email protected]

Abstract The design flood hydrograph (DFH) consists of the flood peak, flood volume, etc. that need to be described by the joint behaviour of several non-independent random variables. Conventional flood frequency analysis is based on the univariate distribution of either flood peak

or flood volume, while bivariate flood frequency analysis describes the flood peak and volume jointly, and then provides more information to the flood hydrograph. A new DFH derivation method based on a bivariate joint distribution is proposed and developed. In this method, a copula is used to obtain the bivariate joint distribution of flood peak and volume with Pearson type III (P3) distribution margins. Application of the proposed DFH method to the Geheyan reservoir is demonstrated and discussed. The proposed method is superior to the conventional method with a more reasonable shape for consideration of the correlation between flood peak and volume. This study provides an alternative way for derivation of DFH in hydraulic engineering practice. Key words bivariate distribution; copula; design flood hydrograph; frequency analysis


Stable isotopic characterization of precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang Mountain, north China

FADONG LI1,2, XIANFANG SONG3, CHANGYUAN TANG4, AKIHIKO KONDOH4 & WANJUN ZHANG1

1 Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, [email protected]; [email protected]

2 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan3 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural

Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China4 Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

Abstract The stable isotopic compositions (18O, 2H) of water samples were used to investigate the characteristics of precipitation, soil water and groundwater in Taihang Mountain, north China. Soil water samples from profiles at depths of 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 cm were taken at two slopes covered by robinia and grass in an experimental catchment. The slope and intercept of the local meteoric water line were both lower than the global meteoric water line (GMWL), with mean 18O of –8.11 ± 2.34‰. The effect of vegetation on isotopic composition of soil water in this region was weak and the evaporation effect extended below 110 cm in depth. The local groundwater aquifer is recharged by several heavy rain events with light isotopic composition as explained by the piston model. The relationship between precipitation, vertical soil water profiles, and groundwater is described conceptually in association with isotope profiles from two slopes. The results will provide valuable insights for further research on mountain hydrology using the stable isotope method. Key words groundwater; oxygen-18 and deuterium; precipitation; soil water; Taihang Mountain region

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008,93-100.

Monthly streamflow simulation for the Upper Changjiang basin above the Three Gorges in China



TIAN-YU LONG1, MING-KO WOO2 & ROBIN THORNE2

1 Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, [email protected]

2 School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada

Abstract The Upper Changjiang is an important water supply source for the densely populated Sichuan basin and for the reservoir at the Three Gorges. The SLURP (Semi-distributed Land Use-based Runoff Process) macro-scale hydrological model, and temperature and precipitation data from ERA40 (European Re-analysis of Global Atmospheric) were used to simulate flow of the main river and its major tributaries. Simulated monthly discharge compares well with the flow recorded at Chongqing, with a pronounced seasonal rhythm that reflects the monsoon influence. Simulation of a long flow series (1957–2002) indicates high discharges in the 1960s followed by a decline in the 1970s and a subsequent increase at the end of the 20th century. Streamflow is strongly related to precipitation, both seasonally and inter-annually, but the flow of the Changjiang at Chongqing lags precipitation by about a month. Spring and early summer flow of the Upper Changjiang comes mainly from the eastern sector while the west contributes half of the flow between August and November. Key words hydrological model; simulation; streamflow; upper Changjiang


Application of the SIMHYD rainfall–runoff model to two catchments in China

XIANG ZHANG1, XIAODAN CHEN1, FRANCIS CHIEW2 & CAIYUN LIU1

1 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, [email protected]

2 CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia

Abstract The application of the simple lumped conceptual daily rainfall–runoff model (SIMHYD) was evaluated for two river basins in China, the Chao River basin in northern China and the Hanjiang River basin in central China. The modelling results for monthly runoff over the calibration period are satisfactory and those over the validation period are also reasonable. The SIMHYD is able to reproduce satisfactorily the total recorded monthly stream-flow; the total modelled flow over the verification period is 10–15% greater than the total recorded flow. The results show that it is possible to apply SIMHYD to model streamflow in the two catchments. The next step will be to use SIMHYD (and other simple rainfall–runoff models) for other catchments in China with the purpose of correlating the model parameters to physical and climatic characteristics of the basins so as to regionalize SIMHYD (and other simple models) for use in ungauged catchments rather than the application of complex hydrological models.Key words China; Chao River basin; Hanjiang River basin; rainfall–runoff model; SIMHYD

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou,

China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008., 108-115

Low flow simulation for the Dongjiang basin using the Xinanjiang watershed hydrological model

GUORU HUANG1 & YONGQIN DAVID CHEN2

1 Department of Civil Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China2 Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, [email protected]

Abstract Quantities of streamflow under a low flow regime are critical for water security and many other resource management issues. In this study, the widely used Xinanjiang watershed hydrological model is applied to simulate a daily flow hydrograph for the Dongjiang basin, and model results and performance are examined, particularly for the low flow periods. In addition to the traditional methods for evaluating simulation results, other criteria are used to estimate the simulation precision for low flow periods in the hydrograph. These criteria include the modelling results during low flow, the minima flow for different averaging intervals, and base flow separation results. For all the four study catchments, the model has been found to perform well, showing the validity of the Xinanjiang model for low flow simulation. The model evaluation criteria and methods adopted in this study can be applied in water resources management under low flow regimes.Key words base flow separation; Dongjiang basin; low flow; minimum flow; Xinanjiang hydrological model


Exploring hydrological process features of the East River (Dongjiang) basin in South China using VIC and SWAT

JI CHEN & YIPING WUDepartment of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model are applied to the East River (Dongjiang) basin in south China for simulating the hydrological processes and for assessing environmental changes. The focuses of the two models are different. The SWAT model is mainly for studying the environmental effects of changes in climate, land use and agricultural management on streamflow generation, and the VIC model, through simulating hydrological processes relevant to the water and energy balance over the land surface, is mainly for studying the effects of climate changes on streamflow generation. This paper presents the comparison of simulated hydrological processes using both of the models, and investigates the hydrological process features over the basin. It is found that soil moisture change is a dynamic factor in the basin’s terrestrial hydrological processes, but evapotranspiration and runoff are more important components in regulating the water balance over the East River basin.Key words East River (Dongjiang); hydrological processes; SWAT; VIC; water balance



GIS-based hydrological modelling: a comparative study of HEC-HMS and the Xinanjiang model

MOHAMMAD BAKIR & ZHANG XINGNAN State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, [email protected]

Abstract In this research an attempt was made to critically look at the application of HEC-GeoHMS, an extension of ArcView in HEC-HMS, a HEC package which is a new generation of software being developed for rainfall–runoff simulation. The performance of HEC-HMS was compared with that of the Xinanjiang conceptual model using historical flood data from the Wanjiabu catchment in China. Study results indicate that flood simulation using HEC-HMS is more efficient, especially in optimizing parameters, but not quite as accurate compared with the Xinanjiang model. The plausible reason for this could be due to the fact that the Xinanjiang model has more parameters, thereby making it more flexible in fitting a flood event. Finally, this study suggests that with improvement in data conditions, runoff yield can be calculated on a grid format, and the accuracy of simulation results of both models can thus be enhanced.Key words GIS; HEC-HMS; HEC-GeoHMS; optimizing parameters; Xinanjiang model


Rainfall–runoff relations for porous pavements under artificial rainfall

LIZHU HOU1, SHAOYUAN FENG1, YUEYUAN DING2 & FENGXIN WANG1

1 College of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Qinghua donglu, 17, Haidian district, Beijing 100083, [email protected]; [email protected]

2 Beijing Hydraulic Research Institute, Beijing 100044, ChinaAbstract Three porous pavement systems were investigated to evaluate their infiltration capability for precipitation. Experiments were conducted to simulate different kinds of porous pavements with different sub-base materials in each of the cells, and the discharge volumes from each cell were monitored. The relationship between rainfall intensity, outflow, and outflow duration was analysed. Because of storage in the sub-base, the infiltration forms subsurface flow in the porous concrete block paving and sub-base, which increases infiltration to the subsurface after rainfall. Results show that all porous pavement treatments increased infiltration and decreased runoff. For all treatments, the optimum thickness of the porous pavement was 31 cm, and consisted of a 6 cm top layer of porous concrete and a 25 cm sub-base (10 cm concrete without sand and 15 cm aggregate base). Under a rainfall rate of 59.36 mm/h, the runoff coefficient of the above treatment was 0, while the coefficient of the impervious pavement was



0.85.Key words artificial rainfall; porous pavement; runoff coefficient; sub-base


Development and application of an infiltration rate curve for runoff analysis in the North China Plain

HAOYUN HU1,2, CHENGHUA DANG1 & XIAOLI REN1

1 Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, [email protected]

2 Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

Abstract According to analysis of rainfall infiltration in the North China Plain we assume that the initial soil moisture and accumulated infiltration in the process of rainfall are the main factors that affect the soil infiltration rate. Based on the soil water dynamics theory, soil water movement is simulated numerically. An empirical formula is developed for infiltration rate estimation based on initial soil moisture and accumulated infiltration in soil of different textures. This so-called infiltration rate curve can be used to simulate runoff and the result is satisfactorily verified by experimental data. The research demonstrates the simplicity, efficiency and accuracy of excess runoff estimation using the infiltration rate curve. Key words calculation of runoff; infiltration excess runoff; infiltration rate; plain


Modelling and predicting unsaturated hydraulic transport properties with a new characteristic model

Y. WANG1, S. M. GROVE2, M. G. ANDERSON3 & L. F. LIU4

1 Centre for Engineering Materials, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, [email protected]

2 Advanced Material Manufacturing Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK3 School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK4 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Xi’an JiaoTong-Liverpool, Suzhou, JiangSu 215123, China

Abstract A recently developed water retention characteristic model has been incorporated into a statistical model to estimate hydraulic conductivities for unsaturated porous media. Because the new water retention model provides an explicit expression for water head variation with water saturation, the combined model is useful for evaluating the connection between hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity. Two sets of soil data from references and UNSODA were modelled using the combined model. Reasonably good agreement with experimental data is demonstrated in this paper.Key words hydraulic conductivity; hydraulic diffusivity; water retention characteristic


A hybrid finite analytical method for numerical simulation of jets in co-flowing conditions

XIAOHUA WEI & WENSHENG LUOState Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, [email protected]

Abstract The standard three-dimensional turbulent model was applied to numerically simulate sewage discharge by means of a jet in co-flowing conditions. The hybrid finite analytical method was used to solve the simulation equations. The simulated result of the centre line velocity decay is consistent with the experimental data. The numerical values of the different transects’ concentration agree well with the analytical values. Using this approach, the concentration trajectories on different transects and the distributive principles of concentration at different velocity rates are obtained.Key words co-flowing ambience; jet; numerical simulation; turbulent flow model


Evaluating the influence of land-cover change on catchment hydrology through the modified Xinanjiang model

FEI YUAN & LILIANG RENState Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, [email protected]

Abstract Land surface characteristics are closely related to hydrological processes. Nowadays, land-cover change induced by rapid economic development and intensive human activities tends to have significant effects on hydrology. In this paper, the potential impact of land-cover change on evapotranspiration, runoff volume, and flood events is assessed for the Hanzhong watershed in central China through the modified Xinanjiang model, i.e. the Xinanjiang vegetation–hydrology model. Numerical simulations are performed by assigning various land-cover types to the watershed. Simulation results show that afforestation in the Hanzhong watershed can raise evapo-transpiration by 2.1–11.1%, reduce runoff by 1.3–7.5%, and reduce and delay flood peaks effectively. Conversion from forests to cropland, wooded grassland or grassland covers tends to reduce evapotranspiration by 3.1–22.2%, increase total runoff by 2.0–15.0%, and likely makes flood peaks increase and appear earlier.Key words evapotranspiration; land-use and land-cover change; Xinanjiang hydrological model; vegetation


Analysis of hydrological changes of lakes and rivers in XinJiang using GIS techniques and remote sensing data

DILINUER AJI1, AKIHIKO KONDOH2 & CHANGYUAN TANG3

1 Department of Geography, School of Geography and Tourist Science, XinJiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China [email protected]; [email protected]

2 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan3 Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

Abstract This paper describes a method for, and results of, an investigation of the recent hydrological changes on several closed lakes and main rivers in XinJiang province, China, using multi-temporal satellite data and meteorological observations. Land-cover changes of the Lake Ebnur region and its vicinity, from 1972 to 2003, were analysed by comparing the land-cover classification images. Using the analysed satellite images, climatic observations, and mapping the meteorological observations of the main rivers’ outflow for the past 50 years, hydrological change estimation on some closed lakes and some main rivers was carried out. It is presumed that from 1950 until the second half of 1980, the water area of each lake declined continuously. Contrary to this, from the second half of 1980 until the present, the water area of the same lakes has demonstrated continual growth. Since the outflow changes for the main rivers chosen in this study were estimated to be the same, this study explores the hydrological changes on some closed lakes and main rivers in XinJiang from both the perspective of human activities and of climatic factors.Key words GIS; remote sensing; water area; river outflow; land-use/land-cover


Impact of human activities on the flow regime of the Yellow River

GUOBIN LU1, QIONGFANG LI1, ZHENHUA ZOU1, HONGJIE WANG1, ZIQIANG XIA1 & XIRONG MA2

1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, [email protected]

2 Institute of Water Conservancy Survey, Dongguan, Guangdong, China

Abstract With economic development and population growth, the flow regime of the Yellow River, particularly the lower reach of Yellow River having exceptionally high sediment-load flood threats, has been significantly altered by human activities including reservoir construction,

soil and water conservation practices, and excessive water withdrawal from the river. This paper selected the Yellow River as a case study, examined the alterations in the flow regime of the lower Yellow River, and investigated their driving forces. The results reveal that the impacts of human activities on the flow regime of the lower Yellow River have intensified with time. This paper provides references for assessment of the impacts of human activities on the health and stability of the Yellow River ecosystem and their ecological effects. Key words flow regime; human activities; hydrological alteration; Yellow River


Modelling of water availability response to climate change: a case study of Dongjiang (East River) basin, South China

TAO JIANG1, YONGQIN DAVID CHEN2, XIAOHONG CHEN1, TAO YANG3, ZUFA LIU1 & KUN LI1

1 Department of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China [email protected]

2 Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

3 State Key Lab of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China

Abstract A distributed monthly hydrological model developed by adopting and combining the techniques of TOPMODEL and the Xinanjiang model is used to evaluate the spatial changes of water availability in the Dongjiang basin under climatic scenarios derived from projections of three General Circulation Models (GCMs), i.e. CGCM1, CSIROMK2 and ECHAM4. The results indicate that increase in annual runoff and reduction in annual soil moisture will be apparent over the whole basin. However, there is relatively little consistency among the three GCM-generated scenarios as to the magnitudes of spatial change in runoff and soil moisture. Annual runoff and soil moisture will increase by 0.3% to 13.9% and decrease by 1.3% to 6.9%, respectively, by the 2050s. Although these results are not definitive statements as to what will happen to runoff and soil moisture in the Dongjiang basin, they do have significant implications for the study of response strategies of water supply and flood control to climate change.Key words climate change; Dongjiang basin; modelling; South China; water availability


Recognition of climatic drought in the Anzali wetland basin on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea

BAHMAN RAMEZANI Islamic Azad University- Rasht branch, [email protected]; [email protected]



Abstract Anzali wetland is an internationally important wetland that was recorded as a Ramsar site in June 1975. With an area of 193 km2, this wetland is located on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea in Guilan Province, Iran. It affects bird life, aquatics, social-economic conditions of margin settlements, wetland plants, and the surrounding climate and hydrology. Drought is a phenomenon that is an anomaly in the system and to recognise this phenomenon statistically the Normal Percent Precipitation Index (NPPI) and Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) were used for the period from 1980 to 2005. As NPPI does not distinguish drought so well, the SPI index with a moving average control chart and the Gamble method with geographical information system (GIS) software were used. The research results showed that the wetland experienced drought during this time period and the mountainous zones had a wet period.Key words Anzali wetland; Caspian Sea; drought; Normal Percent Precipitation Index (NPPI); Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)


Flow and sediment regulation and its effects in the Yellow River

DONG WANG1, SHAOMING PAN2, JICHUN WU1, QINGPING ZHU3, LING WANG4 & CHANG LIU1

1 Department of Hydrosciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China [email protected]

2 Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Coast & Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

3 China Water International Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd, Beijing 100053, China4 Hydrology Bureau of Yellow River Conservancy Committee of Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Abstract The safety of the Yellow River, particularly flood control, is always a most important issue in the socio-economic development of China. Great achievements have been made for the Yellow River after many years of struggling against flood and drought. However, since the 1990s some new problems have occurred, such as a sharp reduction of discharge flowing to the sea, drying up of the river course, deterioration of the water environment, etc. The rapid shrinkage of the river channel and the “suspended river bed” are especially disadvantageous to flood control. New concepts and practices are urgently needed for regulation of the Yellow River. Therefore the Yellow River Conservancy Committee of the Ministry of Water Resources (YRCC, MWR) successfully conducted experiments on flow and sediment regulations in the main stream in recent years (2002–2006). Timely research into the new issues emerged after flow and sediment regulation. In order to deepen the understanding of the changing water regime and sediment movement of the Yellow River and to provide experiences to other large rivers, five hydrological and hydraulic characteristics were taken into consideration, namely: low water flow; different sources of water and of sediment; inconsistency of water and sediment movement; and the frequent and changeable river channel. Flow and sediment regulation on the Yellow River, as the prototype model test, are reviewed. Under flow and sediment regulation, which is a more intensive human activity, the variation of the water and sediment discharge to the sea changes greatly in a short time. From 2002 to 2005 at Lijin station, discharge with the same water level increases and water level with the same discharge decreases. The carrying capacity of the channel was expanded and the channel was also deepened in the Lijin section. These measures are very conducive to flood control at the later stage.Key words flood safety; flow and sediment regulation; hydrological characteristics;

hydraulic characteristics; Yellow River; water and sediment discharge


Sustainable-development-oriented optimal allocation of water resources: a case study in Foshan City, Guangdong, China

DEDI LIU, XIAOHONG CHEN & BINGJUN LIUDepartment of Water Resources and Environment, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]

Abstract For the sake of sustainable exploitation of water resources, based on a dual-dynamic mode of the water cycle, a model of sustainable-development-oriented optimal allocation of water resources in Foshan City was built. The constraint conditions of the model included water supply capacities for waterworks, flood and salinity control and eco-environmental water demand inside the river channels. The theory of “decompose-coordination” for large-scale systems and the methods of hierarchical analysis and step-by-step toleration obligation were used in the process of coordination of reservoirs, river courses and regional runoff. The results of the perennial average distribution for each water unit were obtained by optimally operating water resources for the year 2030, based on monthly water input from 1956 to 2000. The results show that the quantity of water resources was sufficient in Foshan City and also that they could meet the demand in 2030. However, given the rather poor condition and operational ability of the present waterworks, some measures, e.g. to increase the supplied water and decrease the water demand, must be taken to ensure water supply security in the future.Key words Foshan City; water resources; optimal allocation; step-by-step toleration obligation; sustainable development


An improved optimization method for long-term operation of a cascade of multipurpose reservoirs on the Yellow River, China

YADONG MEI & YING XIONGState Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences,Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, [email protected]

Abstract The cascade reservoirs in the upstream Yellow River consist of a long-period regulating reservoir, an annually regulating reservoir, and five daily regulating reservoirs. In order to optimize the operating policies of the multipurpose cascade reservoirs given a deterministic inflow forecast, a long-term optimal operation model is developed in this paper. The model’s objective is to maximize the total power generation of the cascade reservoirs. The constraints set include some strict equality constraints on the water level, the release and the power generation of the reservoirs, as well as other normal constraints. By employing the penalty functions to relax

these strict equality constraints, an improved optimization method combining discrete dynamic programming (DDP) and discrete differential DP (DDDP) is applied to the cascade reservoirs operation. The case study shows that the improved optimization method can effectively handle the deterministic equality constraints and can be used to optimize the long-term operation for cascade multipurpose reservoirs.Key words cascade reservoirs; dynamic programming; long-term operation model; optimization method


Optimal water resource allocation in the water source area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project

BINGJUN LIU1,2, DONGGUO SHAO2 & XINGPIN SHEN2

1 Department of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]

2 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan 430072, China

Abstract Northern China faces serious water shortage problems because of rapid economic development and population growth since the 1980s, which has become a major constraint for sustainable development in the region. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) is an ambitious strategy to solve water shortage problems in North China. However, in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River basin, the water-exporting region of the project, problems such as high water consumption, low per capita water availability, non-uniform spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, still exist. As a result, there is a limited potential for water development and a sharp conflict among water user sectors, including industry, agriculture and ecosystem protection. Besides the lack of water resources, quality-induced water shortage has become a serious problem in the basin. Therefore, on the one hand, water transfer from Danjiangkou Reservoir required by the middle route of SNWTP will obviously affect the water balance of the Hanjiang basin. On the other hand, the full water demand of the basin will undoubtedly decrease the amount of water available for transfer. With a focus on the sustainable utilization of water resources, a water balance study is conducted in this paper, based on the principle of integrated planning and management of water resources. A detailed analysis of the relationship between the basins and the middle route transfer project is presented. Key words Hanjiang River basin; South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP); sustainable utilization of water resources


Measures for ensuring security and safety of water supply in Dongguan City, south China

BING JI1,2, JINCHUN FAN1, JIN TAO3 & JIAN LIANG3

1 Pearl River Water Resources Planning, Survey and Design Co. Ltd, Zhanyizhi Street, Tianshou Road, Guangzhou 510611, [email protected]

2 Hydrology and Water Resources Institute, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China3 Dongguan Water Conservancy Office, 99 Hongfu Road, Dongguan, Guangdong 523888, China

Abstract With rapid economic and social development in recent years, the security and safety of water supply has been increasingly becoming a severe problem in Dongguan, Guangdong Province. Large-scale salt water intrusion in the low flow season of 2004–2005 influenced the water intakes along the rivers, resulting in excessive salinity in several water plants and even water supply failures in Dongguan City. It has had negative effects on the living conditions of the local people and the secondary and tertiary industry of the City. In this paper, characteristics of the local water resources and those from the upstream region are analysed to identify and discuss major problems in the development, utilization, conservation and protection of water resources. Measures for development in water sources area, building of a water-saving society and pollution control are proposed with the aim of placing socio-economic development in Dongguan on a sustainable track.Key words countermeasures; Dongguan City; safety; water supply


Models for optimum distribution of water resources at three hierarchies and their applications

QITING ZUO, ZENING WU & JUNXIA MASchool of Water Conservancy & Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract In this paper, models for optimum distribution of water resources (ODWR) are divided into three hierarchies. The first hierarchy is the “model for optimum distribution of water resources based on considering sustainable development (SDO)”, the second is the “model for optimum distribution of water resources based on considering the carrying capacity of water resources (CCO)”, and the third is a general optimum distribution model with no consideration of the carrying capacity of water resources (GOD). In the first and highest hierarchy, the model is developed based on considering the objective of sustainable development. In the model at the second hierarchy, the carrying capacity of water resources is considered and regarded as a constraint to be put into the optimum model. In the model at the third hierarchy, the carrying capacity of water resources is not considered, and the model is a general optimum model only. A study was carried out in Zhengzhou City to demonstrate the applicability of the models at all hierarchies. It is concluded that these models at three hierarchies could be applied in water resources studies and the corresponding models should be developed based on different conditions.Key words carrying capacity of water resources; optimum distribution of water resources (ODWR); optimum model; sustainable development; Zhengzhou City




Influence of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project on water resources carrying capacity of the Yangtze River basin

JUN YAN1, JUN WANG2, ZHANWEN DING1, XIAOLEI ZHANG1 & HUCHENG LI1

1 North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450008, [email protected]

2 Yellow River Conservancy Institute, Kaifeng 475003, China

Abstract The South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) is expected to bring great benefits to the economy and environment of northern and northwestern parts of China. The negative effects of this mega project, particularly the change of the water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) factor in the Yangtze River basin, is analysed in this paper. Countermeasures against the negative effects and methods for optimizing water resources allocation are presented. Key words influence factor; South-to-North Water Transfer Project; sustainable development; water resources allocation; water resources load capacity


A two-stage dynamic game model for water resources optimal allocation

JIAN-CANG XIE1, FAN SUN1, YU-PENG WANG1, KER KONG1 & YEW-GAN THIAN2

1 Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, [email protected]

2 Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Abstract A two-stage dynamic game model for water resources optimal allocation was developed with the objective of maximizing the overall value of water resources. Water rights, public interests, water market and water price, which are determined by the dealers’ decisions, are all taken into account. The solution, which satisfies both the administrator’s resources allocation mandate and the consumers’ objectives, is solved in the case of sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium. An example is given to illustrate the idea, with the purpose of providing useful decision support for the modern management of water resources in China.Key words dynamic game model; Nash equilibrium; optimal allocation; water resources


Optimal design of seasonal flood control water levels for the Three Gorges Reservoir


PAN LIU, SHENGLIAN GUO & WEI LIState Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, [email protected]

Abstract Reservoirs are one of the most effective measures for integrated water resources development. Flood control water levels (FCWL) for different seasons are adopted to obtain more economic benefits without lowering the flood protection standard. In this study, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to conduct simulations for optimal design of seasonal FCWL for the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). For a given design flood protection standard, the seasonal FCWL for different seasons should not remain unchanged during the flood season and should be determined optimally. In view of the fact that the seasonal FCWL risk should be less than that of an annually designed FCWL, a simulation-based optimal seasonal FCWL model was developed to simultaneously maximize the benefits and minimize the flood risk. By using the 122-year (from 1882 to 2003) daily discharge data series, a multi-objective GA with mixed encoding was used to optimize the seasonal FCWL for TGR and yielded a set of Pareto solutions. The results indicate that the proposed model can make an effective trade-off between the flood control, hydropower generation and navigation, and can enhance the water use efficiency and the economic benefits of TGR without reducing the design flood protection standard.Key words genetic algorithm; multi-objective; seasonal flood control water level; Three Gorges Reservoir


Reform of the water rights system in China: theory and practice

SHAOHUA LI1, ZENGCHUAN DONG1 & XUETAO SUN2

1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, [email protected]

2 Department of Water Resources Management, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100053, China

Abstract This paper begins with a discussion of the current water resources management system in China, of its disadvantages and the necessity for reform of the water rights system. The reform is a complex and a systematic endeavour, which should be based on the theories of water resources management, law and new institutional economics. On the basis of contrastive analysis of some typical water rights systems in different countries, China’s water rights can be described as a kind of quasi-real rights, which include the rights of use, benefit and disposition of the state-owned water resources according to the law or contract. The paper also presents a comprehensive framework of China’s water rights system, together with the corresponding law and regulation system. This is followed by the discussion of some pilot projects on the initialization and transfer of water rights in China, and some policy implications for the establishment of a water rights system in the future.Keywords China; reform; policy implication; regulation; water rights system

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Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008, 289-295.

A comprehensive benefit evaluation for the Xiangjiang River basin rehabilitation project

YUNQING WU, DONGGUO SHAO & YI XIAOState Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, [email protected]

Abstract The rehabilitation project of the Xiangjiang River basin, the main economic region of Hunan province in the central China, was implemented to solve the problems of increasing floods, droughts and water pollution. The river basin rehabilitation project mainly includes reservoir construction, embankment reinforcement, and vegetation and water environment protection, which are closely related to flood control, hydroelectric generation, irrigation, navigation, resettlement and aquatic ecology. To quantify the benefits and impacts of the project and to also evaluate its advantages and weaknesses, this paper proposes a hierarchical assessment index system that considers flood control, the social economy and ecological environment. Each index of the different categories within the index system was normalized and its weight was determined through an information entropy-based assessment method, including both the subjective and the objective assessments. The proposed assessment index system was used to evaluate the positive and negative impacts of the basin treatment project on flood control, the social economy and the ecological environment. The evaluation results indicate that the basin treatment project enhanced the flood control capability, boosted socio-economic development of the region and improved the ecological environment of the basin.Key words basin treatment; evaluation index; entropy weight; Xiangjiang River basin


Participatory approach to groundwater management and ecological restoration in a coastal area affected by seawater intrusion

SHISONG QU, WEIPING WANG & LITING XINGSchool of City Development, Jinan University, 13 Shungeng Road, Jinan 250002, China [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Over-exploitation of groundwater for agricultural use in the coastal plain of Shandong province, China, has caused seawater intrusion, leading to harmful effects on the socio-economic development and the ecosystem of the region. The current mode of agricultural production is small-scale farming based on individual families. The irregular distribution of pumping wells over the area makes it difficult to manage groundwater properly. Thus, the protection and restoration of the water environment involves not only the efforts of government and engineering measures, but also the participation of thousands of farmers. An important and effective measure to control seawater intrusion is by establishing a Farmer Water Users Association (FWUA). This



paper proposes and discusses the guiding principle, legal status, and functions of FWUA for the purpose of groundwater management and ecological restoration in the study region.Key words Farmer Water Users Association; seawater intrusion


Application of the FOSM method in water project management

JIAN PAN1, WENYAO YAN2, NAIJI ZHANG1, HUITING LIU1, RONGJUN MAI1 & HUI CHEN1

1 College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, [email protected]

2 Project Management Division, Guangdong Water Resources and Hydropower Bureau, Guangzhou 510150, China

Abstract While water project management in China has already entered a science-based stage, there are still multiple risks in engineering problems because of various uncertain factors. Levee engineering is such an example; various factors including flooding, soil properties, seepage and management influence the slope stability of levees. In this paper, the First Order Second Moment (FOSM) method is used to estimate several uncertain factors. The slip risk of levee slopes is calculated by the FOSM method during the flood period. As the seepage in levees is often unstable during flood periods, we try to make a time-dependent function between the failure risk and flood duration to modify the risk value. Some measures, based on the analysis, are proposed to reduce the failure risk of levees during flood periods. Key words First Order Second Moment (FOSM) method; levee slope; management; risk; time subjection function


Governance and regulation in the drinking water sector for Karnataka State, India

H. K. RAMARAJU

Department of Civil Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560078, Karnataka, India [email protected]

Abstract Water problems are frequently caused by inefficient water governance due to poor planning, management of water resources and infrastructure. As the world population grows, there will be further growth in the economies and mega cities, resulting in greater and greater demand for water. Unlike resources such as oil, for which there are alternatives, water has no substitute. Groundwater is the principal source of drinking water in rural areas of the state of Karnataka, India. It is harnessed mainly through a network of bore wells. It is clear that the water

quality problems in the state are due to fluoride, total dissolved salts, total hardness, nitrate, iron and bacteria. Recent initiatives both at community and government levels have made use of long-neglected water quality management and water harvesting traditions. The results show that reviving water management systems will stimulate urban and rural development and meanwhile restore local ecosystems. Key words community; depletion; deterioration; master plan; sustainability


Institutional reform of water resources management in China

MEINAN LIU, ZUFA LIU, TAO JIANG, XIAOHONG CHEN & HAIXIA YUCenter of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]

Abstract Fragmentation is a major problem in the existing water resources management system in China; it results in duplicated/unclear functions among different agencies and a lack of coordination in water resources management. Other problems include the low water price, an imperfect water market, the indeterminate legal status of basin organizations, intermixed function between government and enterprises, and so on. Based on an analysis of these problems and experience at home and abroad, institutional reform of management systems is proposed in this article, including setting up water resources committees, water affairs bureaus and water resources coordination committees, at the state and provincial level as well as for river basins. Water resources management should be exercised with transparency and publicity via democratic consultation among stakeholders so that water can be used effectively and efficiently.Key words basin management; China; institutional reform; water resources committee; water affairs bureau


An analysis of urban water resources carrying capacity: a case study of Shenzhen city

JUNHE CHEN1 & CHUNYUAN HUANG2

1 Centre of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]

2 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore 259772, Singapore

Abstract Urban water resources carrying capacity is an important topic in sustainable development research on urban water resources. This paper establishes a multi-objective model to analyse water carrying capacity. Through a mutual operational method, i.e. the successive linear weighting method, this paper studies the water carrying capacity of Shenzhen city based on the views of different decision makers and for different water use rates (water use over water

availability) under different predicted water supply scenarios in 2010 and 2020. Keywords multi-objective method; successive linear weighting method; urban water carrying capacity


EO-1 Hyperion and ALI inter-sensor comparison of retrieval of suspended solid concentrations in the Pearl River estuary

LIGANG FANG1,2, SHUISEN CHEN2,3,4, YUHUAI ZENG2 & LIXIN ZHANG4

1Department of Computer Engineering, Suzhou Vocational University, Suzhou 215104, China2 Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China

[email protected] College of Informatics, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China4 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of

Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China

Abstract Estuary areas are characterized optically by high concentrations of water constituents. A comparison of river total suspended solid (TSS) concentration determined using different bandwidth sensors, ALI and Hyperion, which is based on inverse modelling of in situ sampling and water surface spectra, enables us to estimate TSS at a free selection between the ALI and Hyperion sensors. We employed a semi-empirical method in a comparative analysis of river TSS concentration estimated from ALI and Hyperion data in the Pearl River estuary, as a case study demonstrating the usefulness and the differences in ALI and Hyperion data for suspended solids concentration estimation. The validation showed there is a good correlation between ALI and Hyperion inverse TSS and the estimation of the concentration of TSS was accurate. However, the ALI-based inversion result underestimates TSS, with larger error values from real values of TSS within the shorter band range. Key words Advanced Land Imager (ALI); Hyperion; Pearl River estuary; remote sensing; total suspended solids


Assessment models for anti-pollution capability of karst groundwater in north China

LITING XING1, FENGXIN KANG2, WEIPING WANG1 & ZHENMIN MA1

1 School of City Development, University of Jinan, no. 13 Shungeng Road, Jinan 250002, [email protected] or [email protected]

2 Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, no. 75 Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China

Abstract Based on comparison and calculation of many factors which influence the capability for


antipollution of karst groundwater in Jinan, six factors, i.e. water table depth, volume of recharge, groundwater adequacy, soil category, topography, and aeration zone medium, were selected to develop the DRASTM model for assessment of the anti-pollution capability of phreatic groundwater. For confined aquifers, a four-factor model called DICT was developed for groundwater assessment based on depth to confined aquifer, lithology of the overlying impermeable layer, hydraulic conductivity and aquifuge thickness. The assessment results are in close agreement with the actual state of karst groundwater quality and hydrogeological conditions in Jinan, indicating that the assessment method can be applied to other karst areas in north China.Key words anti-pollution capability; index of anti-pollution capability; Jinan; karst water; groundwater model


Assessment of nitrate pollution using stable isotope and geochemical methods in the Pearl River Delta, South China

YINTAO LU1, CHANGYUAN TANG2, JIANYAO CHEN3 & SAKURA YASUO4

1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japany [email protected]

2 Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba 271-8510, Japan3 Center of Water Resources and Environment, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China4 Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

Abstract The Pearl River Delta has been facing serious problems of both water quantity and quality, with its rapid urbanization over the last decade. Groundwater from local aquifers, a source of drinking water before urbanization, has been polluted through septic tank leakage due to improper management in recent years. Groundwater in the study area has been influenced by precipitation, and groundwater is expected to flow in the direction from the area between 160–200 m in an EW direction and 180–220 m in a NS direction. NO3

- concentration to the west is higher than that to the east, and its concentration to the south is higher than that to the north. The results given by seasonal variation suggest that the NO3

- concentration in July is higher than in March. NO3

- pollution of groundwater is due to the point source leakage from septic tanks due to poor management.Key words groundwater pollution; nitrate; septic tank; stable isotopes


Characteristics and distribution of rare earth elements in suspended sediments of the Zengjiang River, South China

ZHEN TAO, QUANZHOU GAO, XIAOHONG CHEN, ZUFA LIU & JIAN DINGSchool of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]


Abstract Suspended sediment samples in the Zengjiang River were collected and divided into coarse and fine fractions by sedimentation. Ten rare earth elements (REE) were analysed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The effects of hydrological conditions and sediment grain size on the REE contents of suspended sediment are discussed. The REE contents in the suspended sediments vary significantly with hydrological conditions. During high-water level periods, the REE contents decrease with elevated concentration of suspended sediment. Except for Tb and Er, fine sediments have greater REE contents than coarse sediments. Compared with sediments in the upper continental crust, suspended sediments of the Zengjiang River are considerably enriched with REE, with Lu and Er being the most enriched elements. The REE distribution in suspended sediments is influenced by the geological conditions and mining activities in the Zengjiang River basin.Keywords grain size; hydrological condition; rare earth elements; riverine suspended sediment; Zengjiang River basin

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrological Sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World (Proceedings of a Symposium in Guangzhou, China, June 2006). IAHS Publ. 319, 2008,372-377

Calculation of pollutant flux of the Qiantang River based on ADCP

HAIXIA YU1 & LIQIANG XU2

1 Center of Water Resources and Environment Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]

2 Institute of Water Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China

Abstract Using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), the authors try to measure the pollutant flux of key sections of the Qiantang River in the dry season by real time monitoring, to find its temporal and spatial distribution. Six monitoring sections along the Qiantang River were selected and located by GPS. Three water samples were taken from the surface to the bottom in each monitoring section. According to the flow data obtained with ADCP and the pollutant concentration data analysed, the pollutant fluxes of the six sections in the Qiantang River were calculated. The research showed that the maximum pollutant flux was in Yanlingwu, regardless of the magnitudes of CODMn, NH3-N or TP, in the dry season of 2005. The minimum pollutant flux was observed in the Xin’an River factory section. Detailed analysis showed that the Lan River contributes considerably to the pollutants of the Yanlingwu section. Therefore, urgent effective measures are required to control the pollution in the Lan River estuary and Yanlingwu sections.Key words Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP); pollutant flux; real time flow


Adsorption and desorption of phosphate by wetland sediments in Hong Kong


YUK FO LAI & KIN CHE LAMDepartment of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China [email protected]

Abstract This study examined the characteristics of phosphate adsorption and desorption by sediments in two Hong Kong wetlands, namely the natural Mai Po Marshes (MP) and the constructed Hong Kong Wetland Park (HKWP). Results of batch incubation experiments performed on the top 5-cm surface sediments showed a significantly higher mean Langmuir sorption maximum in the MP sediments compared to the HKWP sediments (2462 vs 683 mg kg-1, p < 0.01). Porewater P levels were generally greater than the corresponding zero equilibrium P concentrations in both sediments, indicating a net adsorption of P under the existing pollution level. Strong and positive correlations were obtained between P sorption maxima and concentrations of both organic matter (r = 0.72) and oxalate-extractable metals (r 0.8). Considerations should be given to porewater P concentrations and Fe, Al and organic matter contents in sediments when wetlands are constructed to mimic the function of phosphorus removal performed by natural wetlands.Key words adsorption; constructed wetlands; desorption; Hong Kong; Langmuir; natural wetlands; phosphate; sediment


Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater in the shallow aquifers of the Manukan and Mabul Islands, Malaysia

AHMAD ZAHARIN ARIS, MOHD HARUN ABDULLAH & BABA MUSTASchool of Science & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88999, Sabah, [email protected]

Abstract Groundwater is a critical resource in small islands. Extensive practice of extraction of groundwater from shallow aquifers in islands potentially induces seawater intrusion into the aquifers. Hydrochemical analysis was performed to understand the groundwater chemistry based on salinity and various ion compositions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3

-, SO42-, Cl-) of the

groundwater of Manukan and Mabul Islands, Malaysia. The results indicate that groundwater in the study areas is highly enriched with Na+, HCO3

- and Cl-. At some sampling locations, ion concentrations (Na+, Ca2+, HCO3

-, SO42-, Cl-) and TDS exceeded the World Health Organization

standards for drinking water. The high concentrations of Na+, Mg2+ and Cl- in the groundwater indicate an encroachment of seawater into the islands’ aquifer. This finding was also supported by the values of Na/Cl and Cl/HCO3. The groundwater in the two islands ranged from Na-HCO3

to Na-Cl water types. The ionic composition of the groundwater was influenced by the cation exchange processes that were attributed to seawater intrusion.Key words cation exchange; groundwater; Mabul Island; Manukan Island; seawater intrusion


A multi-parametric eco-hydrological model for the spawn field of Acipenser sinensis downstream of Gezhouba Dam

YONGBO CHEN1,2, XUAN BAN3 & DAMEI LI3 1 Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China3 State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072,

[email protected]

Abstract In the past, Acipenser sinensis (sturgeon), a large anadromous fish, was an important fishery resource in China for export. The passage for the fish’ spawning migration between the sea and the river has been cut off since the completion of the Gizhouba Dam. The A. sinensis stock volume was rapidly reduced, making the fish an endangered species. This study compiled a series of hydrological and spawning data about A. sinensis (1983–2004). Based on a systematic analysis of the water level and flow hydrograph in September to November (the spawning period) at spawn sites below the Gezhouba Dam, a coupling model was developed using a few hydrological parameters and the A. sinensis spawning volume. This research provides the design discharge, velocity and water depth required for operation of the Three Gorges Project.Key words Acipenser sinensis; coupling model; ecological hydrology; Gezhouba Dam


Revegetation with Panicum repens on the water fluctuation belt of reservoirs in south China

HUA FANG1,2,3, JIAN-PING LIN2, JIANG-MING MO1, QI-FENG FU4 & SHU-BIN LIN4

1 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China [email protected]

2 Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China 3 The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China4 Dongjiang Water Resources Management Department, Shenzhen 518036, China

Abstract The water-fluctuation belt is the land between high and low water levels along the bank of reservoirs and rivers, which often alternately appears above or submerged under the water surface. Since few plants can grow well on such land that is either inundated or very dry, the belt usually appears as bare land with serious soil erosion and other ecological problems. Panicum repens was used to re-vegetate the water-fluctuation belt in reservoirs in south China. The results showed that it could remain alive after submergence for 10 months at a water depth of 8 m. It can adapt to the wet and dry environment resulting from water submergence and retreat in the fluctuation belt, with specific characteristics of drought-endurance and soak-resistance. This study demonstrated that the plants can be used to protect and improve the environment, to prevent further soil erosion, and to enhance the aesthetic value of the water-fluctuation belt. Key words Panicum repens; revegetation; reservoir; south China; water fluctuation belt


Non-point source water pollution and water quality protection in Guangdong Province

ZUFA LIU, TAO JIANG, XIAOHONG CHEN, HAIXIA YU, WENJIE LIN, XIA LIU & MINGYU HUOCenter of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, [email protected]

Abstract A comprehensive assessment of non-point source pollution was conducted during 2003–2004 in Guangdong Province. The total river length in Guangdong Province is about 11 270 km, of which 19% of the river channel did not meet the national water quality environmental standards based on the adopted water pollution index. For the 132 reservoirs evaluated in 2003, 13% were eutrophic, while 87% are in the middle level of eutrophication. The study showed that rural sewage and solid waste, fertilizers and pesticides, dispersed livestock grazing, soil erosion and urban storm runoff are the five major non-point sources (NPS), contributing about half of the pollutants in the water system. This paper suggests various measures for controlling non-point pollution and protecting the water environment. Key words non-point source pollutants; prevention and control measures; water pollution


Modelling the impact of land-use changes on nonpoint source pollution loading

WING CHI HUI & YONGQIN DAVID CHENDepartment of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kongjoshuahuihk@ yahoo.com.hk

Abstract Land-use change, dominated by an increase in impervious areas, has a significant impact on water resources and particularly on nonpoint source pollution loading. In order to provide easy to use quick water quality assessment of the impact of land-use changes, a screening level GIS-based nonpoint source pollution loading model has been constructed using the curve number and event mean concentration methods. The model is linked to a GIS for convenient generation and management of model input and output data, and advanced visualization of model results. The model was applied to the Guanlan River basin in the Pearl River Delta. Historical land-use scenarios for 1991, 1994 and 1998 were analysed to track land-use change in the watershed and to assess impacts on annual average runoff and NPS pollution. Keywords GIS; nonpoint source pollution; land-use changes; water quality modelling

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