DESCRIBING SPECIES

RATHACHAI CHAWUTHAI

2

REFERENCE

3

AGENDA

Taxonomy

Species

Changing

Etc.

4

TAXONOMY

5

TAXONOMY

Kingdom

Phylum / Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

6

EXAMPLE

7

EXAMPLE

8

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Naming

Genus + Species

Example

Descriptive name Rattus villosisimus: the hairest rat

Geographic name Lilium candense: Canada lily

And Etc.

9

SPECIES

10

SPECIES CONCEPT

Species are the most inclusive population of individuals having the potential for phenotypic cohesion mechanisms, i.e., mechanisms that limit the population boundaries by the action of such basic microevolutionary forces as gene flow, natural selection and genetic drift.(Templeton, 1989)

11

NEW SPECIES FOUND !!!

Community Studies and Surveys

Behavior Differences

E.g. Frogs which are similar but have different sound level

Genetic Evidence (Chromosomal and Molecular)

Same finches in different islands cannot breed

12

CHANGING

13

Growing of knowledge and naming rule

Become CHANGE

Because

Horse Frog

Synonym?

14

TYPES OF CHANGE

PerspectivesTowards a language for mapping relationships among taxonomic concepts N. M. Franz1

Department of Biology, PO Box 9012, University of Puerto Rico, Mayag¨uez, PR 00681, USA

R. K. Peet CB 3280, Coker Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA

journals.cambridge.org Submitted March 2008 Accepted June 2008

15

CHANGES OF CONCEPT

16

CHANGES OF CONCEPT

17

CHANGES OF CONCEPT

18

NAME CHANGE

Is a new name for

Frustulia ovalis Kützing 1833is a new name for Navicula amphora Ehrenberg 1832

19

SPELLING

Is spelling sequence for

Ancistrus macropthalmus is spelling sequence forAncistrus macrophthalmus

Is correct spelling sequence for

Ancistrus macrophthalmusis correct spelling sequence forAncistrus macropthalmus

20

HOMONYMY

Is a homonym of

Eriococcus mancus Ferris, 1955is a homonym ofEriococcus mancus (Maskell, 1897)

Is a junior homonym of

Eriococcus mancus Ferris, 1955is a junior homonym ofEriococcus mancus (Maskell, 1897)

Is a senior homonym of

Eriococcus mancus (Maskell, 1897) is a senior homonym ofEriococcus mancus Ferris, 1955

21

SYNONYMY

Is a synonym for

Apiomorpha nux Fuller, 1896is a synonym forApiomorpha pharetrata Scharder, 1863

Is a junior synonym for

Apiomorpha nux Fuller, 1896is a junior synonym forApiomorpha pharetrata Scharder, 1863

Is a senior synonym for

Apiomorpha pharetrata Scharder, 1863is a senior synonym forApiomorpha nux Fuller, 1896

22

TYPES OF CHANGE

Nomencurator: a nomenclatural history model to handle multiple taxonomic viewshttp://www.nomencurator.org/TLM.html (Website)

Describing Species (Book)

Taxonomic Changeshttp://www.ornitaxa.com/SM/TaxChanges.html (Website)

Preliminary design document for taxon names and conceptshttp://software.speciesfile.org/Design/NamesAndConcepts.aspx (Website)

Why names change: the new thinking in taxonomyhttp://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/articles/dryandra-banksia/why_names_change.php (Website)

23

THREE LAYERS MODEL

24

CHANGES OF CLASSIFICATION

Splitting

Merge Amaurospiza and Cyanocompsa  into Cyanoloxia

Merging / Lumping

Merge Amaurospiza and Cyanocompsa  into Cyanoloxia

25

CHANGES OF CLASSIFICATION

Promoting

Promote Canis arctos (subspecies of Canis lupus)to be a species under genus Canis

Demoting

Demote Hordeum leporinum (of genus Hordeum)to be subspecies of Hordeum murinum

Changing higher taxon

Genus Archipetalia (from family Neopetaliidae)to be under family Archipetaliidae

26

ONOTLOGY

The ontology of biological taxa

Stefan Schulz, Holger Stenzhorn, and Martin Boeker http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/13/i313.f

ull.pdf

27

28

ONOTLOGY

TaxMeOnTowards a language for mapping relationships among taxonomic concepts N. M. Franz1

Department of Biology, PO Box 9012, University of Puerto Rico, Mayag¨uez, PR 00681, USA

R. K. Peet CB 3280, Coker Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA

journals.cambridge.org Submitted March 2008 Accepted June 2008

29

30

31

SUMMARYTa

xon

Co

nce

pt

Ch

ang

e Name

RenameNew name

Spelling sequence

Synonym

Junior Synonym

Senior Synonym

Common Name

HomonymJunior Homonym

Senior Homonym

Classification

RemodelMerging

Splitting

Hierarchy Change

Promoting

Demoting

Changing higher taxon

32

?

33

http://www.stromboidea.de/?n=Species.PteroceraSimonis and http://www.stromboidea.de/?n=Species.DicrolomaCirrus

http://www.stromboidea.de/?n=Species.StrombusJeffersonia and http://www.stromboidea.de/?n=Species.LobatusCostatus

34

Animalia

Mollusca

Gastropoda

Stromboidea

Strombidae

Lambis

Lambis accipitrina Röding, 1798

Animalia

Mollusca

Gastropoda

Stromboidea

Strombidae

Strombus

Strombus accipiter Dillwyn, 1817

35

• http://bjc.sggw.waw.pl/arts/2011v11n1/9.pdf

• http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Auletobius_fukienensis/• http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Auletes_fumigatus/

36

FROM TAIWAN’S MOSS

37

Page 308

Barbula ehrenbergii Fleischer 1901 syn.

Hydrogonium ehrenbergii (Lor.) Jaeg. 1880

===============================================

Genus Barbula (Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond. 115. 1801)

SubGenus Hydrogonium (Müller Hal. Jaeger, 1880)

===============================================

Deny: Hydrogonium –(SubGenusOf) Barbula

Assert: Hydrogonium –(GenusOf) Pottiaceae

Ref:Zander, R.H. 1993. Genera of the Pottiaceae: Mosses of

harsh environments. New York

“”

38

• Before

• Coscinodon (1804) is a sub genus of Grimmia (1801)• 1908:

• Grimmia decalvata Cardot, 1908• 1980: http://arctoa.ru/ru/Archive-ru/17/1coscinodon.pdf

DEGUCHI, H. 1979. A revision of the genera Grimmia, Coscinodon and Schistidium (Musci) in Japan. – J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ser. B, div. 2 16(2): 121-256.

• Historically, North American authors have often considered Coscinodon to be a subgenus of Grimmia. Not until the 1980's did they follow the European approach distinguishing these two genera. The separation of these two genera is largely based on the sporophyte

• 1943:

• Coscinodon japonicus Sakurai 1943• 1943: Book p.324 (JJB 19)

• Coscinodon japonicus Sakurai 1943 = Grimmia decalvata Cardot, 1908

39

• Before

• Oxyrrhynchium is SubGenus Of Eurhynchium• Species: Oxyrrhynchium asperisetum (Müll. Hal.) Broth. M

• 1905: http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1639/0007-2745-112.4.786

• Promote: Oxyrrhynchium as a genus• 1939:

• Species: Eurhynchium asperisetum E. B. Bartram, 1939• Book p.378

• Eurhynchium asperisetum = Oxyrrhynchium asperisetum

40

• Before

• Genus: Eriopus• Eriopus japonicus Cardot & Thér.

• 1974: http://www.jstor.org/pss/20150128

• Calyptrochaeta replaced Eriopus• 1979 : P.337(?) &

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-35135324

• Calyptrochaeta japonica Iwatsuki & Noguchi, 1979SynonymEriopus japonicus Cardot & Thér

41

• http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/124/1235997342817-2023.pdf

42

• >> P. 391

• 1925 : http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/124/1235997342817-2023.pdf

• Genus Porothamnium –(under) SubFam Thamnioideae • 1984 : http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/124/1235997342817-2023.pdf

• Genus Porothamnium –(under) Fam Neckeraceae

43

• >> P.391

• Before : http://www.tropicos.org/name/35000709?projectid=22

• subg. Lescuraea • subg. Pseudoleskea

• 1911 : http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/P/Pseudoleskea_incurvata/

• Pseudoleskea incurvata Loeske, 1911• 1957 : http://www.tropicos.org/name/35000709?projectid=22

• Numerous bryologists (e.g. Lawton 1957) considered Pseudoleskea to be synonym of Lescuraea

• Lescuraea Accept• 1957 : http://www.tropicos.org/Name/35139429

• Lescuraea incurvata (Hedw.) E. Lawton

44

• 1902

• Rhaphidostegium lutschianum Broth. & Paris• 1968

• Rhaphidostichum lutschianum (Broth. & Paris) Seki• Rhaphidostegium lutschianum Broth. & Paris Basionym

• >> P.397

• Rhaphidostichum lutschianum (Broth. & Paris) SekiSynonymRhaphidostegium lutschianum Broth. & Paris

45

FROM OTHERS

46

HTTP://WWW.INTERNATIONALDOVESOCIETY.COM/SEEDSPECIES/NEWWORLDNAMECHANGES.HTMPatagioenas, Chloroenas, Lepidoenas, and Oenoenas presently

listed as synonyms under Columba and remove these citations from

the synonymy of Columba.

Columba cayennensis to Patagioenas cayennensis

Columba speciosa to Patagioenas speciosa

Columba squamosa to Patagioenas squamosa

Columba leucocephala to Patagioenas leucocephala

Columba fl avirostris to Patagioenas fl avirostris

Columba inornata to Patagioenas inornata

Columba fasciata to Patagioenas fasciata

Columba caribaea to Patagioenas caribaea

Columba subvinacea to Patagioenas subvinacea

Columba nigrirostris to Patagioenas nigrirostris

47

HTTP://FLORABASE.DEC.WA.GOV.AU/ARTICLES/DRYANDRA-BANKSIA/• The Western Australian Herbarium has recently changed the names

of all species of Dryandra to an equivalent name in Banksia, to reflect a taxonomic change in which the two genera have been merged into one

• new name in Banksia (e.g. Banksia sessilis)

48

HTTP://WWW.MUSEUM.LSU.EDU/~REMSEN/SACCPROP372.HTML• merged the genus Idioptilon ("Tody-Tyrant") into Hemitriccus

49

HTTP://WWW.AOU.ORG/CHECKLIST/SUPPL/AOU_CHECKLIST_SUPPL_44.PDF (1)

• (1) one species is added to the main list because of splitting of a species previously on the list (Loxiamegaplaga);

• (2) one species replaces another presently on the list because of splitting of an extralimital form (Picoides dorsalis);

• (3) two genera (Euphonia and Chlorophonia), with their 16 species in our area, are moved from the family Thraupidae and placed in the subfamily Euphoniinae in the Fringillidae;

• (4) three new generic names are inserted in the list because of splitting of genera previously included (Patagioenas,Megascops, and Gymnoglaux), with the consequent change in generic names of 21 species;

• (5) one genus is removed from the list (Nyctea) because of its merger with another on the list (Bubo), with the consequent change of the scientifi c name of one species;

50

HTTP://WWW.AOU.ORG/CHECKLIST/SUPPL/AOU_CHECKLIST_SUPPL_44.PDF (2)

• (6) two English names are changed without change in scientific name (Belcher’s Gull and Rock Pigeon);

• (7) the distribution of one species is changed because of the merger with it of an extralimital form (Butorides striatus);

• (8) one species is added to part 2 of the Appendix (Oenoenas chiriquensis); and

• (9) changes are made in the endings of 9 species names to bring them into conformity with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (see David and Gosselin 2002)

51

• Before

• ds• 1xxx

• ds• 1xxx

• sd

52

• Before

• ds• 1xxx

• ds• 1xxx

• sd

53