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7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/describing-data-with-graphical-tools-77 1/228
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm
Krc~mefco XaaovWdrveal ; Rdodcvd ;
HL84>3>>>,>43>
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Fcfxtv/ DHC/ DHC!VSO/ GEHDO/ GAFTV/ Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv/ xmd Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv oaka/ e[cu/ e[cu Vagx{crd/
^crocu/ ^F!GAFTV/ RVxcx/ XcbodXco`/ [db65>/ clh [dbGAFTV crd rdkevxdrdh xrchdjcr`v/ clh HcxcJekrcxar clh
Jcklegu crd xrchdjcr` ag Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv/ Elf,
Chabd/ xmd Chabd oaka/ Cfrabcx/ Chabd Rdchdr/ Gocvm/ God}/ clh ^avxVfre~x crd dexmdr rdkevxdrdh xrchdjcr`v arxrchdjcr`v ag Chabd Vuvxdjv Elfar~arcxdh el xmd Tlexdh Vxcxdv clh!ar axmdr fatlxredv,
Htd xa xmd lcxtrd ag xmev jcxdreco/ xmev haftjdlx rdgdrv xa ltjdratv mcrh{crd clh vagx{crd ~rahtfxv bu xmder
xrchdjcr`v, El javx/ eg lax coo fcvdv/ xmdvd hdveklcxealv crd focejdh cv xrchdjcr`v ar rdkevxdrdh xrchdjcr`v bu xmd
rdv~dfxewd faj~cledv, Ex ev lax xmev ~tboevmdr―v elxdlx xa tvd clu ag xmdvd lcjdv kdldrefcoou, Xmd rdchdr ev xmdrdgar
fctxealdh xa elwdvxekcxd coo focejdh xrchdjcr` rekmxv bdgard tvelk clu ag xmdvd lcjdv axmdr xmcl xa rdgdr xa xmd
~rahtfx hdvfrebdh,
Fa~urekmx ¥ 2>3>/ bu Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv/ Elf, clh e[cu Vagx{crd, Coo rekmxv rdvdrwdh, ^cxdlx ^dlhelk, Xmev jcltc
ar ~crxv xmdrdag/ jcu lax bd rd~rahtfdh el clu garj {exmatx xmd {rexxdl ~drjevveal ag Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv/ Elf,
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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[dbGAFTV
Falxdlxv
^rdgcfd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;
Haftjdlxcxeal Falwdlxealv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Rdocxdh ^tboefcxealv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ftvxajdr Vt~~arx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Elgarjcxeal Uat Vmatoh Mcwd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Tvdr Gddhbcf`,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3
Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv Falvtoxelk clh Xrcelelk,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3
3, Hdvfrebelk clh Cffdvvelk Hcxc Awdrwed{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,36C Laxd Cbatx Hcxc Vatrfd Xdrjelaoaku,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,38
Ma{ C~~oefcxealv Elxdr~rdx Hcxc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,38
Abxcelelk c Vulaluj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3
[mcx Uat Fcl Ha [exm c Vulaluj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3
[cuv xa Dlmclfd c Vulaluj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,37
Ma{ cl C~~oefcxeal Tvdv c Vulaluj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3
Coxdrlcxewd Xaaov al xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,35Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2
Falgektrelk xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2
Vma{elk Alou C~~oefcxealv el ^cxm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2
Hcxc Cffdvv Falgektrcxeal Wcrecxealv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,27
Jclckelk Chc~xdr Falgektrcxealv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8
Tvelk xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db Falvaod gar Hcxc Cffdvv clh Vulaluj ^rd~crcxeal,,,,,7
Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal Geod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;6
Elxrahtfxeal xa Vulaluj Dhexar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;8
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5
Vdxxelk T~ Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3>
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,33
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,32
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,326
Hcxc ̂ rageoelk c Velkod Faotjl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,32
Frdcxelk Fotvxdr Iaelv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,327
Hdgelelk Hejdlvealv gar AOC^ Clcouvev,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,36
Tvelk xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,368
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar gar Ftbd Hcxc Vatrfdv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,365
Frdcxelk Btveldvv Wed{v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,385
Chhelk Werxtco Faotjlv -HDGELD% el c Vulaluj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,34
Frdcxelk Geoxdrv el c Vulaluj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,37
Chhelk Faj~txdh Gedohv -FAJ^TXD% el c Vulaluj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,37
Vxarelk xmd Ltjbdr ag Rd~dxexealv ag c Rd~dcxelk Gedoh el c Werxtco Gedoh,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,37
Hdgelelk Cxxrebtxdv clh Frdcxelk D}~rdvvealv gar Ftvxaj Gedohv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3;
Chhelk Krat~ Gedohv el c Vulaluj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3;
C~~ouelk Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3=
Vdodfxelk xmd Xu~d ag Cffdvv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,35>
Rdvxrefxelk Cffdvv xa Vdkjdlxv/ Gedohv/ Gedoh Wcotdv/ clh La~relx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,35
Hdodxelk c HBC ar Tvdr ^cvv{arh,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,35=
Dlfru~xelk clh Hdfru~xelk c Jcvxdr Geod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,355
8, Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh ^rafdhtrdv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2>3
Clcouyelk ̂ rafdhtrdv [exm xmd Ej~cfx Clcouvev Xaao,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2>
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2>
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2>7
Hcxc ̂ rageoelk c Velkod Faotjl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2>
4, Chhelk Hcxc clh Rdbteohelk GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfdv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,23;
Frdcxelk c GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,23=Rdbteohelk c Hcxc Vatrfd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,235
Rdbteohelk c Hevarkcleydh Geod,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,22
Rdbteohelk xmd Elhd},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,22
Fmdf`elk xmd Elxdkrexu ag c Hcxc Vatrfd,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,22
8 [dbGAFT
Falxdlxv
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Rdchdr Fajjdlxv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,22;
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov
Falxdlxv
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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7 [dbGAFT
Falxdlxv
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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[dbGAFTV
^rdgcfd
Xmev haftjdlxcxeal hdvfrebdv ma{ xa frdcxd xmd jdxchcxc gar xmd hcxc vatrfdv xmcx uatr
[dbGAFTV ~raidfxv {eoo cffdvv, Ex ev elxdlhdh gar hcxcbcvd chjelevxrcxarv/ c~~oefcxeal
hdwdoa~drv/ ar axmdr elgarjcxeal xdfmlaoaku ~ragdvvealcov {ma {eoo frdcxd xmd jdxchcxc tvd
bu [dbGAFTV xa cffdvv far~arcxd hcxc,
Ma{ Xmev Jcltco Ev Arkcleydh
Xmev jcltco elfothdv xmd gaooa{elk fmc~xdrv9
FalxdlxvFmc~xdr!C~~dlhe}
Elxrahtfdv hcxc vatrfd hdvfre~xealv clh d}~ocelv
ma{ xa tvd xmdj,
Hdvfrebelk clh Cffdvvelk
Hcxc Awdrwed{
3
Hdvfrebdv ma{ xa frdcxd c vulaluj gar uatr hcxc
vatrfd hdvfre~xeal,
Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh
Frdcxelk Vulalujv
2
Hdvfrebdv xmd Vulaluj Dhexar clh ma{ uat jcu tvd
ex xa wed{ clh dhex vulalujv,
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar6
Hdvfrebdv ma{ xa clcouyd ~rafdhtrdv tvelk Ej~cfx
Clcouvev/ clh ma{ xa wed{ Hcxc ^rageoelk gar xmd
faotjlv el c vulaluj,
Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh
^rafdhtrdv
8
Hdvfrebdv txeoexedv xa frdcxd ld{ GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv
clh xa rdgrdvm d}evxelk hcxc vatrfdv cgxdr xmd
vxrtfxtrd mcv fmclkdh,
Chhelk Hcxc clh Rdbteohelk
GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfdv
4
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov
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Haftjdlxcxeal Falwdlxealv
Xmd gaooa{elk xcbod oevxv clh hdvfrebdv xmd falwdlxealv xmcx c~~ou el xmev jcltco,
Hdvfre~xealFalwdlxeal
Hdlaxdv vulxc} xmcx uat jtvx dlxdr d}cfxou cv vma{l,XMEV XU^DGCFD
ar
xmev xu~dgcfd
Rd~rdvdlxv c ~ocfdmaohdr -ar wcrecbod% el vulxc} gar
c wcotd xmcx uat ar xmd vuvxdj jtvx vt~~ou,
xmev xu~dgcfd
Elhefcxdv c hdgctox vdxxelk,tlhdrvfard
Rd~rdvdlxv c ~ocfdmaohdr -ar wcrecbod%/ c fravv*rdgdrdlfd/ ar cl ej~arxclx xdrj, Ex jcu cova elhefcxd
c btxxal/ jdlt exdj/ ar hecoak ba} a~xeal uat fcl
foef` ar vdodfx,
xmev xu~dgcfd
Mekmoekmxv c geod lcjd ar fajjclh,xmev xu~dgcfd
Elhefcxdv `duv xmcx uat jtvx ~rdvv vejtoxcldatvou,@du + @du
Elhefcxdv x{a ar xmrdd fmaefdv, Xu~d ald ag xmdj/
lax xmd brcfdv,
p z
Elhefcxdv c krat~ ag a~xealco ~crcjdxdrv, Lald crd
rdsterdh/ btx uat jcu vdodfx ald ag xmdj, Xu~d alou
xmd ~crcjdxdr el xmd brcf`dxv/ lax xmd brcf`dxv,
P Z
Vd~crcxdv jtxtcoou d}fotvewd fmaefdv el vulxc}, Xu~d
ald ag xmdj/ lax xmd vujbao,
|
Elhefcxdv xmcx uat fcl dlxdr c ~crcjdxdr jtoxe~od
xejdv, Xu~d alou xmd ~crcjdxdr/ lax xmd dooe~vev ~aelxv
-,,,%,
,,,
Elhefcxdv xmcx xmdrd crd -ar fatoh bd% elxdrwdlelk archhexealco fajjclhv,
,,
,
= [dbGAFT
Haftjdlxcxeal Falwdlxealv
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Rdocxdh ^tboefcxealv
Xa wed{ c ftrrdlx oevxelk ag atr ~tboefcxealv clh xa ~ocfd cl arhdr/ wevex atr Xdfmlefco
Haftjdlxcxeal Oebrcru/ mxx~9!!haftjdlxcxeal,elgarjcxealbteohdrv,faj, Uat fcl cova falxcf
xmd ^tboefcxealv Arhdr Hd~crxjdlx cx -=>>% 575*8767,
Ftvxajdr Vt~~arx
Ha uat mcwd clu stdvxealv cbatx xmev ~rahtfx1
Iael xmd Gafco ^aelx fajjtlexu, Gafco ^aelx ev atr aloeld hdwdoa~dr fdlxdr clh jard xmcl c
jdvvckd bacrh, Ex ev cl elxdrcfxewd ldx{ar` ag jard xmcl 6/>>> hdwdoa~drv graj cojavx
dwdru ~ragdvveal clh elhtvxru/ faoocbarcxelk al vaotxealv clh vmcrelk xe~v clh xdfmlestdv
mxx~9!!gartjv,elgarjcxealbteohdrv,faj!dwd!gartjv,
Uat fcl cova cffdvv vt~~arx vdrwefdv dodfxralefcoou/ 28 matrv c hcu/ {exm ElgaRdv~alvd
Aloeld, ElgaRdv~alvd Aloeld ev cffdvvebod xmratkm atr [aroh [ehd [db vexd/
mxx~9!!{{{,elgarjcxealbteohdrv,faj, Ex falldfxv uat xa xmd xrcf`elk vuvxdj clh `la{l*~rabodj hcxcbcvd cx xmd Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv vt~~arx fdlxdr, Rdkevxdrdh tvdrv fcl a~dl/
t~hcxd/ clh wed{ xmd vxcxtv ag fcvdv el xmd xrcf`elk vuvxdj clh rdch hdvfre~xealv ag rd~arxd
vagx{crd evvtdv, Ld{ tvdrv fcl rdkevxdr ejjdhecxdou gar xmev vdrwefd, Xmd xdfmlefco vt~~ar
vdfxeal ag {{{,elgarjcxealbteohdrv,faj cova ~rawehdv tvckd xdfmlestdv/ hecklavxef xe~v/
clh clv{drv xa grdstdlxou cv`dh stdvxealv,
Fcoo Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv Ftvxajdr Vt~~arx Vdrwefd -FVV% cx -=>>% ;67*736> ar -232% ;67
736>, Ftvxajdr Vt~~arx Falvtoxclxv crd cwceocbod Jalhcu xmratkm Grehcu bdx{ddl =9>>
c,j, clh =9>> ~,j, DVX xa chhrdvv coo uatr stdvxealv, Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv falvtoxclxv fc
cova kewd uat kdldrco ktehclfd rdkcrhelk ~rahtfx fc~cbeoexedv clh haftjdlxcxeal, ^odcvd
bd rdchu xa ~rawehd uatr ve}*hekex vexd fahd ltjbdr -}}}},}}% {mdl uat fcoo,Xa odcrl cbatx xmd gtoo rclkd ag cwceocbod vt~~arx vdrwefdv/ cv` uatr Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv
rd~rdvdlxcxewd cbatx ElgaRdv~alvd Aloeld/ ar fcoo -=>>% 575*ELGA,
Elgarjcxeal Uat Vmatoh Mcwd
Xa mdo~ atr falvtoxclxv clv{dr uatr stdvxealv dggdfxewdou/ bd ~rd~crdh xa ~rawehd xmd gaooa{el
elgarjcxeal {mdl uat fcoo9
Uatr ve}*hekex vexd fahd -}}}},}}%,
Uatr [dbGAFTV falgektrcxeal9
Xmd gralx*dlh uat crd tvelk/ elfothelk wdlhar clh rdodcvd,
Xmd fajjtlefcxealv ~raxafao -gar d}cj~od/ XF^!E^ ar MOOC^E%/ elfothelk wdlhar clh
rdodcvd,
Xmd vagx{crd rdodcvd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov
^rdgcfd
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Uatr vdrwdr wdrveal clh rdodcvd, Uat fcl gelh xmev elgarjcxeal tvelk xmd Wdrveal a~xea
el xmd [db Falvaod,
Xmd vxardh ~rafdhtrd -~rdgdrcbou {exm oeld ltjbdrv% ar VSO vxcxdjdlxv bdelk tvdh el
vdrwdr cffdvv,
Xmd Jcvxdr Geod clh Cffdvv Geod,
Xmd d}cfx lcxtrd ag xmd ~rabodj9
Crd xmd rdvtoxv ar xmd garjcx elfarrdfx1 Crd xmd xd}x ar fcoftocxealv jevvelk ar
jev~ocfdh1
Xmd drrar jdvvckd clh rdxtrl fahd/ eg c~~oefcbod,
Ev xmev rdocxdh xa clu axmdr ~rabodj1
Mcv xmd ~rafdhtrd ar stdru dwdr {ar`dh el exv ~rdvdlx garj1 Mcv ex bddl fmclkdh rdfdlxou
Ma{ agxdl hadv xmd ~rabodj afftr1
[mcx rdodcvd ag xmd a~drcxelk vuvxdj crd uat tvelk1 Mcv ex/ uatr vdftrexu vuvxdj/
fajjtlefcxealv ~raxafao/ ar gralx*dlh vagx{crd fmclkdh1
Ev xmev ~rabodj rd~rahtfebod1 Eg va/ ma{1
Mcwd uat xredh xa rd~rahtfd uatr ~rabodj el xmd vej~odvx garj ~avvebod1 Gar d}cj~od/ e
uat crd mcwelk ~rabodjv iaelelk x{a hcxc vatrfdv/ mcwd uat xredh d}dftxelk c stdru
falxcelelk itvx xmd fahd xa cffdvv xmd hcxc vatrfd1
Ha uat mcwd c xrcfd geod1
Ma{ ev xmd ~rabodj cggdfxelk uatr btveldvv1 Ev ex mcoxelk hdwdoa~jdlx ar ~rahtfxeal1 Hauat itvx mcwd stdvxealv cbatx gtlfxealcoexu ar haftjdlxcxeal1
Tvdr Gddhbcf`
El cl dggarx xa ~rahtfd dggdfxewd haftjdlxcxeal/ xmd Haftjdlxcxeal Vdrwefdv vxcgg {dofajd
uatr a~elealv rdkcrhelk xmev jcltco, ^odcvd tvd xmd Rdchdr Fajjdlxv garj cx xmd dlh a
xmev jcltco xa fajjtlefcxd vtkkdvxealv gar ej~rawelk xmev ~tboefcxeal ar xa codrx tv xa
farrdfxealv, Uat fcl cova tvd xmd Haftjdlxcxeal Gddhbcf` garj al atr [db vexd/
mxx~9!!haftjdlxcxeal,elgarjcxealbteohdrv,faj!gddhbcf`,cv~,
Xmcl` uat/ el chwclfd/ gar uatr fajjdlxv,
Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv Falvtoxelk clh Xrcelelk
Elxdrdvxdh el xrcelelk1 Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv Dhtfcxeal Hd~crxjdlx aggdrv c {ehd wcredxu ag
xrcelelk fatrvdv gar xmev clh axmdr Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv ~rahtfxv,
3> [dbGAFT
Tvdr Gddhbcf`
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Gar elgarjcxeal al fatrvd hdvfre~xealv/ oafcxealv/ clh hcxdv/ ar xa rdkevxdr gar focvvdv/ wev
atr [aroh [ehd [db vexd -mxx~9!!{{{,elgarjcxealbteohdrv,faj% ar fcoo -=>>% 575*ELGA xa
v~dc` xa cl Dhtfcxeal Rd~rdvdlxcxewd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3
^rdgcfd
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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32 [dbGAFT
Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv Falvtoxelk clh Xrcelelk
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[dbGAFTV
Hdvfrebelk clh Cffdvvelk Hcxc Awdrwed{3
Xa~efv9Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea ~rawehdv c vdx ag
krc~mefco xaaov xmcx uat fcl tvd xa
hdvfrebd clh cffdvv jclu xu~dv ag hcxc
vatrfdv/ elfothelk9C Laxd Cbatx Hcxc Vatrfd Xdrjelaoaku
Ma{ C~~oefcxealv Elxdr~rdx HcxcRdocxealco/ vtfm cv HB2/ Arcfod/
Vubcvd/ Elgarje}/ clh IHBF, Abxcelelk c Vulaluj
[mcx Uat Fcl Ha [exm c VulalujJtoxehejdlvealco/ vtfm cv VC^ B[
clh Dvvbcvd,[cuv xa Dlmclfd c Vulaluj
^rafdhtrdv/ vtfm cv [db Vdrwefdv
clh FEFV Xrclvcfxealv,Ma{ cl C~~oefcxeal Tvdv c Vulaluj
Coxdrlcxewd Xaaov al xmd Rd~arxelk
Vdrwdr Falvaod]JO/ vtfm cv ]JO clh Xcjela,
Medrcrfmefco/ vtfm cv EJV clh GAFTV,
Vdstdlxeco/ baxm ge}dh*garjcx clh
grdd*garjcx,
Elhd}dh/ vtfm cv EVCJ clh WVCJ,
Ldx{ar`/ vtfm cv FC*EHJV,
Axmdr ~a~tocr hcxc vatrfdv/ vtfm cv
Oaxtv Laxdv clh OHC^,
Xmdvd krc~mefco xaaov crd hdvekldh xa9
Xrclvocxd xmd vfmdjc ag xmd hcxc
vatrfd elxa jdxchcxc xmcx [dbGAFTV
fcl rdch clh rd~arx ckcelvx,
A~xealcoou/ dlcbod uat xa ftvxajeyd
clh dlmclfd xmd kdldrcxdh
jdxchcxc/ {exmatx mcwelk xa ̀ la{ xmd
hdxceov ag xmd tlhdrouelk [dbGAFTV
hcxc hdvfre~xeal oclktckd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3
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C Laxd Cbatx Hcxc Vatrfd Xdrjelaoaku
Heggdrdlx xu~dv ag hcxc vatrfdv jc`d tvd ag vejeocr falfd~xv/ btx rdgdr xa xmdj heggdrdlxou
Gar d}cj~od/ xmd vjcoodvx jdclelkgto dodjdlx ag hcxc ev fcoodh c gedoh bu jclu medrcrfmefc
hcxcbcvd jclckdjdlx vuvxdjv clh elhd}dh hcxc cffdvv jdxmahv/ btx fcoodh c faotjl b
rdocxealco hcxcbcvd jclckdjdlx vuvxdjv,
Xmdrd crd axmdr fcvdv el {mefm c fajjal falfd~x ev ehdlxegedh bu c ltjbdr ag heggdrdlx
xdrjv, Gar vej~oefexu/ {d mcwd vxclhcrheydh al c velkod vdx ag xdrjv, Gar d}cj~od/ {d tvtco
rdgdr xa xmd vjcoodvx jdclelkgto dodjdlx ag hcxc cv c gedoh/ rdkcrhodvv ag xmd xu~d ag hcxc
vatrfd, Ma{dwdr/ {mdl rdsterdh gar focrexu/ {d tvd xmd xdrj v~dfegef xa c kewdl hcxc vatrfd
Dcfm xejd {d elxrahtfd c ld{ vxclhcrh xdrj/ {d hdgeld ex clh faj~crd ex xa dstewcodlx xdrj
tvdh {exm heggdrdlx xu~dv ag hcxc vatrfdv,
Ma{ C~~oefcxealv Elxdr~rdx Hcxc
[mdl uatr c~~oefcxeal cffdvvdv c hcxc vatrfd/ xmd c~~oefcxeal lddhv xa ̀ la{ ma{ xa elxdr~rdxmd hcxc xmcx ex gelhv, Xa cffaj~oevm xmev xmd c~~oefcxeal rdchv c vulaluj/ {mefm ev cl
Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv xdrj gar xmd kdldrcxdh jdxchcxc cvvafecxdh {exm xmd ~crxeftocr hcxc
vatrfd,
Uatr c~~oefcxeal lddhv xa `la{ cbatx9
Xmd awdrcoo vxrtfxtrd ag xmd hcxc, Gar d}cj~od/ ev xmd hcxc rdocxealco/ medrcrfmefco/
jtoxehejdlvealco/ ar vdstdlxeco1 Hd~dlhelk t~al xmd vxrtfxtrd/ ma{ ev ex crrclkdh ar
elhd}dh1
Xmd v~dfegef hcxc dodjdlxv, Gar d}cj~od/ {mcx gedohv crd vxardh el xmd hcxc vatrfd/ cl
{mcx ev xmd hcxc xu~d ag dcfm gedoh -fmcrcfxdr/ hcxd/ elxdkdr/ ar vajd axmdr xu~d%1
Xmd vulaluj ~rawehdv cl coecv gar xmd hcxc vatrfd xmcx xdoov xmd vdrwdr ma{ xcbodv crd
hdvfrebdh clh {mdrd xa gelh xmdj,
Xmd ~rejcru faj~aldlx ag c vulaluj ev c Jcvxdr Geod, Xmd Jcvxdr Geod hdvfrebdv xmd vxrtfxtr
ag c hcxc vatrfd clh exv gedohv, Gar d}cj~od/ ex elfothdv elgarjcxeal vtfm cv gedoh lcjdv
clh hcxc xu~dv,
Gar vajd xu~dv ag hcxc vatrfdv/ cl Cffdvv Geod vt~~odjdlxv xmd Jcvxdr Geod, Cl Cffdvv
Geod elfothdv chhexealco elgarjcxeal xmcx faj~odxdv xmd hdvfre~xeal ag xmd hcxc vatrfd, Gar
d}cj~od/ ex elfothdv xmd gtoo hcxc vatrfd lcjd clh oafcxeal, Xmd lcxtrd ag xmd elgarjcxeal
el xmd Cffdvv Geod ev v~dfegef xa dcfm hcxc vatrfd, Uat lddh ald Jcvxdr Geod clh/ gar vaj
xu~dv ag hcxc vatrfdv/ ald Cffdvv Geod xa hdvfrebd c hcxc vatrfd,
38 [dbGAFT
C Laxd Cbatx Hcxc Vatrfd Xdrjelaoaku
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Abxcelelk c Vulaluj
Rdgdrdlfd9
Ma{ cl Chc~xdr [ar`v
Uat fcl kdldrcxd vulalujv tvelk xmd Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao/ {mefm dlcbod
uat xa d}~oard HBJV fcxcoakv clh vdodfx xmd abidfxv gar {mefm uat {evm xa frdcxd vulalujv
Xmd xaao ~raj~xv gar coo xmd elgarjcxeal ex lddhv xa frdcxd c vulaluj gar c ~crxeftocr hcxc
vatrfd clh vxardv xmd kdldrcxdh vulaluj al xmd vdrwdr,
Xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao ev gtoou hdvfrebdh el Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv al ~ck
35,
El arhdr xa kdldrcxd c vulaluj/ uat jtvx bd ctxmareydh xa tvd xmd hcxc ckcelvx {mefm uat
~ocl xa rd~arx clh uat jtvx mcwd falgektrdh cl chc~xdr xa cffdvv xmcx xu~d ag hcxc, [mdl
uat bdkel xa frdcxd c vulaluj/ Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea a~dlv xmd chc~xdr falgektrcxeal {elha{Xmd a~xeal xa frdcxd xmd vulaluj bdfajdv cwceocbod alou cgxdr xmd chc~xdr ev vtffdvvgtoou
falgektrdh,
Chc~xdrv crd cwceocbod gar jclu hcxc vatrfdv, Dwdru chc~xdr ev v~dfegefcoou hdvekldh gar xmd
hcxc vatrfd xmcx ex cffdvvdv/ clh/ cv c rdvtox/ ev cbod xa xrclvocxd bdx{ddl VSO ar [dbGAFTV
clh xmd hcxc jclckdjdlx oclktckd -HJO% ag xmd hcxc vatrfd, Chc~xdrv ~rawehd vaotxealv
xa ~rahtfx wcrecxealv/ elfothelk ~rahtfx heggdrdlfdv el vulxc}/ gtlfxealcoexu/ vfmdjc/ hcxc
xu~dv/ fcxcoakv/ hcxc rd~rdvdlxcxealv/ jdvvckd ~rafdvvelk/ clh clv{dr vdx rdxredwco, Ex ev
xmd chc~xdr xmcx jclckdv xmd vulaluj frdcxeal ~rafdvv, Gar rdocxdh elgarjcxeal/ vdd Ma{
cl Chc~xdr [ar`v al ~ckd 34,
Xmd ~crcjdxdrv rdsterdh xa falgektrd awdr 7> vt~~arxdh chc~xdrv clh xa frdcxd vulalujvgar xmd farrdv~alhelk hcxc vatrfdv crd hdvfrebdh el hdxceo el xmd Chc~xdr Chjelevxrcxeal ga
TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV/ e4!AV/ clh y!AV jcltco,
Ma{ cl Chc~xdr [ar`vRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd chc~xdr jclckdv xmd fajjtlefcxeal bdx{ddl xmd hcxc elxdrgcfd clh xmd hcxc vatrfd
~cvvelk hcxc jclckdjdlx rdstdvxv xa xmd hcxc vatrfd clh rdxtrlelk dexmdr clv{dr vdxv a
jdvvckdv xa xmd rdstdvxar, Xa ~drgarj xmdvd gtlfxealv/ xmd chc~xdr9
Xrclvocxdv xmd rdstdvx xa xmd c~~oefcbod HJO,
Cxxcfmdv xa xmd xcrkdxdh hcxc vatrfd/ tvelk vxclhcrh cxxcfmjdlx fcoov,
^cvvdv xmd rdstdvx xa xmd hcxc vatrfd gar ~rafdvvelk,
Rdxtrlv rdvtoxv ar drrar falhexealv xa xmd foedlx c~~oefcxeal gar gtrxmdr ~rafdvvelk,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3
3, Hdvfrebelk clh Cffdvvelk Hcxc Awdrwed{
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[mcx Uat Fcl Ha [exm c Vulaluj
Alfd uat mcwd kdldrcxdh c vulaluj/ uat fcl rd~arx ckcelvx xmd vulaluj tvelk coo ag xmd
Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea rd~arxelk xaaov, El jclu elvxclfdv/ xmd falgektrdh chc~xdr clh xmd kdldrcxd
vulaluj crd coo uat lddh xa cffdvv uatr hcxc clh frdcxd rd~arxv clh krc~mv,
Ma{dwdr/ uat jcu {evm xa dlmclfd xmd vulaluj el arhdr xa ej~odjdlx ~crxeftocr fc~cbeoexed
xmcx crd vt~~arxdh el xmd [dbGAFTV hcxc hdvfre~xeal oclktckd, Xa ha xmev/ uat fcl tvd c
vdfalh hcxc hdvfre~xeal xaao/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
[mdl uat tvd xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ xmdrd ev la lddh xa `la{ xmd hcxc hdvfre~xeal oclktckd
Xmd krc~mefco xaao hev~ocuv coo wed{cbod clh dhexcbod cxxrebtxdv ag xmd vulaluj faj~aldlxv
Eg uat jc`d fmclkdv xa xmd kdldrcxdh vulaluj/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar wcoehcxdv uatr dlxredv
clh hev~ocuv jdvvckdv eg xmdu weaocxd xmd tlhdrouelk vulxc} ag xmd hcxc hdvfre~xeal oclktckd
Laxd9 Eg uat crd fajgarxcbod {ar`elk herdfxou {exm fahd/ uat fcl a~dl xmd vulaluj
faj~aldlxv el c xd}x dhexar, [meod xmd xd}x dhexar hadv vajd drrar fmdf`elk/ {d fcllax
ktcrclxdd xmcx fahd {mefm ev coxdrdh jcltcoou {eoo bd vulxcfxefcoou farrdfx, [d vxralkou rdfajjdlh xmcx uat tvd xmd xd}x dhexar cv c wed{elk xaao/ clh xa jc`d uatr dlmclfdjdlx
xmratkm xmd krc~mefco Vulaluj Dhexar elxdrgcfd, Gar hdxceodh elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd tlhdrouel
vulxc}/ vdd xmd Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm [dbGAFTV Oclktckd jcltco,
[cuv xa Dlmclfd c Vulaluj
Xmd gaooa{elk crd vajd ag xmd cxxrebtxdv uat jekmx {clx xa chh xa xmd vulaluj xa dlmclfd
uatr hcxc cffdvv clh rd~arxelk fc~cbeoexedv, Uat fcl9
Frdcxd c fotvxdr Iael wed{ bu oel`elk cwceocbod vulalujv xa frdcxd c jtoxevdkjdlx
-jtoxexcbod% geod gar rd~arxelk,
C~~ou vdftrexu rtodv gar gedohv clh wcotdv xa dlvtrd xmcx tvdr cffdvv ev bcvdh al
Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv hcxc vatrfd vdftrexu -HBC% v~dfegefcxealv,
Chh hejdlvealv gar AOC^ clcouvev,
Chh werxtco faotjlv -HDGELD gedohv% clh faotjlv gar ckkrdkcxdh wcotdv -FAJ^TXD gedohv
Chh geoxdrv xa v~dfegu hcxc vdodfxeal frexdrec,
Chh krat~ hdgelexealv gar hcxc vatrfdv xmcx vt~~arx krat~v,
Chh jdclelkgto xexodv clh hdvfre~xealv/ elfothelk jtoxeoclktckd wcrecxealv,
Fmclkd xmd garjcx ag gedohv -gar d}cj~od/ xmd veyd ag cl co~mcltjdref gedoh ar xmd garjc
ag c hcxd gedoh%,
37 [dbGAFT
[mcx Uat Fcl Ha [exm c Vulaluj
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Frdcxd btveldvv wed{v ag xmd jdxchcxc el arhdr xa oejex xmd gedohv cwceocbod xa clu rdxredwc
rdstdvx xmcx rdgdrdlfdv xmd btveldvv wed{ clh xa krat~ gedohv xakdxmdr bcvdh al xmder
raodv el cl c~~oefcxeal,
Hdgeld ~crdlx clh fmeoh medrcrfmedv gar ftbd hcxc vatrfdv vtfm cv VC^ B[ clh Dvvbcvd
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar ev gtoou hdvfrebdh el Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar al ~ckd ;6,
Ma{ cl C~~oefcxeal Tvdv c Vulaluj
Vulalujv crd vxardh vd~crcxdou graj xmd cvvafecxdh hcxc vatrfd, Uatr c~~oefcxeal tvdv c
vulaluj xa elxdr~rdx xmd hcxc vatrfd el xmd gaooa{elk {cu9
3, Ex ehdlxegedv/ oafcxdv/ clh rdchv xmd Jcvxdr Geod gar xmd hcxc vatrfd lcjdh el c rdstdvx
2, Ex oafcxdv clh rdchv xmd Cffdvv Geod gar xmd hcxc vatrfd lcjdh el xmd rdstdvx/ eg xmcx
xu~d ag hcxc vatrfd rdsterdv cl Cffdvv Geod,
6, Ex oafcxdv clh rdchv xmd hcxc vatrfd-v%,
Xmd hcxc vatrfd falxdlxv crd elxdr~rdxdh bcvdh al xmd elgarjcxeal el xmd vulaluj,
Coxdrlcxewd Xaaov al xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod
Eg uat ~rdgdr xa {ar` el c xmel*foedlx [db dlweraljdlx/ uat fcl cffdvv coxdrlcxewd xaaov al
xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod -cova fcoodh xmd [db Falvaod% graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea, Xmd
Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod dlcbodv uat xa falgektrd chc~xdrv/ frdcxd clh dlmclfd vulalujv
clh ~drgarj c {ehd rclkd ag axmdr vdrwdr*rdocxdh xcv`v,
Coxmatkm xmd oaa` clh gddo ag xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod ev heggdrdlx graj xmd Hdwdoa~dr
Vxthea elxdrgcfd/ xmd a~xealv al xmd farrdv~alhelk xaaov crd ocrkdou ehdlxefco, Ma{dwdr/ cgd{ a~xealv xmcx crd ftrrdlxou vt~~arxdh el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea crd lax vt~~arxdh al xmd [d
Falvaod cx xmd ~rdvdlx xejd, Xmdvd elfothd9
Hdgelelk medrcrfmedv gar ftbd*bcvdh hcxc vatrfdv/ vtfm cv VC^ B[ clh Dvvbcvd,
Chhelk hejdlvealv gar AOC^ clcouvev,
Frdcxelk btveldvv wed{v ag uatr hcxc,
^rafdhtrdv gar cffdvvelk xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod/ falgektrelk chc~xdrv clh rdjaxd
vdrwdrv/ clh frdcxelk vulalujv crd hdvfrebdh bredgou el Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulaluj
al ~ckd 35 clh d}xdlvewdou el xmd Chc~xdr Chjelevxrcxeal gar TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV/
e4!AV/ clh y!AV jcltco,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3
3, Hdvfrebelk clh Cffdvvelk Hcxc Awdrwed{
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3= [dbGAFT
Coxdrlcxewd Xaaov al xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod
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[dbGAFTV
Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv2
Xa~efv9Bdgard uat fcl frdcxd c ~rafdhtrd xmcx
rd~arxv ckcelvx c hcxc vatrfd/ uatr
c~~oefcxeal jtvx bd cbod xa cffdvv xmd
hcxc clh tlhdrvxclh ma{ xmd hcxc ev
arkcleydh, Xa abxcel xmev elgarjcxeal/
uatr c~~oefcxeal rdchv c vulaluj/ {mefm
kdldrcoou falvevxv ag x{a geodv9
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd
Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr
Vxthea
Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd[dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal GeodC Jcvxdr Geod xmcx hdvfrebdv xmd hcxcgar [dbGAFTV rd~arxelk, Xmev geod
falxcelv gedoh lcjdv clh garjcxv gar
xmd faotjlv el xmd hcxc vatrfd, Xmd
vulaluj cova falxcelv cl coecv gar
xmd hcxc vatrfd,
Cl Cffdvv Geod xmcx falxcelv
chhexealco elgarjcxeal lddhdh bu
[dbGAFTV xa cffdvv hcxc, Xmev
elgarjcxeal/ {mefm ev rdsterdh bu
jclu hcxc vatrfdv/ elfothdv xmd rdco
lcjd clh oafcxeal ag xmd hcxc vatrfd,
Agxdl/ c vulaluj cordchu d}evxv al xmd
vdrwdr/ clh rd~arxelk fcl bdkel cx alfd,
Ma{dwdr/ eg xmd vulaluj uat lddh hadv
lax d}evx al xmd vdrwdr/ cl ctxmareydh
vdrwdr ar c~~oefcxeal chjelevxrcxar fcl
frdcxd ex herdfxou graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
tvelk xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3
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Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
El xmev vdfxeal9
Falgektrelk xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm
Vma{elk Alou C~~oefcxealv el ^cxm
Hcxc Cffdvv Falgektrcxeal Wcrecxealv
Jclckelk Chc~xdr Falgektrcxealv
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
Xmev fmc~xdr gaftvdv ~rejcreou al xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv/ Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc ag xmd
Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea D}~oardr/ {mdrd uat fcl cffdvv hcxc clh hdwdoa~ c~~oefcxealv herdfxou a
c rdjaxd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr tvelk Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea xaaov, Xmd fmc~xdr hdvfrebd
xmd krc~mefco xaaov xmcx dlcbod uat xa cffdvv hcxc clh frdcxd jdxchcxc/ cv {doo cv vdwdrcfalgektrcxeal wcrecxealv xmcx cggdfx uatr vdodfxeal clh tvd ag xmdvd xaaov,
^raidfx*crdc a~xealv gar hcxc cffdvv clh hdwdoa~jdlx crd hdvfrebdh el xmd Hdwdoa~dr Vxthe
C~~oefcxeal Hdwdoa~jdlx Kdxxelk Vxcrxdh jcltco clh coo cv~dfxv ag Jclckdh Rd~arxelk
chjelevxrcxeal crd hdvfrebdh el xmd Jclckdh Rd~arxelk Chjelevxrcxar+v Jcltco, Laxd xmcx
xmd ~rafdhtrdv gar cffdvvelk hcxc clh frdcxelk vulalujv gar tvd el xmd ̂ raidfxv clh Jclckd
Rd~arxelk dlweraljdlxv crd vejeocr xa xmavd hdvfrebdh el xmev fmc~xdr gar [dbGAFTV
Dlweraljdlxv,
2> [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Xmd ejckd bdoa{ hev~ocuv xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv/ Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc ag xmd Hdwdoa~d
Vxthea Abidfx D}~oardr,
Xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc hev~ocuv dcfm [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr xmcx xmd [dbGAFTV Foedl
fcl cffdvv clh ~drjexv hdwdoa~jdlx ckcelvx jtoxe~od Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv/ {mefm jcu bd
falgektrdh al clu vt~~arxdh ~ocxgarj -cv vma{l el xmd cbawd ejckd%,
Xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv gaohdr ev co{cuv cffdvvebod graj xmd Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Abidfx D}~oardr, Xm
gaohdr oevxv xmd c~~oefcxealv uat mcwd cffdvv xa clh xmd rdvatrfdv -geodv% vxardh el xmdvd
c~~oefcxealv,
Xmd hdgctox [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr -lcjdh DHCVDRWD% ev frdcxdh htrelk elvxcoocxeal
clh ev hev~ocudh el xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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El xmd ~rdweatv ejckd/ laxefd xmcx vdwdrco rdjaxd vdrwdrv mcwd bddl chhdh, Cl C~~oefcxeal
gaohdr bdldcxm dcfm [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr hev~ocuv xmd herdfxaredv bcvdh al xmd
C~~oefcxeal Raax herdfxaru -C^^RAAX% gar xmcx [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr -al [elha{v/
hrewd9_ebe_c~~v bu hdgctox%, Gar xmev d}cj~od/ c vdrwdr fcoodh GOCXERAL -TLE] Hdw [G Rd~arxel
Vdrwdr% ev vma{l {exm exv C~~oefcxealv gaohdr d}~clhdh, Clu herdfxaru oafcxdh tlhdr C^^RAA
c~~dcrv tlhdr xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv C~~oefcxealv gaohdr, El chhexeal/ uat fcl jc~ cl c~~oefcxea
xmcx ev lax tlhdr C^^RAAX -btx rdvehdv dovd{mdrd el xmd geod vuvxdj% xa bd cffdvvebod cv
werxtco c~~oefcxeal, Xmd jc~~dh c~~oefcxeal ev hev~ocudh gar tvd/ coalk {exm xmd c~~oefcxeal
xmcx crd ~muvefcoou tlhdr C^^RAAX,
Xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc kewdv uat cffdvv xa xmd geod rdvatrfdv al coo [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk
Vdrwdrv el uatr dlweraljdlx, Uat fcl frdcxd clh jclckd jdxchcxc/ ~rafdhtrdv/ MXJO geodv
clh [dbGAFTV VxuodVmddxv, Uat fcl cova ~drgarj a~drcxealv al KEG ejckdv clh axmdr
geodv/ vtfm cv GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv, Gar arkcleycxealco ~tr~avdv/ xmdvd c~~oefcxeal geodv cr
hev~ocudh el werxtco gaohdrv ocbdodh MXJO Geodv/ Jcvxdr Geodv/ ^rafdhtrdv/ Jcelxcel Geod/ clh
Axmdr,
Xmd werxtco gaohdrv c~~dcr xmev {cu bu hdgctox, Ma{dwdr/ eg uat {evm/ uat fcl mehd xmd werxtc
gaohdrv graj xmd Abidfx D}~oardr xaaobcr,
Eg uat crd hdwdoa~elk c~~oefcxealv tvelk c rdjaxd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx/ uat jtvx gervxvdx t~ uatr dlweraljdlx xa bd cbod xa frdcxd vulalujv -Jcvxdr clh Cffdvv Geodv% clh cffdv
xmd cvvafecxdh hcxc al c rdjaxd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr, Gar hdxceov al ma{/ {mdl/
clh {mdrd xa frdcxd xmev jdxchcxc/ vdd Hcxc Cffdvv Falgektrcxeal Wcrecxealv al ~ckd 27,
22 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Falgektrelk xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm
Ma{ xa9
Falgektrd xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm
[meod {ar`elk el xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv crdc ag Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea uat fcl falgektrd
xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm gar c Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr eg uat mcwd xmd rdsterdh tvdr ~reweodkdv,
Ma{ xa Falgektrd xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm^rafdhtrd9
3, Vdodfx xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr uat {clx xa falgektrd graj xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ foef` al
ex xa d}~clh xmd C~~oefcxealv gaohdr clh graj xmd C~~oefcxealv gaohdr rekmx*foef` clh vdodf
Falgektrd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm,
Xmd C~~oefcxeal Falgektrcxeal hecoak c~~dcrv cv vma{l el xmd gaooa{elk ejckd,
2, Vdodfx xmd El ^cxm fmdf` ba} gar xmd Falgektrcxeal ^cxm uat {clx xa vdx,
Xmd gaooa{elk a~xealv crd cwceocbod el xmd C~~oefcxeal Falgektrcxeal hecoak,
Uat fcl fmclkd xmd C~~oefcxeal ̂ cxm vdcrfm arhdr bu jawelk xmd vdodfxdh c~~oefcxea
t~ ar ha{l,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Xmd ^rdwed{ btxxal hev~ocuv xmd vulxc} ag xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm vxcxdjdlx xmcx {eoo
bd frdcxdh,
Xmd Xdvx btxxal ~drgarjv c xdvx ckcelvx xmd C~~oefcxeal ̂ cxm clh ~rawehd geod vxcxevxefv
Xmd Ld{ Jc~~elk btxxal dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd c jc~~dh c~~oefcxeal, Xa frdcxd cld{ jc~~dh c~~oefcxeal/ ~rdvv xmd Ld{ Jc~~elk btxxal, [mdl xmd Frdcxd Ld{
Jc~~elk hecoak c~~dcrv/ ~rawehd cl c~~oefcxeal lcjd el xmd Jc~~elk Lcjd gedoh,
^rawehd c oafcxeal ag xmd jc~~dh c~~oefcxeal, Uat jcu vdodfx xmd a~xeal/ Frdcxd
herdfxaru / eg ex hadv lax d}evx, Uat fcl cova vdodfx xmd a~xeal/ C~~dlh herdfxaru xa
C~~oefcxeal,
6, ^rdvv A@ xa vcwd fmclkdv clh rdxtrl xa xmd C~~oefcxeal Falgektrcxeal hecoak,
8, Foef` Vcwd xa d}ex clh vcwd fmclkdv,
Eg C^^OAF@ ev vdx al xmd vdrwdr/ xmd a~xeal xa falgektrd xmd C~~oefcxeal ^cxm {eoo lax b
cwceocbod, El xmev fcvd/ uat {eoo vdd alou c~~oefcxealv xmcx uat crd cooa{dh xa cffdvv clel chhexeal axmdr fajjclhv vtfm cv Ld{ C~~oefcxeal/ Frdcxd/ Hdodxd/ Rdlcjd {eoo bd
hevcbodh,
Vma{elk Alou C~~oefcxealv el ^cxm
Ma{ xa9
Vma{ Alou C~~oefcxealv el ^cxm
Bu hdgctox Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea hev~ocuv coo c~~oefcxealv cwceocbod gar xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv
bcvdh al Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv C^^RAAX herdfxaru falgektrcxeal,
Ma{ xa Vma{ Alou C~~oefcxealv el ^cxm^rafdhtrd9
Uat fcl vdodfx xa wed{ alou c~~oefcxealv xmcx crd el xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv C~~oefcxeal ^cxm
bu vdodfxelk c vdrwdr tlhdr xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc,
3, Foef` al xmd Hcxc Vdrwdr xa d}~clh xmd C~~oefcxealv gaohdr clh graj xmd C~~oefcxealv
gaohdr,
28 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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2, Rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx Vma{ C~~oefcxealv el ^cxm cv vma{l el xmd gaooa{elk ejckd,
Xmd c~~oefcxealv vdx el xmd C~~oefcxeal ~cxm {eoo bd hev~ocudh,
6, Xa vdd coo cwceocbod c~~oefcxealv/ rekmx*foef` al xmd C~~oefcxealv gaohdr clh vdodfx Vma{
Coo C~~oefcxealv,
Eg C^^OAF@ ev vdx al xmd vdrwdr/ xmd a~xealv xa falxrao ma{ c~~oefcxealv crd hev~ocudh
ev lax cwceocbod, El xmev fcvd uat {eoo vdd alou c~~oefcxealv xmcx uat crd cooa{dh xa cffdv
clh el chhexeal axmdr fajjclhv vtfm Ld{ C~~oefcxeal/ Frdcxd/ Hdodxd/ Rdlcjd {eoo b
hevcbodh,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Hcxc Cffdvv Falgektrcxeal Wcrecxealv
Ma{ xa9
Cffdvv xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj Xaao
Cffdvv xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj Xaao Graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Rd~arxelk Xaaov
Eg uat crd {ar`elk al xmd ~ocxgarjv vdrwdh bu Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea -TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV
e4!AV/ clh y!AV%/ uat fcl tvd xmd Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao xa vdx t~ cffdv
xa uatr hcxc, Xmev ~rafdvv elwaowdv falgektrelk chc~xdrv/ chhelk rdjaxd vdrwdrv eg ldfdvvcru
clh xmdl frdcxelk xmd rdsterdh vulalujv,
Xe~9 Ctxmareydh chjelevxrcxarv {ma ~rdgdr xa {ar` el c xmel*foedlx dlweraljdlx fcl faj~odx
xmdvd xcv`v graj xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db Falvaod/ {mefm ev cffdvvebod graj xmd Hdwdoa~d
Vxthea Abidfx D}~oardr xaaobcr, Baxm c~~racfmdv dhex xmd vcjd tlhdrouelk vdrwdr geodv/ va
hadv lax jcxxdr {mefm uat tvd, Gar jard elgarjcxeal/ vdd Tvelk xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db
Falvaod gar Hcxc Cffdvv clh Vulaluj ^rd~crcxeal al ~ckd 76,
Falgektrelk chc~xdrv, Cl chc~xdr dlcbodv cl c~~oefcxeal xa cffdvv c hcxc vatrfd, Dcf
xu~d ag hcxc vatrfd rdsterdv exv a{l chc~xdr xa ~ra~drou falwdrx hcxc ar c~~oefcxeal
rdstdvxv elxa lcxewd vxcxdjdlxv clh rdxtrl a~xejeydh clv{dr vdxv xa xmd rdstdvxelk
~rakrcj,
Gar d}cj~od/ eg uat {evm xa rd~arx ckcelvx hcxc el cl Arcfod hcxcbcvd/ uat lddh xa
falgektrd xmd Chc~xdr gar Arcfod/ {mefm dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd xmd vulalujv uat lddh xa
cffdvv clh rdch uatr Arcfod hcxc, Xa cffdvv Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr hcxc/ uat lddh xa
falgektrd xmd Chc~xdr gar Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr/ clh va al, Cl chc~xdr jtvx bd falgektrd
al dcfm Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr xmcx cffdvvdv xmd farrdv~alhelk xu~d ag hcxc,Gar hdxceov/ vdd Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea al ~ckd
2>,
27 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Chhelk rdjaxd vdrwdrv xa uatr vdrwdr falgektrcxeal -eg lddhdh%,
El arhdr xa tlhdrvxclh {mdl xmev vxd~ ev rdsterdh/ ex ev tvdgto xa vxcrx bu tlhdrvxclhelk
{mdl ex ev lax rdsterdh, Eg uat mcwd falgektrdh chc~xdrv clh uatr hcxc ev herdfxou cffdvvebo
graj uatr hdgctox [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr/ cv rd~rdvdlxdh el xmd ejckd bdoa{/ c
rdjaxd vdrwdr mcv la raod el uatr falgektrcxeal,
[exm xmev vdxt~/ alfd chc~xdrv crd cwceocbod al xmd hdgctox [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr
uat fcl frdcxd xmd rdsterdh vulalujv, -Xmd vcjd ev xrtd eg uat crd {ar`elk el xmd ̂ raidfx
crdc graj c vxclh*coald Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea elvxcoocxeal/ {mdrd c hdgctox Rd~arxelk Vdrwd
ev ctxajcxefcoou cwceocbod al uatr oafco jcfmeld,%
Rdjaxd vdrwdrv crd rdsterdh el xmd gaooa{elk vextcxealv9
Cx jclu vexdv/ vajd ag xmd hcxc xmcx c~~oefcxealv lddh xa cffdvv rdvehdv al claxmdr
vdrwdr ar vdrwdrv/ agxdl rdgdrrdh xa cv rdjaxd vdrwdrv, Xmd gaooa{elk crd xu~efco
falgektrcxealv,
Gar xmd javx grdstdlxou tvdh rdjaxd vdrwdr vdxt~/ vexdv rdsterd xmcx dcfm rdjaxd vdrwd
bd cwceocbod cv c hevxelfx/ lcjdh vdrwdr -gar d}cj~od/ GOCXERAL clh MDRJDV cv
~rdweatvou vma{l el Abidfx D}~oardr eootvxrcxealv%/ {mefm ev wevebod el clh cffdvvebod graj
xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc, Xmev ~drjexv c~~oefcxeal hdwdoa~jdlx clh chjelevxrcxeal clh
jdxchcxc jclckdjdlx herdfxou ckcelvx xmd elhewehtco rdjaxd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Xmev jahtocr vdrwdr falgektrcxeal ~rawehdv krdcx god}ebeoexu gar el*~ocfd hdwdoa~jdlx al
wcreatv xu~dv ag c~~oefcxeal rdvatrfdv tvelk Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea xaaov, Gar d}cj~od/ eg c
vdog*vdrwefd c~~oefcxeal rdvehdv al xmd GOCXERAL TLE] vdrwdr/ uat jcu {clx xa dhex vaj
ag exv faj~aldlxv -jcubd c ~rafdhtrd ar cl MXJO geod% herdfxou al xmcx vdrwdr/ ar uat
jcu {clx xa xc`d chwclxckd ag xmd Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea krc~mefco xaaov xa {ar` {exmc~~oefcxeal geodv al c Jcelgrcjd vdrwdr/ vtfm cv ^HVQVRW3 ar TVVQVRW2,
El xmev vextcxeal/ uat jtvx chh xmd vdrwdrv xa uatr hdgctox Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr falgektrcxeal
btx uat jtvx cova v~dfegu xmd vcjd vdrwdrv el uatr [dbGAFTV Foedlx falgektrcxeal
bdfctvd xmcx ev {mcx chhv xmd hevxelfx vdrwdr lcjdv xa xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv gaohdr, Alou
xmdl fcl uat ~drgarj a~drcxealv herdfxou al xmavd vdrwdrv, Xmev elfothdv frdcxelk vulaluj
clh tvelk Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea xaaov xa {ar` {exm c~~oefcxeal geodv -vulalujv/ ~rafdhtrdv
MXJO geodv/ clh va al%/ arkcleydh bu c~~oefcxeal tlhdr dcfm rdjaxd vdrwdr,
Xa d}~dhexd xmd foedlx*vehd rdjaxd vdrwdr falgektrcxeal/ uat fcl cffdvv xmd [dbGAFTV
Chjelevxrcxeal Falvaod herdfxou graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea, Gar hdxceov cbatx chhelk vdrwdr
xa xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx falgektrcxeal/ vdd Ma{ xa Chh c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr xa xmd [dbGAFTDlweraljdlx al ~ckd 77,
2= [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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@dd~ el jelh/ ma{dwdr/ xmcx el arhdr xa tvd xmd hcxc al dcfm ag xmdvd rdjaxd vdrwdrv/
xmd c~~ra~recxd chc~xdrv clh vulalujv jtvx d}evx al xmavd vdrwdrv, Vajdxejdv xmdu
crd cordchu cwceocbod xmdrd/ btx eg lax/ uat jtvx falgektrd xmd chc~xdrv clh kdldrcxd xm
vulalujv/ cv hdvfrebdh ocxdr el xmev fmc~xdr,
El claxmdr fajjal rdjaxd vdrwdr ej~odjdlxcxeal/ vajd ag xmd hcxc xmcx c~~oefcxealvlddh xa cffdvv rdvehdv al claxmdr vdrwdr ar vdrwdrv/ {mefm crd cffdvvebod xmratkm xmd
hdgctox [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr,
El xmev fcvd/ uat jtvx chh dcfm rdjaxd vdrwdr xa uatr hdgctox Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr
falgektrcxeal bdgard uat fcl frdcxd vulalujv xmcx ~aelx xa xcbodv al xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr
clh rd~arx ckcelvx xmd fajbeldh hcxc -{mefm fcl bd ag heggdrdlx xu~dv clh dwdl al
heggdrdlx ~ocxgarjv%,
Xmev cvvtjdv/ ma{dwdr/ xmcx xmd rdsterdh vulalujv cordchu d}evx al xmd rdjaxd vdrwdrv
Eg xmcx ev lax xmd fcvd/ uat jtvx gervx frdcxd vulalujv gar xmd hcxc cffdvvdh bu xmd
rdjaxd vdrwdrv/ {mefm jcu/ el xtrl/ rdsterd falgektrelk xmd chc~xdr lddhdh xa frdcxd
xmavd vulalujv,
Alfd uatr hdgctox Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr -gar d}cj~od/ DHCVDRWD% fcl fajjtlefcxd {exm xm
rdjaxd vdrwdrv clh cffdvv xmd hcxc vxardh xmdrd/ uat fcl tvd Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea xaaov
xa {ar` {exm wcreatv xu~dv ag c~~oefcxeal rdvatrfdv -Jcvxdr Geodv/ ~rafdhtrdv/ MXJO geodv
clh va al%/ arkcleydh gar uatr falwdledlfd el werxtco gaohdrv tlhdr dcfm c~~oefcxeal,
Ex ev ej~arxclx xa laxd xmcx el xmev vdxt~ xmd rdjaxd vdrwdrv ha lax c~~dcr el xmd Hcxc
Vdrwdrv gaohdr, Velfd xmdu fcl alou bd cffdvvdh xmratkm xmd hdgctox Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr/
xmdu crd lax d}~avdh cv vd~crcxd vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea,
Frdcxelk vulalujv gar tvd bu uatr c~~oefcxealv el clu vt~~arxdh dlweraljdlx, Xmd
vulalujv uat frdcxd crd vxardh el uatr Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr rd~avexaru/ cv hdgeldh bu
C^^RAAX,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Gar dcfm hcxc vatrfd xmd vdrwdr {eoo cffdvv/ uat jtvx frdcxd c vulaluj xmcx hdvfrebdv
xmd vxrtfxtrd ag xmd hcxc vatrfd clh xmd vdrwdr jc~~elk ag exv hcxc xu~dv, Xmd vulaluj
hdgeld tlestd lcjdv -ar coecvdv% gar dcfm xcbod/ wed{/ ar axmdr xu~d ag abidfx xmcx ev
cffdvvebod graj xmd vdrwdr,
Vulalujv crd tvdgto bdfctvd xmdu mehd xmd tlhdrouelk oafcxeal clh ehdlxexu ag xmd hcxcvatrfd graj foedlx c~~oefcxealv, Xmdu cova ~rawehd vt~~arx gar d}xdlhdh jdxchcxc gdcxtrd
ag xmd vdrwdr/ vtfm cv werxtco gedohv clh chhexealco vdftrexu jdfmclevjv, Tvelk vulaluj
cooa{v cl abidfx xa bd jawdh ar rdlcjdh {meod cooa{elk foedlx c~~oefcxealv xa falxeltd
gtlfxealelk {exmatx jahegefcxeal, Xmd alou jahegefcxeal rdsterdh ev c rdhdgelexeal ag xmd
vulaluj al xmd vdrwdr, Xmd rdvtox ag frdcxelk c vulaluj ev c Jcvxdr Geod clh/ tvtcoou/ c
farrdv~alhelk Cffdvv Geod/ {mefm rd~rdvdlx xmd vdrwdr jdxchcxc,
C~~ra~recxd vulalujv jtvx bd cwceocbod al xmd vdrwdr {mdrd xmd hcxc rdvehdv,
Gar hdxceov/ vdd Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea al ~ckd 8=,
Ma{ xa Cffdvv xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj Xaao^rafdhtrd9
Xa octlfm xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao graj xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv crdc ag xmd D}~oardr
3, D}~clh uatr [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx -gar d}cj~od/ GOCXERAL * TLE] Hdw [G Rd~arxelk
Vdrwdr%/ d}~clh Hcxc Vdrwdrv/ d}~clh xmd vdrwdr/ d}~clh xmd C~~oefcxealv gaohdr/ d}~cl
cl c~~oefcxeal/ clh rekmx*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr gar xmd c~~oefcxeal el {mefm uat
{evm xa cffdvv xmd hcxc vatrfd,
Eg uat {evm xa tvd xmd hcxc vatrfd el jtoxe~od c~~oefcxealv/ ar mcwd lax udx frdcxdh uat
c~~oefcxeal/ uat fcl tvd xmd bcvdc~~ c~~oefcxeal/ {mdrd rdvatrfdv fcl bd vxardh gar
vmcrelk clh cffdvv bu axmdr c~~oefcxealv,
Xe~9 Eg uat crd hdwdoa~elk graj xmd ̂ raidfxv crdc ag xmd D}~oardr/ d}~clh xmd ~raidfx/ cl
rekmx*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr/ xmdl ~rafddh cv hdvfrebdh,
6> [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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2, Vdodfx Ld{ clh xmdl Vulaluj,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 6
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao a~dlv, Bu hdgctox/ la chc~xdrv crd cwceocbod, Uatr gervx xcv`
ev xa falgektrd cl chc~xdr el arhdr xa bd cbod xa cffdvv c rdocxealco/ jtoxehejdlvealco
ar axmdr xu~d ag hcxc vatrfd,
Laxd9 Eg clu chc~xdrv mcwd cordchu bddl falgektrdh gar xmd vdrwdr xmdu {eoo bd oevxdh
tlhdr xmd Falgektrdh gaohdr,
62 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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6, El xmev elvxclfd/ {d crd cvvtjelk xmcx la chc~xdrv crd cwceocbod, D}~clh xmd Cwceocbo
gaohdrv efal/ vdodfx xmd rdsterdh chc~xdr clh ~rdvv Falgektrd cv vma{l el xmd gaooa{el
d}cj~od,
Hd~dlhelk t~al uatr lddhv/ uat fcl tvd xmev {elha{ xa vxcrx falgektrelk cl chc~xdr/
chhelk c rdjaxd vdrwdr/ ar baxm,
Falgektrdh, Xmev gaohdr falxcelv clu hcxc chc~xdrv ar rdjaxd vdrwdrv xmcx crd cordch
falgektrdh, Bu hdgctox/ {mdl Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea ev elvxcoodh al exv a{l/ xmd Falgektrd
gaohdr hev~ocuv c Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv gaohdr xmcx falxcelv DHCVDRWD/ xmd hdgctox
[dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr ~otv clu axmdr rdjaxd Vdrwdrv xmcx jcu bd falgektrdh
{exm uatr dlweraljdlx,
Uat fcl tvd xmd Falgektrdh gaohdr xa chh ld{ falldfxealv clh frdcxd vulalujv,
Cwceocbod, Xmev gaohdr oevxv xmd hcxc chc~xdrv xmcx uat fcl falgektrd al xmd [dbGAFTV
Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr ~ocxgarj,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 6
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Ma{ xa Cffdvv xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj Xaao Graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Rd~arxelk Xaaov^rafdhtrd9
[mdl bteohelk c rd~arx/ uat fcl cffdvv xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj Xaao herdfxou graj clu ag xmd
Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea rd~arxelk xaaov {mdl uat {clx xa rd~arx ckcelvx c vulaluj xmcx ev lax
cwceocbod el xmd oevx,
3, Xa octlfm xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea rd~arxelk xaaov9
Foef` Frdcxd Ld{ graj xmd A~dl hecoak ba}/ cv vma{ el xmd ejckd bdoa{,
68 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Foef` Frdcxd Ld{ graj xmd [dbGAFTV Xcbod Oevx hecoak ba}/ cv vma{l el xmd ejckd
bdoa{,
Laxd9 [mdl cffdvvelk c Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Xaao el xmd Jclckdh Hdwdoa~dr Dhexeal/
xmd Frdcxd Ld{ btxxal {eoo lax c~~dcr gar hdwdoa~drv {exmatx Hcxc Vdrwdr ~reweodkdv
Xmd Hcxc Vdrwdr ~reweodkd ev a~xealco gar Hdwdoa~drv clh vxclhcrh gar Falxdlx
Jclckdrv clh Jclckdh Rd~arxelk Chjelevxrcxarv, Xmev rdvxrefxeal hadv lax c~~ou xa
xmd gtoo dhexeal ag Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 6
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj Xaao a~dlv,
2, Falxeltd tvelk xmd xaao cv hdvfrebdh el xmev fmc~xdr, Gar jard elgarjcxeal/ vdd
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea al ~ckd 2>,
[mdl uat mcwd faj~odxdh xmd vulaluj frdcxeal ~rafdvv/ xmd ld{ vulaluj c~~dcrv el xmoevx ag cwceocbod vulalujv, Uat fcl xmdl vdodfx ex clh falxeltd xa frdcxd uatr rd~arx rdstdvx
Jclckelk Chc~xdr Falgektrcxealv
Ma{ xa9
Jclckd Chc~xdr Falgektrcxealv
[meod {ar`elk graj xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv/ Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ ar graj xmd ^raidfxv
crdc/ uat fcl jclckd Chc~xdrv bu ~drgarjelk xmd gaooa{elk xcv`,
67 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Ma{ xa Jclckd Chc~xdr Falgektrcxealv^rafdhtrd9
3, D}~clh uatr [dbGAFTV dlweraljdlx/ rekmx*foef` DHCVDRWD/ clh vdodfx Jclckd Chc~xdrv
Gar xmd ^raidfxv crdc/ vdodfx xmd raax gaohdr ^raidfxv al,,,/ xmdl rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx
Jclckd Chc~xdrv,
Xmd Jclckd clh Falgektrd Chc~xdr hecoak c~~dcrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 6
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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2, Vdodfx xmd chc~xdr xmcx uat {clx xa falgektrd,
6, Foef` Falgektrd,
Xmd Chc~xdr Falgektrcxeal hecoak c~~dcrv cv vma{l el xmd gaooa{elk ejckd,
6= [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Cl JV VSO Vdrwdr chc~xdr ev evvtdh gar xmev falgektrcxeal d}cj~od,
Xmev hecoak dlcbodv uat xa hdgeld falldfxeal ~crcjdxdrv gar xmd chc~xdr elfothelk
Falldfxeal Lcjd/ Vdrwdr/ Vdftrexu/ ~rageod/ clh hdgctox hcxcbcvd,
8, Foef` Falgektrd,4, Foef` A@ {mdl xmd Falgerj ~raj~x c~~dcrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 6
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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C hecoak c~~dcrv xa elgarj uat xmcx xmd chc~xdr {cv vtffdvvgtoou chhdh xa falgektrcxeal
8> [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Graj xmd Jclckd clh Falgektrd Chc~xdrv hecoak uat fcl cova jclckd d}evxelk chc~xd
falldfxealv/ fmclkd ~ra~drxedv/ chh falldfxealv/ xdvx falldfxealv/ hdodxd falldfxealv
clh frdcxd vulalujv,
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
Ma{ xa9
Falgektrd cl Chc~xdr el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
Chh c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
Eg uatr jcfmeld mcv cffdvv xa uatr hcxc vatrfdv/ uat fcl falgektrd chc~xdrv xa cffdvv hcx
herdfxou, Ma{dwdr/ vajd chc~xdrv jcu rdsterd uat xa falgektrd uatr dlweraljdlx bdgard
chhelk xmdj, Xa hdxdrjeld eg xmev ev rdsterdh gar cl chc~xdr uat {evm xa falgektrd/ vdd xmd
Chc~xdr Chjelevxrcxeal gar TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV/ e4!AV/ clh y!AV jcltco,
[mdl uat falgektrd cl chc~xdr/ elgarjcxeal ev chhdh xa xmd dhcv~rag,~rg clh dhcvdrwd,fgk
vdrwdr geodv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 8
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Ma{ xa Falgektrd cl Chc~xdr el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea^rafdhtrd9
Graj xmd ̂ raidfxv crdc/ rekmx*foef` al xmd raax gaohdr ^raidfxv Al,,, clh vdodfx Jclckd Chc~xdrv
3, Chh Chc~xdr,
Xmd Chc~xdr Falgektrcxeal hecoak a~dlv,
2, D}~clh xmd Cwceocbod gaohdrv efalv xa vdodfx graj xmd oevx ag cwceocbod chc~xdrv clh vdodf
cl chc~xdr xa falgektrd,
6, Foef` xmd Falgektrd btxxal xa chh xmd vdodfxdh chc~xdr,
8, Faj~odxd xmd falldfxeal elgarjcxeal gar uatr chc~xdr,
4, Foef` Falgektrd,
C jdvvckd graj xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr falgerjv xmcx xmd chc~xdr mcv bddl chhdh xa uat
falgektrcxeal,
7, Foef` Fclfdo xa d}ex xmd xaao,
;, Ar ~rdvv Frdcxd Vulaluj xa ~rafddh clh frdcxd vulalujv gar xmd falgektrdh chc~xdr
[mdl uat a~dl xmd Jclckd clh Falgektrd Chcc~xdrv hecoak xmd gaooa{elk a~xealv c~~dc
{mdl uat vdodfx c falgektrdh chc~xdr9 Frdcxd Vulaluj/ Xdvx/ Hdodxd/ clh ^ra~drxedv
btxxalv c~~dcr,
=, Foef` Xdvx xa xdvx xmd falldfxeal,
Eg uat xu~dh xmd farrdfx falldfxeal ~crcjdxdrv/ vcj~od hcxc vmatoh c~~dcr,
Eg xmd xdvx gceov/ foef` xmd falldfxeal/ fmaavd ^ra~drxedv/ clh chitvx uatr elgarjcxeal
cffarhelkou,
5, [mdl vcj~od hcxc c~~dcrv/ foef` Foavd,
Ma{ xa Chh c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea^rafdhtrd9
Graj xmd ̂ raidfxv crdc/ rekmx*foef` al xmd raax gaohdr ^raidfxv Al,,, clh vdodfx Jclckd Chc~xdrv
3, D}~clh xmd Falgektrdh gaohdr el xmd Jclckd clh Falgektrd Hcxc Chc~xdrv {elha{ ag xm
Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao,
82 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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2, Vdodfx Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv clh fmaavd Chh falldfxeal,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 8
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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C {elha{ c~~dcrv falxcelelk gedohv xa hdgeld xmd falldfxeal,
6, Faj~odxd xmd gedohv cv gaooa{v,
Hdvfre~xealBcvef^crcjdxdrv
Xu~d c lcjd bu {mefm uat {eoo rdgdr xa xmd vdrwdr, Xmd lcjd ev uatr
fmaefd/ btx fcllax bd xmd vcjd cv clu axmdr vdrwdr, Ex jtvx bdkel
{exm c odxxdr clh fcllax bd jard xmcl dekmx fmcrcfxdrv,
LAHD
V~dfegu xmd mavx lcjd ar E^ chhrdvv gar xmd vdrwdr,MAVX
V~dfegu xmd bcvd XF^ ~arx gar xmd vdrwdr, Xmd hdgctox ev larjcoou
=32>/ lax =3>>,
^ARX
V~dfegu xmd MXX^ ~arx gar xmd vdrwdr, Xmev ev larjcoou ald jard
xmcl xmd bcvd XF^ ~arx, Xmd hdgctox ev larjcoou =323/ lax =3>3,
MXX^Q^ARX
88 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Hdvfre~xealBcvef^crcjdxdrv
V~dfegu ma{ c tvdr vmatoh oak al xa xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr9
E[C -Elxdkrcxdh [elha{v Ctxmdlxefcxeal/ [elha{v alou%,^cvvdv uatr [elha{v tvdr EH clh ~cvv{arh xa xmd vdrwdr {mdl
c falldfxeal ev jchd,
D}~oefex, ^cvvdv xmd tvdr EH clh ~cvv{arh uat ~rawehd,
^cvv{arh ̂ cvvxmrt, Xmd tvdr EH clh ~cvv{arh rdfdewdh graj
xmd foedlx c~~oefcxeal crd ~cvvdh xa uatr hcxc vatrfd cx
falldfxeal xejd, Xmev a~xeal rdsterdv xmcx xmd vdrwdr bd vxcrxdh
{exm vdftrexu agg,
Xrtvxdh, Gar c xrtvxdh falldfxeal/ {mdrd xmd ftrrdlx oakkdh al
tvdr EH ev ~cvvdh xa xmd vdrwdr,
Eg xmd vdrwdr ev lax al [elha{v clh rtlv {exm vdftrexu AL/ ~rawehelk
cl d}~oefex tvdr EH clh ~cvv{arh ev rdsterdh xa frdcxd vulalujv,
VDFTREXU
Eg vdftrexu ev vdx xa D}~oefex/ dlxdr c v~dfegef tvdr EH,tvdr
Eg uat dlxdrdh c tvdr/ ~rawehd c ~cvv{arh,~cvv{arh
Gar c vdrwdr al [elha{v/ uat fcl v~dfegu xmd hajcel {mdrd xmd
tvdr EH ev hdgeldh,
hajcel
A~xealcoou/ xu~d c hdvfre~xeal gar xmd lahd, Xmev hdvfre~xeal hev~ocuvel xmd [dbGAFTV gralx*dlh xaaov,
HDVFRE^XEAL
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 8
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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8, [mdl falldfxelk xa c Tlegedh Vdrwdr/ foef` xmd Chwclfdh xcb clh v~dfegu xmd VDRWEFD
LCJD/ clh axmdr ~crcjdxdrv/ cv rdsterdh,
Hdvfre~xealChwclfdh
^crcjdxdrv
FOEDLX -vdrwefdlcjd%VDRWEFD LCJD
Hdgeldv ma{ xa vdlh atxbatlh fajjtlefcxealv xa c rdjaxd
vdrwdr,
Vdrwefdlcjd ev a~xealco, Eg vdrwefdlcjd ev ~rawehdh/ ex jtvx
jcxfm xmd wcotd ag VDRWEFD el xmd vdrwefd boaf` ag xmd vdrwdr,
Hdgeldv {mdxmdr xmd Vdftrd Vaf`dxv Ocudr ~raxafao ev tvdh el
xmd [db Falvaod oevxdldr ag xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr, Dlxdr9
MXX^QVVO
> eg la VVO ev tvdh el xmd falldfxeal xa xmd [db Falvaod,
3 eg VVO ev tvdh el xmd falldfxeal xa xmd [db Falvaod,
Cfxewcxdv hcxc faj~rdvveal el c hcxc xrclvgdr bdx{ddl xmd foedlx
clh vdrwdr, Dlxdr9
FAJ^RDVVEAL
> gar la faj~rdvveal,
3 gar faj~rdvveal al,
Hdgeldv xmd dlfru~xeal, Dlxdr9DLFRU^XEAL
> gar la dlfru~xeal,
HDV gar 47*bex ge}dh*`du Hcxc Dlfru~xeal Vxclhcrh,
Chwclfdh/ dlcbodv uat xa dcveou vdodfx clh fajbeld fe~mdrv/
jahdv/ clh RVC `du odlkxmv, Xmev a~xeal ~rawehdv xmd
gaooa{elk fe~mdrv9 6HDV/ CDV 32=/ CDV352/ CDV 247/ clh
xmd gaooa{elk jahdv9 DFB clh FBF,
EBFRU^X gar c tvdr*hdgeldh cokarexmj, @du ev 432*bex RVC*
dlfru~xdh,
Laxd9 Dlfru~xeal ev lax vt~~arxdh gar xmd ^E^D ~raxafao, Alou >
clh HDV crd vt~~arxdh gar xmd MXX^ ~raxafao,
87 [dbGAFT
Falgektrelk Chc~xdrv clh Rdjaxd Vdrwdrv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Hdvfre~xealChwclfdh^crcjdxdrv
Hdgeldv xmd jc}ejtj xejd/ el vdfalhv/ xmcx xmd foedlx {eoo {cex
gar c XF^ falldfxeal rdv~alvd graj xmd vdrwdr, Dlxdr9
*3 gar cl elhdgelexd {cex,
> gar la {cex,
FALLDFXQOEJEX
Hdgeldv xmd xejd/ el vdfalhv/ xmcx xmd foedlx {eoo {cex gar c
rdv~alvd graj xmd vdrwdr9
*3 elhefcxdv elhdgelexd xejdatx,
JC][CEX
4, Foef` Vcwd {mdl uat mcwd ~rawehdh uatr ~crcjdxdr wcotdv,
C jdvvckd elhefcxdv xmcx c ld{ vdrwdr {cv chhdh,
7, Foef` Fclfdo xa d}ex xaao ar Frdcxd Vulaluj xa falxeltd clh frdcxd vulalujv gar xmd
ld{ rdjaxd vdrwdr,
;, [mdl uat a~dl xmd Jclckd clh Falgektrd Chc~xdrv hecoak/ xmd gaooa{elk a~xealv c~~dc
{mdl uat vdodfx c falgektrdh rdjaxd vdrwdr9 Frdcxd Vulaluj/ Xdvx/ Hdodxd/ clh
^ra~drxedv,
=, Foef` Xdvx xa xdvx xmd falldfxeal,
Eg xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr ev vxcrxdh clh uat xu~dh xmd farrdfx falldfxeal ~crcjdxdrv/ vcj~ohcxc vmatoh c~~dcr,
5, Foef` Foavd,
Eg xmd xdvx gceov/ foef` xmd vdrwdr/ fmaavd ^ra~drxedv/ clh ~rawehd cl d}~oefex tvdr EH cl
~cvv{arh, Xmdl foef` Vcwd clh xru xmd xdvx ckcel,
3>, Foef` Foavd,
Uatr ld}x vxd~ hd~dlhv al uatr abidfxewdv clh uatr vdrwdr falgektrcxeal9
Eg uat {evm xa jc`d xmd ld{ rdjaxd vdrwdr wevebod el clh cffdvvebod graj xmd Hcxc Vdrwdr
gaohdr cv c hevxelfx lcjdh dlxexu/ uatr ld}x vxd~ ev chhelk xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr xa uatr
[dbGAFTV Foedlx falgektrcxeal, Xmd oevxelk ag vdrwdrv el xmev oafcxeal ev falxraoodh bu xm
[dbGAFTV Foedlx clh ej~odjdlxdh xmratkm xmd [dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxeal Falvaod,
^rafddh xa Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal Geod al ~ck
74,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 8
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Eg uatr abidfxewd ev xa cffdvv hcxc al xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr xmratkm uatr hdgctox vdrwdr/ uat
jtvx hdxdrjeld eg xmd c~~ra~recxd chc~xdr clh rdsterdh vulalujv cordchu d}evx al xmd
rdjaxd vdrwdr, Eg lax/ uat jtvx falgektrd clh frdcxd xmdj, ̂ rafddh xa Falgektrelk Chc~xdr
el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea al ~ckd 83 clh xmdl Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea al ~ck
8=,
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
El xmev vdfxeal9
Tvelk xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db Falvaod gar Hcxc Cffdvv clh Vulaluj ^rd~crcxeal
Ma{ xa9
Frdcxd c Vulaluj el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
Rdgrdvm Vulalujv
Hdodxd Vulalujv
Rdgdrdlfd9
Vulaluj Frdcxeal ^crcjdxdrv gar Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr
Vulaluj Frdcxeal ^crcjdxdrv gar Vxardh ^rafdhtrdv
Xmd ~aelx cx {mefm uat bdkel xa frdcxd vulalujv {eoo hd~dlh al uatr chc~xdr/ Rd~arxelk
Vdrwdr/ clh/ ~avvebou/ uatr [dbGAFTV Foedlx falgektrcxeal -cv hdvfrebdh el Hcxc Cffdvv
Falgektrcxeal Wcrecxealv al ~ckd 27%, [mdldwdr uat crd rdchu/ uat fcl tvd xmd Frdcxd
Vulaluj xaao xa frdcxd vulalujv gar xmd hcxc vatrfdv uat lddh xa cffdvv,
Ma{ xa Frdcxd c Vulaluj el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea^rafdhtrd9
Eg ex ev lax cordchu a~dl/ xa octlfm xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao graj xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx
crdc ag xmd D}~oardr9
3, D}~clh uatr [dbGAFTV dlweraljdlx -gar d}cj~od/ GOCXERAL -TLE] Hdw [G Rd~arxelk
Vdrwdr%/ d}~clh Hcxc Vdrwdrv/ d}~clh xmd vdrwdr/ d}~clh xmd C~~oefcxealv gaohdr/ d}~cl
cl c~~oefcxeal/ clh rekmx*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr gar xmd c~~oefcxeal el {mefm uat
{evm xa cffdvv xmd hcxc vatrfd,
Eg uat {evm xa tvd xmd hcxc vatrfd el jtoxe~od c~~oefcxealv/ ar mcwd lax udx frdcxdh uat
c~~oefcxeal/ uat fcl tvd xmd bcvdc~~ c~~oefcxeal/ {mdrd rdvatrfdv fcl bd vxardh garvmcrelk clh cffdvv bu axmdr c~~oefcxealv,
Xe~9 Eg uat crd hdwdoa~elk graj xmd ̂ raidfxv crdc ag xmd D}~oardr/ d}~clh xmd ~raidfx/ cl
rekmx*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr/ xmdl ~rafddh cv hdvfrebdh,
8= [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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2, Vdodfx Ld{ clh xmdl Vulaluj, Xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao a~dlv,
6, El xmd gervx {elha{/ uat fcl fmaavd clu falgektrdh Hcxc Chc~xdr ar clu Rdjaxd Vdrwd
xmcx mcv bddl chhdh xa xmd hdgctox Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr, Laxd xmcx {mdl uat crd frdcxelk
c vulaluj xmratkm c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr/ xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr vmatoh cordchu falxcel xmd
rdsterdh vulalujv clh xmd farrdv~alhelk chc~xdrv,
Xmd vdrwdr falgektrcxeal/ elhefcxdh bu xmd vdrwdr ~rageod/ hdxdrjeldv {mefm chc~xdrv cl
vdrwdrv c~~dcr, El xmev d}cj~od/ xmd Chc~xdr gar Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr ev falgektrdh, Eg
uat mcwd falgektrdh rdjaxd vdrwdrv/ xmdu {eoo c~~dcr d}~clhdh el xmd Rdjaxd Vdrwdr
gaohdr,
8, Vdodfx xmd vdrwdr ar chc~xdr xmcx uat falgektrdh clh foef` A@ ,
C {elha{ a~dlv el {mefm uat fcl dlxdr chhexealco elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd hcxc vatrfd
uat {evm xa cffdvv,
Ej~arxclx9 Xmd a~xealv el xmev {elha{ wcru hd~dlhelk al xmd xu~d ag chc~xdr ar vdrwduat crd tvelk, Xa cffdvv xmd ~drxeldlx elgarjcxeal gar uatr chc~xdr herdfxou graj Hdwdoa~d
Vxthea/ fmaavd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod graj xmd Fajjclh jdlt, Xmd
Vdrwdr Falvaod a~dlv, Foef` Mdo~ al xmd jdlt bcr/ vdodfx Falxdlxv clh Vdcrfm/ d}~cl
xmd Chc~xdrv xa~ef el xmd Xcbod ag Falxdlxv ~cld/ clh oaa` gar xmd chc~xdr gar {mefm ua
{evm xa frdcxd xmd vulaluj, Xmd rdodwclx vulaluj frdcxeal ~crcjdxdrv crd gtoou hdgeldh
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 8
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Xmd gaooa{elk d}cj~od ev gar cffdvvelk cl chc~xdr gar Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr,
Cgxdr uat faj~odxd xmev {elha{/ xmd hcxc vatrfd ar vdrwdr ev stdredh xa hdxdrjeld xmd
jdxchcxc uat fcl tvd xa frdcxd vulalujv, Gar c rdocxealco hcxcbcvd/ xmev ev tvtcoou c
oevx ag xcbodv ar wed{v, Xmev {elha{ odxv uat geoxdr xmd rdvtoxv va xmdrd crd gd{dr xcbodv
graj {mefm xa fmaavd, A~xealcoou/ fmaavd {mdxmdr baxm Xcbodv clh Wed{v vmatoh bd
rdxtrldh, Bu hdgctox/ baxm crd fmdf`dh,
Gar vajd hcxc vatrfdv/ uat fcl vdodfx xa kdldrcxd vulalujv gar axmdr abidfx xu~dv/ ga
d}cj~od/ Vxardh ^rafdhtrdv, Eg uat ha/ xmd rdjcelelk el~tx ~crcjdxdrv {eoo wcru voekmxou
4, Gar vajd hcxc vatrfdv/ uat mcwd xmd a~xeal xa fmaavd c hcxcbcvd ar axmdr ~crcjdxdr
El xmev Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr d}cj~od/ vdodfx xmd c~~ra~recxd hcxcbcvd ar fmaavd Tvd
ftrrdlx hcxcbcvd, Uat {eoo bd cbod xa fmaavd graj xmd hcxcbcvd xcbodv {mdl xmev {elha{
ev faj~odxd,
7, A~xealcoou/ fmdf` Geoxdr bu a{ldr!vfmdjc clh abidfx lcjd xa geoxdr xmd rdvtoxv bcvdh a
a{ldrv ar xcbod ~rdge}dv, Xmev oejexv xmd oevx ag xcbodv rdxtrldh graj xmd rdjaxd hcxc
vatrfd clh jc`dv ex dcvedr xa fmaavd xmd hcxc gar {mefm uat {clx xa frdcxd vulalujv
Eg uat ha lax elfothd vdodfxeal frexdrec/ xmd dlxerd oevx ag xcbodv ev hev~ocudh,
;, Foef` Ld}x,
4> [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Xmd xa~ ag xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj {elha{ la{ hev~ocuv chhexealco gedohv uat fcl tvd xa
rdgeld uatr vulaluj, Rdjdjbdr xmcx xmd ~crcjdxdrv wcru hd~dlhelk al xmd xu~d ag
chc~xdr ar vdrwdr uat crd tvelk,
Xmd baxxaj ag xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj {elha{ ~rawehdv c oevx ag xcbodv gar {mefm uat fcl
frdcxd vulalujv, Xa fmaavd coo/ vdodfx xmd fmdf` ba} xa xmd odgx ag Hdgctox vulaluj
lcjd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 4
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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=, Foef` Frdcxd vulaluj,
Xmd vulaluj ev frdcxdh clh c falgerjcxeal {elha{ c~~dcrv, Alfd ckcel/ laxd xmcx xmd
{elha{ jcu wcru hd~dlhelk al xmd xu~d ag chc~xdr ar vdrwdr uat crd tvelk,
Xmd vulalujv crd frdcxdh el xmd vdodfxdh c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru, El xmev d}cj~od/ xmd
hdgctox c~~oefcxeal/ bcvdc~~/ ev tvdh,
5, Foef` Foavd,
42 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Vulaluj Frdcxeal ^crcjdxdrv gar Jefravagx VSO VdrwdrRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd gaooa{elk xcbod hdvfrebdv xmd vulaluj frdcxeal ~crcjdxdrv gar Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr/
bcvdh al Xcbodv/ Wed{v/ ar D}xdrlco VSO Vfre~xv,
Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Rdvxrefxv fclhehcxdv gar vulaluj frdcxeal bcvdh al xmd
vdodfxdh abidfx xu~dv9 Xcbodv/ Wed{v/ D}xdrlco VSO Vfre~xv/
clh clu axmdr vt~~arxdh abidfxv,
Fmaavelk D}xdrlco VSO Vfre~xv graj xmd hra~*ha{l oevx dlcbodv
uat xa rd~rdvdlx VSO VDODFX vxcxdjdlxv cv vulalujv gar
rdch*alou rd~arxelk, C Vulaluj fclhehcxd fcl bd clu geod xmcx
falxcelv alou ald wcoeh VSO Stdru clh hadv lax falxcel dlh*
ag*vxcxdjdlx hdoejexdrv -"0" ar "!"% clh fajjdlxv, Gar rdocxdh
elgarjcxeal/ vdd Oafcxeal ag D}xdrlco VSO Vfre~xv el xmev fmcrx,
Hd~dlhelk al xmd chc~xdr/ uat fcl gtrxmdr rdvxrefx uatr vdcrfm
bu fmaavelk fmdf` ba}dv gar oevxdh abidfxv,
Rdvxrefx abidfx xu~d xa
Xa v~dfegu c hcxcbcvd graj {mefm uat fcl vdodfx c xcbod ar
axmdr abidfx/ ha ald ag xmd gaooa{elk9
Fmdf` Tvd ftrrdlx hcxcbcvd xa tvd xmd hcxcbcvd xmcx mcv
bddl vdx cv xmd hdgctox hcxcbcvd,
Vdodfx c hcxcbcvd graj xmd Vdodfx hcxcbcvd hra~*ha{l
oevx/ {mefm oevxv coo hcxcbcvdv el xmd ftrrdlx HBJV
elvxclfd,
Bdgard vdodfxelk c hcxcbcvd/ eg Tvd ftrrdlx hcxcbcvd ev
fmdf`dh/ tlfmdf` ex, -Xmev hadv lax c~~ou xa Elgarje} VD/
gar {mefm Tvd ftrrdlx hcxcbcvd jtvx bd fmdf`dh,%
Hcxcbcvd vdodfxeal
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 4
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Vdodfxelk xmev a~xeal chhv xmd a{ldr!vfmdjc clh abidfx
lcjd ~crcjdxdrv xa xmd vfrddl,
A{ldr!Vfmdjc, Xu~d c vxrelk gar geoxdrelk xmd vdodfxeal/
elvdrxelk xmd {eohfcrh fmcrcfxdr -$% cv lddhdh cx xmd
bdkellelk clh!ar dlh ag xmd vxrelk, Gar d}cj~od/ dlxdr9
CBF$ xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr!vfmdjc
bdkel {exm xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr!vfmdjc
dlh {exm xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF$ xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr!vfmdjc
falxcel xmd odxxdrv CBF cx xmd bdkellelk/ jehhod/ ar
dlh,
Abidfx lcjd, Xu~d c vxrelk gar geoxdrelk xmd ~rafdhtrd
lcjdv/ elvdrxelk xmd {eohfcrh fmcrcfxdr -$% cv lddhdh cx
xmd bdkellelk clh!ar dlh ag xmd vxrelk, Gar d}cj~od/ dlxdr9
CBF$ xa vdodfx coo ~rafdhtrdv {mavd lcjdv bdkel {exm
xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF xa vdodfx coo ~rafdhtrdv {mavd lcjdv dlh {exm
xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF$ xa vdodfx coo ~rafdhtrdv {mavd lcjdv falxcelxmd odxxdrv CBF cx xmd bdkellelk/ jehhod/ ar dlh,
Geoxdr bu a{ldr!vfmdjc
clh abidfx lcjd
48 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Eg uat v~dfegu D}xdrlco VSO Vfre~xv el xmd Rdvxrefx abidfx xu~d
xa gedoh/ xmdvd chhexealco gedohv crd hev~ocudh,
Xmd gaooa{elk vxclhcrh lcjelk falwdlxealv c~~ou gar TLE]/
e4!AV EGV/ clh y!AV MGV9
El xmd Oafcxeal ag D}xdrlco VSO Vfre~xv gedoh/ v~dfegu xmd
~muvefco herdfxaru oafcxeal ag xmd geod xmcx falxcelv xmd VSO
Stdru,
El xmd D}xdlveal gedoh/ dlxdr xmd d}xdlveal ag xmd vfre~x
geodv xa geoxdr xmd oevx ag fclhehcxdv,
Al e4!AV uat fcl tvd coxdrlcxewd EGV lcjelk falwdlxealv xa
cffdvv oebrcru jdjbdrv, Xmd gaooa{elk dlxru eootvxrcxdv xmev
jdxmah9
El xmd Oafcxeal ag D}xdrlco VSO Vfre~xv gedoh/ dlxdr9
!SVUV,OEB!JUOEBRCRU,OEB!JUVRF,GEOD
Xmd D}xdlveal ev tlhdrvxaah xa bd JBR, Uat fcl dlxdr
xmev wcotd d}~oefexou ar odcwd xmd el~tx ba} bocl`,
Htrelk vulaluj kdldrcxeal/ xmd chc~xdr evvtdv lcxewd C^E
fcoov xa abxcel c oevx ag dodjdlxv el xmd vdodfx oevx clh bteohv
xmd Jcvxdr Geod {exm c gedoh gar dcfm dodjdlx, Xmd kdldrcxdh
Cffdvv Geod rdgdrdlfdv xmd oafcxeal ag xmd VSO vfre~x el xmd
HCXCVDX cxxrebtxd/ {mefm falxcelv xmd gtoo ~cxm/ elfothelk xmdgeod lcjd clh d}xdlveal xa xmd geod falxcelelk xmd VSO Stdru,
Gar d}cj~od/
HCXCVDX:!to!majd2!c~~v!rd~arx6,vso
[mdl c [dbGAFTV rd~arx ev frdcxdh/ xmd VSO Stdru ev tvdh
xa cffdvv hcxc,
Oafcxeal ag D}xdrlco VSO
Vfre~xv
D}xdlveal
Vdodfx cl c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru, Xmd hdgctox wcotd ev bcvdc~~,Vdodfx C~~oefcxeal
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 4
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Vdodfx xmd Fcrhelcoexu fmdf` ba} xa rdgodfx xmd ftrrdlx
fcrhelcoexu -ltjbdr ag ra{v ar xt~odv% el xmd xcbod htrelk
jdxchcxc frdcxeal, Fcrhelcoexu ev tvdh gar dste*iaelv, Xmd arhdrag rdxredwco ev bcvdh al xmd veyd -fcrhelcoexu% ag xmd xcbod,
Vjcoodr xcbodv crd rdch gervx,
Eg xmd fcrhelcoexu ag xmd xcbodv xa bd tvdh el xmd c~~oefcxeal
crd hulcjef/ ex jcu lax bd bdldgefeco xa fmaavd xmev vdxxelk,
Fcrhelcoexu
Vdodfx xmd [exm gardekl `duv fmdf` ba} xa elfothd {exmel xmev
vulaluj dwdru xcbod rdocxdh xa xmd ftrrdlx xcbod bu c gardekl
`du, Xmd rdvtoxelk jtoxexcbod vulaluj hdvfrebdv coo ag xmd
gardekl `du rdocxealvme~v gar xmd xcbod,
[exm gardekl `duv
Xa v~dfegu xmcx xmd Jcvxdr Geod frdcxdh gar xmd vulaluj vmatohlax falxcel faotjl elgarjcxeal/ vdodfx xmd Hulcjef faotjlv
fmdf` ba},
Eg xmev a~xeal ev vdodfxdh/ faotjl hcxc ev rdxredwdh hulcjefcoou
graj xmd hcxc vatrfd cx xmd xejd ag xmd rdstdvx,
Hulcjef faotjlv
Eg uat mcwd xcbodv {exm ehdlxefco xcbod lcjdv/ cvvekl c ~rdge}
ar c vtgge} xa hevxelktevm xmdj, Gar d}cj~od/ eg uat mcwd
ehdlxefcoou lcjdh mtjcl rdvatrfdv clh ~curaoo xcbodv/ cvvekl
xmd ~rdge} MR xa hevxelktevm xmd vulalujv gar xmd mtjcl
rdvatrfdv xcbodv, Laxd xmcx xmd rdvtoxelk vulaluj lcjd
fcllax d}fddh 78 fmcrcfxdrv,
Eg coo xcbodv clh wed{v mcwd tlestd lcjdv/ odcwd ~rdge} clh
vtgge} gedohv bocl`,
^rdge}!Vtgge}
Xa fmclkd xmd hcxc xu~d jc~~elkv graj xmder hdgctox vdxxelkv/
vdodfx xmev fmdf` ba}, Xmd ftvxajeycbod jc~~elkv crd
hev~ocudh,
Ftvxajeyd hcxc xu~d
jc~~elkv
Xa v~dfegu xmcx xmev vulaluj vmatoh awdr{rexd clu dcroedr
vulaluj {exm xmd vcjd gtoou stcoegedh lcjd/ vdodfx xmd
Awdr{rexd d}evxelk vulalujvfmdf` ba},
Awdr{rexd d}evxelk
vulalujv
Xmev faotjl hev~ocuv xmd lcjd xmcx {eoo bd cvvekldh xa dcfm
vulaluj, Xa cvvekl c heggdrdlx lcjd/ rd~ocfd xmd hev~ocudh
wcotd,
Hdgctox vulaluj lcjd
47 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Vdodfx xcbodv gar {mefm uat {evm xa frdcxd vulalujv9
Xa vdodfx coo xcbodv el xmd oevx/ vdodfx xmd fmdf` ba} xa xmd
odgx ag xmd Hdgctox vulaluj lcjd faotjl mdchelk,
Xa vdodfx v~dfegef xcbodv/ vdodfx xmd farrdv~alhelk fmdf`
ba}dv,
Vdodfx xcbodv
Vulaluj Frdcxeal ^crcjdxdrv gar Vxardh ^rafdhtrdvRdgdrdlfd9
Gar hcxc vatrfdv xmcx vt~~arx vxardh ~rafdhtrdv/ uat fcl tvd c rd~arxelk xaao xa d}dftxd
~rafdhtrd clh rd~arx ckcelvx exv atx~tx ~crcjdxdrv clh clv{dr vdx, Cjalk xmd bdldgexv a
xmev jdxmah ag d}dftxelk c vxardh ~rafdhtrd crd9
Xmd rdxredwco ag atx~tx ~crcjdxdrv -ATX ~crcjdxdrv/ clh ELATX ~crcjdxdrv el ATX jahd
cv {doo cv xmd clv{dr vdx, Axmdr jdxmahv ag elwafcxeal rdxredwd alou xmd clv{dr vdx,
Xmd dcvd {exm {mefm uat fcl ~rafdvv/ garjcx/ clh hev~ocu atx~tx ~crcjdxdrv clh xmd
clv{dr vdx/ tvelk XCBOD clh axmdr rd~arxelk xaaov,
Xmd gervx vxd~ ev xa frdcxd c vulaluj gar xmd vxardh ~rafdhtrd uat {evm xa rd~arx ckcelvx,
C vulaluj hdvfrebdv xmd ~crcjdxdrv clh clv{dr vdx gar xmd vxardh ~rafdhtrd,
Cl clv{dr vdx vxrtfxtrd jcu wcru hd~dlhelk al xmd el~tx ~crcjdxdr wcotdv xmcx crd ~rawehd
{mdl xmd ~rafdhtrd ev d}dftxdh, Xmdrdgard/ uat lddh xa kdldrcxd c vd~crcxd vulaluj gar
dcfm vdx ag el~tx ~crcjdxdr wcotdv xmcx {eoo bd ~rawehdh {mdl xmd ~rafdhtrd ev d}dftxdh c
rtl xejd, Gar d}cj~od/ eg tvdrv fcl d}dftxd xmd vxardh ~rafdhtrd tvelk xmrdd heggdrdlx vdx
ag el~tx ~crcjdxdr wcotdv/ uat lddh xa kdldrcxd xmrdd vulalujv/ ald gar dcfm vdx ag wcotdv
Tlodvv laxdh axmdr{evd/ el~tx ~crcjdxdrv rdgdrv xa EL ~crcjdxdrv clh xa ELATX ~crcjdxdr
el EL jahd,
Laxd9 Eg uat `la{ xmd elxdrlco oakef ag xmd ~rafdhtrd/ clh crd fdrxcel {mefm rclkd ag el~tx
~crcjdxdr wcotdv {eoo kdldrcxd dcfm clv{dr vdx vxrtfxtrd rdxtrldh bu xmd ~rafdhtrd/ uat
fcl frdcxd ald vulaluj gar dcfm clv{dr vdx vxrtfxtrd, Gar dcfm vulaluj vej~ou ~rawehd
rd~rdvdlxcxewd vdx ag xmd el~tx ~crcjdxdr wcotdv ldfdvvcru xa rdxtrl xmcx clv{dr vdx vxrtfxtrd
C vulaluj elfothdv xmd gaooa{elk vdkjdlxv9
EL^TX/ {mefm hdvfrebdv clu EL ~crcjdxdrv clh ELATX ~crcjdxdrv el EL jahd,
Eg xmdrd crd la EL ~crcjdxdrv ar ELATX ~crcjdxdrv el EL jahd/ xmd vdkjdlx hdvfrebdv
c velkod htjju gedoh,
ATX^TX/ {mefm hdvfrebdv clu ATX ~crcjdxdrv clh ELATX ~crcjdxdrv el ATX jahd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 4
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Eg xmdrd crd la ATX ~crcjdxdrv ar ELATX ~crcjdxdrv el ATX jahd/ xmd vdkjdlx ev
ajexxdh,
CLV[DRVDXl/ ald gar dcfm clv{dr vdx,
Eg xmdrd ev la clv{dr vdx/ xmd vdkjdlx ev ajexxdh,
Xmd gaooa{elk fmcrx hdvfrebdv xmd ~crcjdxdrv tvdh xa frdcxd xmd vulaluj,
Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Vdodfx Vxardh ^rafdhtrdv,Rdvxrefx abidfx xu~d xa
Vdodfxelk xmev a~xeal chhv xmd a{ldr!vfmdjc clh abidfx lcjd
~crcjdxdrv xa xmd vfrddl,
A{ldr!Vfmdjc, Xu~d c vxrelk gar geoxdrelk xmd vdodfxeal/
elvdrxelk xmd {eohfcrh fmcrcfxdr -$% cv lddhdh cx xmdbdkellelk clh!ar dlh ag xmd vxrelk, Gar d}cj~od/ dlxdr9
CBF$ xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr!vfmdjc
bdkel {exm xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr!vfmdjc
dlh {exm xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF$ xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr!vfmdjc
falxcel xmd odxxdrv CBF cx xmd bdkellelk/ jehhod/ ar dlh,
Abidfx lcjd, Xu~d c vxrelk gar geoxdrelk xmd ~rafdhtrd
lcjdv/ elvdrxelk xmd {eohfcrh fmcrcfxdr -$% cv lddhdh cx
xmd bdkellelk clh!ar dlh ag xmd vxrelk, Gar d}cj~od/ dlxdr9
CBF$ xa vdodfx coo ~rafdhtrdv {mavd lcjdv bdkel {exm
xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF xa vdodfx coo ~rafdhtrdv {mavd lcjdv dlh {exm
xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF$ xa vdodfx coo ~rafdhtrdv {mavd lcjdv falxcel
xmd odxxdrv CBF cx xmd bdkellelk/ jehhod/ ar dlh,
Geoxdr bu a{ldr!vfmdjc
clh abidfx lcjd
-gar HB2/ xmev c~~oedv xa
coo ~ocxgarjv d}fd~xe4!AV%
4= [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Xa cwaeh xmd rdxtrl ag cl d}xrdjdou ocrkd clh ~axdlxecoou
tljclckdcbod oevx/ co{cuv vt~~ou c wcotd gar Oebrcru ar Abidfx
Lcjd9
Oebrcru, Xu~d c vxrelk gar geoxdrelk xmd Oebrcru -ar HB2
Faoodfxeal%/ elvdrxelk xmd {eohfcrh fmcrcfxdr -$% cv lddhdh
cx xmd bdkellelk clh!ar dlh ag xmd vxrelk, Gar d}cj~od/
dlxdr9
CBF$ xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr EHv bdkel
{exm xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr EHv dlh
{exm xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF$ xa vdodfx xcbodv ar wed{v {mavd a{ldr EHv
falxcel xmd odxxdrv CBF cx xmd bdkellelk/ jehhod/ ar dlh,
Abidfx lcjd, Xu~d c vxrelk gar geoxdrelk xmd xcbod/ wed{/ ar
abidfx lcjdv/ elvdrxelk xmd {eohfcrh fmcrcfxdr -$% cv lddhdh
cx xmd bdkellelk clh!ar dlh ag xmd vxrelk, Gar d}cj~od/
dlxdr9
CBF$ xa vdodfx coo xcbodv/ wed{v/ ar abidfxv {mavd lcjdv
bdkel {exm xmd odxxdrv CBF,
$CBF xa vdodfx coo {mavd lcjdv dlh {exm xmd odxxdrv
CBF,
$CBF$ xa vdodfx coo {mavd lcjdv falxcel xmd odxxdrv
CBF cx xmd bdkellelk/ jehhod/ ar dlh,
Oebrcru
Abidfx Lcjd -e4!AV
alou%
Vdodfx c ~rafdhtrd, Uat fcl alou vdodfx ald ~rafdhtrd cx c
xejd velfd dcfm ~rafdhtrd {eoo rdsterd tlestd el~tx el xmd
Wcotdv ba} al xmd ld}x vulaluj frdcxeal ~cld,
Vdodfx
Xmd lcjd ag xmd vulaluj/ {mefm hdgctoxv xa xmd vxardh
~rafdhtrd lcjd,
Lcjd
Vdodfx cl c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru, Xmd hdgctox wcotd ev bcvdc~~,Vdodfx C~~oefcxeal
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 4
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Eg uat mcwd vxardh ~rafdhtrdv {exm ehdlxefco lcjdv/ cvvekl c
~rdge} ar c vtgge} xa hevxelktevm xmder farrdv~alhelk vulalujv,
Laxd xmcx xmd rdvtoxelk vulaluj lcjd fcllax d}fddh 78fmcrcfxdrv,
Eg coo ~rafdhtrdv mcwd tlestd lcjdv/ odcwd xmd ~rdge} clh vtgge}
gedohv bocl`,
^rdge}!Vtgge}
Xa v~dfegu xmcx xmev vulaluj vmatoh awdr{rexd clu dcroedr
vulaluj {exm xmd vcjd gtoou stcoegedh lcjd/ vdodfx xmd
Awdr{rexd d}evxelk vulalujv fmdf` ba},
Awdr{rexd d}evxelk
vulalujv
Xa fmclkd xmd hcxc xu~d jc~~elkv graj xmder hdgctox vdxxelkv/
vdodfx xmev fmdf` ba}, Xmd ftvxajeycbod jc~~elkv crd
hev~ocudh, Gar elgarjcxeal cbatx xmdj/ vdd Hcxc Xu~d Vt~~arxel xmd fmc~xdr gar uatr chc~xdr el xmd Chc~xdr Chjelevxrcxeal
gar TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV/ e4!AV/ clh y!AV jcltco,
Ftvxajeyd hcxc xu~d
jc~~elkv
7> [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Hdvfre~xeal^crcjdxdr!Xcv`
Vdodfx xmd fmdf` ba} gar dwdru ~crcjdxdr hev~ocudh gar xmd
v~dfegedh ~rafdhtrd,
Laxd xmd gaooa{elk bdgard uat dlxdr ~crcjdxdr wcotdv, Eg xmd
~rafdhtrd uat vdodfxdh mcv el~tx ~crcjdxdrv -EL ~crcjdxdrv
clh!ar ELATX ~crcjdxdrv el EL jahd%/ uat {eoo bd ~raj~xdh
xa dlxdr wcotdv gar xmdj, Ma{dwdr/ xmd lddh gar cl d}~oefex
Wcotd dlxru hd~dlhv al xmd oakef ag xmd ~rafdhtrd clh xmd hcxc
vxrtfxtrdv ex ~rahtfdv, Xmdrdgard/ {meod uat jtvx fmdf` xmd
~crcjdxdr ba}/ uat jcu lax lddh xa dlxdr c wcotd, Gaooa{ xmdvd
ktehdoeldv9
D}~oefex el~tx wcotdv -clh vd~crcxd vulalujv% crd rdsterdh
{mdl el~tx ~crcjdxdr wcotdv fctvd clv{dr vdxv {exm
heggdrdlx hcxc vxrtfxtrdv/ {mefm wcru hd~dlhelk al xmd el~tx~crcjdxdrv ~rawehdh,
D}~oefex el~tx wcotdv crd lax rdsterdh {mdl uat `la{ xmd
elxdrlco oakef ag xmd ~rafdhtrd/ clh crd fdrxcel xmcx ex co{cuv
~rahtfdv xmd vcjd hcxc vxrtfxtrd, El xmev vextcxeal/ alou
ald vulaluj lddhv xa bd frdcxdh clh uat fcl odcwd xmd
Wcotd el~tx bocl` gar vulaluj frdcxeal ~tr~avdv,
Eg c Wcotd ev rdsterdh/ dlxdr ex {exmatx staxcxeal jcr`v, Clu
hcxd/ hcxd*xejd/ clh xejdvxcj~ ~crcjdxdrv jtvx mcwd wcotdv
dlxdrdh el cl EVA garjcx, V~dfegu xmd vcjd el~tx ~crcjdxdrv
xmcx {eoo bd ~rawehdh {mdl xmd ~rafdhtrd ev d}dftxdh cx rtlxejd eg ex ev c ~rafdhtrd xmcx rdsterdv d}~oefex wcotdv,
Wcotdv
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 7
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Vulaluj gar Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr Vxardh ^rafdhtrd FtvxArhdrvD}cj~od9
Xmd gaooa{elk vulaluj hdvfrebdv c Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr vxardh ~rafdhtrd {exm ald el~tx
~crcjdxdr/ ald atx~tx ~crcjdxdr/ clh ald clv{dr vdx falxcelelk gatr wcrecbodv,
Xmd Jcvxdr Geod gar xmd vulaluj ev9
GEODLCJD:FTVXARHDRV/ VTGGE]:VSOJVV/ (
VDKJDLX:EL^TX/ VDKXU^D:V>/ (
GEDOHLCJD:NFTVXAJDREH/ COECV:^>>>3/ TVCKD:C4/ CFXTCO:C4/
JEVVELK:AL/ CFFDVVQ^RA^DRXU:-LDDHQWCOTD%/ (
VDKJDLX:ATX^TX/ VDKXU^D:V>/ ^CRDLX:EL^TX/ (
GEDOHLCJD:NRDXTRLQWCOTD/ COECV:^>>>>/ TVCKD:E33/ CFXTCO:E8/ (
VDKJDLX: CLV[DRVDX3/ VDKXU^D:V>/ ^CRDLX:EL^TX/ (
GEDOHLCJD:ARHDREH/ COECV:ArhdrEH/ TVCKD:E33/ CFXTCO:E8/ (
GEDOHLCJD:ARHDRHCXD/ COECV:ArhdrHcxd/ TVCKD:MUUJHv/ CFXTCO:MUUJHv/
JEVVELK:AL/ (
GEDOHLCJD:RDSTERDHHCXD/ COECV:RdsterdhHcxd/ TVCKD:MUUJHv/
CFXTCO:MUUJHv/ JEVVELK:AL/ (GEDOHLCJD:VME^^DHHCXD/ COECV:Vme~~dhHcxd/ TVCKD:MUUJHv/
CFXTCO:MUUJHv/ JEVVELK:AL/ (
Xmd Cffdvv Geod gar xmd vulaluj ev9
VDKLCJD:EL^TX/ FALLDFXEAL:EXcrkdx/ VX^LCJD:Larxm{elh,hba,FtvxArhdrv/ (
VDKLCJD:ATX^TX/ VX^RDVARHDR:>/ (
VDKLCJD: CLV[DRVDX3/ VX^RDVARHDR:3/ (
Ma{ xa Rdgrdvm Vulalujv^rafdhtrd9
Rdgrdvmelk c vulaluj dlcbodv uat xa t~hcxd gedoh elgarjcxeal {meod ~rdvdrwelk xmd arekelc
vulaluj xexod/ hdvfre~xeal/ tvckd/ werxtco gedoh/ clh HBC elgarjcxeal, Xmd cfxeal covavulfmraleydv xmd Jcvxdr Geod {exm xmd xcbod al {mefm xmd vulaluj ev bcvdh,
Uat fcl rdgrdvm vulalujv graj dexmdr xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc tlhdr xmd [dbGAFTV
Dlweraljdlxv gaohdr ar graj xmd ^raidfxv crdc,
3, Rekmx*foef` c vulaluj -Jcvxdr Geod%,
El xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv gaohdr/ Jcvxdr Geodv crd oevxdh {exmel cl c~~oefcxeal
el xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv/ C~~oefcxealv crdc,
El xmd ^raidfxv crdc/ Jcvxdr Geodv crd oevxdh el c Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr tlhdr c ~raidf
lcjd,
2, Fmaavd Rdgrdvm Vulaluj xa rdfrdcxd xmd Jcvxdr Geod,
Laxd9 Rdgrdvm ev lax c~~oefcbod xa Ftbd hcxc vatrfdv cx xmd ftrrdlx xejd/ clh lax vt~~arxd
gar GAFTV geodv,
72 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Ma{ xa Hdodxd Vulalujv^rafdhtrd9
Jcvxdr Geodv clh Cffdvv Geodv crd rdjawdh graj xmd vdrwdr {mdl uat hdodxd c vulaluj,
3, Rekmx*foef` xmd vulaluj uat {clx xa hdodxd clh vdodfx Hdodxd,
Uat crd cv`dh xa falgerj xmd hdodxeal,
2, Foef` Udv xa hdodxd ar La xa fclfdo,
Tvelk xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db Falvaod gar Hcxc Cffdvv clh Vulaluj ^rd~crcxeal
Ma{ xa9
Cffdvv xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db Falvaod
C vdrwdr chjelevxrcxar/ ar cl c~~oefcxeal chjelevxrcxar {ma mcv bddl krclxdh xmdvd ~reweodkdv
fcl falgektrd clh jclckd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv xmratkm xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [dFalvaod, Uat fcl tvd xmd Vdrwdr Falvaod cv cl coxdrlcxewd xa xmd Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea xaaov xa
falgektrd chc~xdrv/ chh rdjaxd vdrwdrv/ clh frdcxd vulalujv, El chhexeal/ jclu axmdr
falgektrcxeal a~xealv crd cwceocbod xmratkm xmd Vdrwdr Falvaod, Gar c gtoo tlhdrvxclhelk ag
falgektrcxeal a~xealv clh vdrwdr fc~cbeoexedv/ vdd xmd Vdrwdr Falvaod mdo~ vuvxdj ar xmd
gaooa{elk jcltcov9 Vdrwdr Chjelevxrcxeal gar TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV/ e4!AV/ clh y!AV cl
Chc~xdr Chjelevxrcxeal gar TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV/ e4!AV/ clh y!AV,
Laxd9
Xmev falvaod ev vajdxejdv rdgdrrdh xa cv xmd [db Falvaod ar xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr
Falvaod,
Gar Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea elvxcoocxealv xmcx cooa{ vxclh*coald hdwdoa~jdlx/ xmd oafco/ hdgct
[dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr larjcoou rtlv {exm vdftrexu AGG/ clh xmd tvdr {ma elvxcood
Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea ev xmd hdgctox chjelevxrcxar,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 7
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Ma{ xa Cffdvv xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db Falvaod^rafdhtrd9
3, A~dl xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [db Falvaod graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea bu vdodfxelk exv efal
graj xmd Abidfx D}~oardr xaaobcr ar a~dlelk xmd gaooa{elk ~ckd el c [db bra{vdr9
mxx~9!!mavxlcjd9 ~arx&!{dbfalvaod
Xmd Vdrwdr Falvaod a~dlv el uatr [db bra{vdr,
2, Xa chh cl chc~xdr xmratkm xmd Vdrwdr Falvaod/ foef` Hcxc Chc~xdrv al xmd jdlt bcr,
Al xmd d}~clhdh jdlt bcr/ foef` Ld{ Chc~xdr / d}~clh gaohdrv al xmd rekmx/ clh foef`
uatr chc~xdr xu~d xa brelk t~ c garj gar chhelk xmd hcxc chc~xdr,
6, Xa frdcxd c vulaluj xmratkm xmd Vdrwdr Falvaod/ foef` Jdxchcxc al xmd jdlt bcr, Al
xmd d}~clhdh jdlt bcr/ foef` Ld{ Vulaluj/ vdodfx xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr ar chc~xdr al xm
rekmx/ clh faj~odxd xmd garjv xmcx gaooa{,
8, Xa cffdvv xmd Vdrwdr Falvaod mdo~/ foef` Mdo~ al xmd jdlt bcr clh fmaavd Falxdlxv
clh Vdcrfm, D}~clh xmd Chc~xdrv gaohdr el xmd Xcbod ag Falxdlxv/ clh rdwed{ xmd
elgarjcxeal gar uatr chc~xdr,
Laxd9 Uat jcu lddh xa tvd Elxdrldx D}~oardr xa ~ra~drou wed{ xmd mdo~,
78 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Vulalujv el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
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Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal Geod
Ma{ xa9
A~dl xmd [dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxewd Falvaod Graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea
Chh c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr xa xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx
Fmclkd c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr Lahd
Eg uat mcwd falgektrdh c [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr dovd{mdrd el uatr dlxdr~revd xa cffdv
uatr hcxc/ clh uat {evm xa jc`d xmcx rdjaxd vdrwdr wevebod el clh cffdvvebod graj xmd
[dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv/ Hcxc Vdrwdrv gaohdr cv c hevxelfx/ lcjdh dlxexu / uat jtvx chh xm
rdjaxd vdrwdr xa uatr [dbGAFTV Foedlx falgektrcxeal, D}fd~x gar xmd hdgctox vdrwdr -gar
d}cj~od/ DHCVDRWD%/ {mefm ev wevebod tlhdr Hcxc Vdrwdrv/ xmd oevxelk ag vdrwdrv el xmev
oafcxeal ev falxraoodh bu xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx clh ej~odjdlxdh xmratkm xmd [dbGAFTV
Chjelevxrcxeal Falvaod/ {mefm t~hcxdv xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx fajjtlefcxeal geod -ahel,fgk%Alfd uat chh xmd rdjaxd vdrwdr xa uatr [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx/ uat fcl cffdvv hcxc clh
~drgarj hdwdoa~jdlx herdfxou ckcelvx xmd lcjdh rdjaxd vdrwdr, Xmcx ev/ uat fcl tvd c wcredx
ag Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea xaaov xa cffdvv uatr c~~oefcxeal geodv/ el xmder rdv~dfxewd werxtco gaohdrv
gar hdwdoa~jdlx ~tr~avdv, Gar d}cj~od/ uat fcl a~dl vulalujv el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/
~rafdhtrdv el xmd Rd~arx ^celxdr/ clh MXJO geodv el xmd Rd~arx ^celxdr/ clh dhex xmavd geod
cv eg uat {drd {ar`elk al uatr oafco jcfmeld, Xmdvd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv fcl cova bd tvdh b
Jclckelk Rd~arxelk eg xmcx dlweraljdlx ev hd~oaudh el uatr arkcleycxeal,
Ma{ xa A~dl xmd [dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxewd Falvaod Graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea^rafdhtrd9
3, Vdodfx xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx uat crd {ar`elk {exm,
2, Foef` xmd [dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxeal Falvaod efal al xmd Abidfx D}~oardr xaaobcr
6, [mdl xmd Chjelevxrcxeal Falvaod a~dlv/ oak el xa [dbGAFTV,
^rafddh cv hdvfrebdh el Ma{ xa Chh c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr xa xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx al ~ck
77,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 7
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Ma{ xa Chh c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr xa xmd [dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlx^rafdhtrd9
3, Foef` Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv clh xmdl Rdjaxd Vdrwefdv,
2, Foef` Ld{ ,
6, El xmd LAHD gedoh/ v~dfegu xmd lcjd bu {mefm uat {eoo rdgdr xa xmd vdrwdr, Xmd lcjd evuatr fmaefd/ btx fcllax bd xmd vcjd cv clu axmdr lahd lcjd, El chhexeal/ xmd lcjd
jtvx bdkel {exm c odxxdr clh fcllax bd jard xmcl dekmx fmcrcfxdrv, [mdl xmd [dbGAFT
Foedlx cffdvvdv xmev vdrwdr/ ex {eoo tvd xmev lcjd,
8, V~dfegu xmd Lahd focvv -Foedlx/ Fotvxdr/ ar FOJ ^rafdvvelk%,
Eg uat v~dfegu9
Foedlx/ xmev lahd {eoo gtlfxeal cv c vxclh*coald vdrwdr, Ex fcl cova bd tvdh cv cl
coxdrlcxd vdrwdr {exmel c fotvxdr falgektrcxeal,
Fotvxdr/ xmev ev xmd ~rejcru lahd xmcx {eoo bd tvdh xa hevxrebtxd {ar`oach xa coxdrlcx
vdrwdrv,
FOJ ^rafdvvelk/ xmd Fotvxdr Jclckdr lahd jalexarv vdrwdr ~drgarjclfd vxcxevxefv
clh vdlhv xmd rdstdvx xa xmd bdvx cwceocbod vdrwdr gar ~rafdvvelk,
4, Foef` Ld}x,
Eg uat vdodfxdh Foedlx el vxd~ 8/ ~rafddh xa vxd~ 7,
Eg uat vdodfxdh Fotvxdr el vxd~ 8/ ~rafddh xa vxd~ ;,
Eg uat vdodfxdh FOJ ^rafdvvelk el vxd~ 8/ ~rafddh xa vxd~ =,
7, Xmd Ld{ Lahd {elha{ a~dlv, Dlxdr xmd gaooa{elk rdsterdh ~crcjdxdrv9
c, MAVX, Mavx lcjd ar E^ chhrdvv ag xmd vdrwdr,
b, ^ARX, ^arx ltjbdr gar xmd XF^ oevxdldr, Xmd hdgctox ~arx ev =32>,
f, MXX^Q^ARX, ^arx ltjbdr gar xmd MXX^ oevxdldr, Xmev ev larjcoou xmd vdfalh
falvdftxewd ~arx xmcx xmd vdrwdr tvdv, Xu~d xmd vcjd ~arx ltjbdr xmcx {cv v~dfeged
htrelk elvxcoocxeal, Xmd hdgctox MXX^ ~arx ev =323,
h, FOCVV, Eg xmev ev c y!AV vdrwdr/ uat jtvx elfothd c stcoegedr,
d, VDFTREXU, Hdxdrjeldv ma{ [dbGAFTV falldfxv xa xmd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk
Vdrwdr, Xmd gaooa{elk crd ~avvebod VDFTREXU wcotdv9
77 [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal Geod
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Hdgctox, Ev xmd elexeco wcotd gar ld{ lahdv clh rd~rdvdlxv xmd xrchexealco bdmcwear
{mdrd xmd ahel,fgk geod hadv lax falxcel c VDFTREXU `du{arh, El xmev fcvd/
[dbGAFTV jc`dv cl d}~oefex falldfxeal xa xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr {exm {mcxdwdr tvd
EH clh ~cvv{arh ex mcv cwceocbod gar xmd rdstdvx, C tvdr EH jcu fajd graj
EBEQRD^ARXQTVDR al xmd falvaod Foedlx Vdxxelkv/ Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr ~cld/ graj c
[dbGAFTV Foedlx Lahd ^rageod/ ar graj xmd tvdr [GQFAA@ED eg c Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr
vekl*al mcv xc`dl ~ocfd, Ma{ xmd vdrwdr ~rafdvvdv d}~oefex falldfxealv hd~dlhv
al exv vdftrexu vdxxelk -AGG/ ^XM/ A^VUV/ OHC^/ HBJV%,
MXX^ Bcvef, Falgektrdv [dbGAFTV xa d}xrcfx xmd tvdr EH clh ~cvv{arh graj xmd
Ctxmareycxeal mdchdr, Xmdvd frdhdlxecov crd xmdl tvdh xa jc`d cl d}~oefex falldfxea
xa xmd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr, Uat vmatoh alou vdodfx xmev a~xeal {mdl uatr
[db xedr ev ~drgarjelk Bcvef Ctxmdlxefcxeal va xmcx xmd tvdr Bcvd78 dlfahdh EH
clh ~cvv{arh {eoo bd cwceocbod el xmd rdstdvx mdchdr, Gar d}cj~od9
Ctxmareycxeal Bcvef cj}>]Mhjh]Lofi~6YlWyY]E}
Xa wdregu xmcx xmd Ctxmareycxeal mdchdr ev cwceocbod xa [dbGAFTV/ foef` xmd Hecklavxefjdlt al xmd [dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxewd Falvaod clh vdodfx MXX^ Rdstdvx Elga,
@drbdrav, Falgektrdv [dbGAFTV xa ~cvv xmd @drbdrav xef`dx gar xmd tvdr xa xmd
[dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr, Xmev a~xeal dlcbodv cl dlh*xa*dlh velkod vekl*al
vaotxeal graj xmd hdv`xa~ xa [dbGAFTV/ graj [dbGAFTV xa xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr
clh graj xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr xa vt~~arxdh rdocxealco HBJV vuvxdjv, [mdl tvel
xmev a~xeal/ xmd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr jtvx rtl el vdftrexu A^VUV jahd,
Xmdrd crd chhexealco vdxt~ rdsterdjdlxv gar [dbGAFTV clh Jefravagx Cfxewd Herdfxar
xmcx crd hdvfrebdh el Xdfmlefco Jdja 878;9 Falgektrelk Velkod Vekl*al xa xmd
[dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Tvelk @drbdrav,
VC^ Xef`dx, Dlcbodv ftvxajdrv tvelk [dbGAFTV A~dl ^arxco Vdrwefdv el VC^Dlxdr~revd ̂ arxco xa cfmedwd velkod vekl*al xmratkm [dbGAFTV xa c Rd~arxelk Vdrwd
falgektrdh {exm xmd Hcxc Chc~xdr gar VC^, [dbGAFTV ~cvvdv coalk xmd JUVC^VVA
faa`ed ag xmd tvdr/ frdcxdh al VC^ Dlxdr~revd ^arxco/ xa xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr {mef
wcoehcxdv ex tvelk xmd VC^ vdftrexu C^E,
Vdrwefd Cffatlx, Dlcbodv uat xa v~dfegu c tvdr EH clh ~cvv{arh xa bd tvdh gar
coo falldfxealv xa xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr/ cv vma{l el xmd gaooa{elk ejckd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 7
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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Xmd vdrwefd cffatlx frdhdlxecov crd dlfru~xdh clh vxardh el xmd VDFTREXU `du{ar
ag xmd ahel,fgk geod, [mdl hdgeldh/ xmd vdrwefd cffatlx awdrrehdv clu axmdr frdhdlxeco
xmcx jcu bd ~rdvdlxdh xa [dbGAFTV gar xmev Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr lahd,
Xrtvxdh, Dlcbodv uat xa falldfx xa xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr {exm alou c tvdr EH, Xmev
a~xeal ev tvdgto {mdl la ~cvv{arh ev cwceocbod gar xmd tvdr/ clh falxraov fcl bd~ocfdh al xmd vdrwdr xa dlvtrd xmcx falldfxealv graj tlctxmareydh foedlxv crd
rdidfxdh -gar d}cj~od/ dj~oauelk xmd vdrwdr RDVXREFXQXAQE^ vdxxelk va xmcx alou
~crxeftocr [dbGAFTV foedlx fcl falldfx xa xmd vdrwdr%,
Eg xmd vdrwdr rtlv el vdftrexu A^VUV jahd/ xmd falldfxelk tvdr EH jtvx bd wcoeh a
xmd vdrwdr a~drcxelk vuvxdj clh xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr fcllax rtl al [elha{v, El
xmev vfdlcrea/ xmd falldfxelk tvdr c~~dcrv el xmd vdrwdr dhc~relx,oak geod clh ev
rdxtrldh bu xmd vdrwdr KDXTVDR clh FLFXTVR vtbratxeldv, Xmd rd~arx ckdlx rtl
el xmd vdftrexu falxd}x ag xmd falldfxelk tvdr/ {mefm jc`dv ex ~avvebod xa tvd
a~drcxelk vuvxdj ~drjevvealv clh xmd xrtvxdh a~xeal gar HBJV chc~xdrv el arhdr
xa rdvxrefx geod clh hcxc cffdvv,
Xrtvxdh falldfxealv crd cova vt~~arxdh bu vdrwdrv rtllelk el vdftrexu AGG/ ^XM/
clh OHC^ jahdv ~rawehdh xmcx xmd vdrwdr xrtvxQd}x vdxxelk ev dlcbodh,
El xmev falgektrcxeal xmd falldfxelk tvdr c~~dcrv el xmd vdrwdr dhc~relx,oak geod cl
ev rdxtrldh bu xmd vdrwdr FLFXTVR vtbratxeld, Xmd vdrwdr KDXTVDR vtbratxeld {e
co{cuv rdxtrl xmd tvdr EH xmcx vxcrxdh xmd vdrwdr, [mdl xmd vdrwdr rtlv el OHC^
jahd xmd falldfxelk tvdr jtvx bd gatlh el xmd OHC^ herdfxaru bdgard xmd falldfxea
ev cffd~xdh,
Eg xmd vdrwdr rtlv el xmd ^XM ar AGG vdftrexu jahdv/ xmdl xrtvxdh falldfxealv {eoobd cffd~xdh {exmatx ctxmdlxefcxeal bu Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv al clu ~ocxgarj/ elfothelk
[elha{v, Xmd vdrwdr dhc~relx,oak geod clh FLFXTVR vtbratxeld {eoo rdgodfx xmd
falldfxelk tvdr EH/ clh xmd vdrwdr KDXTVDR vtbratxeld vma{v xmd tvdr EH xmcx
vxcrxdh xmd vdrwdr,
7= [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal Geod
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Xmd gaooa{elk oeldv el c rd~arx rdstdvx crd tvdgto xa hdxdrjeld falldfxeal bdmcwear
*VDX 'FALLDFXQTVDR : FLFXTVR-+C6>+%0
*VDX 'CKDLXQTVDR : KDXTVDR-+C6>+%0
*XU^D Falldfx Tvdr ev9 'FALLDFXQTVDR
*XU^D Rd~arx Ckdlx rtlv cv9 'CKDLXQTVDR
[mdl uat vdodfx Xrtvxdh/ xmd [dbGAFTV vfre~x wcrecbod clh [db vdrwdr MXX^ wcrecbo
vdxxelkv crd hev~ocudh/ cv vma{l el xmd gaooa{elk ejckd,
Vdodfx xmd a~xeal xmcx {eoo bd tvdh xa rdxredwd xmd falldfxdh tvdr,
Laxd9 Xrtvxdh falldfxealv crd lax vt~~arxdh bu vdrwdrv rtllelk el vdftrexu HBJV
jahd,
Uat fcl cova v~dfegu xmd gaooa{elk a~xealco ~crcjdxdrv9
Vdftrexu Abidfx, Gar clu vdftrexu a~xeal/ cl chjelevxrcxar fcl v~dfegu ald ar
jard MXX^ Mdchdr lcjdv clh!ar Faa`ed lcjdv cv gaooa{v9
FAA@ED * V~dfegu dcfm MXX^ Faa`ed lcjd vd~crcxdh bu c fajjc, Gar d}cj~od
faa`edQlcjd3/ faa`edQlcjd2,
MDCHDR * V~dfegu dcfm MXX^ Mdchdr lcjd vd~crcxdh bu c fajjc, Gar
d}cj~od/ mdchdrQlcjd3/ mdchdrQlcjd2,
Laxd9 MXX^ Faa`ed clh Mdchdr lcjdv jtvx lax falxcel fajjcv ar faoalv/velfd xmdvd crd rdvdrwdh hdoejexdrv,
MXX^QVVO, Dlcbodv dlfru~xdh fajjtlefcxeal bdx{ddl xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx
clh xmd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr MXX^ oevxdldr, Xmev a~xeal jtvx bd vdodfxdh
eg xmd MXX^ oevxdldr ag xmd vdrwdr ev falgektrdh xa tvd VVO,
Eg uat crd tvelk c vdog*vekldh fdrxegefcxd xa dlcbod MXX^V fajjtlefcxeal {exm c
[dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr/ xmd fdrxegefcxd jtvx bd falgektrdh el xmd Icwc
dlweraljdlx el {mefm xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx ev elvxcoodh, Xmev dlcbodv MXX^V
fajjtlefcxeal bdx{ddl xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr clh xmd gaooa{elk [dbGAFTVFoedl
xaaov9
[dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxeal Falvaod,
Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Jdxchcxc xaaov/ vtfm cv xmd Vulaluj Dhexar clh Frdcxd
Vulaluj xaao,
FAJ^RDVVEAL, Xtrlv al hcxc faj~rdvveal, Fahdv crd9 > -agg% clh 3 -al%,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 7
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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DLFRU^XEAL, Vdxv hcxc dlfru~xeal cbeoexu clh xmd fru~xakrc~mu vujjdxref
jdxmah ev tvdh,
Vdodfx ald ag xmd gaooa{elk a~xealv graj xmd hra~*ha{l oevx9
> : agg
HDV : 37=*bex
6HDV : 432*bex
6HDV} : 3>28*bex
EBFRU^X : tvdr hdgeldh EBFRU^X HOO ev oachdh,
Laxd9 Xre~od HDV clh EBFRU^X crd lax vt~~arxdh tlhdr xmd MXX^ ~raxafao ar ga
fajjtlefcxeal xa clh graj xmd JWV vdrwdr, El chhexeal/ eg dlfru~xeal ev vdx
jcltcoou atxvehd ag xmd falvaod tvelk xmd ahel,fgk geod/ xmd falvaod hev~ocuv ex
cv c vxcxef wcotd clh ex fcllax bd jahegedh tvelk xmd falvaod,
FALLDFXQOEJEX, Ltjbdr ag vdfalhv xmd foedlx maohv xmd ~dlhelk falldfxeal
Xmev ev tvdgto el c fotvxdr hd~oaujdlx xa cwaeh c odlkxmu hdocu ag gceoawdr rdv~alvd
Axmdr ~avvebod wcotdv crd > -la {cex% clh *3 -elgelexd {cex%, *3 ev xmd hdgctox wcotd
JC][CEX, ?stdru {cex<P/?ra{ {cex<Z, Xejd xmd foedlx {cexv bdgard xejdatx, Xm
gervx ltjbdr ev xmd rdxtrl xejd gar clu ra{, Xmd vdfalh ltjbdr -a~xealco% ev xmd
rdxtrl xejd gar ra{v bdualh xmd gervx ra{, Xejd ev el vdfalhv,
HDVFRE^XEAL, Hdvfre~xeal gar xmd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr lahd, Xmev
hdvfre~xeal hev~ocuv el xmd [dbGAFTV gralx*dlh xaaov,
Bdfctvd uat v~dfegedh Foedlx el Vxd~ 8/ ~rafddh xa Vxd~ = -clh v`e~ Vxd~ ;/ {mef
ev tvdh {mdl Fotvxdr ev v~dfegedh%,
;, Xmd Ld{ Fotvxdr Lahd {elha{ a~dlv, Dlxdr xmd gaooa{elk rdsterdh ~crcjdxdrv9
c, COXDRLCXD, Vdodfx xmd vdrwdrv xa bd elfothdh el xmd fotvxdr,
b, HDVFRE^XEAL, Hdvfre~xeal gar xmd fotvxdr,
=, Xmd Ld{ FOJ ^rafdvvelk Lahd {elha{ a~dlv, Dlxdr xmd gaooa{elk rdsterdh ~crcjdxdrv
c, MAVX, Xmd E^ chhrdvv ag xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr {mdrd xmd Fotvxdr Jclckdr ev
falgektrdh,
b, ^ARX, TH^ ^arx ltjbdr,
f, HDVFRE^XEAL, A~xealco hdvfre~xeal gar xmd FOJ ^rafdvvelk lahd,
;> [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal Geod
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Uat fcl chh jtoxe~od FOJ mavxv clh ~arxv bu foef`elk Chh, C fmdf` ba} ev chhdh
ld}x xa dcfm ld{ mavx clh ~arx fajbelcxeal, Xa rdjawd c mavx clh ~arx/ vdodfx xm
cvvafecxdh fmdf` ba} clh foef` Rdjawd,
5, Foef` Vcwd,Xe~9 Jard chwclfdh fotvxdr gtlfxealcoexu fcl bd falgektrdh tvelk xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr [d
Falvaod, Gar hdxceov/ vdd Xdfmlefco Jdja 87749 Hevxrebtxelk [ar`oach Cfravv Fotvxdrdh
[dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv,
Ma{ xa Fmclkd c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr Lahd^rafdhtrd9
3, Foef` Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv clh xmdl Rdjaxd Vdrwefdv,
2, Vdodfx xmd lahd uat {clx xa fmclkd,
6, Foef` ald ag xmd gaooa{elk btxxalv9
Jahegu, Hev~ocuv xmd vdxxelkv gar xmd vdodfxdh lahd/ dlcboelk uat xa jc`d fmclkdv
Uat fcl vdodfx xmd Vdx cv Hdgctox Vdrwdr Lahd fmdf` ba} xa v~dfegu xmcx xmd lahd e
xmd hdgctox [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr, Xmd lahd {eoo bd {rexxdl cv xmd
EBEQRD^ARXQVDRWDR ~crcjdxdr wcotd el xmd fkewcrv,{gv geod, Laxd xmcx dwdl eg uat
fmdf` Vdx cv Hdgctox Vdrwdr Lahd/ xmev fcl bd awdrrehhdl eg cl EBEFQvdrwdr ev vdx el
vexd,{gv ar c lahd ~rageod,
Eg xmd vexd,{gv geod ar rdstdvx TRO falxcelv cl EBEFQvdrwdr vdxxelk/ ex {eoo awdrrehd xm
EBEQRD^ARXQVDRWDR ~crcjdxdr, El xmev fcvd/ xmd[dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxeal Falvao
elhefcxdv xmcx xmd EBEQRD^ARXQVDRWDR ev xmd hdgctox lahd/ dwdl xmatkm ex ev la
oalkdr xmd hdgctox,Uat fcl cova foef` Vcwd Cv xa vcwd xmdvd vdxxelkv gar claxmdr v~dfegedh lahd xmcx
{eoo bd chhdh xa xmd ebe_[dbGAFTV_foedlx_{gf_dxf_ahel,fgk geod,
Rdjawd, Hdodxdv xmd vdodfxdh lahd, Uat {eoo rdfdewd c jdvvckd cv`elk gar uat xa
falgerj xmd hdodxeal, Xmev btxxal alou c~~dcrv eg uat mcwd jard xmcl ald lahd hdgeldh
^rageod, Dlcbodv uat xa awdrrehd [dbGAFTV hdgctox vdxxelkv gar c v~dfegef [dbGAFT
Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr lahd, Xmdvd vdxxelkv crd {rexxdl xa
ebe_[dbGAFTV_foedlx_{gf_dxf_lahd,~rg/ {mdrd lahd ev xmd lahd uat vdodfxdh el
Vxd~ 2,
Vdrwdr Falvaod, Hev~ocuv xmd [dbGAFTV Rd~arxelk Vdrwdr Falvaod/ {mefm dlcboduat xa rdjaxdou jclckd uatr vdrwdr dlweraljdlx, Gar jard elgarjcxeal/ vdd xmd
Vdrwdr Chjelevxrcxeal gar TLE]/ [elha{v/ A~dlWJV/ e4!AV/ clh y!AV jcltco,
Laxd9 Uat fcl vdodfx xmd Varx co~mcbdxefcoou fmdf` ba} xa varx c oevx ag jtoxe~od vdrwdrv
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov ;
2, Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv
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;2 [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk c Rdjaxd Vdrwdr el xmd [dbGAFTV Foedlx Fajjtlefcxeal Geod
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[dbGAFTV
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar6
Xmev fmc~xdr hdvfrebdv xmd Vulaluj Dhexar clh ma{ uat jcu tvd ex xa wed{ clh dhex vulalujv,
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar gar Ftbd Hcxc
Vatrfdv
Xa~efv9
Elxrahtfxeal xa Vulaluj Dhexar
Vulaluj Dhexar OcuatxFrdcxelk Btveldvv Wed{v
Chhelk Werxtco Faotjlv -HDGELD% el c VulalujWed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
Frdcxelk Geoxdrv el c VulalujVdxxelk T~ Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv
Chhelk Faj~txdh Gedohv -FAJ^TXD% el c
VulalujDlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk FmcrcfxdrevxefvVxarelk xmd Ltjbdr ag Rd~dxexealv ag c
Rd~dcxelk Gedoh el c Werxtco GedohFrdcxelk Fotvxdr Iaelv
Hdgelelk Cxxrebtxdv clh Frdcxelk D}~rdvvealv
gar Ftvxaj GedohvHdgelelk Hejdlvealv gar AOC^ Clcouvev
Chhelk Krat~ Gedohv el c VulalujC~~ouelk Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov ;
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Elxrahtfxeal xa Vulaluj Dhexar
C vulaluj falvevxv ag c vdx ag cxxrebtxdv xmcx hdvfrebd xmd hcxc vatrfd, Ex ~rawehdv xmd
jdxchcxc gar c hcxc vatrfd/ {mefm dlcbodv cl chc~xdr xa cffdvv clh elxdr~rdx xmd
farrdv~alhelk hcxc, Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar ~rawehdv c krc~mefco elxdrgcfd xmcx dlcbodv uat xa
{ar` {exm vulalujv clh ~drgarj xcv`v vtfm cv frdcxd/ wed{/ clh jahegu,
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
Rdgdrdlfd9
Vulaluj Dhexar * Jcel Cxxrebtxdv
Vulaluj Dhexar Xaaobcr
Vulaluj Dhexar * A~xealv Hecoak
^rdgdrdlfd A~xealv Hecoak * Vulaluj DhexarA~xealv Hecoak * Garjcx
A~xealv Hecoak * Faotjl Jclckdjdlx
A~xealv Hecoak * Rtl A~xealv
Vulaluj Dhexar * Vdkjdlx ^a~*t~ Jdlt
Vulaluj Dhexar * Faotjl!Gedoh ^a~*t~ Jdlt
Vulaluj Dhexar * Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ Xcb
Vulaluj Dhexar * Vdkjdlx Wed{ Xcb
Vulaluj Dhexar * Gedoh Wed{ Xcb
Vulaluj Dhexar * Jahdoelk Wed{ Xcb
Vulaluj Dhexar * Xd}x Wed{ Xcb
Vulaluj Dhexar * Cffdvv Geod Xd}x Wed{ Xcb
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar ev cwceocbod graj Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea clh ~rawehdv xmd gaooa{elk wed{v xmc
dlcbod uat xa wed{ clh jclckd vulalujv9 Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh/ Vdkjdlx Wed{/ Gedoh Wed{/
Jahdoelk Wed{/ Xd}x Wed{/ clh Cffdvv Geod Xd}x Wed{ xcbv,
;8 [dbGAFT
Elxrahtfxeal xa Vulaluj Dhexar
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Vulaluj Dhexar * Jcel CxxrebtxdvRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb/ Vdkjdlx Wed{ xcb/ Gedoh Wed{ xcb/ clh Jahdoelk Wed{ xc
vma{v c medrcrfmu ag vdkjdlxv clh faotjlv al xmd odgx {exm xmd cxxrebtxdv clh wcotdv ag
xmd vdodfxdh exdj el xmd ^ra~drxedv {elha{v xmcx hev~ocuv bu hdgctox el xmd oa{dr*rekmx vehd
ag xmd xaao,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
Xmd ^ra~drxedv {elha{ clh xmd axmdr cwceocbod {elha{v -Btveldvv Wed{/ Hejdlveal Bteohdr
ar HBC% fcl bd rdveydh/ ~avexealdh el heggdrdlx crdcv/ ar mehhdl bu xmd cwceocbod xaaobcr
efalv,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm c `du faotjl vdodfxdh,
Laxd9 Elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd cxxrebtxd xmcx mcv gaftv ev hev~ocudh cx xmd baxxaj ag xmd
cxxrebtxd oevx, El xmev fcvd/ cl d}~oclcxeal ag xmd GEDOHLCJD cxxrebtxd c~~dcrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov ;
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd gaooa{elk abidfxv jcu c~~dcr el xmd xcbv,
GtlfxealAbidfx
Vulaluj,
Kdldrco efal tvdh xa elhefcxd vulalujv/ wevebod al xa~ ag xmd Vdkjdlx clh
Gedoh Wed{ xcb, Ex ~rawehdv elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd geod lcjd tvdh clh xmd
c~~oefcxeal ex rdvehdv el,
Vdkjdlx,
Elhefcxdv c vdkjdlx el c vulaluj, Xmd raax ar ~crdlx vdkjdlx c~~dcrv
gervx el xmd xrdd,
Tlestd Vdkjdlx -GAFTV!GHV clh ]GAFTV alou%,
Elhefcxdv c tlestd vdkjdlx el c GAFTV!GHV ar ]GAFTV vulaluj,
Werxtco Vdkjdlx -Fravv*Rdgdrdlfdh%,
Elhefcxdv c werxtco ar fravv*rdgdrdlfdh vdkjdlx, Xmd efal ev hejjdh,
Laxd9 Xmev xu~d ag vdkjdlx ev c~~oefcbod gar GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv,
@du Faotjl,
Elhefcxdv c `du faotjl,
Faotjl,
Elhefcxdv c kdldrco faotjl,
Werxtco Faotjl -HDGELD%,
Elhefcxdv c werxtco ar hdgeldh faotjl,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx werxtco faotjlv/ vdd Chhelk Werxtco Faotjlv
-HDGELD% el c Vulaluj al ~ckd 34;,
Elhd} Faotjl,
Elhefcxdv xmd lcxewd HBJV mcv cl elhd} gar stef` rdxredwco ag wcotdv gar xmev
gedoh,
Geoxdr,
Elhefcxdv c Jcvxdr Geod geoxdr,
;7 [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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GtlfxealAbidfx
Faj~txd gedoh,
Elhefcxdv c faj~txdh gedoh,
Krat~,
Xmev a~xeal ev dlcbodh {mdl uat vdodfx A~xealv graj xmd Xaaov jdlt, El
A~xealv hecoak/ foef` xmd fmdf` ba} a~xeal/ Vt~~arx D}xdlhdh A~xeal el
Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Varx Abidfx,
Xmev a~xeal ev dlcbodh {mdl uat vdodfx A~xealv graj xmd Xaaov jdlt, El
A~xealv hecoak/ foef` xmd fmdf` ba} a~xeal/ Vt~~arx D}xdlhdh A~xeal el
Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Vxuod,
Xmev a~xeal ev dlcbodh {mdl uat vdodfx A~xealv graj xmd Xaaov jdlt, El
A~xealv hecoak/ foef` xmd fmdf` ba} a~xeal/ Vt~~arx D}xdlhdh A~xeal el
Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Laxd9 Efalv xmcx mcwd c vmarxftx awdrocu/ c hejjdh crra{ vmarxftx efal el xmd oa{dr*odgx
farldr ag xmd efal/ elhefcxd xmcx gedohv ar vdkjdlxv crd rdgdrdlfdh clh ha lax d}evx el xmd
Vulaluj xmcx ev bdelk dhexdh,
Vulaluj Dhexar XaaobcrRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar xaaobcr falxcelv btxxalv xmcx ~rawehd stef` cffdvv xa fajjalou
~drgarjdh gtlfxealv, Xmd bdmcwear ag xmd btxxal ev hdxdrjeldh bu xmd vdodfxdh abidfx,
Xmdrdgard/ fdrxcel xaaobcr btxxalv jcu bd elcfxewd,
HdgelexealBtxxal
Vcwdv xmd dhexv jchd xa xmd vulaluj,
Vcwdv xmd dhexv jchd xa xmd vulaluj xa c ld{ geod -VcwdCv%,
Dlcbodv uat xa ~relx xmd ftrrdlx vfrddl wed{,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov ;
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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HdgelexealBtxxal
Rdgdrdlfdv vdkjdlx graj cl d}evxelk vulaluj, Xmev a~xeal
ev hejjdh,
Dlcbodv uat xa chh vdkjdlxv graj cl d}evxelk vulaluj
bu tvelk xmd Vdodfx Vulaluj hecoak ba},
Dlcbodv uat xa chh vdkjdlxv xmratkm xmd jdxchcxc ej~arx
bu tvelk xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao, Xmev xaao frdcxdv c
vulaluj clh elfothdv ex cv c vdkjdlx el xmd vulaluj graj
{mefm xmd xaao {cv octlfmdh,
Dlcbodv uat xa chh vdkjdlxv jcltcoou/ cvveklelk wcotdv
xa vdkjdlx cxxrebtxd gedohv el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Laxd9 Uat {atoh alou tvd xmev c~~racfm eg uat crd fahelk
c ld{ Jcvxdr Geod / cv uat {atoh gar c GAFTV hcxc vatrfd,
Chhv c faotjl gedoh,
Chhv c werxtco faotjl -HDGELD% gedoh,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx werxtco faotjlv/ vdd Chhelk
Werxtco Faotjlv -HDGELD% el c Vulaluj al ~ckd 34;,
Chhv c Jcvxdr Geod geoxdr ,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx geoxdrv/ vdd Frdcxelk Geoxdrv elc Vulaluj al ~ckd 373,
Chhv c FAJ^TXD gedoh,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx faj~txdh gedohv/ vdd Chhelk
Faj~txdh Gedohv -FAJ^TXD% el c Vulaluj al ~ckd 378,
Chhv c krat~,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx krat~v/ vdd Chhelk Krat~ Gedohv
el c Vulaluj al ~ckd 3;5,
Hdodxdv xmd vdodfxdh exdj,
;= [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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HdgelexealBtxxal
Chhv gedoh!wcotd vdftrexu HBC,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx HBC vdftrexu/ vdd C~~ouelk
Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu al ~ckd 3=4,
Dlcbodv uat xa wed{ clh rdgrdvm vcj~od hcxc gar xmd abidfx,
Elvdrxv c wcrecbod xa xmd vdkjdlx,
Dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd c Btveldvv Wed{ clh frdcxd c ftvxaj
Jcvxdr Geod xmcx fcl tvd vdodfxdh gedohv graj xmd arekelco
vulaluj, El chhexeal/ uat jcu ftvxajeyd gedoh lcjdv/
xexodv/ clh hdvfre~xealv,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx Btveldvv Wed{v/ vdd Frdcxelk
Btveldvv Wed{v al ~ckd 385,
Dlcbodv HBC hcxc vatrfd cffdvv,
Hejdlveal Bteohdr dlcbodv ~crdlx!fmeoh medrcrfmu,
^ra~drxedv hdvfrebdv xmd cxxrebtxd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov ;
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Vulaluj Dhexar * A~xealv HecoakRdgdrdlfd9
[mdl uat foef` Xaaov graj xmd jcel jdlt clh vdodfx A~xealv/ xmd A~xealv hecoak c~~dcrv
cv vma{l el xmd gaooa{elk ejckd clh dlcbodv uat xa vdx ~rdgdrdlfdv clh ftvxajeyd xmd oaa
ag Vulaluj Dhexar,
^rdgdrdlfd A~xealv Hecoak * Vulaluj DhexarRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar tvdr ~rdgdrdlfdv elfothd tvelk xmd c~~oefcxeal lcjd {exm xmd vulaluj
vt~~arxelk xmd d}xdlhdh a~xeal/ vma{elk ~crdlx vdkjdlxv el xmd Iael Dhexar clh dlcboelk
jtoxe~od ~crdlxckd {mdl iaelelk xcbodv, Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar vdxxelkv ~ckd mcv xmd gaooa{elk
gedohv!a~xealv9
Tvd c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru lcjd {exm vulaluj
Eg vdodfxdh/ cl c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru lcjd {eoo bd tvdh {mdl vdodfxelk c vulaluj lcjd
gar baxm rdgdrdlfelk xa cl d}evxelk vulaluj/ clh c xrclvgarjcxeal {exm hbQoaa`t~,
Vt~~arx d}xdlhdh a~xeal el Vulaluj Dhexar
Eg vdodfxdh/ baxm xmd Varx abidfxv clh Vxuodv gaohdrv c~~dcr {mdl dhexelk c vulaluj,
=> [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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Vma{ ~crdlx vdkjdlxv el Iael Dhexar
Eg vdodfxdh/ falxraov {mdxmdr ar lax faotjlv el ~crdlx vdkjdlxv crd hev~ocudh el xmd
Iael Dhexar gar c fotvxdr iael ar c vulaluj xmcx rdgdrdlfdv/ ar elfothdv/ axmdr vulalujv
Vma{ jtoxe~od ~crdlxckd el Vulaluj Dhexar
Eg vdodfxdh/ cooa{v frdcxeal ag iaelv {exm jtoxe~od gcfx xcbodv,
A~xealv Hecoak * GarjcxRdgdrdlfd9
Garjcx tvdr ~rdgdrdlfdv elfothd vdxxelkv/ faoarv/ clh galxv gar xmd Vulaluj Dhexar elxdrgcfd
Xmd Garjcx vdxxelkv {elha{ ev cwceocbod graj xmd Xaaov jdlt bu vdodfxelk A~xealv,
Xmd Garjcx vdxxelkv {elha{ mcv x{a vdfxealv/ Faoarv clh Galxv,
Xmd Faoarv vdfxeal mcv xmd gaooa{elk gedohv!a~xealv9
Faoarv oevx ba}
Cooa{v uat xa vdx faoarv gar falldfxar oeldv el ~rafdvv goa{v,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov =
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Tlfalhexealco Oeld Faoar fmclkdv xmd faoar ag falldfxarv el hcxc goa{v clh tlfalhexealc
falldfxarv el ~rafdvv goa{v,
Ftvxaj Oeld Faoar fmclkdv xmd faoar ag xmd ftvxaj falldfxar el ~rafdvv goa{v,
Gceodh Oeld Faoar fmclkdv xmd faoar ag xmd Gceodh falldfxar el ~rafdvv goa{v,
A@ Oeld Faoar fmclkdv xmd faoar ag xmd A@ falldfxar el ~rafdvv goa{v,
Vdodfxdh Abidfx Xd}x Faoar fmclkdv xmd faoar ag xmd abidfx lcjd {mdl uat jatvd awdr
ex el ~rafdvv goa{v,
Faoar
C hra~*ha{l jdlt ag cwceocbod faoarv,
Rdvdx faoarv xa hdgctoxv
Rdvxardv xmd hdgctox faoarv,
Xmd Galxv vdfxeal mcv xmd gaooa{elk gedohv!a~xealv9
Fcxdkaru oevx ba}
Cooa{ uat xa vdx xmd galx gar xd}x el xmd ~rafdvv goa{ {ar`v~cfd/ rd~arxv/ xd}x wed{v clh
oak wed{v,
Galx
Octlfmdv c hecoak ba} gar fmclkelk galx vdxxelkv,
Rdvdx galx xa hdgctoxv
Rdvxardv xmd hdgctox galxv,
A~xealv Hecoak * Faotjl JclckdjdlxRdgdrdlfd9
Faotjl Jclckdjdlx tvdr ~rdgdrdlfdv dlcbod uat xa vdodfx {mefm faotjlv xa hev~ocu al
xmd krehv gar xrclvgarjcxealv/ faotjl vdodfxeal/ iaelv/ clh varxv, Uat fcl cova vdx xmd faotj
hev~ocu arhdr, Xmd vdxxelkv c~~ou xa coo faotjl*rdocxdh hecoak ba}dv,
=2 [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Xmd A~xealv {elha{ ev cwceocbod graj xmd Xaaov jdlt bu vdodfxelk A~xealv,
Xmd Faotjl Jclckdjdlx vdxxelkv {elha{ mcv xmd gaooa{elk gedohv!a~xealv9
Ftvxajeyd faotjl hev~ocu
Oevxv faotjlv xmcx fcl bd chhdh xa xmd kreh tvelk xmd fmdf` ba}dv,
Faotjl Lcjd Hev~ocu Vxrcxdku
Falxraov xmd elgarjcxeal xmcx c~~dcrv el xrddv clh krehv, Xmd cwceocbod a~xealv crd Lcjd
Xexod/ ar Hdvfre~xeal, Eg la Xexod ar Hdvfre~xeal d}evxv/ xmd hev~ocu {eoo hdgctox xa xmd Lcjd
Xmd hdgctox vdxxelkv crd vma{l, Lax coo faotjlv crd al dwdru kreh, Xmd gaooa{elk faotjlv
fcl bd chhdh9
D}~rdvveal
Ev xmd d}~rdvveal gar xmd faotjl,
Xu~d
Ev xmd xu~d ag abidfx el cl c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov =
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Odlkxm
Ev xmd faotjl odlkxm,
Vfcod
Ev xmd jc}ejtj ltjbdr ag hekexv xa xmd rekmx ag xmd hdfejco,
Coecv
Cvveklv cl coxdrlcxewd lcjd gar c faotjl/ ar xmd rdco faotjl lcjd gar c HBJV vulaluj
Xexod
Vt~~oedv c xexod xa rd~ocfd xmd faotjl lcjd xmcx ev larjcoou tvdh el rd~arxv,
VFH Xu~d
Ev tvdh gar ~rafdvvelk voa{ou fmclkelk hejdlvealv,
Gedoh Xu~d
Elhefcxdv xmcx c gedoh ev cl elhd} -E% clh!ar ev rdch*alou,
Xcbod
Ev xmd vulaluj xmcx falxcelv xmd faotjl,
Garjcx
Ev xmd xu~d clh odlkxm ag c faotjl hcxc cv vxardh,
Hdvfre~xeal
Ev c hdvfre~xeal ar fajjdlxv cbatx xmd faotjl,
Ltoov
Elhefcxdv {mdxmdr xmd faotjl fcl falxcel ltoo hcxc,
Laxd9 Uat fcl fmclkd xmd hev~ocu arhdr ag xmd faotjlv bu jawelk xmdj t~ ar ha{l tvelk
xmd crra{v, Uat fcl cova fmclkd xmd Faotjl Lcjd Hev~ocu Vxrcxdku xa falxrao {mcx c~~dcr
el xrddv clh krehv,
A~xealv Hecoak * Rtl A~xealvRdgdrdlfd9
Rtl A~xealv tvdr ~rdgdrdlfdv elfothd hdxdrjelelk xmd ltjbdr ag ra{v xa rdxredwd {mdl
vcj~oelk hcxc,
=8 [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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Xmd A~xealv {elha{ ev cwceocbod graj xmd Xaaov jdlt bu vdodfxelk A~xealv,
Xmd Rtl A~xealv vdxxelkv ~ckd mcv xmd gaooa{elk gedohv!a~xealv9
Jc}ejtj ltjbdr ag ra{v gar xdvx rd~arxv
Vdxv xmd ltjbdr ag ra{v rdxredwdh xa ~rahtfd vcj~od hcxc {mdl xdvxelk xrclvgarjcxeal
ar VSO, Xmd hdgctox ev 4>,
Jc}ejtj ltjbdr ag faotjlv gar xdvx rd~arxv
Vdxv xmd ltjbdr ag faotjlv rdxredwdh xa ~rahtfd vcj~od hcxc {mdl xdvxelk
xrclvgarjcxealv ar VSO, Xmd hdgctox ev xa rdxredwd coo faotjlv -{exm c mekmdvx wcotd vdxxel
ag 555555%,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov =
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xdvx rd~arxv hdgctox garjcx
Vdxv xmd garjcx ag rd~arxv gar rdxredwelk vcj~od hcxc {mdl xdvxelk xrclvgarjcxealv ar
VSO, Xmd hdgctox ev Hdgctox, Xmdrd crd vdwdl rd~arx garjcxv cwceocbod9
Hdgctox9 Garjcxv ltjdref clh hcxd faotjlv bcvdh al dhex a~xealv el xmd vulaluj
MXJO9 ^rahtfdv xmd rd~arx el MXJO garjcx,
MXJO * ^ocel Xd}x9 ^rahtfdv xmd rd~arx el ~ocel xd}x garjcx,
Cfxewd Rd~arx9 ^rahtfdv cl MXJO Cfxewd Rd~arx hdvekldh gar aggoeld clcouvev,
D}fdo9 ^rahtfdv xmd rd~arx el D}fdo garjcx,
^HG9 ^rahtfdv xmd rd~arx el ^HG garjcx,
Tlgarjcxxdh9 Hadv lax c~~ou garjcxxelk xa ltjdref clh hcxd faotjlv,
Vulaluj Dhexar * Vdkjdlx ^a~*t~ JdltRdgdrdlfd9
[mdl uat rekmx*foef` c vdkjdlx el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ xmd gaooa{elk ~a~*t~ jdlt c~~dcrv
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm xmd raax vdkjdlx vdodfxdh
=7 [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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Xmd gaooa{elk a~xealv crd cwceocbod9
Elvdrx
Dlcbodv uat xa elvdrx ald ag xmd gaooa{elk9
Rdgdrdlfd xa Vdkjdlx graj D}evxelk VulalujXmd rdgdrdlfd ev c ~aelxdr xa xmd vatrfd vulaluj, Eg uat vtbvdstdlxou jc`d fmclkd
xa xmd vatrfd vulaluj/ rd*a~dlelk xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj {eoo rdgodfx xmavd fmclkdv,
Fa~u ag Vdkjdlx graj D}evxelk Vulaluj
Chhv c vxcxef fa~u ag cl d}evxelk vulaluj xa xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj, Eg uat vtbvdstdlx
jc`d fmclkdv xa xmd vatrfd vulauj/ xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj {eoo lax rdgodfx xmavd
fmclkdv,
Vdkjdlx Wec Jdxchcxc Ej~arx
Dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd clh chh c ld{ vulaluj xa xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj xmratkm xmd
Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao,
Vdkjdlx Jcltcoou
Elvdrxv c vulaluj xmcx jtvx bd fahdh jcltcoou,
Gedoh
Elvdrxv c kdldrco faotjl xa xmd vdkjdlx,
Hdgeld
Elvdrxv c werxtco ar hdgeldh xa xmd vdkjdlx,
Geoxdr
Elvdrxv c geoxdr xa xmd vdkjdlx,
Faj~txd
Elvdrxv c fcoftocxdh wcotd xa xmd geod,
Krat~
Elvdrxv c krat~ faotjl xa xmd vdkjdlx,
Wcrecbod
Wcrecbod lcjd gar cffdvv geod ~crcjdxdr,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov =
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Hcxc ^rageoelk
^rawehdv xmd fmcrcfxdrevxefv ag xmd hcxc gar c vdkjdlx,
Hcxc ^rageoelk ev cwceocbod graj xmd rekmx*foef` falxd}x jdlt gar coo faotjlv el xmd Jcvxd
Geod medrcrfmu xrdd,
Vcj~od Hcxc
Hev~ocuv vcj~od hcxc el xmd {ar`v~cfd gar xmd vdodfxdh vdkjdlx ar vulaluj,
Vcj~od hcxc ev cwceocbod xmratkmatx xmd Vulaluj Dhexar xaaobcr,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag xmd vcj~od hcxc xmcx c~~dcrv gar c vdkjdlx,
Laxd9 Vcj~od hcxc ev c krdcx {cu xa xdvx xmd vulaluj gar gedoh hcxc clh xa wed{ xmd xu~
ag rdfarhv rdxtrldh, Xmev fcl cvvevx {mdl ~drgarjelk Iaelv/ xdvxelk falldfxewexu xa hcxc
vatrfdv/ clh va al,
Vcj~od Hcxc {exm ~crdlx `du
Hev~ocuv vcj~od hcxc gar xmd vdodfxdh vdkjdlx iaeldh xa xmd ~crdlx vdkjdlx,
Hdodxd
Hdodxdv xmd vdkjdlx,
Rdlcjd
Dlcbodv uat xa rdlcjd xmd vdkjdlx,
Iael ^ra~drxedvA~dlv xmd Iael Dhexar va xmcx uat fcl v~dfegu ma{ xmd vdodfxdh vdkjdlx ev iaeldh xa xmd
~crdlx vdkjdlx,
== [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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Vulaluj Dhexar * Faotjl!Gedoh ^a~*t~ JdltRdgdrdlfd9
[mdl uat rekmx*foef` c faotjl el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ xmd gaooa{elk ~a~*t~ jdlt c~~dcrv el
xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm c faotjl vdodfxdh,
Xmd gaooa{elk a~xealv crd cwceocbod9
Elvdrx
Dlcbodv uat xa elvdrx ald ag xmd gaooa{elk9
Gedoh
Elvdrxv c kdldrco faotjl xa xmd vulaluj,
Hdgeld
Elvdrxv c werxtco ar hdgeldh faotjl xa xmd vulaluj,
Geoxdr
Elvdrxv c geoxdr xa xmd vdkjdlx,
Faj~txd
Elvdrxv c fcoftocxdh wcotd xa xmd geod,
Krat~
Elvdrxv c krat~ faotjl xa xmd vulaluj,
Wcrecbod
Wcrecbod lcjd gar cffdvv geod ~crcjdxdr,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov =
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ej~cfx Clcouvev
Hev~ocuv cl Ej~cfx Clcouvev rd~arx gar xmd ~crxeftocr faotjl el xmd {ar`v~cfd, Cl Ej~cf
Clcouvev rd~arx ehdlxegedv xmd ~rafdhtrdv xmcx cffdvv c Jcvxdr Geod ar gedoh {exmel c Jcvxd
Geod, Gar hdxceodh elgarjcxeal al Ej~cfx Clcouvev/ vdd Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh ̂ rafdhtrd
al ~ckd 2>3,
Hcxc ^rageoelk
^rawehdv xmd fmcrcfxdrevxefv ag xmd hcxc gar c faotjl, Hcxc ^rageoelk ev cwceocbod graj xm
rekmx*foef` falxd}x jdlt gar coo faotjlv el xmd Jcvxdr Geod medrcrfmu xrdd,
Vcj~od Hcxc
Hev~ocuv vcj~od hcxc el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag xmd vcj~od hcxc xmcx c~~dcrv gar c faotjl,
Laxd9 Vcj~od hcxc ev c krdcx {cu xa xdvx xmd vulaluj gar gedoh hcxc clh xa wed{ xmd xu~
ag rdfarhv rdxtrldh, Xmev fcl cvvevx {mdl ~drgarjelk Iaelv/ xdvxelk falldfxewexu xa hcxc
vatrfdv/ clh va al,
Hdfaj~avd Hcxd
Hdfaj~avdv hcxd gedohv elxa werxtco faotjlv rd~rdvdlxelk Udcr/ Jalxm/ Hcu/ clh Stcrxd
gedohv,
Laxd9 Hdfaj~avd Hcxd ev wevebod gar hcxd gedohv,
Jc~ Elxdrlco ]JO
Jc~v elxdrlco ]JO gatlh el c xd}x gedoh,
Jc~ D}xdrlco ]JO
Jc~v d}xdrlco ]JO gatlh el c xd}x gedoh,
5> [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
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Hdodxd
Hdodxdv xmd faotjl,
Rdlcjd
Cooa{v uat xa rdlcjd xmd faotjl,
Vulaluj Dhexar * Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ XcbRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb vma{v xmd gedohv xmcx xmd vulaluj falxcelv,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr hcxc vatrfd el xmd Vdkjdlx
clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 5
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Vulaluj Dhexar * Vdkjdlx Wed{ XcbRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Vdkjdlx Wed{ xcb vma{v xmd vdkjdlxv xmcx xmd vulaluj falxcelv,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr hcxc vatrfd el xmd Vdkjdlx
Wed{ xcb,
52 [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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Vulaluj Dhexar * Gedoh Wed{ XcbRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Gedoh Wed{ xcb vma{v c xcbod {exm xmd cwceocbod gedohv,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr hcxc vatrfd el xmd Gedoh Wed{
xcb,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 5
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd ra{ bdoa{ xmd xaaobcr jdlt {mefm elfothdv xmd varx a~xealv/ Lcjd/ Garjcx D}~rdvveal
Hdvfre~xeal/ clh Ltoov/ dlcbodv tvdrv xa foef` al dcfm faotjl xa varx, Xmd ra{ fcl cova
ftvxajeyd wevebod faotjlv bu rekmx*foef`elk xmd ra{ clh vdodfxelk Ftvxajeyd cv vma{l el xm
gaooa{elk ejckd,
Xmd vcjd jdlt hev~ocuv {mdl uat rekmx*foef` el cl dj~xu v~cfd, Graj xmev jdlt/ c tvdr ev
cova kewdl cl a~xeal xmcx dlcbodv xmdj xa v{exfm wed{v,
58 [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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Vulaluj Dhexar * Jahdoelk Wed{ XcbRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb vma{v c krc~mefco rd~rdvdlxcxeal ag xmd vulaluj, Tvd xmd Jahdoel
Wed{ xa hdgeld hejdlvealv gar AOC^ clcouvev/ wed{ iael ~ra~drxedv/ frdcxd fotvxdr iaelv/ clh
chh ar dhex vdkjdlxv,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd el xmd Jahdoelk Wed{,
El xmd Jahdoelk Wed{/ {mdl uat rekmx*foef` el cl dj~xu v~cfd/ uat crd ~rdvdlxdh {exm xcv`v
~drjexxdh el xmev wed{/ gar d}cj~od/ Elvdrx c Vdkjdlx clh Ctxa Crrclkd cwceocbod vulalujv
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd Jahdoelk Wed{/ vdd Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoel
Wed{ al ~ckd 33>,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 5
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Vulaluj Dhexar * Xd}x Wed{ XcbRdgdrdlfd9
Xmev wed{ a~dlv xmd vulaluj el xmd dhexar,
Uat fcl ~relx xmd Jcvxdr Geod fahd bu vdodfxelk ^relx graj xmd Geod jdlt/ ~drgarj vdcrfm
a~drcxealv clh dwdl jc`d fmclkdv,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c Jefravagx VSO Vdrwdr hcxc vatrfd el xmd Xd}x Wed{
xcb,
57 [dbGAFT
Vulaluj Dhexar Ocuatx
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Vulaluj Dhexar * Cffdvv Geod Xd}x Wed{ XcbRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd Cffdvv Geod Xd}x Wed{ xcb vma{v xmd hdvfre~xeal ag xmd Cffdvv Geod gar c vulaluj/ {mef
ev tvdh xa cffdvv xmd hcxcbcvd,
Laxd9 Uat fcl ~relx xmd Jcvxdr Geod fahd bu vdodfxelk ^relx graj xmd Geod jdlt/ ~drgarjelk
vdcrfm a~drcxealv/ clh jc`elk fmclkdv/ eg ldfdvvcru,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd el xmd Cffdvv Geod Xd}x Wed{ xcb
Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
Ma{ xa9
Wed{ clh Dhex Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
Rdgdrdlfd9
Geod Cxxrebtxdv Vtjjcru
Vdkjdlx Cxxrebtxdv Vtjjcru
Faotjl!Gedoh Cxxrebtxd Vtjjcru
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar dlcbodv uat xa wed{ clh dhex xmd cxxrebtxdv ag c vulaluj,
Ma{ xa Wed{ clh Dhex Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv^rafdhtrd9
Xa wed{ clh dhex vulaluj cxxrebtxdv9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Jcvxdr
Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 5
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh/ xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{
xcb vma{v c medrcrfmu ag vdkjdlxv clh faotjlv al xmd odgx/ {exm xmd cxxrebtxdv clh
wcotdv ag xmd vdodfxdh exdj al xmd rekmx,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm c `du faotjl vdodfxdh
Laxd9 Xmd wcotdv gar Garjcx/ D}~rdvveal/ Hdvfre~xeal/ clh Ltoov crd wed{cbod el xmd
medrcrfmu {exm xmd faotjlv, Xa dhex xmdvd wcotdv/ tvd xmd farrdv~alhelk cxxrebtxd gedoh
al xmd rekmx*mclh vehd ag xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
2, Uat fcl fmclkd xmd cxxrebtxd wcotdv bu xu~elk el ld{ wcotdv ar bu tvelk xmd hra~*ha{l
jdltv clh fmdf` ba}dv,
Laxd9 Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar hadv lax odx uat jc`d clu fmclkdv xmcx {atoh rdlhdr xmd
Jcvxdr Geod tltvcbod, Xmdrdgard/ uat fcllax dhex clu wcotd gedoh xmcx ev mekmoekmxdh krcu
El chhexeal/ eg c fmclkd hadv lax mcwd ~ra~dr vulxc} ar garjcx c~~oedh/ xmd gedoh jcu c~~dcr el rdh xd}x, Jdvvckdv clh {crlelkv c~~dcr eg uat xru xa vcwd c geod xmcx falxcelv
cl drrar,
6, Vcwd fmclkdv bu foef`elk Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt,
5= [dbGAFT
Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
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8, Xa foavd xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ vdodfx Foavd graj xmd Geod jdlt ar foef` xmd falxrao btxxa
el xmd t~~dr*rekmx farldr,
Laxd9 Eg uat foavd xmd Vulaluj Dhexar {exmatx vcwelk uatr fmclkdv/ uat crd ~raj~xdh xa ha
va,
Geod Cxxrebtxdv VtjjcruRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm xmd vulaluj geod lcjd
vdodfxdh,
Laxd9 Elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd cxxrebtxd xmcx mcv gaftv ev hev~ocudh cx xmd baxxaj ag xmd
cxxrebtxd oevx, El xmev fcvd/ cl d}~oclcxeal ag xmd VTGGE] cxxrebtxd c~~dcrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 5
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Vulalujv fcl mcwd xmd gaooa{elk geod cxxrebtxdv9
Kdldrco
VTGGE]
Ehdlxegedv xmd xu~d ag vulaluj ar hcxc vatrfd,
GHDGFDLX
Hdgeldv xmd hdgctox fdlxtru wcotd/ v~dfeguelk c fdlxtru ltjbdr gar mclhoelk fravv*
fdlxtru hcxdv,
Laxd9 Tvd xmd hdgctox vdxxelk ->% tlodvv uat {evm xa rdxredwd hcxc graj c dcroedr
fdlxtru, Gar d}cj~od/ 35}},
GURXMRDVM
Hdgeldv xmd bcvd udcrv/ xa rd~rdvdlx xmd oa{dvx udcr xa {mefm xmd fdlxtru wcotd
c~~oedv -GHDGFDLX%,
Laxd9 Tvd xmd hdgctox vdxxelk ->% tlodvv uat {evm xa rdxredwd hcxc graj c dcroedr
fdlxtru, Gar d}cj~od/ 35}},
RDJCR@V
Dlcbodv uat xa elfothd hdvfre~xewd elgarjcxeal cx xmd geod odwdo clh v~dfegu jtoxe~od
oclktckd hdvfre~xealv gar xmd vulaluj, Rdjcr`v crd hev~ocudh coalk {exm xmd geod
lcjd htrelk rd~arxelk,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx jtoxeoelktco hdvfre~xealv/ vdd Vdxxelk T~ Jtoxeoelktco
Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv al ~ckd 3>;,
HCXCVDX
Ehdlxegedv xmd ~muvefco oafcxeal ag xmd hcxc vatrfd xa bd tvdh el xmd geod lcjd/
elfothelk xmd d}xdlveal clh xmd oafcxeal ag xmd hcxc geod,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
3>> [dbGAFT
Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
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Vdkjdlx Cxxrebtxdv VtjjcruRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm c vdkjdlx vdodfxdh,
Laxd9 Elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd cxxrebtxd xmcx mcv gaftv ev hev~ocudh cx xmd baxxaj ag xmd
cxxrebtxd oevx, El xmev fcvd/ cl d}~oclcxeal ag xmd VDKJDLX cxxrebtxd c~~dcrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3>
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Vdkjdlxv el c vulaluj fcl mcwd xmd gaooa{elk cxxrebtxdv9
Kdldrco
VDKJDLX
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd vdkjdlx,
DLFRU^X
Fmdf` xmev ba} xa vfrcjbod gedoh wcotdv el xmd ftrrdlx vdkjdlx el arhdr xa ~raxdfx
graj tlctxmareydh d}cjelcxeal,
Laxd9 Uat jtvx cvvekl c HBC ~cvv{arh xa xmd geod bdgard vdxxelk xmd Dlfru~x a~xea
al, Gar hdxceov/ vdd Dlfru~xelk clh Hdfru~xelk c Jcvxdr Geod al ~ckd 355, Uat jtv
xmdl xtrl xmd Dlfru~x a~xeal al bdgard chhelk clu rdfarhv, Eg uat chh c rdfarh xa c
vdkjdlx bdgard vdxxelk xmd Dlfru~x a~xeal al/ xmcx wcotd {eoo lax bd dlfru~xdh,
Alfd c vdkjdlx ev dlfru~xdh/ uat fcl rdjawd dlfru~xeal alou eg uat rdjawd xmd
vdkjdlx clh rdfrdcxd ex {exmatx xtrlelk xmd Dlfru~x a~xeal al,
Xe~9 Bdfctvd xmdrd ev c oavv ag ~rafdvvelk dggefedlfu {mdl hcxc ev dlfru~xdh/
dlfru~xeal vmatoh bd tvdh vdodfxewdou,
VDKXU^D
V~dfegedv xmd xu~d ar rdocxealvme~ xmcx c vdkjdlx mcv xa exv ~crdlx clh elhefcxdv
{mefm ag xmd vdkjdlx gedohv crd `du gedohv/ clh el {mcx arhdr xmdu crd varxdh,
Xu~d, Ehdlxegedv xmd vdkjdlx xu~d clh varxelk a~xealv graj xmd Xu~d hra~*ha{l oevx
@duv, Rdfarhv crd varxdh el c hcxc vatrfd bu `du gedohv, Dlxdr xmd ltjbdr ag `du
gedohv xmcx uat {clx xa tvd gar varxelk, Gar d}cj~od/ la x{a dj~oauddv fcl mcwd xmd
vcjd dj~oaudd EH ltjbdr/ va uat fcl tvd xmcx gedoh cv xmd ̀ du, C vdkjdlx elvxclf
fcl mcwd jard xmcl ald gedoh xmcx jc`dv t~ xmd ̀ du, Xmcx ev/ x{a ar jard gedoh wcotd
jcu bd tvdh xa hevxelktevm rdfarhv,
VDKVTG
VDKVTG ev tvdh {mdl ~crx ag xmd hcxc vatrfd bdelk hdvfrebdh bu xmd Jcvxdr Geod e
ag c heggdrdlx hcxc vatrfd xu~d xmcl xmcx hdfocrdh gar xmd dlxerd vxrtfxtrd,
Laxd9 VDKVTG ev xmd hcxc vatrfd xu~d ag c vdkjdlx clh clu hdvfdlhclxv ex jekm
mcwd/ {mdrd xmcx xu~d heggdrv graj xmd VTGGE] wcotd,
3>2 [dbGAFT
Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
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Jevfdoocldatv
HDVFRE^XEAL
Falxcelv c hdvfre~xeal ar fajjdlxv cbatx xmd vdkjdlx,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx jtoxeoelktco hdvfre~xealv/ vdd Vdxxelk T~ JtoxeoelktcoXexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv al ~ckd 3>;,
FRGEODLCJD
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd fravv*rdgdrdlfdh hcxc vatrfd,
FRVDKLCJD
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd fravv*rdgdrdlfdh vdkjdlx,
FR@DU
Ehdlxegedv xmd fajjal iael gedoh gar xmd fravv*rdgdrdlfdh vdkjdlx,
Chc~xdr V~dfegef
Laxd9 Chc~xdr V~dfegef gedohv crd vma{l eg cl Cffdvv Geod faj~aldlx mcv bddl kdldrcxd
{exm xmd vulaluj,
FALLDFXEAL
Elhefcxdv xmd chc~xdr falldfxeal lcjd tvdh,
XCBODLCJD
Ehdlxegedv xmd xcbod ar wed{, Ex jcu falxcel xmd a{ldr EH/ cv {doo cv xmd xcbod lcjd
Gar vajd vulalujv/ ex jtvx cova falxcel xmd hcxc vatrfd lcjd,
@DUV
Ehdlxegedv ma{ jclu faotjlv falvxextxd xmd ~rejcru `du,
@DUARHDR
Ehdlxegedv xmd oakefco varx vdstdlfd ag hcxc bu xmd ~rejcru `du,
[REXD
V~dfegedv {mdxmdr {rexd a~drcxealv crd cooa{dh ckcelvx xmd xcbod,
FCRHELCOEXU
Hdgeldv xmd ltjbdr ag rdfarhv xmcx {drd gatlh el xmd arekelco hcxc vatrfd {mdl xmvulaluj {cv frdcxdh,
HBV^CFD
Ehdlxegedv xmd vxarckd crdc el {mefm xmd xcbod rdvehdv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3>
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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^DRVEVXDLFD
V~dfegedv xmd xu~d ag xcbod ~drvevxdlfd clh rdocxdh xcbod ~ra~drxedv, Xmev ev a~xealc
gar hcxcbcvd jclckdjdlx vuvxdjv xmcx vt~~arx waocxeod xcbodv/ clh rdsterdh
axmdr{evd,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
Faotjl!Gedoh Cxxrebtxd VtjjcruRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm c `du faotjl vdodfxdh,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
Laxd9 Elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd cxxrebtxd xmcx mcv gaftv ev hev~ocudh cx xmd baxxaj ag xmd
cxxrebtxd oevx, El xmev fcvd/ cl d}~oclcxeal ag xmd GEDOHLCJD cxxrebtxd c~~dcrv,
Faotjlv el c vulaluj fcl mcwd xmd gaooa{elk cxxrebtxdv9
Kdldrco
GEDOHLCJD
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd faotjl,
3>8 [dbGAFT
Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
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COECV
Cvveklv cl coxdrlcxewd lcjd gar c faotjl ar xmd rdco faotjl lcjd gar c HBJV
vulaluj,
JEVVELK
Falxraov ma{ ltoo hcxc ev mclhodh/ xmcx ev/ eg la xrclvcfxeal wcotd ev vt~~oedh,
XEXOD
Vt~~oedv c xexod xa rd~ocfd xmd faotjl lcjd xmcx ev larjcoou tvdh el rd~arxv clh
dlcbodv uat xa v~dfegu jtoxe~od oclktckd xexodv gar xmd faotjl ar gedoh,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx jtoxeoelktco xexodv/ vdd Vdxxelk T~ Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv cl
Hdvfre~xealv al ~ckd 3>;,
CFXTCO
Hdvfrebdv xmd xu~d clh odlkxm ag hcxc cv ex ev cfxtcoou vxardh el xmd hcxc vatrfd,
TVCKD
Hdvfrebdv xmd hcxc xu~d clh garjcx gar xmd faotjl gar tvckd ar hev~ocu,
Laxd9 Chhexealco cxxrebtxdv/ HDGFDLX clh URXMRDVM/ crd cwceocbod eg xmd Tvckd
gedoh ev vdx xa Hcxd/ Xejd/ ar HcxdXejd -Xejdvxcj~% garjcx, Tvd xmdvd cxxrebtxdv xa
dlxdr xmd fdlxtru clh udcr xmrdvmaoh wcotdv gar xmd faotjl ar gedoh,
Xu~d dlcbodv uat xa vdx c wcotd gar xmd gedoh cv Co~mc ge}dh/ Co~mc wcrecbod/ Xd}x
Elxdkdr/ Goacx/ Hatbod/ Hdfejco ^cf`dh/ Hcxd/ Xejd/ HcxdXejd -Xejdvxcj~%/ cl
Belcru Ocrkd Abidfx,
Odlkxm dlcbodv uat xa vdx xmd fmcrcfxdr odlkxm,
A~xealv dlcbodv uat xa vdx ma{ ldkcxewd elxdkdrv c~~dcr/ vdx xmd c~~dcrclfd
ar vt~~rdvveal ag fajjcv/ vdx odchelk ydradv/ ~relx bocl` gar ydradv/ vdx
~drfdlxckd veklv/ clh vdodfx ftrrdlfu vujbaov,
Jevfdoocldatv
HDVFRE^XEAL
Falxcelv c hdvfre~xeal ar fajjdlxv cbatx xmd faotjl ar gedoh,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx jtoxeoelktco hdvfre~xealv/ vdd Vdxxelk T~ Jtoxeoelktco
Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv al ~ckd 3>;,CFFD^X
V~dfegedv frexdrec gar wcoehcxelk hcxc,
AR dlcbodv uat xa v~dfegu cl cffd~xcbod wcotd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3>
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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GRAJ*XA dlcbodv uat xa v~dfegu c rclkd ag cffd~xcbod wcotd gedohv,
GELH dlcbodv uat xa vt~~ou geod clh gedoh lcjdv xa elvxrtfx [dbGAFTV {mdrd xa
vdcrfm gar c hcxc vatrfd clh gar c oevx ag cffd~xcbod wcotdv, Uat vt~~ou xmd gedoh
lcjd ag xmd hcxc gedoh gar {mefm xmd wcoehcxeal frexdrec crd bdelk cvvekldh/ xmd geod
lcjd ag xmd xcrkdx GAFTV hcxc vatrfd {mdrd xmd gedoh fcl bd gatlh/ clh xmd gedohlcjd ag xmd xcrkdx hcxc gedoh xmcx falxcelv xmd wcoehcxeal frexdrec,
Laxd9 GELH ev alou cwceocbod gar GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv clh hadv lax c~~ou xa AOC^*
dlcbodh Jcvxdr Geodv, Laxd cova xmcx/ el xmd Jcelxcel dlweraljdlx/ GELH ev lax
vt~~arxdh {mdl hdwdoa~elk c Jcvxdr Geod,
[EXMEL
Falxcelv xmd lcjd ag c gedoh xa bd elfothdh el c hejdlveal,
Xmdvd [EXMEL vxcxdjdlxv crd chhdh xa xmd vulaluj xmratkm xmd Hejdlveal Bteohd
xa AOC^*dlcbod GAFTV geodv clh rdocxealco xcbodv, Xmev dlcbodv uat xa ~drgarj AOC
clcouvev tvelk xmd AOC^ Falxrao ^cldo/ ar xa tvd ex {exm xmd GJO ^celxdr,
^ra~drxu
Vdxv xmd ^ra~drxu gar xmd gedoh,
Rdgdrdlfd
Dlcbodv uat xa rdgdrdlfd claxmdr hcxc vatrfd,
GEDOHXU^D
Ehdlxegedv cl elhd}dh faotjl, Uat fcl fmdf` xmd Elhd} fmdf` ba} xa elhd} xmd
GEDOHXU^D,
Laxd9 GEDOHXU^D:R elhefcxdv c rdch*alou faotjl, Xmev vdxxelk ev tvdgto gar faotjl
xmcx crd ctxajcxefcoou cvvekldh c wcotd bu xmd RHBJV,
CFFDVVQ^RA^DRXU
V~dfegedv cffdvv a~xealv gar xmd faotjl hcxc,
ELXDRLCO hdgeldv c faotjl xmcx hadv lax c~~dcr el vcj~od hcxc ar el xmd oevx
ag cwceocbod faotjlv, Rdvxrefxv xmd gedoh graj vma{elk el clu ag xmd Gedoh Oevxv e
xmd rd~arxelk xaaov,
LDDHQWCOTD hdgeldv c faotjl xmcx rdsterdv c wcotd xa cffdvv xmd hcxc,
Vdodfx Bu hdgeldv c faotjl bu wcotd/ rclkd/ ar jtoxewcotdv,
CTXMRDV^ hdgeldv c faotjl xmcx hdvfrebdv xmd rdvtox ag cl ctxmdlxefcxeal a~drcxeal
Farrdfx rdv~alvd wcotdv jtvx bd ~rawehdh el xmd CFFD^X cxxrebtxd -tvelk xmd AR
~rdhefcxd eg jard xmcl ald wcotd ev cffd~xcbod%,
3>7 [dbGAFT
Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv
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CTXMXA@DL hdgeldv c faotjl xmcx falxcelv c rdv~alvd xa`dl xa bd ~cvvdh cv c
el~tx wcotd xa xmd a~drcxeal xa bd d}dftxdh,
MDO^JDVVCKD
C~~dlhv c mdo~ jdvvckd xa c faotjl,
TVDQVXUOD
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
Vdxxelk T~ Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv
Ma{ xa9
Vdx T~ Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv
Uat fcl a~dl c vulaluj el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar clh ~rawehd xd}x gar xmd xexod/ fc~xeal/ clhhdvfre~xeal el jtoxe~od oclktckdv, Xmdvd hdvfre~xealv c~~dcr el xmd v~dfegedh oclktckd el
rd~arxv kdldrcxdh ckcelvx xmd vulaluj,
Xmd Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv hecoak ba} ev cwceocbod graj xmd Rdjcr`v/ Xexod/ clh Hdvfre~xeal
cxxrebtxd wcotd gedohv el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
Ma{ xa Vdx T~ Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv^rafdhtrd9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ hatbod*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geod ar vdodfx Dhex el
Vulaluj Dhexar graj xmd Geod jdlt,Xmd Jcvxdr Geod a~dlv xa xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
2, Xa chh jtoxeoelktco xd}x9
Gar Xexod/ foef` c faotjl graj xmd Jcvxdr Geod medrcrfmu ag faotjlv al xmd odgx,
Gar Rdjcr`v/ foef` xmd raax odwdo ag xmd Jcvxdr Geod -c~~oefcxeal!geodlcjd% al xmd
odgx,
Gar Hdvfre~xealv/ foef` c faotjl/ vdkjdlx/ ar ftvxaj gedoh graj xmd Jcvxdr Geod
medrcrfmu ag gedohv al xmd odgx,
Xmd farrdv~alhelk cxxrebtxdv clh wcotdv c~~dcr al xmd rekmx,
6, Foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd dlh ag xmd wcotd gedoh gar dexmdr Rdjcr`v/ Xexod/ ar
Hdvfre~xeal,
Xmd Jtoxeoelktco hecoak ba} a~dlv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3>
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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8, Graj xmd V~dfegu Xexodv!Hdvfre~xealv gar heggdrdlx oclktckdv hra~*ha{l oevx/ fmaavd xm
oclktckd el {mefm uat {clx xmd rdjcr`v -hdvfre~xealv% clh!ar xexodv xa bd hev~ocudh,
4, Foef` Chh,
3>= [dbGAFT
Vdxxelk T~ Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv clh Hdvfre~xealv
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Xmd vdodfxdh oclktckd ev chhdh bdoa{ xmd hdgctox oclktckd -{mefm ev hdxdrjeldh bu
uatr fahd ~ckd vdodfxeal%,
7, Xu~d c hdvfre~xeal ar xexod el xmd Xd}x gedoh,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3>
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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;, Uat jcu chh/ dhex/ ar hdodxd chhexealco xexodv ar hdvfre~xealv,
Xa chh cl chhexealco oclktckd9
c, Vdodfx claxmdr oclktckd graj xmd hra~*ha{l oevx,
b, Foef` Chh,
f, Xu~d c xexod ar hdvfre~xeal gar xmd gedoh,
Xa dhex cl d}evxelk v~dfegedh xexod ar hdvfre~xeal9
c, Vdodfx xmd xexod ar hdvfre~xeal clh foef` Dhex,
Uat jcu cova hatbod*foef` xmd xexod,
b, Jcltcoou xu~d c xexod ar hdvfre~xeal lcjd,
Xa hdodxd c v~dfegedh xexod9
c, Vdodfx xmd xexod ar hdvfre~xeal clh oclktckd xa bd hdodxdh,b, Foef` Hdodxd,
=, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv hecoak ba},
5, Foef` Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa vcwd xmd vulaluj,
3>, Xa foavd xmd vulaluj/ vdodfx Foavd graj xmd Geod jdlt ar foef` xmd falxrao btxxal el xm
t~~dr*rekmx farldr,
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
Ma{ xa9
Dlmclfd Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
Dhex Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
Rdgdrdlfd9
Jahdoelk Wed{ ^a~*t~ Jdlt
Iael Dhexar Hecoak Ba}
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb ~rawehdv c wevtco ~rdvdlxcxeal gar xmd vulaluj gar
{mefm ~avexealelk ev ~rdvdrwdh clh vxardh el xmd Cffdvv Geod, Tvd xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xa hdgel
hejdlvealv gar AOC^ clcouvev/ wed{ iael ~ra~drxedv/ frdcxd fotvxdr iaelv/ clh chh ar dhex
vdkjdlxv, Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx tvelk xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr el xmd Jahdoelk Wed{/
vdd Hdgelelk Hejdlvealv gar AOC^ Clcouvev al ~ckd 368,
Laxd9 Xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ ev lax cwceocbod gar Ftbd hcxc vatrfdv,
33> [dbGAFT
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
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Ma{ xa Dlmclfd Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{^rafdhtrd9
Tvd xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xa dlmclfd c vulaluj bu chhelk c vdkjdlx,
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Jcvxdr
Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv,
2, Foef` xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb a~dlv el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
6, Rekmx*foef` c vdkjdlx el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
Xmd gaooa{elk ~a~*t~ jdlt c~~dcrv,
8, Elvdrx vdkjdlxv xmratkm ald ag xmd jdxmahv oevxdh9
Elvdrx Rdgdrdlfd xa Vdkjdlx Graj D}evxelk Vulaluj chhv cl d}evxelk vulaluj cv c
vdkjdlx xa xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj,
Elvdrx Fa~u ag Vdkjdlx graj D}evxelk Vulaluj dlcbodv uat xa chh c xcbod cv c
vdkjdlx graj cl d}evxelk vulaluj,
Elvdrx Vdkjdlx Wec jdxchcxc ej~arx dlcbodv uat xa chh vdkjdlxv bu tvelk xmd
Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao, Xmev xaao frdcxdv c vulaluj clh elfothdv ex cv c vdkjdlx el
xmd vulaluj graj {mefm xmd xaao {cv octlfmdh,
Elvdrx Vdkjdlx Jcltcoou dlcbodv uat xa chh vdkjdlxv jcltcoou xa xmd ftrrdlx
vulaluj,
Laxd9 Uat {atoh alou tvd xmev c~~racfm eg uat crd fahelk c ld{ Jcvxdr Geod/ cv uat{atoh gar c GAFTV hcxc vatrfd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 33
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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4, A~xealcoou/ uat fcl hatbod*foef` xmd crra{dh oeldv bdx{ddl xcbodv xa a~dl xmd Iael Dhexa
hecoak ba} clh hdxdrjeld ma{ xmd xcbodv crd oel`dh,
Xe~9 Uat jcu cova rekmx*foef` c geod efal clh vdodfx Iael ̂ ra~drxedv graj xmd falxd}x jdlt
El chhexeal/ {mdl frdcxelk c fotvxdr iael/ xmdrd crd x{a chhexealco a~xealv gar oel`elk
xcbodv, Iael Coo -hdgctox% ev vma{l bu c hatbod crra{ clh Iael Tlestd ev vma{l cv c velko
crra{,
Laxd9 Iael a~xealv crd lax cwceocbod gar GAFTV geodv,
Ma{ xa Dhex Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{^rafdhtrd9
Xa dhex vulalujv tvelk Jahdoelk Wed{9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Jcvxdr
Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv,
2, Foef` xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb,
6, Rekmx*foef` c vdkjdlx efal,
332 [dbGAFT
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
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C ~a~*t~ jdlt c~~dcrv/ ~rawehelk a~xealv gar chhelk vdkjdlxv,
Laxd9 A~xealv gar chhelk vdkjdlxv crd cova cwceocbod graj xmd efalv cbawd xmd
{ar`v~cfd,
Xa elvdrx c vdkjdlx graj cl d}evxelk vulaluj9
c, Vdodfx Elvdrx xmdl Rdgdrdlfd xa Vdkjdlx Graj D}evxelk Vulaluj graj xmd ~a~*t~jdlt,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 33
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd Vdodfx Vulaluj hecoak ba} a~dlv,
Faotjlv fcl bd ftvxajeydh clh varxdh, Vulalujv hev~ocudh el xmev hecoak crd
bcvdh al xmd Rd~arxelk Vdrwdrv C^^ ^cxm falgektrcxeal,
b, Foef` c vulaluj clh foef` Vdodfx,
Xmd vdkjdlx ev chhdh xa xmd vulaluj,
Xa elvdrx c vdkjdlx wec jdxchcxc ej~arx9
c, Vdodfx Elvdrx xmdl Vdkjdlx wec Jdxchcxc Ej~arx graj xmd ~a~*t~ jdlt,
Xmev jdxmah dlcbodv uat xa octlfm xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao/ frdcxd c vulaluj/
clh elfar~arcxd ex cv c ld{ vdkjdlx el xmd vulaluj graj {mefm uat elexecxd xmd
ej~arx,
338 [dbGAFT
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
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b, [mdl xmev a~xeal ev vdodfxdh/ uat crd gervx ~rdvdlxdh {exm xmd Chc~xdr hecoak {mdr
uat fcl vdodfx c falgektrdh chc~xdr falldfxeal xa falxeltd ar falgektrd c ld{
chc~xdr/ eg ldfdvvcru/ cv xmd gaooa{elk d}cj~od hdjalvxrcxdv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 33
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c vfrddl xmcx c~~dcrv {mdrd uat ~rawehd
elgarjcxeal gar xmd falldfxeal ~crcjdxdrv,
337 [dbGAFT
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c vfrddl xmcx dlcbodv uat xa vdodfx xcbodv xa
frdcxd vulalujv,
Xmd vdkjdlx ev chhdh xa xmd vulaluj,
Xa elvdrx c vdkjdlx jcltcoou9
c, Vdodfx Elvdrx xmdl Vdkjdlx Jcltcoou ,
Xmd vdkjdlx ev chhdh xa xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ clh c hdgctox gedoh ev frdcxdh/ tvelk c
hdgctox vdkjdlx lcjd,
b, Cxxrebtxdv gar xmd ld{ vdkjdlx-v% fcl bd jahgedh el xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb xmratk
xmd ^ra~drxedv {elha{ ar graj xmd axmdr wed{v,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 33
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd vma{v c vulaluj {mefm mcv mch vdwdrco vdkjdlxv chhdh el xmd Jahdoel
Wed{ xcb,
33= [dbGAFT
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd vma{v xmd rdvtoxelk Xd}x Wed{,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd vma{v xmd rdvtoxelk Cffdvv Geod Xd}x Wed{,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 33
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Jahdoelk Wed{ ^a~*t~ JdltRdgdrdlfd9
[mdl uat rekmx*foef` c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb/ xmd
gaooa{elk ~a~*t~ jdlt c~~dcrv,
Xmd ~a~*t~ jdlt mcv xmd gaooa{elk a~xealv9
Xakkod
Fmclkdv xmd wed{ graj c geod efal xa c xcbod wed{/ {mefm dlcbodv uat xa vdd faotjlv/vcj~od hcxc/ clh vcj~od hcxc ~crdlx `duv,
Xe~9 Uat jcu cova hatbod*foef` c geod efal xa a~dl xmd xcbod wed{, Hatbod*foef` xmd xcbod
xa foavd xmd xcbod wed{/ ar foef` xmd ] btxxal graj xmd xakkod xaaobcr xa foavd,
Iael ^ra~drxedv
^rawehdv cffdvv xa xmd Iael ^ra~drxedv {elha{,
Laxd9 Iael a~xealv crd lax cwceocbod gar GAFTV geodv,
Hcxc ^rageoelk ^rawehdv xmd fmcrcfxdrevxefv ag xmd hcxc gar c vdkjdlx,
Vcj~od HcxcHev~ocuv vcj~od hcxc el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
Vcj~od Hcxc {exm ~crdlx `duHev~ocuv vcj~od hcxc {exm ~crdlx `du el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
32> [dbGAFT
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
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Elvdrx
Rdgdrdlfd xa Vdkjdlx graj D}evxelk Vulaluj dlcbodv uat xa rdgdrdlfd cl
d}evxelk vulaluj cv c vdkjdlx xa xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj,
Fa~u ag Vdkjdlx graj D}evxelk Vulaluj fa~edv cl d}evxelk vulaluj xa xmdftrrdlx vulaluj,
Vdkjdlx wec Jdxchcxc Ej~arx dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd c ld{ vulaluj xmratkm xmd
Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao clh chh ex xa xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj,
Vdkjdlx Jcltcoou elvdrxv c vdkjdlx xa xmd ftrrdlx vulaluj/ xmcx jtvx bu fahd
jcltcoou,
Hdodxd
Hdodxdv xmd vdkjdlx,
Rdlcjd
Dlcbodv uat xa rdlcjd xmd vdkjdlx,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 32
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Iael Dhexar Hecoak Ba}Rdgdrdlfd9
[mdl uat vdodfx Iael ^ra~drxedv graj c vdkjdlx el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb
xmd Iael Dhexar hecoak ba} c~~dcrv,
Xmd Iael Dhexar hecoak ba} falxcelv Odgx clh Rekmx Vatrfd Faotjlv/ Iael Xu~d/ clh Iael
Falhexeal a~xealv, Tvd xmd odgx clh rekmx vatrfd faotjlv xa frdcxd iael jc~v clh wed{ vcj~o
hcxc,
Laxd9 Iael a~xealv crd lax cwceocbod gar GAFTV geodv,
322 [dbGAFT
Dlmclfelk Vulalujv Tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{
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Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv
El xmev vdfxeal9
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Velkod Faotjl
Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv hcxc fmcrcfxdrevxefv gar xmd faotjlv el c vulaluj, Uat fcl hev~ocu
xmd fmcrcfxdrevxefv gar coo xmd faotjlv el c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx/ ar gar cl elhewehtco faotjl
Gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv/ Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx ag hevxelfx
wcotdv/ xaxco fatlx/ ~cxxdrlv fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd odlkxm/ jelejtj clh
jc}ejtj wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov, ^cxxdrlv fatlx vma{v xmd ltjbdr ag ~cxxdrlv gatl
el dcfm co~mcltjdref faotjl,
Gar ltjdref faotjlv/ Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx ag hevxelfx wcotdv
xaxco fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov,
Hcxc ^rageoelk gar cl elhewehtco faotjl ~rawehdv cffdvv xa Vxcxevxefv/ ^cxxdrlv/ Wcotdv/ clh
Atxoedrv rd~arxv,
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx
Ma{ xa9
Wed{ Hcxc ^rageoelk gar c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx
Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv elgarjcxeal al coo xmd faotjlv el c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx, Uat fclcova hreoo ha{l xa xmd Wcotdv ar ^cxxdrlv rd~arxv gar cl elhewehtco faotjl graj c vulaluj a
vdkjdlx Hcxc ^rageoelk rd~arx,
Laxd9 Hcxc ^rageoelk ev cova cwceocbod graj xmd Jdxchcxc ~cld bu rekmx*foef`elk c vulaluj,
Ma{ xa Wed{ Hcxc ^rageoelk gar c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx^rafdhtrd9
Xa wed{ xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal gar c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx9
3, A~dl xmd vulaluj el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar bu hatbod*foef`elk ex graj xmd Jdxchcxc ~cld
ar rekmx*foef`elk ex clh vdodfxelk A~dl el Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Rekmx*foef` xmd vulaluj ar vdkjdlx lcjd clh vdodfx Hcxc ^rageoelk ,
Xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv el xmd {ar`v~cfd, Xmd ocvx gatr faotjlv crd
vma{l bdoa{ xmd rdvx ag xmd elgarjcxeal gar eootvxrcxewd ~tr~avdv alou, Xmd cfxtco rd~ar
rtlv cfravv xmd {ar`v~cfd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 32
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Uat jcu tvd xmd Hcxc ̂ rageoelk Rdvtoxv xaaobcr xa wed{ vdrwdr jdvvckdv/ ~relx xmd rd~arx
fa~u hcxc cv xd}x/ clh d}~arx xmd rd~arx,
6, A~xealcoou/ uat fcl foef` c faotjl lcjd ar ~cxxdrlv fatlx -gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv%
xa hreoo ha{l xa xmd Wcotdv ar ^cxxdrlv rd~arxv/ rdv~dfxewdou,
Xmev ev c ~crxeco Wcotdv rd~arx ~rahtfdh bu foef`elk c faotjl lcjd,
Gar ~cxxdrl clcouvev/ c "5" rd~rdvdlxv c hekex/ cl "C" rd~rdvdlxv clu t~~drfcvd odxxdr
clh cl "c" rd~rdvdlxv clu oa{drfcvd odxxdr, Coo ~relxcbod v~dfeco fmcrcfxdrv crd
rd~rdvdlxdh bu xmdjvdowdv/ clh tl~relxcbod fmcrcfxdrv crd rd~rdvdlxdh bu cl "]",
Laxd9 Hcxc ^rageoelk ev cova cwceocbod graj xmd Jdxchcxc ~cld bu rekmx*foef`elk c vulaluj,
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Velkod Faotjl
Ma{ xa9
Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod Vxcxevxefv
Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod ^cxxdrlv
Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod Wcotdv
Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod Atxoedrv
Hcxc ^rageoelk gar cl elhewehtco faotjl ~rawehdv cffdvv xa gatr rd~arxv9
Vxcxevxefv vma{v xmd vcjd elgarjcxeal cv c Hcxc ̂ rageod rd~arx gar c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx
Gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv/ xmd Vxcxevxefv rd~arx ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx ahevxelfx wcotdv/ xaxco fatlx/ ~cxxdrlv fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd odlkxm/
jelejtj clh jc}ejtj wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov,
Gar ltjdref faotjlv/ xmd Vxcxevxefv rd~arx ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx ag hevxelf
wcotdv/ xaxco fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov,
^cxxdrlv/ {mefm ev alou cwceocbod gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv/ vma{v ~cxxdrlv ag odxxdrv
hekexv/ clh v~dfeco fmcrcfxdrv/ cv {doo cv fatlxv clh xmder ~drfdlxv,
Wcotdv vma{v tlestd wcotdv clh xmder ~drfdlxv,
Atxoedrv vma{v xmd xdl mekmdvx clh oa{dvx hevxelfx wcotdv clh xmder fatlxv,
Xmdvd rd~arxv crd cwceocbod bu rekmx*foef`elk c faotjl el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar clh vdodfxelk
Hcxc ^rageoelk ,
Ma{ xa Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod Vxcxevxefv^rafdhtrd9
Xa wed{ xmd Vxcxevxefco Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal gar c velkod faotjl9
328 [dbGAFT
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv
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3, A~dl xmd vulaluj el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar bu hatbod*foef`elk ex graj xmd Jdxchcxc ~cld
ar rekmx*foef`elk ex clh vdodfxelk A~dl el Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Rekmx*foef` c faotjl clh/ vdodfx Vxcxevxefv graj xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk vtbjdlt,Xmd Vxcxevxefco Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
6, A~xealcoou/ uat fcl foef` c faotjl lcjd ar ~cxxdrlv fatlx -gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv%
xa hreoo ha{l xa xmd Wcotdv ar ^cxxdrlv rd~arxv/ rdv~dfxewdou,
Ma{ xa Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod ^cxxdrlv^rafdhtrd9
Hcxc ^rageod ^cxxdrlv vma{v ~cxxdrlv ag odxxdrv/ hekexv/ clh v~dfeco fmcrcfxdrv/ cv {doo cv
fatlxv, Xmev ev alou cwceocbod gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv,
Xa wed{ xmd ^cxxdrlv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal gar c velkod faotjl9
3, A~dl xmd vulaluj el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar bu hatbod*foef`elk ex graj xmd Jdxchcxc ~cld
ar rekmx*foef`elk ex clh vdodfxelk A~dl el Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Rekmx*foef` c faotjl clh/ vdodfx ^cxxdrlv graj xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk vtbjdlt,
Xmd ^cxxdrlv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv,
Gar ~cxxdrl clcouvev/ c "5" rd~rdvdlxv c hekex/ cl "C" rd~rdvdlxv clu t~~drfcvd odxxdr/ clh
cl "c" rd~rdvdlxv clu oa{drfcvd odxxdr, Coo ~relxcbod v~dfeco fmcrcfxdrv crd rd~rdvdlxdh bu
xmdjvdowdv/ clh tl~relxcbod fmcrcfxdrv crd rd~rdvdlxdh bu cl "]",
Ma{ xa Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod Wcotdv^rafdhtrd9
Hcxc ^rageod Wcotdv vma{v tlestd wcotdv,
Xa wed{ xmd Wcotdv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal gar c velkod faotjl9
3, A~dl xmd vulaluj el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar bu hatbod*foef`elk ex graj xmd Jdxchcxc ~cld
ar rekmx*foef`elk ex clh vdodfxelk A~dl el Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Rekmx*foef` c faotjl clh/ vdodfx Wcotdv graj xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk vtbjdlt,
Xmd Wcotdv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 32
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ma{ xa Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod Atxoedrv^rafdhtrd9
Hcxc ^rageod Atxoedrv vma{v xmd 3> mekmdvx clh oa{dvx hevxelfx wcotdv,
Xa wed{ xmd Atxoedrv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal gar c velkod faotjl9
3, A~dl xmd vulaluj el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar bu hatbod*foef`elk ex graj xmd Jdxchcxc ~cldar rekmx*foef`elk ex clh vdodfxelk A~dl el Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Rekmx*foef` c faotjl clh/ vdodfx Atxoedrv graj xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk vtbjdlt,
Xmd Atxoedrv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv,
Laxd9 Atxoedrv ~rahtfd c jc}ejtj ag 3> mekmdvx clh oa{dvx hevxelfx wcotdv/ eg xmdu
d}evx,
Frdcxelk Fotvxdr IaelvMa{ xa9
Frdcxd c Fotvxdr Iael bu Dlmclfelk D}evxelk Vulalujv
Frdcxd c Fotvxdr Iael Tvelk c Ld{ Vulaluj
Fotvxdr iaelv dlcbod uat xa frdcxd c ld{ geod vxrtfxtrd bu oel`elk d}evxelk vulalujv ag x{a
ar jard rdocxealco xcbodv tvelk xmd vcjd ar je}dh hcxc vatrfdv, Gar d}cj~od/ uat jcu iae
c HB2 xcbod clh cl Arcfod xcbod/ clh va al, Tvd fotvxdr iaelv xa frdcxd ld{ wed{v el xmd
jdxchcxc bu oel`elk xakdxmdr ~muvefco xcbodv clh dcveou rd~arx ckcelvx xmd ld{ wed{ ar
vxrtfxtrd, Uat fcl frdcxd fotvxdr iaelv bu tvelk xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ ag xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Xmd Jcvxdr Geod xmcx ev frdcxdh fajbeldv xmd gedohv ag xmd iaeldh xcbodv {exmel c velkod geod
Xmd Cffdvv Geod graj xmd fajbeldh geod falxcelv elgarjcxeal cbatx xmd cfxtco oafcxeal ag xm
hcxc vatrfdv clh xmd Iael elgarjcxeal, Ex cova vma{v ma{ xmd xcbodv crd oel`dh,
Xmd xaxco ltjbdr ag xcbodv xmcx uat fcl chh xa xmd xaao ev 78 -tvelk 76 iaelv%/ {mefm rdvtox
el c ld{ Jcvxdr Geod xmcx mcv c jc}ejtj ag 78 vdkjdlxv,
Xmd Fotvxdr Iael Xaao dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd c Vxcr Vfmdjc {mefm falvevxv ag c gcfx xcbod
rdgdrdlfelk c ltjbdr ag hejdlveal xcbodv, A~xealcoou/ uat fcl cova frdcxd c wed{ xmcx mcv
jard xmcl ald gcfx xcbod, Jtoxe~od gcfx xcbodv fcl bd tvdh bu vdodfxelk xmd a~xeal xa vt~~ar
jtoxe~od ~crdlxckd el Vulaluj Dhexar graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar A~xealv {elha{,
Ma{ xa Frdcxd c Fotvxdr Iael bu Dlmclfelk D}evxelk Vulalujv^rafdhtrd9
Tvd xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xa dlmclfd cl d}evxelk vulaluj bu chhelk c vdkjdlx,
327 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Fotvxdr Iaelv
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3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Jcvxdr
Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv,
2, Foef` xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb,Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb a~dlv el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
6, Rekmx*foef` c vdkjdlx el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
Xmd gaooa{elk ~a~*t~ jdlt c~~dcrv,
8, Elvdrx xcbodv -vdkjdlxv% xmratkm ald ag xmd jdxmahv oevxdh9
c, Vdodfx Elvdrx xmdl Rdgdrdlfd xa Vdkjdlx Graj D}evxelk Vulaluj,
Vdodfx c vulaluj xa bd elvdrxdh clh foef` Vdodfx,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 32
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Laxd9 Tvd xmev jdxmah eg uat crd frdcxelk c fotvxdr iael {exm cl d}evxelk xcbod ar
vulaluj,
Xe~9 Foef` Vcwd Cv graj xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ Geod jdlt eg uat {clx xa jahegu xmd arekelc
vulaluj,
b, Elvdrxelk c Vdkjdlx tvelk Jdxchcxc Ej~arx dlcbodv uat xa chh vdkjdlxv bu tvel
xmd Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao, Xmev xaao frdcxdv c vulaluj clh elfothdv ex cv c vdkjdl
el xmd vulaluj graj {mefm xmd xaao {cv octlfmdh,
[mdl xmev a~xeal ev vdodfxdh/ uat crd gervx ~rdvdlxdh {exm xmd Chc~xdr hecoak {mdr
uat fcl vdodfx c falgektrdh chc~xdr falldfxeal xa falxeltd ar falgektrd c ld{
chc~xdr/ eg ldfdvvcru,
32= [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Fotvxdr Iaelv
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c vfrddl xmcx c~~dcrv {mdrd uat ~rawehd
elgarjcxeal gar xmd falldfxeal ~crcjdxdrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 32
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c vfrddl xmcx dlcbodv uat xa vdodfx xcbodv xa
frdcxd vulalujv,
Xmd vdodfxdh vulalujv {eoo bd frdcxdh clh chhdh xa xmd Jahdoelk Wed{,
36> [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Fotvxdr Iaelv
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Laxd9 Tvd xmev jdxmah eg uat crd frdcxelk c fotvxdr iael clh lddh xa tvd c vulaluj
xmcx hadv lax d}evx, Xmev a~xeal dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd xmd vulaluj clh falxeltd x
frdcxd xmd fotvxdr iael,
f, Elvdrxelk c Vdkjdlx Jcltcoou dlcbodv uat xa elvdrx vdkjdlxv jcltcoou/ cvveklelk
wcotdv xa vdkjdlx cxxrebtxd gedohv el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Laxd9 Tvd xmev jdxmah eg uat crd fahelk c ld{ Jcvxdr Geod/ cv uat {atoh gar c
GAFTV hcxc vatrfd,
Xmd vdkjdlx ev chhdh el xmd Jahdoelk Wed{,
4, Rekmx*foef` xmd crra{dh oeldv bdx{ddl xcbodv xa wed{ xmd iael a~xealv,
Laxd9 Xmdvd iael a~xealv crd lax cwceocbod/ clh ha lax c~~dcr/ gar GAFTV xcbodv, Xmd
alou {cu xa wed{ xmdvd a~xealv crd bu tvelk rdocxealco xcbodv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 36
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Iael Coo elhefcxdv c jtoxe~od elvxclfd -ald*xa*jclu% xu~d ag iael, Cx rtl xejd/ dcfm
mavx rdfarh fcl mcwd jclu jcxfmelk rdfarhv el xmd fravv*rdgdrdlfdh geod,
Laxd9 Iael Coo ev xmd hdgctox a~xeal,
Iael Tlestd elhefcxdv c velkod elvxclfd -ald*xa*ald% xu~d ag iael, Cx rtl xejd/ dcfmmavx rdfarh mcv/ cx javx/ ald jcxfmelk rdfarh el xmd fravv*rdgdrdlfdh geod,
Iael ^ra~drxedv a~dlv xmd Iael Dhexar hecoak ba}/ graj {mefm uat fcl hdxdrjeld ma{
xmd xcbodv crd oel`dh, Uat jcu9
Frdcxd Elldr/Atxdr/ ar Fravv Iaelv,
Laxd9 Atxdr iaelv crd vtbhewehdh elxa Odgx Atxdr Iaelv/ Elldr Iaelv/ ar Fravv Iaelv
Fajbeld rdfarhv graj xmd vdodfxdh xcbodv bu jc~~elk vatrfd faotjlv,
Tvd xmd Xrdd clh Xd}x Wed{ xcbv ag xmd Vulaluj Dhexar xa wed{ ar dhex xmd hdxceov ag
xmdvd xcbodv -vdkjdlxv%,
Xe~9 Foef` Vcwd Cv graj xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ Geod jdlt eg uat ha {clx xa jahegu xmd arekelc
vulaluj,
362 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Fotvxdr Iaelv
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Ma{ xa Frdcxd c Fotvxdr Iael Tvelk c Ld{ Vulaluj^rafdhtrd9
Claxmdr {cu xa frdcxd c fotvxdr iael ev xa vxcrx {exm cl dj~xu vulaluj9
3, Rekmx*foef` c Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr/ vdodfx Ld{ / xmdl Vulaluj wec Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Xmd Chh Jcvxdr Geod hecoak ba} a~dlv,
2, Dlxdr c tlestd geod lcjd el xmd Geod lcjd gedoh,
6, Foef` A~dl,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv,
8, Foef` xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb,
4, Rekmx*foef` el xmd {ar`v~cfd clh vdodfx graj ald ag xmd cwceocbod a~xealv xa vxcrx bteohel
xmd ld{ wed{,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 36
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Hdgelelk Hejdlvealv gar AOC^ Clcouvev
El xmev vdfxeal9
Tvelk xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{
Vulalujv fcl bd jahegedh xa vt~~arx Aloeld Clcouxefco ^rafdvvelk -AOC^%, Xmd Vulaluj
Dhexar ~rawehdv xaaov xa frdcxd AOC^ medrcrfmedv clh hejdlvealv, AOC^ dlcbodv uat xa hre
ha{l ar raoo t~ al medrcrfmefco hcxc/ ~ewax gedohv graj faotjlv xa ra{v -ar wefd wdrvc%/ clh
voefd*clh*hefd elgarjcxeal bu geoxdrelk ar stdruelk hcxc vatrfdv bcvdh al v~dfegedh frexdrec
xmrdvmaohv,
Uat AOC^*dlcbod xmd Jcvxdr Geod bu tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar xa frdcxd hejdlveal-v% cx xmd
gedoh odwdo clh cvvafecxd gedohv {exm dcfm hejdlveal,
Laxd9 AOC^ ev c rd~arxelk gcfeoexu, Ex ev lax rdodwclx xa hcxc jcelxdlclfd ~raidfxv,
Tvelk xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Jahdoelk Wed{
Ma{ xa9
Chh c ^crdlx!Fmeoh Medrcrfmu
Hdodxd c Hejdlveal
Chh Odwdov xa xmd Medrcrfmu
Rdgdrdlfd9
Hejdlveal Bteohdr Xaaobcr
Xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd oakefco wed{v bcvdh al dlxdr~revd hcxc -rdocxealc
ar odkcfu hcxc vatrfdv% gar jtoxehejdlvealco clcouvev {exmatx jcltcoou dhexelk jdxchcxc,
Xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr {ar`v {exm rdocxealco clh GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv,
Ma{ xa Chh c ^crdlx!Fmeoh Medrcrfmu^rafdhtrd9
3, Graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ foef` xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb,
368 [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk Hejdlvealv gar AOC^ Clcouvev
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Dlcbod xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr bu vdodfxelk Hejdlveal Bteohdr graj xmd xaaobcr ar Xaao
jdlt,
Laxd9 Eg xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr ev lax wevebod/ dlvtrd xmcx Hejdlveal Bteohdr ev vdodfxd
graj xmd Vulaluj jdlt,
2, Rekmx*foef` xmd hejdlveal clh vdodfx ^crdlx!Fmeoh graj xmd Chh Medrcrfmu vtbjdlt,
Laxd9 Uat jcu cova vdodfx xmev a~xeal bu foef`elk xmd Chh ^crdlx!Fmeoh Medrcrfmu btxxa
graj xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr xaaobcr,
Xmd Jclhcxaru ^ra~drxedv gar ^crdlx!Fmeoh Medrcrfmu hecoak ba} c~~dcrv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 36
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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6, Vdodfx c gedoh graj xmd Gedoh Xrdd clh foef ̀Cvvekl xa cvvekl c Tlestd EH gar xmd medrcrfmu
8, Rd~dcx Vxd~ 6 gar xmd Fc~xeal clh ^crdlx medrcrfmu ~ra~drxedv,
4, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Jclhcxaru ^ra~drxedv gar ^crdlx!Fmeoh Medrcrfmu hecoak ba},
Xmd Jclhcxaru ^ra~drxedv crd chhdh xa xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr,
7, Tvd xmd rekmx*foef` jdlt xa rdlcjd xmd hejdlveal/ wed{ ~ra~drxedv/ ar wed{ vcj~od hcx
gar xmd hejdlveal,
367 [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk Hejdlvealv gar AOC^ Clcouvev
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;, Foef` Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa vcwd xmd hejdlveal,
Ma{ xa Hdodxd c Hejdlveal^rafdhtrd9
Xa hdodxd c hejdlveal/ rekmx*foef` c hejdlveal clh vdodfx Hdodxd/ ar foef` xmd Hdodxd btxxa
graj xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr xaaobcr,
Ma{ xa Chh Odwdov xa xmd Medrcrfmu^rafdhtrd9
Xmev ~rafdvv dlcbodv uat xa dhex cl d}evxelk Jcvxdr Geod/ chh xcbodv -gar lal*GAFTV Jcvxd
Geodv%/ clh frdcxd clh jahegu hejdlvealv,
3, Graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ foef` xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb,
2, Vdodfx xmd Chh Odwdov Medrcrfmu btxxal graj xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr xaaobcr,
C odwdo ev chhdh xa xmd medrcrfmu, Tvd xmd rekmx*foef` jdlt xa rdlcjd xmd hejdlveal a
`dd~ xmd hdgctox lcjd,
6, Rekmx*foef` xmd geod efal el xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xa xakkod xa Xcbod Wed{/ {mefm dlcbodv ua
xa vdd faotjlv/ vcj~od hcxc/ clh vcj~od hcxc ~crdlx `duv,
Xmd Xcbod Wed{ c~~dcrv el xmd Jahdoelk Wed{,
Xe~9 Uat jcu cova hatbod*foef` c geod efal xa a~dl xmd Xcbod Wed{,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 36
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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8, Tvelk xmd Faotjlv xcb ag xmd Xcbod Wed{/ hrck clh hra~ vdodfxdh gedohv xa xmd Hejdlvea
Bteohdr medrcrfmu gaohdr,
Uat jcu cova hrck clh hra~ gedohv xa clh graj axmdr medrcrfmedv tvelk xmd Hejdlveal
Bteohdr,
4, Foef` Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa vcwd xmd hejdlveal,
Xmd hejdlveal ev vcwdh clh vxardh el xmd Jcvxdr Geod,
Hejdlveal Bteohdr XaaobcrRdgdrdlfd9
Uat fcl cffdvv xmd gaooa{elk fajjclhv graj xmd Hejdlveal Bteohdr xaaobcr,
HdgelexealBtxxal
Chhv c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Dlcbodv uat xa frdcxd c ~crdlx!fmeoh medrcrfmu clh cvvekl jclhcxaru
~ra~drxedv gar xmd medrcrfmu,
Hdodxdv xmd vdodfxdh exdj,
Dlcbodv uat xa wed{ clh rdgrdvm vcj~od hcxc gar xmd vdodfxdh gedoh,
Dlcbodv uat xa v{exfm bcf` xa ~ra~drxedv el xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb
ag xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
36= [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk Hejdlvealv gar AOC^ Clcouvev
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Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar gar Ftbd Hcxc Vatrfdv
Ma{ xa9
Dhex Gedoh Lcjdv clh Xexodv
Dhex Xexodv gar Jtoxe~od Oclktckdv
Hdodxd Jdcvtrdv/ Hejdlvealv/ ar ^crdlx!Fmeoh Medrcrfmedv
Frdcxd Werxtco Jdcvtrdv [exm FAJ^TXD Gedohv
Rdgdrdlfd9
Ftbd Wed{ Xcb Abidfxv
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar dlcbodv uat xa jc`d gtrxmdr jahegefcxealv xa uatr Ftbd vulaluj
hdgelexealv, Xmd Ftbd vulaluj ev hev~ocudh el xmd Ftbd Wed{ xcb, Eg uat vdodfx c faj~aldl
ag xmd vulaluj/ exv ~ra~drxedv c~~dcr el xmd rekmx ~cld,
Uat fcl tvd xmd Vulaluj Dhexar xa9
Dhex gedoh lcjdv clh xexodv gar jdcvtrdv/ ~ra~drxedv/ clh wcrecbodv, Uat jcu cova dhex
xmd gedoh ~rdge} gar xmd hdgeldh gedohv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 36
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ftbd Wed{ Xcb AbidfxvRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd gaooa{elk abidfxv c~~dcr al xmd Ftbd Wed{ xcb,
Hdvfre~xealAbidfx
Fmcrcfxdrevxefv, Falxcelv xmd ^ra~drxedv clh Medrcrfmedv gaohdrv,
A~xealco wcrecbod,
Jclhcxaru wcrecbod xmcx ev lax vcxevgedh -vdodfxeal frexdrec mcv lax bddl
frdcxdh%,
Jclhcxaru wcrecbod xmcx ev vcxevgedh -vdodfxeal frexdrec mcv bddl frdcxdh%,
Jdcvtrd,
Medrcrfmu,
Cxxrebtxd,
Rd~rdvdlxv c odcg lahd el c ~crdlx!fmeoh medrcrfmu, C odcg lahd ev c jdjbdr
ag c medrcrfmu xmcx hadv lax mcwd clu fmeohrdl,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 3 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 2 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 6 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 8 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 4 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 7 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo ; el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo = el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 38
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Hdvfre~xealAbidfx
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 5 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 3> el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 33 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 32 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 36 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 38 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 34 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Rd~rdvdlxv Odwdo 37 el c odwdo medrcrfmu,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx axmdr vxclhcrh abidfxv xmcx jcu c~~dcr el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
vdd Vulaluj Dhexar * Jcel Cxxrebtxdv al ~ckd ;4,
Ma{ xa Dhex Gedoh Lcjdv clh Xexodv^rafdhtrd9
Xa dhex gedoh lcjdv clh xexodv93, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Ftbd
Jcvxdr Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Laxd9 Uat jcu cova rekmx*foef` xmd vulaluj clh vdodfx Dhex el Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Vdodfx cl cxxrebtxd graj xmd Ftbd Wed{ xcb,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
382 [dbGAFT
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar gar Ftbd Hcxc Vatrfdv
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8, Uat jcu chh/ dhex/ ar hdodxd c xexod gar xmev gedoh,
Xa chh cl chhexealco oclktckd gar xmd xexod9
c, Vdodfx c oclktckd graj xmd hra~*ha{l oevx,
b, Foef` Chh,
f, Xu~d c hdvfre~xeal gar xmd xexod gedoh,
Xa dhex cl d}evxelk v~dfegedh xexod9
c, Vdodfx xmd xexod clh foef` Dhex,
Uat jcu cova hatbod*foef` xmd xexod,
b, Jcltcoou xu~d c xexod lcjd,
Xa hdodxd c v~dfegedh xexod9
c, Vdodfx xmd xexod clh oclktckd xa bd hdodxdh,b, Foef` Hdodxd,
4, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Jtoxeoelktco Xexodv hecoak ba},
7, Foef` Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa vcwd xmd vulaluj,
;, Xa foavd xmd vulaluj/ vdodfx Foavd graj xmd Geod jdlt ar foef` xmd falxrao btxxal el xm
t~~dr*rekmx farldr,
Ma{ xa Hdodxd Jdcvtrdv/ Hejdlvealv/ ar ̂ crdlx!Fmeoh Medrcrfmedv^rafdhtrd9
Xa hdodxd jdcvtrdv/ hejdlvealv/ ar ~crdlx!fmeoh medrcrfmedv9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Ftbd
Jcvxdr Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Vdodfx xmd cxxrebtxd lcjd xmcx uat {clx xa hdodxd,
6, Rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx Hdodxd graj xmd falxd}x jdlt,
Xmd cxxrebtxd ev hdodxdh graj xmd Ftbd Wed{ xcb,
8, Foef` Vcwd xa vcwd xmd vulaluj,4, Xa foavd xmd vulaluj/ vdodfx Foavd graj xmd Geod jdlt ar foef` xmd falxrao btxxal el xm
t~~dr*rekmx farldr,
388 [dbGAFT
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar gar Ftbd Hcxc Vatrfdv
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Ma{ xa Frdcxd Werxtco Jdcvtrdv [exm FAJ^TXD Gedohv^rafdhtrd9
Xa frdcxd werxtco jdcvtrdv {exm FAJ^TXD gedohv9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Ftbd
Jcvxdr Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Bu hdgctox/ xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd ocvx wed{ tvdh,
2, Vdodfx xmd Jdcvtrdv gaohdr graj xmd Ftbd Wed{ xcb,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 38
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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6, Rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx Chh Jdcvtrd graj xmd falxd}x jdlt,
Xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar a~dlv,
8, Graj xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar/ xu~d c lcjd gar xmd faotjl el xmd Faotjl el~tx gedoh,
4, Uat jcu xu~d c hdvfre~xewd xexod gar xmd jdcvtrd -FAJ^TXD% el xmd Xexod el~tx gedoh,
Xe~9 Graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd XEXOD clh
HDVFRE^XEAL wcotd gedohv xa v~dfegu jtoxe~od oclktckd xexodv,
387 [dbGAFT
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar gar Ftbd Hcxc Vatrfdv
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7, Tvd xmd D}~rdvveal xcb clh xmd fcoftocxar btxxalv xa bteoh xmd d}~rdvveal gar xmd Jdcvtr
-FAJ^TXD gedoh%,
ar
Tvd xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb xa bteoh xmd d}~rdvveal,
c, Graj xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb/ tvd xmd hra~*ha{l oevxv xa vdodfx xmd geoxdr
Faotjl/ Rdocxeal/ clh Xu~d,
Laxd9 ^crcjdxdrv crd lax vt~~arxdh,
b, Foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd Wcotd el~tx gedoh,
Xmd Wcotd Vdodfxeal hecoak ba} a~dlv,
f, Vdodfx graj xmd cwceocbod wcotdv clh tvd xmd crra{v xa chh ar rdjawd wcotdv,
h, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Wcotd Vdodfxeal hecoak ba} clh rdxtrl xa xmd Rdocxealco
D}~rdvveal xcb,
Xmd d}~rdvveal ev chhdh xa xmd wcotd gedoh,
d, Xa chh claxmdr geoxdr/ hatbod*foef` c faotjl ar wcrecbod graj xmd Faotjlv!Wcrecbod
xcb al xmd rekmx vehd ag xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar,
Xmd geoxdr ev chhdh xa xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb/ {mdrd uat fcl chh xmd d}~rdvveawcotd,
g, Xa hdodxd cl d}~rdvveal/ foef` el xmd ra{ ltjbdr faotjl ag xmd d}~rdvveal xmcx uat
crd hdodxelk/ rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx Hdodxd vdodfxdh ra{-v%, Xmd d}~rdvveal ev rdjawd
graj xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb,
;, Uat jcu vdodfx xmd Fmdf` d}~rdvveal clh Vcj~od Hcxc btxxalv/ oafcxdh al xmd xa~ rekm
ag xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar/ xa wdregu xmcx xmd d}~rdvveal ev wcoeh clh xa wed{ vcj~od hcx
gar xmd geoxdr,
=, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar clh rdxtrl xa xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 38
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Laxd9 Xa dhex xmd Faj~txd/ Xexod/ ar D}~rdvveal/ uat jcu ha va herdfxou graj xmd Vulaluj
Dhexar ar uat jcu foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd D]^RDVVEAL wcotd gedo
xa rdoctlfm xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar,
38= [dbGAFT
Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar gar Ftbd Hcxc Vatrfdv
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Ma{ xa Frdcxd c Btveldvv Wed{ Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar^rafdhtrd9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ lcwekcxd xa xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr {mdrd uat
{clx xa frdcxd xmd Btveldvv Wed{,
2, Rekmx*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr clh vdodfx Ld{ xmdl Vulaluj el xmd Vulaluj Dhexa
6, ^rawehd c tlestd lcjd gar xmd ld{ geod clh ~rdvv A~dl,
8, [meod el xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb ag xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ rekmx*foef` al xmd geod
lcjd el xmd t~~dr*odgx farldr clh vdodfx Elvdrx xmdl Rdgdrdlfd xa vdkjdlx graj D}evxel
Vulaluj,
4, Graj xmd Vdodfx Vulaluj [elha{ vdodfx xmd vulaluj gar {mefm uat {clx xa frdcxd c
Btveldvv Wed{, Gar GAFTV jtoxevdkjdlx geodv uat mcwd xmd a~xeal xa vdodfx xmd vdkjdl
uat {clx xa rdgdrdlfd,
Xmd rdgdrdlfdh geod ev chhdh xa xmd ld{ vulaluj clh exv gedohv crd wevebod el xmd odgx
grcjd,
7, Vdodfx Btveldvv Wed{ graj xmd Xaaov jdlt xa a~dl xmd Btveldvv Wed{ ^ra~drxedv hecoak
Laxd9 C Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod jcu falxcel alou ald raax gaohdr,
Xmd ^ra~drxedv bcr al xmd baxxaj ag xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {elha{ vma{v elgarjcxeal gar
xmd vdodfxdh gedohv clh gaohdrv,
Xe~9 Tvd xmd ^ra~drxedv bcr xa fmclkd xmd xexod/ hdvfre~xealv ar gedoh lcjdv, Exdjv xmc
fcllax bd dhexdh crd krcudh atx,
34> [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Btveldvv Wed{v
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;, Graj xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {elha{/ rekmx*foef` al xmd geod lcjd clh vdodfx Frdcxd Hdgctox
gaohdr ar Ld{ Gaohdr ,
Hdgctox gaohdr ht~oefcxdv xmd geod clh vdkjdlxv xmcx {drd cwceocbod el xmd rdco Jcvxdr
Geod clh uat fcl rdarkcleyd xmd wed{ cv ldfdvvcru, Ld{ gaohdr {eoo frdcxd raax gaohdr xa
{mefm uat fcl chh gedohv graj xmd rdco Jcvxdr Geod bu hrckkelk clh hra~~elk gedohv grajxmd odgx ~cld, Uat fcl frdcxd chhexealco gaohdrv xa frdcxd xmd vxrtfxtrd uat {clx,
=, Xa chh chhexealco gaohdrv gar xmd Btveldvv Wed{/ rekmx*foef` xmd Btveldvv Wed{ raax gaohd
xmcx {cv frdcxdh el xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {elha{ clh vdodfx Ld{ Gaohdr ,
Laxd9 Jtoxe~od vtbgaohdrv fcl bd frdcxdh clh gaohdrv jcu bd dj~xu gar arkcleycxealc
~tr~avdv,
5, Vdodfx gedohv graj xmd Jcvxdr Geod oevxdh al xmd rekmx clh hrck xmdj xa xmd c~~ra~recxd
gaohdr al xmd odgx, Tvd Vmegx*foef` clh Fxro*foef` xa vdodfx jtoxe~od gedohv,
Laxd9 Eg lddhdh/ gedohv jcu bd ht~oefcxdh clh ~ocfdh tlhdr jtoxe~od gaohdrv,
Xmd vdodfxdh gedohv c~~dcr el xmd Btveldvv Wed{ ^ra~drxedv hecoak,
3>, Vdodfx Vcwd ar Vcwd Cv graj xmd Geod jdlt xa vcwd xmd Btveldvv Wed{ cv c BtveldvvWed{ Jcvxdr Geod,
Laxd9 Xmd Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod jcu bd vcwdh el c heggdrdlx c~~oefcxeal xmcl xmd
jcel geodv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 34
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ma{ xa Coxdrlcxewdou Frdcxd c Btveldvv Wed{ Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar^rafdhtrd9
Elgarjcxeal Bteohdrv rdfajjdlhv xmcx uat frdcxd c Btveldvv Wed{ tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexa
cv xmd ~rdweatv xcv` atxoeldh, Xmd gaooa{elk/ ma{dwdr/ ev cl coxdrlcxewd {cu xa frdcxd c
Btveldvv Wed{ tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ lcwekcxd xa xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr {mdrd uat
{evm xa frdcxd xmd Btveldvv Wed{ clh mekmoekmx xmd Jcvxdr Geod xa bd coxdrdh,
Laxd9 Uat jcu frdcxd c Btveldvv Wed{ clu{mdrd xmcx uat fcl vdodfx c Jcvxdr Geod,
2, Hatbod*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geod ar vdodfx Dhex el Vulaluj Dhexar graj xmd Geod jdlt,
Xmd Jcvxdr Geod a~dlv xa xmd Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
6, Vdodfx Btveldvv Wed{ graj xmd Xaaov jdlt,
Xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {elha{ a~dlv,
Laxd9 C Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod jcu falxcel alou ald raax gaohdr,
Xmd ^ra~drxedv bcr al xmd baxxaj ag xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {elha{ vma{v elgarjcxeal gar
xmd vdodfxdh gedohv clh gaohdrv,
Xe~9 Tvd xmd ^ra~drxedv bcr xa fmclkd xmd xexod/ hdvfre~xealv ar gedoh lcjdv, Exdjv xmc
fcllax bd dhexdh crd krcudh atx,
8, Graj xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {elha{/ rekmx*foef` al xmd geod lcjd clh vdodfx Frdcxd Hdgctox
gaohdr ar Ld{ Gaohdr ,
342 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Btveldvv Wed{v
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Hdgctox gaohdr ht~oefcxdv xmd geod clh vdkjdlxv xmcx {drd cwceocbod el xmd rdco Jcvxdr
Geod clh uat fcl rdarkcleyd xmd wed{ cv ldfdvvcru, Ld{ gaohdr {eoo frdcxd raax gaohdr xa
{mefm uat fcl chh gedohv graj xmd rdco Jcvxdr Geod bu hrckkelk clh hra~~elk gedohv graj
xmd odgx ~cld, Uat fcl frdcxd chhexealco gaohdrv xa frdcxd xmd vxrtfxtrd uat {clx,
4, Xa chh chhexealco gaohdrv gar xmd Btveldvv Wed{/ rekmx*foef` xmd Btveldvv Wed{ raax gaohdxmcx {cv frdcxdh el xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {elha{ clh vdodfx Ld{ Gaohdr ,
Laxd9 Jtoxe~od vtbgaohdrv fcl bd frdcxdh clh gaohdrv jcu bd dj~xu gar arkcleycxealc
~tr~avdv,
7, Vdodfx gedohv graj xmd Jcvxdr Geod oevxdh al xmd rekmx clh hrck xmdj xa xmd c~~ra~recxd
gaohdr al xmd odgx, Tvd Vmegx*foef` clh Fxro*foef` xa vdodfx jtoxe~od gedohv,
Laxd9 Eg lddhdh/ gedohv jcu bd ht~oefcxdh clh ~ocfdh tlhdr jtoxe~od gaohdrv,
Xmd vdodfxdh gedohv c~~dcr el xmd Btveldvv Wed{ Xrdd xcb,
;, Vdodfx Vcwd ar Vcwd Cv graj xmd Geod jdlt xa vcwd xmd Btveldvv Wed{ cv c Btveldvv
Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod,
[mdl uat tvd xmd Vcwd Cv a~xeal clh uat crd {ar`elk {exm gar GAFTV geodv/ uat {eoo
lddh xa v~dfegu c HCXCVDX el xmd Jcvxdr Geod xmcx ~aelxv xa xmd hcxc geod,
Eg uat tvd xmd Vcwd a~xeal/ xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {eoo bd vcwdh elvehd xmd rdco Jcvxdr Geod
clh xmd Btveldvv Wed{ {eoo bd wevebod {mdl xmd Jcvxdr Geod ev a~dldh el Rd~arxelk xaaov
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 34
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Laxd9 Xmd Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod jcu bd vcwdh el c heggdrdlx c~~oefcxeal xmcl xmd
jcel geodv,
=, Vdodfx Foavd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa rdxtrl xa xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Tvckd Laxdv gar Btveldvv Wed{vRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd hdxceodh elgarjcxeal cbatx gedohv/ vtfm cv TVCKD clh CFXTCO garjcxv ar elhd}dv
rdjcel el xmd arekelco Jcvxdr Geod,
Coo elgarjcxeal cbatx Fotvxdr Jcvxdr Geodv rdjcel el xmd arekelco Jcvxdr Geod,
HBC cxxrebtxdv v~dfegedh el xmd arekelco Jcvxdr Geod clh crd rdv~dfxdh bu xmd Btveldvv
Wed{,
[mdl frdcxelk c Btveldvv Wed{ tvelk c rdgdrdlfdh Jcvxdr Geod/ uat fcl chh HBC cx xm
rdgdrdlfdh geod elvxclfd xmcx ev vcwdh el xmd Btveldvv Wed{ geod,
[mdl c Jcvxdr Geod falxcelv jard xmcl ald gedoh {exm xmd vcjd lcjd/ cv fcl afftr {md
geodv crd iaeldh/ xmd BDOALKVQXAQVDKJDLX cxxrebtxd ehdlxegedv {mefm elvxclfd ag xmd
gedoh lcjd ev bdelk rdgdrdlfdh el xmd Btveldvv Wed{,
Gaohdrv fcl bd dj~xu gar arkcleycxealco ~tr~avdv, Gar d}cj~od/ Rdkeal fcl mcwd dj~x
gaohdrv fcoodh Larxm/ Vatxm/ Dcvx/ clh [dvx,
Uat fcl evvtd cl VSO VDODFX fajjclh ckcelvx c Btveldvv Wed{, Ma{dwdr/ c Herdfx
VSO ^cvvxmrt rdstdvx ev lax vt~~arxdh ckcelvx c Btveldvv Wed{,
Btveldvv Wed{v vt~~arx coxdrlcxd geod wed{v clh gtoou stcoegedh gedoh lcjdv,
Xmd VDK, a~drcxar ckcelvx c Btveldvv Wed{ gaohdr hev~ocuv coo ag xmd gedohv el xmcx gaohdrlax coo ag xmd gedohv el xmd rdco vdkjdlx,
Rdstdvxv ckcelvx c Btveldvv Wed{ fcllax rdgdrdlfd clu gedohv ar vdkjdlxv lax el xmd
Btveldvv Wed{,
Coo MAOH garjcxv crd vt~~arxdh ckcelvx c Btveldvv Wed{,
Coo chc~xdrv gar lal*GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv vt~~arx rdxredwco rdstdvxv ckcelvx c Btveldvv
Wed{,
Btveldvv Wed{v crd lax vt~~arxdh {exm hcxc vatrfd jcelxdlclfd fajjclhv vtfm cv
Jcelxcel ar RDBTEOH,
Xmd rdgdrdlfdh geod ar xmd rdco Jcvxdr Geod fcl frdcxd Hdgeldv/ Faj~txdv/ Geoxdrv/ clh
axmdr gedohv gar tvd el xmd Btveldvv Wed{,
348 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Btveldvv Wed{v
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Tvelk c Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr GeodRdgdrdlfd9
[mdl uat tvd xmd Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod {exm [dbGAFTV xaaov clh rd~arxv/ xmd gedoh
garjcxv/ hdvfre~xealv/ clh xexodv {eoo bd rdxredwdh graj xmd arekelco Jcvxdr Geod/ tlodvv xmdu
crd ftvxajeydh clh c xexod clh hdvfre~xeal ev cwceocbod xmratkm xmd Btveldvv Wed{,
Uat jcu cffdvv xmd Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geodv graj coo hdwdoa~jdlx crdcv ag Hdwdoa~dr
Vxthea,
El xmd ^raidfxv/ Hcxc Vdrwdrv/ ar Jclckdh Rd~arxelk crdc9
Xmd Xcbod oevx vma{v coo cwceocbod Jcvxdr Geodv/ elfothelk xmd Btveldvv Wed{v/ xmcx crd
cwceocbod, Xmd Rdjcr`v faotjl vma{v c hdvfre~xeal graj xmd arekelco Jcvxdr Geod tlodvv xm
Btveldvv Wed{ geod falxcelv exv a{l rdjcr`v,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod el xmd [dbGAFTV Xcbod
Oevx/ xmcx c~~dcrv {mdl frdcxelk c rd~arx el xmd Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc,
Xmev ev cova cwceocbod el xmd ^raidfxv crdc/ ma{dwdr/ xmd xcbod oevx hadv lax vma{ rdjcr`v e
xmd ^raidfxv crdc,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 34
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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El xmd Rd~arx ^celxdr9
[mdl tvelk c Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod el xmd Rd~arx ̂ celxdr/ alou gedohv graj xmd Btveldv
Wed{ crd vma{l el xmd Gedohv oevx,
Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod el xmd Rd~arx ^celxdr,
El xmd Jclckdh Rd~arxelk Rd~arx Cvvevxclx9
[mdl tvelk c Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod {exm xmd Rd~arx Cvvevxclx/ alou gedohv graj xmd
Btveldvv Wed{ crd vma{l el xmd Gedohv oevx,
347 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Btveldvv Wed{v
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag c Btveldvv Wed{ Jcvxdr Geod el xmd Jclckdh Rd~arxel
Rd~arx Cvvevxclx,
Chhelk Werxtco Faotjlv -HDGELD% el c Vulaluj
Ma{ xa9
Frdcxd c Werxtco Faotjl el c Vulaluj
Uat jcu frdcxd c HDGELD gedoh cv c ftvxaj gedoh el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar, C ftvxaj gedoh fc
bd tvdh el c rdstdvx cv xmatkm ex ev c rdco hcxc vatrfd gedoh, Werxtco faotjlv -HDGELD gedohv
crd cwceocbod {mdl xmd hcxc vatrfd ev tvdh gar rd~arxelk,
C werxtco faotjl fcl falxcel cl d}~rdvveal/ c falvxclx/ ar c faotjl lcjd,
Eg xmd werxtco faotjl ev c faj~od} d}~rdvveal/ uat fcl frdcxd xmd d}~rdvveal {exm xmd
Werxtco Faotjl Fcoftocxar ar itvx xu~d ex elxa xmd D}~rdvveal gedoh,
Eg xmd werxtco faotjl ev c vej~od d}~rdvveal/ vtfm cv c falvxclx wcotd/ uat fcl xu~d xm
wcotd el xmd D}~rdvveal gedoh,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 34
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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d, Xa chh claxmdr geoxdr/ hatbod*foef` c faotjl ar wcrecbod graj xmd Faotjlv!Wcrecbod
xcb al xmd rekmx vehd ag xmd Werxtco Faotjl Fcoftocxar,
Xmd geoxdr ev chhdh xa xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb/ {mdrd uat fcl chh xmd d}~rdvvea
wcotd,
g, Xa hdodxd cl d}~rdvveal/ foef` el xmd ra{ ltjbdr faotjl ag xmd d}~rdvveal xmcx uat
crd hdodxelk/ rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx Hdodxd vdodfxdh ra{-v%, Xmd d}~rdvveal ev rdjawd
graj xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb,
;, Uat jcu vdodfx xmd Fmdf` d}~rdvveal clh Vcj~od Hcxc btxxalv/ oafcxdh al xmd xa~ rekm
ag xmd Werxtco Faotjl Fcoftocxar/ xa wdregu xmcx xmd d}~rdvveal ev wcoeh clh xa wed{ vcj~o
hcxc gar xmd geoxdr,
=, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Werxtco Faotjl Fcoftocxar clh rdxtrl xa xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Laxd9 Xa dhex xmd Hdgeld/ Xexod/ ar D}~rdvveal/ uat jcu ha va herdfxou graj xmd Vulaluj
Dhexar ar uat jcu foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd D]^RDVVEAL wcotd gedo
xa rdoctlfm xmd Werxtco Faotjl Fcoftocxar,
5, Eg la faotjlv graj xmd vulaluj crd tvdh el xmd d}~rdvveal ar mcwd bddl hdgeldh/ uat
fcl tvd xmd [EXM a~xeal xa ehdlxegu xmd oakefco majd ag xmd hdgeldh fcoftocxeal, Uat fc
cova tvd xmd [EXM a~xeal xa jawd xmd oakefco majd gar xmd werxtco faotjl xa c oa{dr
vdkjdlx xmcl ex {atoh axmdr{evd bd cvvekldh -gar d}cj~od/ xa fatlx elvxclfdv el c oa{d
vdkjdlx%,
Xe~9 Uat fcl foef` clh hrck xmd HDGELD gedoh clh jawd ex xa c heggdrdlx vdkjdlx el xmd
Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb/ {mefm cova fmclkdv xmd vdkjdlx cvvafecxeal,
3>, V~dfegu xmd Jevvelk Hcxc a~xealv gar faotjlv xmcx cooa{ ltoo hcxc, Uat fcl cooa{ coo
jevvelk hcxc,
33, Foef` Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa vcwd xmd vulaluj,
32, Xa foavd xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ vdodfx Foavd graj xmd Geod jdlt ar foef` xmd falxrao btxxa
el xmd t~~dr*rekmx farldr,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx d}~rdvvealv clh werxtco faotjl -HDGELD% cxxrebtxdv/ vdd Hdgelel
Cxxrebtxdv clh Frdcxelk D}~rdvvealv gar Ftvxaj Gedohv al ~ckd 3;2,
37> [dbGAFT
Chhelk Werxtco Faotjlv -HDGELD% el c Vulaluj
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Frdcxelk Geoxdrv el c Vulaluj
Ma{ xa9
Frdcxd Geoxdrv el c Vulaluj
Geoxdrv crd frdcxdh el xmd Jcvxdr Geod xmratkm xmd Vulaluj Dhexar clh fcl bd tvdh el c
Btveldvv Wed{ geod ar el rd~arxelk xaaov vtfm cv Rd~arx ^celxdr/ ^a{dr ^celxdr/ Rd~arx
Cvvevxclx/ clh va al, Uat fcl cova tvd geoxdrv xa ~drgarj axmdr hcxc fmdf`elk clh wcoehcxeal
clh varx hcxc bcvdh al xmd falhexealv xmcx uat frdcxd,
Geoxdrv crd frdcxdh tlhdr c v~dfegef vdkjdlx clh/ bu hdgctox/ xmdu mcwd cvvafecxeal {exm xm
vdodfxdh vdkjdlx, Geoxdrv fcl cova bd frdcxdh {exmatx vdkjdlx cvvafecxeal,
Ma{ xa Frdcxd Geoxdrv el c Vulaluj^rafdhtrd9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ hatbod*foef` c vulaluj graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodvgaohdr/ ar rekmx*foef` xmd vulaluj clh vdodfx Dhex el Vulaluj Dhexar ,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv,
2, Rekmx*foef` c vdkjdlx ar gedoh clh vdodfx Geoxdr graj xmd Elvdrx vtbjdlt,
Xmd Geoxdr Fcoftocxar a~dlv,
6, Graj xmd Geoxdr Fcoftocxar/ xu~d c lcjd gar xmd geoxdr el xmd Faotjl el~tx gedoh/ ar tvd xm
hdgctox geoxdr lcjd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 37
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Laxd9 Ex ev rdfajjdlhdh xmcx geoxdrv mcwd c hdvfre~xewd lcjd xa mdo~ ehdlxegu xmd geoxd
cfxeal htrelk rd~arxelk,
8, Xmd Garjcx gedoh vma{v c hdgctox wcotd ag E3,
Laxd9 Xmd Garjcx gedoh fcllax bd fmclkdh, Wcotdv gar geoxdrv rdxtrl > gar gcovd clh 3 gaxrtd,
4, Uat jcu dlxdr c hdvfre~xewd xexod gar xmd geoxdr el xmd Xexod el~tx gedoh,
Xe~9 Graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd XEXOD clh
HDVFRE^XEAL wcotd gedohv xa v~dfegu jtoxe~od oclktckd xexodv,
7, Tvd xmd D}~rdvveal xcb clh xmd fcoftocxar btxxalv xa bteoh xmd d}~rdvveal gar xmd geoxdr
ar
Tvd xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb xa bteoh xmd d}~rdvveal,
c, Graj xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb/ tvd xmd hra~*ha{l oevxv xa vdodfx xmd geoxdrFaotjl/ Rdocxeal/ clh Xu~d,
Laxd9 ^crcjdxdrv crd lax vt~~arxdh {exm Jcvxdr Geod Geoxdrv,
b, Foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd Wcotd el~tx gedoh,
Xmd Wcotd Vdodfxeal hecoak ba} a~dlv,
f, Vdodfx graj xmd cwceocbod wcotdv clh tvd xmd crra{v xa chh ar rdjawd wcotdv,
372 [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk Geoxdrv el c Vulaluj
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h, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Wcotd Vdodfxeal hecoak ba} clh rdxtrl xa xmd Rdocxealco
D}~rdvveal xcb,
Xmd d}~rdvveal ev chhdh xa xmd wcotd gedoh,
d, Xa chh claxmdr geoxdr/ hatbod*foef` c faotjl ar wcrecbod graj xmd Faotjlv!Wcrecbod
xcb al xmd rekmx vehd ag xmd Geoxdr Fcoftocxar,
Xmd geoxdr ev chhdh xa xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb/ {mdrd uat fcl chh xmd d}~rdvvea
wcotd,
g, Xa hdodxd cl d}~rdvveal/ foef` el xmd ra{ ltjbdr faotjl ag xmd d}~rdvveal xmcx uat
crd hdodxelk/ rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx Hdodxd vdodfxdh ra{-v%, Xmd d}~rdvveal ev rdjawd
graj xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb,
;, Uat jcu vdodfx xmd Fmdf` d}~rdvveal clh Vcj~od Hcxc btxxalv/ oafcxdh al xmd xa~ rekm
ag xmd Geoxdr Fcoftocxar/ xa wdregu xmcx xmd d}~rdvveal ev wcoeh clh xa wed{ vcj~od hcxc ga
xmd geoxdr,
=, Foef` A@ xa foavd xmd Geoxdr Fcoftocxar hecoak ba} xa rdxtrl xa xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Laxd9 Xa dhex xmd Geoxdr/ Xexod/ ar D}~rdvveal/ uat jcu ha va herdfxou graj xmd Vulaluj
Dhexar ar uat jcu foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd D]^RDVVEAL wcotd gedoxa rdoctlfm xmd Geoxdr Fcoftocxar,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 37
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ma{ xa Frdcxd c Faj~txdh Gedoh el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar^rafdhtrd9
Xa frdcxd c faj~txdh faotjl el c vulaluj9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Jcvxdr
Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv,
2, Rekmx*foef` c vdkjdlx -ar faotjl% clh foef` Elvdrx,
6, Vdodfx Faj~txd graj xmd Elvdrx vtbjdlt,
Xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar a~dlv,
8, Graj xmd Faj~txd Fcoftocxar/ xu~d c lcjd gar xmd faotjl el xmd Faotjl el~tx gedoh/ a
tvd xmd hdgctox faj~txd lcjd,
4, Uat jcu dlxdr c hdvfre~xewd xexod gar xmd faj~txdh gedoh -FAJ^TXD% el xmd Xexod el~tx
gedoh,
Xe~9 Graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ foef` xmd bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd XEXOD clh
HDVFRE^XEAL wcotd gedohv xa v~dfegu jtoxe~od oclktckd xexodv,
7, Tvd xmd D}~rdvveal xcb clh xmd fcoftocxar btxxalv xa bteoh xmd d}~rdvveal gar xmd
faj~txdh gedoh -FAJ^TXD%,
ar
Tvd xmd Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb xa bteoh xmd d}~rdvveal,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 37
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ma{ xa V~dfegu cl AFFTRV Vdkjdlx Tvelk c Werxtco GedohVulxc}9
VDKLCJD : ~crdlx/ VDKXU^D : vdkxu~d/(
,
,
,HDGELD hdgeldgedoh !El : d}~rdvveal0
VDKLCJD : avdklcjd/ VDKXU^D:V>/ ^CRDLX : ~crdlx/
AFFTRV : hdgeldgedoh /(
GEDOHLCJD : rgedoh / COECV : rcoecv/
TVCKD : rtgjx/ CFXTCO : rcgjx/(
,
,
,
PGEDOHLCJD : arhdrgedoh / COECV : ARHDR/
TVCKD : El/ CFXTCO : E8/(Z
{mdrd9
~crdlx
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd ~crdlx vdkjdlx,
vdkxu~d
Ev xmd VDKXU^D ag xmd ~crdlx vdkjdlx,
hdgeldgedoh
Ev xmd werxtco gedoh xmcx elhefcxdv xmd ltjbdr ag rd~dxexealv ag xmd rd~dcxelk gedoh ar krat
ag gedohv, Xmev gedoh jtvx bd hdgeldh el c vdkjdlx xmcx ev cl clfdvxar ag xmd vdkjdlx
falxcelelk xmd rd~dcxelk gedohv,
El
Ev xmd garjcx ag xmd werxtco gedoh xmcx hdvfrebdv xmd ltjbdr ag rd~dxexealv, Ex jtvx bd cl
elxdkdr garjcx,
d}~rdvveal
Ev c wcoeh d}~rdvveal xmcx hdrewdv xmd ltjbdr ag rd~dxexealv gar dcfm rdfarh elvxclfd,
avdklcjd
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd hdvfdlhdlx AFFTRV vdkjdlx,
rgedoh
Ev xmd lcjd ag c rd~dcxelk gedoh el xmd AFFTRV vdkjdlx,
rcoecv
Ev xmd coecv ag c rd~dcxelk gedoh el xmd AFFTRV vdkjdlx,
37= [dbGAFT
Vxarelk xmd Ltjbdr ag Rd~dxexealv ag c Rd~dcxelk Gedoh el c Werxtco Gedoh
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rtgjx
Ev xmd hev~ocu garjcx gar c rd~dcxelk gedoh el xmd AFFTRV vdkjdlx,
rcgjx
Ev xmd cfxtco garjcx gar c rd~dcxelk gedoh el xmd AFFTRV vdkjdlx,
arhdrgedoh
Ev xmd lcjd ag cl elxdrlco fatlxdr gedoh xmcx uat fcl v~dfegu cv xmd ocvx gedoh el xmd
AFFTRV vdkjdlx, Xmd ARHDR gedoh cvvafecxdv c vdstdlfd ltjbdr {exm dcfm afftrrdlf
clh ev tvdgto {mdl xmd arhdr ag xmd rd~dcxelk hcxc ev veklegefclx, Gar d}cj~od/ xmd wcotd
jcu rd~rdvdlx jalxmou ar stcrxdrou hcxc/ btx xmd rdfarh exvdog jcu lax d}~oefexou v~dfegu
xmd jalxm ar stcrxdr xa {mefm xmd hcxc c~~oedv, Xmd TVCKD garjcx jtvx bd elxdkdr clh
xmd CFXTCO garjcx ev E8,
Tvckd Laxdv gar Tvelk c Werxtco Gedoh [exm AFFTRVRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd werxtco gedoh tvdh cv xmd AFFTRV wcotd fcllax bd rdhdgeldh elvehd ar atxvehd ag xmd
Jcvxdr Geod,
Tvelk c Werxtco Gedoh [exm cl AFFTRV VdkjdlxD}cj~od9
Xmd gaooa{elk rdstdvx ckcelvx xmd DJ^OAUDD hcxc vatrfd frdcxdv c ge}dh*garjcx vdstdlxec
geod {exm c rd~dcxelk gedoh, Xmd rdstdvx9
Fatlxv xmd ltjbdr ag GEFC hdhtfxealv gar dcfm dj~oaudd,
Frdcxdv c fcoftocxdh gedoh xmcx falxcelv xmd odlkxm ag coo GEFC hdhtfxeal gedohv gar dcfm
dj~oaudd,
Frdcxdv c MAOH geod el {mefm dcfm rdfarh falxcelv xmd fcoftocxdh odlkxm ag xmd hdhtfxea
gedohv gar xmd dj~oaudd/ xmd ehdlxeguelk elgarjcxeal gar xmd dj~oaudd/ clh coo GEFC
hdhtfxealv gar xmd dj~oaudd,
Laxd xmcx xmd ltjbdr ag hdhtfxealv {eoo wcru gar dcfm dj~oaudd, Xmd ~crx ag xmd rdfarh xmc
falxcelv xmd hdhtfxealv {eoo falvxextxd xmd AFFTRV vdkjdlx, Xmd ltjbdr ag rd~dxexealv {e
mcwd xa bd hdrewdh graj xmd odlkxm gedoh frdcxdh el xmd XCBOD rdstdvx,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 37
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd ~rafdhtrd xa frdcxd xmd geod {exm xmd rd~dcxelk hdhtfxeal gedoh gaooa{v9
HDGELD GEOD DJ^OAUDD
FXR!E4 [EXM HDHQCJX : EG DJ^QEH LD OCVX DJ^QEH XMDL 3 DOVD OCVX FXR 3
DLH
XCBOD GEOD DJ^OAUDD
VTJ FLX,HDHQCJX LA^RELX DJ^QEH OCVXQLCJD GERVXQLCJD FTRRQVCO
FAJ^TXD HDHODL!E4 : 32 ) FLX,HDHQCJX0
BU DJ^QEH LA^RELX
VTJ HDHQCJX
BU DJ^QEH LA^RELX
CFRAVV FXR LA^RELX
[MDRD HDHQFAHD DS +GEFC+
AL XCBOD VDX MAOHOEVX ^RELXALOU
AL XCBOD MAOH CV AFFTRV3 GARJCX CO^MC
DLH
Xmd AFFTRV3 geod mcv ald rdfarh ~dr dj~oaudd {exm c wcrecbod ltjbdr ag HDHQCJX gedohv
Xmd xaxco odlkxm ag xmd ltjbdr ag cfxtco elvxclfdv ag HDHQCJX ev vxardh el xmd gedoh lcjdHDHODL, Xmd Jcvxdr Geod kdldrcxdh bu xmd MAOH fajjclh oevxv 3> HDHQCJX gedohv9
GEODLCJD:AFFTRV3 / VTGGE]:GE] / (
VDKJDLX:AFFTRV3/ VDKXU^D:V>/ (
GEDOHLCJD:DJ^QEH/ COECV:D>3/ TVCKD:C5/ CFXTCO:C>5/ (
GEDOHLCJD:OCVXQLCJD/ COECV:D>2/ TVCKD:C34/ CFXTCO:C34/ (
GEDOHLCJD:GERVXQLCJD/ COECV:D>6/ TVCKD:C3>/ CFXTCO:C3>/ (
GEDOHLCJD:FTRRQVCO/ COECV:D>8/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHODL/ COECV:D>4/ TVCKD:E4/ CFXTCO:C>4/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D>7/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D>;/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D>=/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D>5/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D3>/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D33/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D32/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D36/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D38/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
GEDOHLCJD:HDHQCJX/ COECV:D34/ TVCKD:H32,2J/ CFXTCO:C32/ (
3;> [dbGAFT
Vxarelk xmd Ltjbdr ag Rd~dxexealv ag c Rd~dcxelk Gedoh el c Werxtco Gedoh
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Xmd atx~tx ev9
LTJAFF OCVXQLCJD FTRRQVCO HDHQCJX
****** ********* ******** *******
3> VXDWDLV (33/>>>,>> (4=,66
3> FRAVV (2;/>72,>> (427,2>
Hdgelelk Cxxrebtxdv clh Frdcxelk D}~rdvvealv gar Ftvxaj Gedohv
Rdgdrdlfd9
Ftvxaj Gedoh Cxxrebtxdv
Fcoftocxarv gar Ftvxaj Gedohv
C ftvxaj gedoh ev c gedoh {mavd wcotd ev lax vxardh el xmd hcxc vatrfd btx fcl bd fcoftocxdh
graj xmd hcxc xmcx ev xmdrd, Uat fcl frdcxd c ftvxaj gedoh el uatr vulaluj bu chhelk c werxtc
faotjl -HDGELD%/ Jcvxdr Geod geoxdr -GEOXDR%/ clh c Faj~txdh Gedoh -FAJ^TXD%, Xmd gedohvcrd cwceocbod {mdldwdr uat cffdvv xmd farrdv~alhelk hcxc vatrfd el c rd~arxelk xaao,
Uat fcl hdgeld cxxrebtxd wcotdv clh frdcxd d}~rdvvealv gar ftvxaj gedohv bu tvelk xmd
Vulaluj Dhexar,
3;2 [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk Cxxrebtxdv clh Frdcxelk D}~rdvvealv gar Ftvxaj Gedohv
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Ftvxaj Gedoh CxxrebtxdvRdgdrdlfd9
Xmd gaooa{elk cxxrebtxdv jcu bd cwceocbod gar ftvxaj gedohv -HDGELD/ GEOXDR/ clh FAJ^TXD
el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj clh xmd xu~d ag ftvxaj gedoh
vdodfxdh, Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd ev cl d}cj~od ag cl VSO hcxc vatrfd {exm xmd werxtco faotj
-HDGELD% vdodfxdh,
Ftvxaj gedohv -HDGELD/ GEOXDR/ FAJ^TXD% xu~efcoou mcwd xmd gaooa{elk cxxrebtxdv9
Kdldrco
HDGELD
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd werxtco faotjl,
Laxd9 Xmev cxxrebtxd alou c~~dcrv {mdl c werxtco faotjl -HDGELD% ev vdodfxdh,
GEOXDR
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd Jcvxdr Geod geoxdr gedoh,
Laxd9 Xmev cxxrebtxd alou c~~dcrv {mdl c werxtco Geoxdr gedoh ev vdodfxdh,
FAJ^TXD
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd faj~txdh gedoh,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3;
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmdvd [EXMEL vxcxdjdlxv crd chhdh xa xmd vulaluj xmratkm xmd Hejdlveal Bteohd
xa AOC^*dlcbod GAFTV geodv clh rdocxealco xcbodv, Xmev dlcbodv uat xa ~drgarj AOC
clcouvev tvelk xmd AOC^ Falxrao ^cldo/ ar xa tvd ex {exm xmd GJO ^celxdr,
Laxd9 Xmev cxxrebtxd alou c~~dcrv gar HDGELD clh GEOXDR ftvxaj gedohv,
VFH Xu~d
Vdxv voa{ou fmclkelk hejdlvealv, Xmev a~xeal ev alou cwceocbod gar d}evxelk rdocxealc
xcrkdxv,
C vtrrakcxd ̀ du ev xmd gervx faotjl el xmd xcbod clh mcv cl VFH xu~d ag bocl`, Axmd
faotjlv {exm c bocl` VFH xu~d mcwd la VFH ~rafdvvelk hald xa xmdj,
Oakefco @du Gedoh ev xmd hcxcbcvd `du,
Cfxewcxeal Gock elhefcxdv xmcx xmd ra{ ev ftrrdlx,
Bdkel Hcxd!Dlh Hcxd elhefcxdv xmd hcxd rclkd gar xmd ra{ wcotdv, C ltoo dlh hcxd
elhefcxdv xmcx xmd ra{ ev ftrrdlx,
Xu~d E -awdr{rexelk mevxaru% hdveklcxdv faotjlv {mavd hcxcbcvd wcotdv crd
awdr{rexxdl {exm ld{ wcotdv,
Xu~d EE -~rdvdrwelk mevxaru% hdveklcxdv faotjlv {mavd hcxcbcvd ra{v crd gockkdh
cv elcfxewd ar cvvekldh cl dlh hcxd, Ld{ ra{v crd elvdrxdh {exm xmd ld{ wcotdv,
bocl` -lal*`du faotjlv% elhefcxdv xmcx hcxcbcvd wcotdv crd lax fmclkdh,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3;
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Fcoftocxarv gar Ftvxaj GedohvRdgdrdlfd9
Xa octlfm xmd Werxtco Faotjl Fcoftocxar/ Geoxdr Fcoftocxar/ ar Faj~txd Fcoftocxar/ foef` xmd
bra{vd -,,,% btxxal cx xmd rekmx ag xmd D]^RDVVEAL wcotd gedoh el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Xmd vdodfxdh fcoftocxar a~dlv/ hd~dlhelk al xmd xu~d ag ftvxaj gedoh xmcx uat crd frdcxelk
Xmd fcoftocxar mcv xmd gaooa{elk gedohv!a~xealv9
Faotjl
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd abidfx bdelk frdcxdh -werxtco gedoh/ geoxdr/ faj~txdh gedoh%,
Garjcx
Ev xmd gedoh garjcx,D}~rdvveal xcb
Oafcxeal gar xu~elk cl d}~rdvveal, Uat fcl chh hcxc vatrfd gedohv graj xmd
Faotjlv!Wcrecbodv xcb/ gtlfxealv graj xmd Gtlfxealv xcb/ clh ltjbdrv clh a~drcxarv
graj xmd fcoftocxar cv uat xu~d,
Rdocxealco D}~rdvveal xcb
Hev~ocuv xmd d}~rdvveal bteohelk {elha{ graj {mefm uat fcl chh clh hdodxd faotjlv/
fmaavd xmd rdocxeal clh xu~d/ clh vdodfx wcotdv gar uatr geoxdr,
Faotjlv!Wcrecbodv xcb
Hev~ocuv c medrcrfmefco oevx ag cwceocbod vatrfd faotjlv clh Vuvxdj Wcrecbod gaohdrv xmc
uat fcl tvd el frdcxelk cl d}~rdvveal,
3;7 [dbGAFT
Hdgelelk Cxxrebtxdv clh Frdcxelk D}~rdvvealv gar Ftvxaj Gedohv
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Gtlfxealv xcb
C gtlfxeal ev c ~rakrcj xmcx rdxtrlv c wcotd, Xmev xcb oevxv xmd bteox*el gtlfxealv xmcx ua
fcl tvd xa hdrewd xmd wcotd ag c xdj~arcru gedoh,
Gtlfxeal Cvvevx btxxal
Dlcbodv uat xa v~dfegu ~crcjdxdrv gar xmd gtlfxeal xmratkm c hecoak ba} {mdl frdcxelk
ar dhexelk c xrclvgarjcxeal,
Fcoftocxar btxxalv
Elvdrx ltjbdrv clh a~drcxarv,
Xmd gaooa{elk a~drcxarv crd cwceocbod9
| -velkod falfcxdlcxeal bcr%
Falfcxdlcxdv x{a wcotdv/ rdxcelelk clu xrceoelk bocl`v cgxdr xmd gervx ald, Gar d}cj~od
eg GERVXQLCJD clh OCVXQLCJD {drd baxm el C34 garjcx/ xmd d}~rdvveal
GTOOQLCJD : GERVXQLCJD | OCVXQLCJD
{atoh ~rahtfd c faotjl oe`d xmd gaooa{elk9
JEFMCDO VJEXMVALICLD IALDV
,
,
,
|| -hatbod falfcxdlcxeal bcr%
Falfcxdlcxdv x{a wcotdv/ vt~~rdvvelk clu xrceoelk bocl`v el xmd gervx, Gar d}cj~od
xa falvxrtfx xmd gtoo lcjd clh elvdrx c fajjc/ xmd vulxc}
GTOOQLCJD : OCVXQLCJD || -+/ + | GERVXQLCJD%
{atoh ~rahtfd c faotjl oe`d xmd gaooa{elk9
VJEXMVAL/ JEFMCDO IALDV/ ICLD
,
,
,
Xmd falfcxdlcxeal el xmd ~crdlxmdvdv ev hald gervx -~rdvdrwelk xmd bocl` v~cfd cgxd
xmd fajjc%/ clh xmd rdvtox ev xmdl falfcxdlcxdh xa OCVXQLCJD/ vt~~rdvvelk xmd
xrceoelk bocl`v ag OCVXQLCJD,
EG
Dvxcboevmdv c falhexealco xdvx,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3;
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ma{ xa Chh c Ld{ Gedoh xa c Krat~ Gedoh^rafdhtrd9
3, Rekmx*foef` xmd krat~ gedoh xa {mefm uat {clx xa chh c ld{ gedoh clh vdodfx Elvdrx,
2, Vdodfx Gedoh graj xmd Elvdrx vtbjdlt,
C gedoh ev chhdh xa xmd krat~ clh exv cxxrebtxdv clh wcotdv c~~dcr al xmd rekmx,
6, Vt~~ou xmd rdsterdh elgarjcxeal gar xmd krat~ gedoh, Gar jard elgarjcxeal cbatx gedoh
cxxrebtxdv/ vdd Wed{elk clh Dhexelk Vulaluj Cxxrebtxdv al ~ckd 5;,
Ma{ xa Chh cl D}evxelk Gedoh xa c Krat~ Gedoh^rafdhtrd9
3, Foef` xmd gedoh uat {clx xa chh xa xmd krat~ gedoh,2, [meod maohelk xmd odgx jatvd btxxal ha{l/ hrck xmd gedoh clh hra~ ex al xmd krat~ gedoh
lcjd,
Xmd gedoh ev chhdh xa xmd krat~ gedoh,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3=
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Krat~ Gedoh CxxrebtxdvRdgdrdlfd9
Krat~ gedohv el c vulaluj fcl mcwd xmd gaooa{elk cxxrebtxdv9
Kdldrco
KRAT^
Ev xmd lcjd ag xmd krat~,
COECV
Cvveklv cl coxdrlcxewd lcjd gar c krat~,
Eg uat frdcxd c rd~arx/ xmd krat~ lcjd c~~dcrv cv c faotjl mdchelk tlodvv uat mcw
v~dfegedh cl coxdrlcxd xexod gar xmd krat~, Coecvdv fcllax bd tvdh cv faotjl xexodv,
XEXOD
Vt~~oedv c xexod xa rd~ocfd xmd krat~ lcjd xmcx ev larjcoou tvdh el rd~arxv clh
dlcbodv uat xa v~dfegu jtoxe~od oclktckd xexodv gar xmd krat~,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3=
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Eg Rclkd ev fmdf`dh/ c rclkd vdodfxeal vmatoh bd hdgeldh el xmd rd~arx rdstdvx,
Eg Jtoxewcotdv ev fmdf`dh/ jtoxe~od wcotdv crd cooa{dh gar vdodfxeal el xmd rd~ar
rdstdvx,
Laxd9 Xmd cxxrebtxdv cwceocbod hd~dlh al xmd xu~d ag vulaluj,
C~~ouelk Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu
El xmev vdfxeal9
Vdodfxelk xmd Xu~d ag Cffdvv
Rdvxrefxelk Cffdvv xa Vdkjdlxv/ Gedohv/ Gedoh Wcotdv/ clh La~relx
Hdodxelk c HBC ar Tvdr ^cvv{arh
Dlfru~xelk clh Hdfru~xelk c Jcvxdr Geod
Ma{ xa9
Vdx T~ Vdftrexu gar xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar
Vdx T~ Vdftrexu gar xmd Tvdr
Rdgdrdlfd9
HBC Ktehdoeldv
HBC ^ra~drxedv Hecoak Ba}
Uat fcl vdftrd Jcvxdr Geodv al c geod*bu*geod bcvev, Gar dcfm hcxc vatrfd/ vdftrexu fcl bd
jcelxceldh cx x{a heggdrdlx odwdov,
Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Odwdo, Uat v~dfegu xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar -HBC% ~cvv{ar
gar xmd hcxc vatrfd, Xmd HBC mcv tloejexdh cffdvv xa xmd Jcvxdr Geod clh hcxc vatrfd
clh fcl vdx t~ ar fmclkd vdftrexu rdvxrefxealv gar elhewehtco tvdrv, Alou xmd Hcxcbcvd
Chjelevxrcxar fcl dlfru~x -vfrcjbod% ar hdfru~x -tlvfrcjbod% c hcxc vatrfd, Gar jard
elgarjcxeal/ vdd Dlfru~xelk clh Hdfru~xelk c Jcvxdr Geod al ~ckd 355,
Tvdr Odwdo, Uat v~dfegu xmd HBC clh tvdr ~cvv{arhv gar xmd hcxc vatrfd, Xmd tvdr
~cvv{arh rd~rdvdlxv c tvdr {ma mcv cffdvv xa xmcx hcxc vatrfd, [mdl uat v~dfegu c
tvdr ~cvv{arh/ uat jtvx cova vdx cx odcvx xmd xu~d ag geod cffdvv9 rdch/ {rexd/ rdch!{rexd
ar t~hcxd, Vdftrexu gar dcfm tvdr fcl bd gtrxmdr oejexdh bu rdvxrefxelk cffdvv xa vdkjdlxvgedohv/ ar gedoh wcotdv, Gar jard elgarjcxeal/ vdd Rdvxrefxelk Cffdvv xa Vdkjdlxv/ Gedohv
Gedoh Wcotdv/ clh La~relx al ~ckd 353, Alfd c tvdr ~cvv{arh mcv bddl dvxcboevmdh/ ua
fcl c~~ou xmd vcjd rdvxrefxealv xa jtoxe~od tvdrv,
Laxd9 Uat fcllax v~dfegu c Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar -HBC% ~cvv{arh htrelk xmd Frdcxd
Vulaluj ~rafdvv, Uat jtvx tvd xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3=
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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[mdl vdftrexu ev v~dfegedh/ xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar/ ar tvdr/ jtvx dlxdr c ~cvv{arh xa
kdx cffdvv xa xmd hcxc vatrfd, [mdl xmd HBC ar tvdr la oalkdr lddhv cffdvv xa xmd hcxc
vatrfd/ uat fcl hdodxd xmder vdftrexu,
Bdgard chhelk clu xu~d ag vdftrexu xa c hcxc vatrfd/ xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar jtvx bd
c{crd ag fdrxcel HBC ktehdoeldv, Vdd HBC Ktehdoeldv al ~ckd 3=;,
Ma{ xa Vdx T~ Vdftrexu gar xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar^rafdhtrd9
3, El xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ foef` HBC graj xmd Vulaluj jdlt ar foef` xmd HBC btxxal
graj xmd Vulaluj xaaobcr,
Xmd HBC ^ra~drxedv hecoak ba} a~dlv,
2, Rekmx*foef` el xmd geod lcjd el xmd HBC {elha{ clh vdodfx Elvdrx xmdl HBC,
C hdgctox HBC ~cvv{arh {eoo bd frdcxdh gar xmd Jcvxdr Geod, Uat fcl fmclkd xmev wcotd
hdodxd ex/ ar chh tvdrv xa v~dfegu geod rdvxrefxealv, Uat fcl cova v~dfegu c vd~crcxd HBC
geod xmcx falxcelv HBC vdftrexu rdvxrefxealv,
Laxd9 [mdl xmd ~cvv{arh ev frdcxdh clh xmd ftrvar ev el xmcx gedoh/ uat fcl rekmx*foef`
clh tvd xmd dhex a~xealv xa tlha/ vdodfx coo/ ftx/ fa~u/ ~cvxd/ ar hdodxd xmd ~cvv{arh,
3=7 [dbGAFT
C~~ouelk Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu
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Ma{ xa Vdx T~ Vdftrexu gar xmd Tvdr^rafdhtrd9
3, El xmd HBC ^ra~drxedv hecoak ba}/ rekmx*foef` al xmd HBC efal xa elvdrx tvdr rdvxrefxealv
ar v~dfegu c HBC geod,
Laxd9 Xmd a~xeal xa elvdrx tvdrv ar geod lcjd ev lax cfxewd tlxeo uat dlxdr c HBC ~cvv{arh
Xmd Tvdr el Geod/ Geod Cffdvv/ clh Cffdvv Rdvxrefxealv a~xealv crd cfxewcxdh,
2, Alfd uat chh c tvdr uat fcl falxeltd xa elvdrx geod cffdvv rdvxrefxealv bu rekmx*foef`elk
al xmd tvdr gedoh clh vdodfxelk elvdrx,
6, Vdodfx xmd xu~d ag cffdvv9 Rdch/ [rexd/ Rdch![rexd/ ar T~hcxd,
8, V~dfegu xmd xu~d ag rdvxrefxeal gar dcfm a~xeal9 Rdvxrefxeal xa Gedoh/ Wcotd/ Vdkjdlx/ ar
La~relx,
Laxd9 Xmd Vcjd Rdvxrefxeal a~xeal ev cfxewcxdh {mdl xmdrd crd jtoxe~od tvdrv,
4, Foef` A@ xa vcwd xmd Jcvxdr Geod {exm xmd tvdr ~cvv{arh clh rdvxrefxealv,
HBC KtehdoeldvRdgdrdlfd9
Uat fcl dlvtrd xmcx xmd vdftrexu rdvxrefxealv uat ~ocfd al Jcvxdr Geodv crd farrdfx bu chmdrel
xa xmd gaooa{elk ktehdoeldv9
Dwdru geod {exm cffdvv oejexv jtvx mcwd c HBC ~cvv{arh,
La vdkjdlx/ gedoh/ ar gedoh wcotd rdvxrefxealv jcu bd v~dfegedh cx xmd Hcxcbcvd
Chjelevxrcxar odwdo, Xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar vmatoh mcwd tloejexdh cffdvv xa xmd
hcxc vatrfd clh coo fravv*rdgdrdlfdh hcxc vatrfdv,
Alfd vdftrexu rdvxrefxealv mcwd bddl c~~oedh/ xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar vmatoh falhtf
xmaratkm xdvxelk ag dwdru rdvxrefxeal bdgard xmd hcxc vatrfd ev tvdh, Ex ev ~crxeftocrou
ej~arxclx xa fmdf` gedoh wcotdv xa jc`d vtrd xmdu ha lax falxcel drrarv, Eg xmdu crd el
drrar/ tvdr cffdvv xa xmd gedoh hcxc {eoo bd tlldfdvvcreou rdvxrefxdh,
Coo krat~v ag fravv*rdgdrdlfdh hcxc vatrfdv jtvx mcwd xmd vcjd vdftrexu rdvxrefxealv,
Uat jtvx mcwd c HBC ~cvv{arh xa dlfru~x clh hdfru~x ar rdvxrefx d}evxelk hcxc vatrfdv
Xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar fcl fmclkd clu xu~d ag vdftrexu rdvxrefxeal,
Cffdvv odwdov cggdfx xmd gedohv tvdrv fcl cffdvv, Xmd Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar jtvx
falvehdr {mcx fajjclhv dcfm tvdr {eoo lddh, Eg c tvdr hadv lax mcwd cffdvv rekmxv/xmcx tvdr {eoo rdfdewd c jdvvckd,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 3=
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd eootvxrcxdv ma{ c tvdr fcl fmclkd c vdkjdlx lcjd,
352 [dbGAFT
C~~ouelk Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu
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Gedoh, Uat v~dfegu xmd xu~d ag cffdvv gar elhewehtco gedohv ar coo gedohv,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 35
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Wcotd, Uat v~dfegu xmd xu~d ag cffdvv -rdch ar {rexd% clh xmd xdvx falhexeal, Xmd tvdr e
rdvxrefxdh xa tvelk alou xmavd wcotdv xmcx vcxevgu xmd xdvx falhexeal,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 35
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd eootvxrcxdv ma{ xa fmclkd c gedoh lcjd tvdh el c wcotd gedoh,
357 [dbGAFT
C~~ouelk Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu
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Xmd gaooa{elk ejckd eootvxrcxdv ma{ xa frdcxd c falhexeal, Xmev hecoak ev ~rdvdlxdh cgxd
~rdvvelk xmd dooe~vev ld}x xa xmd wcotd gedoh,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 35
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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Ma{ xa Hdodxd c HBC ^cvv{arh^rafdhtrd9
Hdodxelk c HBC ~cvv{arh {eoo hdodxd coo tvdr vdftrexu gar xmcx hcxc vatrfd,
3, Graj xmd HBC ̂ cvv{arh ba}/ rekmx*foef` clh vdodfx Hdodxd ar ~rdvv Hdodxd al xmd ̀ dubacrh
Coo vdftrexu elgarjcxeal ev rdjawdh,
Dlfru~xelk clh Hdfru~xelk c Jcvxdr Geod
Ma{ xa9
Dlfru~x c Jcvxdr Geod
Hdfru~x c Jcvxdr Geod
Uat jcu tvd xmd Dlfru~x clh Hdfru~x cxxrebtxdv graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar xa vfrcjbod clh
tlvfrcjbod vajd ar coo ag xmd falxdlxv ag c hcxc vatrfd, [mdl uat dlfru~x Jcvxdr Geodv/
xmdu crd vdftrd graj tlctxmareydh d}cjelcxeal,
Dlfru~xeal cx xmd hcxc vatrfd odwdo vfrcjbodv xmd dlxerd falxdlxv ag xmcx Jcvxdr Geod va ex
ev tlrdchcbod, [mdl uat dlfru~x c Jcvxdr Geod/ uat fcl hdfru~x ex, Hdfru~xelk tlvfrcjbodv
xmd falxdlxv xa exv rdchcbod vxcxd,
Bdgard uat fcl dlfru~x ar hdfru~x clu Jcvxdr Geod/ uat jtvx v~dfegu xmd HBC ~cvv{arh, Eg
uat ha lax v~dfegu c HBC ~cvv{arh/ uat {eoo lax bd cbod xa dlfru~x ar hdfru~x,
Ma{ xa Dlfru~x c Jcvxdr Geod^rafdhtrd9
3, El xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ foef` HBC graj xmd Xaaov jdlt ar foef` xmd HBC btxxal graj
xmd Vulaluj xaaobcr,
Xmd HBC ^ra~drxedv hecoak ba} a~dlv,
2, Frdcxd clh vcwd xmd Jcvxdr Geod {exm xmd HBC ~cvv{arh,
6, Graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb/ vdodfx c vdkjdlx graj xmd Jcvxd
Geod medrcrfmu -odgx ~cld%,
Xmd wcotdv gar xmd vdodfxdh vdkjdlx c~~dcr el xmd rekmx ~cld,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 35
6, Tvelk xmd Vulaluj Dhexar
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8, Vdodfx xmd DLFRU^X fmdf` ba},
4, Foef` Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa dlfru~x xmd Jcvxdr Geod,
Ma{ xa Hdfru~x c Jcvxdr Geod^rafdhtrd9
3, Cx xmd dlfru~xdh vdkjdlx odwdo el xmd Jcvxdr Geod medrcrfmu/ fodcr xmd DLFRU^X cxxrebtxd
2, Foef` Vcwd graj xmd Geod jdlt xa hdfru~x xmd Jcvxdr Geod,
2>> [dbGAFT
C~~ouelk Hcxcbcvd Chjelevxrcxar Vdftrexu
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[dbGAFTV
Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh ^rafdhtrdv8
Xa~efv9Xmev fmc~xdr hdvfrebdv ma{ xa clcouyd
~rafdhtrdv tvelk Ej~cfx Clcouvev/ clh
ma{ xa wed{ Hcxc ^rageoelk gar xmd
faotjlv el c vulaluj,Clcouyelk ^rafdhtrdv [exm xmd Ej~cfx
Clcouvev Xaao
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2>
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Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv
El xmev vdfxeal9
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Velkod Faotjl
Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv hcxc fmcrcfxdrevxefv gar xmd faotjlv el c vulaluj, Uat fcl hev~ocu
xmd fmcrcfxdrevxefv gar coo xmd faotjlv el c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx/ ar gar cl elhewehtco faotjl
Laxd9 Hcxc ^rageoelk ev lax cwceocbod eg uatr chc~xdr ev lax falgektrdh farrdfxou, Gar jard
elgarjcxeal cbatx falgektrelk xmd chc~xdr/ vdd Cffdvvelk Hcxc clh Frdcxelk Vulalujv al
~ckd 35,
Gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv/ Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx ag hevxelfx
wcotdv/ xaxco fatlx/ ~cxxdrlv fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd odlkxm/ jelejtj clh
jc}ejtj wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov, ^cxxdrlv fatlx vma{v xmd ltjbdr ag ~cxxdrlv gatlel dcfm co~mcltjdref faotjl,
Gar ltjdref faotjlv/ Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx ag hevxelfx wcotdv
xaxco fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov,
Hcxc ^rageoelk gar cl elhewehtco faotjl ~rawehdv cffdvv xa Vxcxevxefv/ ^cxxdrlv/ Wcotdv/ clh
Atxoedrv rd~arxv,
Hcxc ^rageoelk c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx
Ma{ xa9
Wed{ Hcxc ^rageoelk gar c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx
Hcxc ^rageoelk ~rawehdv elgarjcxeal al coo xmd faotjlv el c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx, Uat fcl
cova hreoo ha{l xa xmd Wcotdv ar ^cxxdrlv rd~arxv gar cl elhewehtco faotjl graj c vulaluj a
vdkjdlx Hcxc ^rageoelk rd~arx,
Ma{ xa Wed{ Hcxc ^rageoelk gar c Vulaluj ar Vdkjdlx^rafdhtrd9
Xa wed{ xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal gar c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c JcvxdrGeod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd Xrdd Wed{ xcb,
2>7 [dbGAFT
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv
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2, Rekmx*foef` xmd vulaluj ar vdkjdlx lcjd clh vdodfx Hcxc ^rageoelk ,
Xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
Uat jcu tvd xmd Hcxc ̂ rageoelk Rdvtoxv xaaobcr xa wed{ vdrwdr jdvvckdv/ ~relx xmd rd~arx
fa~u hcxc cv xd}x/ clh d}~arx xmd rd~arx,
6, A~xealcoou/ uat fcl foef` c faotjl lcjd ar ~cxxdrlv fatlx -gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv%
xa hreoo ha{l xa xmd Wcotdv ar ^cxxdrlv rd~arxv/ rdv~dfxewdou,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2>
8, Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh ^rafdhtrdv
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Vxcxevxefv vma{v xmd vcjd elgarjcxeal cv c Hcxc ̂ rageod rd~arx gar c vulaluj ar vdkjdlx
Gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv/ xmd Vxcxevxefv rd~arx ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx a
hevxelfx wcotdv/ xaxco fatlx/ ~cxxdrlv fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd odlkxm/
jelejtj clh jc}ejtj wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov,
Gar ltjdref faotjlv/ xmd Vxcxevxefv rd~arx ~rawehdv xmd vdkjdlx/ garjcx/ fatlx ag hevxelf
wcotdv/ xaxco fatlx/ jc}ejtj/ jelejtj/ clh cwdrckd wcotdv/ clh ltjbdr ag ltoov,
^cxxdrlv/ {mefm ev alou cwceocbod gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv/ vma{v ~cxxdrlv ag odxxdrv
hekexv/ clh v~dfeco fmcrcfxdrv/ cv {doo cv fatlxv clh xmder ~drfdlxv,
Wcotdv vma{v tlestd wcotdv clh xmder ~drfdlxv,
Atxoedrv vma{v xmd xdl mekmdvx clh oa{dvx hevxelfx wcotdv clh xmder fatlxv,
Xmdvd rd~arxv crd cwceocbod bu rekmx*foef`elk c faotjl el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar clh vdodfxelk
Hcxc ^rageoelk ,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 2>
8, Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh ^rafdhtrdv
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2, Rekmx*foef` c faotjl clh vdodfx Vxcxevxefv graj xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk vtbjdlt,
Xmd Vxcxevxefco Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv el xmd {ar`v~cfd,
6, A~xealcoou/ uat fcl foef` c faotjl lcjd ar ~cxxdrlv fatlx -gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv%
xa hreoo ha{l xa xmd Wcotdv ar ^cxxdrlv rd~arxv/ rdv~dfxewdou,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 23
8, Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh ^rafdhtrdv
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Ma{ xa Wed{ Hcxc ^rageod ^cxxdrlv^rafdhtrd9
Hcxc ^rageod ^cxxdrlv vma{v ~cxxdrlv ag odxxdrv/ hekexv/ clh v~dfeco fmcrcfxdrv/ cv {doo cv
fatlxv, Xmev ev alou cwceocbod gar co~mcltjdref faotjlv,
Xa wed{ xmd ^cxxdrlv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal gar c velkod faotjl9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc/ a~dl c vulaluj bu hatbod*foef`elk c Jcvxdr
Geod graj xmd Jcvxdr Geodv gaohdr,
Xmd Vulaluj Dhexar a~dlv xa xmd Xrdd Wed{ xcb,
2, Rekmx*foef` c faotjl clh/ vdodfx ^cxxdrlv graj xmd Hcxc ^rageoelk vtbjdlt,
Xmd ^cxxdrlv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv,
232 [dbGAFT
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv
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Xmd Atxoedrv Hcxc ^rageoelk elgarjcxeal hev~ocuv,
Laxd9 Atxoedrv ~rahtfd c jc}ejtj ag 3> mekmdvx clh oa{dvx hevxelfx wcotdv/ eg xmdu
d}evx,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 23
8, Clcouyelk Jdxchcxc clh ^rafdhtrdv
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237 [dbGAFT
Wed{elk Hcxc ^rageoelk Fmcrcfxdrevxefv
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Frdcxelk c GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfd
Ma{ xa9
Frdcxd c Hcxc Vatrfd
[mdl uat vcwd c Jcvxdr Geod/ uat jtvx cova frdcxd c farrdv~alhelk dj~xu hcxc vatrfd xmc
{eoo maoh xmd hcxc gar xmd gedohv hdgeldh el xmd Jcvxdr Geod, Xmev hcxc vatrfd ev vcwdh el xmd
c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru,
Cgxdr frdcxelk xmd dj~xu hcxc vatrfd/ uat fcl oach hcxc elxa ex {exm c JAHEGU rdstdvx/ ar c
Jcelxcel rdstdvx, Cgxdr uat ~a~tocxd xmd hcxc vatrfd/ uat fcl tvd ex el falitlfxeal {exm xm
Jcvxdr Geod el c rd~arx rdstdvx,
Ma{ xa Frdcxd c Hcxc Vatrfd^rafdhtrd9
3, Graj xmd ^raidfxv ar Hcxc Vdrwdrv crdc el Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea/ rekmx*foef` xmd Jcvxdr Geodgaohdr/ clh vdodfx Vulaluj wec Vulaluj Dhexar graj xmd Ld{ jdlt,
2, El xmd Chh Jcvxdr Geod hecoak ba}/ xu~d c geod lcjd clh foef` A~dl,
Xmd Jcvxdr Geod a~dlv xa xmd Jahdoelk Wed{ xcb el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar,
6, Frdcxd clh vcwd xmd vulaluj,
8, Foef` Foavd graj xmd Geod jdlt,
4, Foef` Udv xa frdcxd cl dj~xu GAFTV -,gaf% hcxc vatrfd geod,
GAFTV frdcxdv cl dj~xu hcxc vatrfd -,gaf% el xmd bcf`kratlh,
Xmd ,gaf geod ev vxardh el xmd c~~oefcxeal herdfxaru,
23= [dbGAFT
Frdcxelk c GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfd
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Rdbteohelk xmd Elhd}
Ma{ xa9
Elhd} c Gedoh Cgxdr Hcxc Ev Dlxdrdh
Rdbteoh xmd Elhd}
[mdl uat gervx frdcxd c Jcvxdr Geod el xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ uat v~dfegu xmd gedohv xmcx uat
{clx elhd}dh, Vajdxejdv/ cgxdr hcxc ev dlxdrdh/ uat jcu lddh xa elhd} cl chhexealco gedoh
xmcx {cv lax arekelcoou v~dfegedh cv cl elhd} gedoh,
Xmd gervx vxd~ ev xa coxdr xmd Jcvxdr Geod xa elhefcxd xmcx xmd gedoh vmatoh bd elhd}dh, Coxdrelk
xmd Jcvxdr Geod hadv lax cfxtcoou frdcxd xmd elhd}, Xa ha xmev/ uat jtvx tvd xmd Rdbteoh
txeoexu cgxdr uat elhd} c gedoh,
Ma{ xa Elhd} c Gedoh Cgxdr Hcxc Ev Dlxdrdh^rafdhtrd9Graj xmd Vulaluj Dhexar/ vdodfx xmd gedoh xa bd elhd}dh/ clh xmdl foef` xmd E * Elhd} fmdf`
ba} tlhdr xmd GEDOHXU^D cxxrebtxd,
ar
A~dl clh dhex xmd Jcvxdr Geod cv xd}x el xmd Xd}x Dhexar, Gar elvxrtfxealv al elhd}elk c gedo
cv xd}x/ vdd xmd Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm [dbGAFTV Oclktckd jcltco,
Cgxdr uat elhd} c gedoh uat jtvx rdbteoh xmd elhd}, Vdd Ma{ xa Rdbteoh xmd Elhd} al ~ckd 223
Ma{ xa Rdbteoh xmd Elhd}^rafdhtrd9
3, El xmd Rdbteoh hecoak ba}/ vdodfx Elhd} c gedoh,
2, El xmd Geodlcjd ba}/ xu~d c hcxc vatrfd lcjd ar foef` Bra{vd clh vdodfx c hcxc vatrf
graj xmd oevx,
6, El xmd Gedoh xa Elhd} ba}/ xu~d xmd lcjd ag xmd gedoh uat {clx xa elhd},
Xa elhd} coo xmd gedohv hdveklcxdh cv elhd} gedohv el xmcx hcxc vatrfd/ xu~d cl cvxdrev`
-)% el xmd Gedoh xa Elhd} ba},
8, Foef` A@ ,
Xmd Rdbteoh txeoexu rdbteohv xmd hcxc vatrfd/ frdcxelk cl elhd} gar coo v~dfegedh gedohv,
Gar jard elgarjcxeal al elhd}elk gedohv/ vdd xmd Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm [dbGAFTV Oclktck
jcltco,
Hdvfrebelk Hcxc [exm Krc~mefco Xaaov 22
4, Chhelk Hcxc clh Rdbteohelk GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfdv
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Fmdf`elk xmd Elxdkrexu ag c Hcxc Vatrfd
Ma{ xa9
Fmdf` xmd Vxrtfxtrco Elxdkrexu ag c GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfd
Ex ev rcrd gar xmd vxrtfxtrco elxdkrexu ag c GAFTV hcxc vatrfd xa bd hcjckdh, Vxrtfxtrco hcjck
{eoo affcvealcoou afftr/ ma{dwdr/ htrelk c hev` hrewd gceotrd ar eg cl elfarrdfx Jcvxdr Geod ev
tvdh, El xmev vextcxeal/ uat fcl fmdf` xmd elxdkrexu ag xmd Jcvxdr Geod, Fmdf`elk xmd elxdkrex
ag c Jcvxdr Geod ~drgarjv xmd gaooa{elk dvvdlxeco xcv`v9
Ex fmdf`v coo ~aelxdrv el xmd hcxc vatrfd,
Vmatoh ex dlfatlxdr cl drrar/ ex hev~ocuv c jdvvckd clh cxxdj~xv xa brclfm cratlh xmd
aggdlhelk vdkjdlx ar elvxclfd, El xmev {cu/ ex rdfawdrv cv jtfm ag xmd hcxc vatrfd cv
~avvebod,
Coxmatkm fmdf`elk xmd elxdkrexu rd~arxv al c kaah hdco ag hcxc xmcx {atoh axmdr{evd bd oavxex ev ej~arxclx xa rdjdjbdr xmcx grdstdlxou bcf`elk t~ uatr GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv ev xmd bdv
jdxmah ag ~rdwdlxelk hcxc oavv,
Fmdf`elk xmd Jcvxdr Geod elxdkrexu {eoo affcvealcoou gceo xa tlfawdr vxrtfxtrco hcjckd, Eg ua
mcwd rdcval xa bdoedwd xmcx xmdrd ev hcjckd xa uatr hcxc vatrfd/ xmatkm rdvtoxv graj fmdf`el
xmd elxdkrexu elhefcxdv axmdr{evd/ xmdrd ev c vdfalh jdxmah ag fmdf`elk geod elxdkrexu, Xmev
jdxmah tvdv xmd 1 GEOD clh XCBODG fajjclhv, Gar jard elgarjcxeal/ vdd xmd Hdvfrebelk
Hcxc [exm [dbGAFTV Oclktckd jcltco,
Ma{ xa Fmdf` xmd Vxrtfxtrco Elxdkrexu ag c GAFTV Hcxc Vatrfd^rafdhtrd9
El xmd Rdbteoh hecoak ba}/ vdodfx Fmdf` xmd elxdkrexu ag c geod,
Eg xmd Rdbteoh txeoexu dlfatlxdrv cl drrar htrelk xmd fmdf`/ ex oakv c jdvvckd gar uat, Uat
vmatoh xmdl cxxdj~x xa rdfawdr cv jtfm ag xmd hcxc vatrfd cv ~avvebod ar rdvxard ex graj
bcf`t~,
222 [dbGAFT
Rdbteohelk c Hcxc Vatrfd
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frdcxelk xdj~arcru gedohv 374
frdcxelk werxtco faotjlv el Vulaluj Dhexar 34=
frdcxelk werxtco gedohv 374
frdcxelk werxtco jdcvtrdv {exm FAJ^TXDV 384
Ftbd hcxc vatrfdv el Vulaluj Dhexar 365/ 382/
386/ 388/ 384
Ftbd Wed{ xcb el Vulaluj Dhexar 383
H
hcxc cffdvv 83/ 78
hcxc chc~xdrv 83
hcxc hdvfre~xealv 36/ 38/ 3;
hcxc ~rageoelk 326/ 328/ 324/ 327/ 2>7/ 2>=/ 23>/
232/ 236/ 238
hcxc ~rageoelk el vulalujv 326/ 2>7
hcxc vdftrexu 3=4/ 3=7/ 3=;/ 35>/ 353/ 35=/ 355
Hcxc Vdrwdrv gaohdr 22
hcxc vatrfd hdvfre~xealv 36/ 38/ 3;
hcxc vatrfdv 36/ 38/ 78/ 3=4/ 35>/ 353/ 35=/ 355
HBC -hcxcbcvd chjelevxrcxeal% 3=4/ 3=7/ 3=;/ 35=
HBC ^ra~drxedv hecoak ba} 3==
hdfru~xelk Jcvxdr Geodv 355
HDGELD gedoh gar AFFTRV 37;
hdodxelk c gedoh graj krat~ gedohv 3=2
hdodxelk hejdlvealv 36;
hdodxelk hejdlvealv ar ~crdlx!fmeoh medrcrfmedv 388
hdodxelk krat~ gedoh graj vdkjdlx 3=2
hdodxelk jdcvtrdv 388
hdodxelk ~cvv{arhv 35=
hdodxelk vulalujv 76
hdodxelk vulalujv {exm Frdcxd Vulaluj xaao 76
hdvfrebelk hcxc vatrfdv 36/ 38
hdvfrebelk geodv 38
Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea 385
Hdwdoa~dr Vxthea Btveldvv Wed{v 385
Hejdlveal Bteohdr 368/ 36;/ 36=
Hejdlveal Bteohdr xaaobcr 36=
hejdlvealv 36;
D dhexelk gedoh lcjdv clh xexodv 382
dhexelk Jcvxdr Geodv 36;
dhexelk xexodv gar jtoxe~od oclktckdv 386
dlfru~xelk Jcvxdr Geodv 355
G
gedoh wcotdv 353
Gedoh Wed{ xcb 56
gedohv 38/ 2>2/ 2>6
geod cxxrebtxdv vtjjcru 3>>
geod hdvfre~xealv 36/ 38/ 3;
Geoxdr fcoftocxar 3;7
geoxdrv 373
GAFTV hcxc vatrfdv 23;/ 23=/ 235/ 22>
K
krat~ gedoh cxxrebtxdv 3=6
228 [dbGAFT
Elhd}
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V
vdftrelk hcxc 3=4/ 3=7/ 3=;/ 35>/ 353/ 35=/ 355
vdftrelk hcxc el Jcvxdr Geodv 3=4/ 3=7/ 3=;/ 35=
vdftrexu 35=/ 355
vdftrexu el hcxc vatrfdv 3=4
Vdkjdlx clh Gedoh Wed{ xcb ;4/ 53
vdkjdlx cxxrebtxdv vtjjcru 3>2
Vdkjdlx Wed{ xcb 52
Vdrwdr Falvaod 76/ 78
velkod faotjl 328/ 324/ 327/ 23>/ 232/ 236/ 238
vxcxevxefv 328/ 23>
vxardh ~rafdhtrdv 4;/ 72
vulaluj cxxrebtxdv 5;
vulaluj cxxrebtxdv el Vulaluj Dhexar 5;
Vulaluj Dhexar ;6/ ;8/ ;4/ ;;/ 53/ 52/ 56/ 54/
57/ 5;/ 3>>/ 3>2/ 3>8/ 3>;/ 33>/ 327/ 366/ 368/
365/ 383/ 382/ 386/ 388/ 384/ 342/ 34=/ 373/
378/ 374/ 3;2/ 3;6/ 3;7/ 3;5/ 3=3/ 3=2/ 3=6/
3==/ 2>2
Vulaluj Dhexar xaaobcr ;;
vulalujv 35/ 8=/ 4;/ 72/ 76/ ;8/ 33>/ 326/ 2>7
vulalujv hdvfrebelk vxardh ~rafdhtrdv 4;/ 72
X
xdj~arcru gedohv 374
xdvxelk chc~xdr falldfxealv 83
xdvxelk falldfxealv xa chc~xdrv 83
xdvxelk falldfxealv xa rdjaxd vdrwdrv 83/ 8;
Xd}x Wed{ xcb 57
T
tvckd laxdv el Btveldvv Wed{v 348
W
wcoehcxelk Jcvxdr Geodv 222
wcotdv gar hcxc ~rageod 324/ 236
wed{elk clh dhexelk vulaluj cxxrebtxdv 5;
Werxtco Faotjl fcoftocxar 3;7
werxtco gedoh cxxrebtxdv 3;6
werxtco gedoh gar AFFTRV 37;
werxtco gedohv 374
[ [db Falvaod 76
[dbGAFTV Chjelevxrcxeal Falvaod 74/ 77
[dbGAFTV Foedlx 74
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[dbGAFTV Dlweraljdlxv clh rdjaxd vdrwdrv 74
{rexd cffdvv xa hcxc vatrfdv 35>
227 [dbGAFT
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7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/describing-data-with-graphical-tools-77 227/228
7/23/2019 Describing Data With Graphical Tools 7.7
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/describing-data-with-graphical-tools-77 228/228