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Describe how the modern periodic table is arranged:
How does the reactivity of G1 metals change How does the reactivity of G7 halogens change down a group? Why? down a group? Why?
C3 REVISION – CHAPTER 1 – THE PERIODIC TABLE
KEY WORDS:
DaltonNewland
MendeleevReactivityReactive metals
Transition
metals
Non-metalsNobel gasesMelting pointBoiling pointAlkali metals
Physical properties
Chemical propertiesCompoundHalogens
Displacement
ASSESSMENT:
State how each of these scientists aided in the development of the modern periodic table:Dalton:
Newlands:
Mendeleev:
The halogens:Properties: What sort of bonding
can halogens take part in?:
Describe the displacement reactions:
Group 1 – the alkali metals:Properties:
Describe the reactions with water and with the halogens:
Transition metals:Physical properties:
Chemical properties:
Describe the types of compounds formed:
C3 REVISION – CHAPTER 2 – WATER
KEY WORDS:Hard waterSoapless
detergentsScale
Temporary hard waterPermanent hard water
Ion-exchange
columnWater
treatmentPure waterSoftenerChlorineFluoride
ASSESSMENT:
What is hard water?
State and explain the equations that show how hard water is formed:
State and explain the equation that shows why hard water wastes soap:
How is limescale formed?:
Explain the how the effects of the following on hard water:Washing soda:
Ion-exchange column:
Heating:
Explain how water is treated to make it safe to drink: You can use a diagram
Explain the issues surrounding the treatment of water with ions such as chlorine and fluoride:
C3 REVISION – CHAPTER 3 – ENERGY CALCULATIONS
KEY WORDS:Energy releaseEnergy transfer
SolutionsExothermic
Endothermic
Activation energy
CatalystBond
breakingBond makingBond energy
ASSESSMENT:
Sketch an energy change graph for each of the following and label the activation energy. Explain the graph in terms of bond making and bond breaking.:
Endothermic
Exothermic:
We calculated the energy used when burning fuels using the following calculation: Energy released = mass of water X specific heat X change in heated capacity of water temperature
This is sometimes written as:
We also need to know the amount of energy released per gram or per mole to compare the efficiency of the fuels:Energy released per gram (kJ/g) = energy released X
Energy released per mole (kJ/mol) = energy released X Use these equations to show which fuel is more efficient:0.2 grams of fuel A heats 50g of water from 16°C to 41°C0.46 grams of fuel B heats 50 g of water from 21°C to 57°C
What is the bond energy? What are the units?
Explain how to use bond energy to work out the energy change for a reaction:
What is the effect of adding a catalyst to a reaction? Use a diagram to help your explanation.
C3 REVISION – CHAPTER 4 – ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
KEY WORDS:Flame test
Sodium hydroxide
CarbonatesHalides
SulphatesTitration
End pointConcentration
Chemical analysis
EquilibriumPressureEnergy
Haber process
ASSESSMENT:
Fill in the table to show your understanding of flame tests:
Metal ion Flame colour
Lithium (Li+)
Sodium (Na+)
Lilac
Red
Barium (Ba2+)
Fill in the flow chart to show your understanding of positive ion tests:
Metal ionColour of
precipitate Further tests required
Copper Cu2+
Reddish-brown
Iron Fe2+
Magnesium Mg2+
Insoluble in excess NaOH, red flame test
Aluminium Al3+ White
Fill in the table to show your understanding of negative ion tests:
Anion Test Observation
CO2 gas produced
Halide
Colour precipitate:Chloride Bromide Iodide
Sulphate White precipitate
Describe how to carry out a titration:
What is dynamic equilibrium? Give an example.
Describe the Haber process:
State the reaction conditions needed. Why are these compromise temperatures and pressures?
C3 REVISION – CHAPTER 5 – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
KEY WORDS:
AlcoholFunctional
groupHomologous
series
Carboxylic acid
EstersCombustion
OxidationEthanol
ASSESSMENT:
Alcohols:Draw the structure of the first 3 members:
Methanol Ethanol Propanol
State the some of the uses of alcohols:
What is made when an alcohol combusts?:
Describe the reaction of alcohol with sodium:
What is made when an alcohol is gently oxidised?:
Carboxylic acids:Draw the structure of the first 3 members:
Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid
Describe the reaction of carboxylic acid with carbonates:
Explain why carboxylic acids are called weak acids:
Esters:Draw the structure of ethyl ethanoate:
Explain how esters are made:
Explain the issues of ethanol in drinks:
Explain the issues of ethanol and esters as biofuels: