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Qualification transitions and lifelong learning: an analysis of the longitudinal LFS Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson

Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

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Page 1: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Qualification transitions and lifelong learning: an analysis of 

the longitudinal LFS

Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson

Page 2: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Interest in the qualifications mix cumulating evidence of skill‐biased technological 

change, consistent with the growth in demand for graduates

government and business policies favouring increased demand for more highly qualified, better paid individuals, e.g. becoming more competitive in higher specification goods and services, 

rather than price competition and cost‐reduction strategies a lack of supply of sufficiently qualified individuals will inhibit or kill 

such “up‐market” policies and strategies.

in labour markets favouring more qualified individuals, workers without adequate skills find their wages reduced / face a greater threat of unemployment and inactivity

Page 3: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Qualification transitions: attainment levels surprisingly little seems to be known about actual 

qualification transitions (see Orr, 1972) in the absence of evidence, the literature tends to 

assume qualifications are obtained in a fixed sequence (no quals → GCSE → A → first degree)

routes have always been diverse and probably more so in recent years

routes appear important because, the small amount of research done on this topic suggests that: gross return to attaining a given higher qualification can be very different from different starting points

rate of return will almost certainly be different

Page 4: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Lifelong learningLifelong learning may not involve acquisition of formal qualifications, but often it will, e.g.: Government education initiatives e.g. the Skills for Life 

(SfL) initiative, established in 2001 – funded to meet PSA literacy and numeracy qualification targets

Professional regulation e.g. changes in the regulation of professions, such as the 2007 Further Education Workforce Reforms in England, as well as changes to electrician and plumbing requirements

Employer needs training e.g. UK ESS (2012, pp. 118‐119) reports that, in the 12 months leading up to the survey, 3.4 million employees received training leading towards nationally recognised qualifications

Page 5: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Qualification miss‐measurement in LFSProblems include (Thompson, et al. 2010): non‐response bias (e.g. sample attrition, refusals and 

non‐contacts) proxy response bias human issues arising from (e.g. poor understanding of 

qualifications framework / LFS questions; memory recall / later revision of answer; interviewer miscoding)

LFS design (e.g. rotation effects; use of “catch‐all” qualification questions ‐ “Other”, “nes” and “foreign”)

measurement error and uncertainty in the population grossing totals (e.g. immigrant and emigrant numbers)

Page 6: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Problems isolating the transitions matrixProblems with isolating the education transitions matrix, main LFS: both time series & pseudo cohort models of qualifications mix 

conflate increases in qualification attainments at a given age over time with the stock‐flow effects as younger, more qualified individuals grow older

both show the changing proportions at each qualification level by age and over time, but only the net changes to each state are observed (except “no qual” and QCF 8)

stochastic methods might unpick the flows from one state to another if the process is Markov in nature (e.g. regressing net change at one level on net changes in the other levels), but the process is not Markov

Page 7: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Longitudinal LFS the longitudinal LFS offers the chance to observe transitions directly

sweeps 1 and 5 cover a one year period (if individuals are interviewed at the same point)

Calendar  quartersCohort Sweep 1 Sweep 2 Sweep 3 Sweep 4 Sweep 5

1 Jan‐March April‐June July‐Sept Oct‐Dec Jan‐March2 April‐June July‐Sept Oct‐Dec Jan‐March April‐June3 July‐Sept Oct‐Dec Jan‐March April‐June July‐Sept4 Oct‐Dec Jan‐March April‐June July‐Sept Oct‐Dec

Peak qualification quarter?

Page 8: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Correct and incorrect reporting and apparent qualification transitionsSweep 5

Sweep1

Under Correct OverUnder No change Low to 

mediumLowto high

Correct Mediumto low

No change Mediumto high

Over Highto low

High to medium

No change

Page 9: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Transitions matrixDKNOW NO OTHER QCF5 1 QCF5 2 QCF5 3 QCF5 4 QCF5 5 QCF5 6 QCF4 78

DKNOW 17.0 3.3 3.1 12.2 17.1 22.8 4.9 4.7 9.4 5.6NO 1.3 61.9 15.8 8.8 7.0 4.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0OTHER 1.8 7.2 59.4 7.5 8.2 10.2 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.3QCF1 1 2.2 0.8 0.7 71.3 14.3 7.7 0.9 1.6 0.3 0.1QCF1 2 0.7 0.2 0.6 4.9 70.2 19.3 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.0QCF1 3 1.4 0.6 1.1 1.1 3.8 84.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 0.4QCF1 4 0.8 0.2 0.7 1.6 2.1 4.6 83.0 4.2 2.2 0.5QCF1 5 0.6 0.1 2.1 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.2 77.9 9.4 3.2QCF1 6 0.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.5 87.5 7.9QCF1 78 0.2 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.1 1.1 6.9 88.2

Page 10: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Transition proportions, 1‐>5, 2008IV‐2009IVLevel “Down” Unchanged “Up”Don’t Know 0 17.0 83.0No Quals 1.3 61.9 36.8Other Quals 9.0 59.4 31.6QCF1 1 3.7 71.3 25.0QCF1 2 6.3 70.2 23.5QCF1 3 8.0 84.6 7.4QCF1 4 10.1 83.0 6.9QCF1 5 9.5 77.9 12.6QCF1 6 4.6 87.5 7.9QCF1 7‐8 11.8 88.2 0.0

Page 11: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Moving “up” from no qualifications

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64

Prop

ortio

n

Age

Page 12: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Highest qualification/trade apprenticeshipHigh Medium Low1 Higher degree 36 A‐level or equivalent 70 YT/YTP certificate

2 NVQ level 5 37 RSA advanced diploma 71 Key skills qual

3 Level 8 Diploma 38 OND/ONC/BTEC/… 72 Basic skills qual

4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 1 73 Entry level qual

5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

6 Level 7 Certificate 41 SCE higher … 75 Entry level Certificate

7 Level 8 Award 42 Access quals 76 Level 1 Award

8 First/foundation degree 43 AS‐level or equivalent 77 Entry level Award

9 Other degree 44 Trade apprenticeship 78 Other qual

10 NVQ level 4 45 Level 3 Certificate 79 No qual

Page 13: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Restricting transitions – those who “studied”

Studied in at least two sweeps

Studied in at least one 

sweep

Page 14: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Individuals enrolled, sweeps 1‐4 (%) 

‐4.0

‐2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

Percen

tage point differen

ce (2

008/9‐1997/8)

Prop

ortio

n en

rolled

Age% enrolled (1997I‐1998I) % enrolled (2008IV‐2009IV)Difference Poly. (% enrolled (1997I‐1998I))

Page 15: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Less than 6 months

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

Prop

ortio

n

Age1997I‐1998I 2008IV‐2009IV Poly. (1997I‐1998I) Poly. (2008IV‐2009IV)

Page 16: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

2 to 3 years education and training

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

Prop

ortio

n

Age1997I‐1998I 2008IV‐2009IV Poly. (1997I‐1998I) Poly. (2008IV‐2009IV)

Page 17: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Enrolled in any sweep 1‐4, 2008IV‐2009IVEnrolled sample Difference all populationDown Same Up Down Same Up

DON'T KNOW 0 13.8 86.2 0.0 ‐3.2 3.2NO QUALS 1.4 31.1 67.5 0.1 ‐30.8 30.6OTHER QUALS 11.7 45.4 42.9 2.7 ‐14.0 11.3QCF1 1 4.0 48.4 47.6 0.2 ‐22.9 22.6QCF1 2 4.7 52.7 42.7 ‐1.6 ‐17.6 19.2QCF1 3 6.1 76.8 17.1 ‐1.8 ‐7.8 9.6QCF1 4 12.3 72.8 15.0 2.2 ‐10.3 8.1QCF1 5 13.0 68.4 18.6 3.5 ‐9.5 6.0QCF1 6 5.3 79.4 15.2 0.7 ‐8.1 7.3QCF1 7‐8 13.8 86.2 0 2.1 ‐2.1 0.0

Page 18: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

“Correcting” don’t know and other, 2008IV‐2009IV“Corrected” sample Difference all populationDown Same Up Down Same Up

DON'T KNOW 0 57.8 42.2 0.0 40.8 ‐40.8NO QUALS 0.5 42.7 56.8 ‐0.8 ‐19.2 19.9OTHER QUALS 8.7 62.6 28.8 ‐0.3 3.2 ‐2.8QCF1 1 3.3 52.1 44.6 ‐0.4 ‐19.2 19.7QCF1 2 3.8 59.2 37.0 ‐2.5 ‐11.0 13.5QCF1 3 5.8 80.8 13.4 ‐2.2 ‐3.8 6.0QCF1 4 11.2 76.6 12.2 1.1 ‐6.4 5.3QCF1 5 10.5 72.4 17.2 1.0 ‐5.5 4.5QCF1 6 3.9 82.8 13.2 ‐0.7 ‐4.7 5.4QCF1 7‐8 12.0 88.0 0 0.3 ‐0.3 0.0

Page 19: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

“Corrected” moving up, 2008IV‐2009IVPopulation in cohort 1 (%)

Enrolled in 1‐4 (%) Moving up (%)

Pop this level at sweep 1 

moving up (%)DON'T KNOW 3.5 18.2 86.2 15.7NO QUALS 14.8 10.6 67.5 7.1OTHER QUALS 6.3 15.3 42.9 6.6QCF1 1 11.7 16.8 47.6 8.0QCF1 2 15.5 29.9 42.7 12.7QCF1 3 18.0 22.2 17.1 3.8QCF1 4 4.4 18.8 15.0 2.8QCF1 5 5.4 20.8 18.6 3.9QCF1 6 13.3 20.3 15.2 3.1QCF1 7‐8 7.1 20.9 0.0 0.0

Page 20: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Current state of transitions matrix, 2008IV‐2009IV

DKNOW NO OTHER QCF5 1 QCF5 2 QCF5 3 QCF5 4 QCF5 5 QCF5 6 QCF5 78DKNOW 57.8 7.5 0.0 0.0 14.0 12.4 2.9 1.7 1.7 1.9NO 0.5 42.7 4.6 15.8 29.7 4.7 0.3 1.3 0.4 0.0OTHER 0.8 7.8 62.6 1.4 10.3 8.6 0.0 2.8 3.7 2.0QCF1 1 1.6 1.2 0.5 52.1 27.1 11.9 1.0 4.0 0.5 0.2QCF1 2 0.1 0.0 0.5 3.2 59.2 31.6 2.5 1.4 1.3 0.1QCF1 3 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.8 3.6 80.8 3.5 3.8 5.8 0.3QCF1 4 0.7 0.3 0.9 2.0 2.6 4.7 76.6 4.4 7.8 0.0QCF1 5 0.2 0.0 1.2 1.5 3.0 2.6 2.0 72.4 11.9 5.3QCF1 6 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.6 1.0 82.8 13.2QCF1 7‐8 0.2 0.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 1.7 6.4 88.0

Page 21: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

Flows into and out of QCF 2, 2008IV

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

16182022242628303234363840424446485052545658606264

Flow

s into and

 out of Q

CF2

AgeMoving av out Moving av in

Page 22: Derek Bosworth and Rob Wilson - UK Data Service4 Level 8 Certificate 39 City&Guilds Adv/Part 173 Entry level qual 5 Level 7 Diploma 40 Scottish 6 year cert … 74 Entry level Diploma

16 Year old cohort at QCF 2 by age, 2008IV

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64

Per cen

t rem

aining

 at Q

CF 2 

(moving average)

Per cen

t rem

aining

 at Q

CF 2

AgeQCF 2 Moving average