Depletion of Energy in the Depletion of Energy in the World and Alternative Forms World and Alternative Forms

of Energyof Energy

In many parts of the US….In many parts of the US….

A record heat wave in the summer of 2000 A record heat wave in the summer of 2000 sent energy demand soaring.sent energy demand soaring.

A drought caused the amount of energy A drought caused the amount of energy from hydroelectric power to dwindlefrom hydroelectric power to dwindle

Rolling blackouts were caused by lack of Rolling blackouts were caused by lack of energy sources to the individual states.energy sources to the individual states.

1973 Oil Crisis1973 Oil Crisis

Arab countries decide Arab countries decide not to ship oil to not to ship oil to countries that countries that supported Israel supported Israel during the Yom during the Yom Kippur WarKippur War

OPEC decides to OPEC decides to quadruple the price of quadruple the price of oil oil

Exxon Valdez Oil SpillExxon Valdez Oil Spill

March 24, 1989 – oil tanker Exxon Valdez March 24, 1989 – oil tanker Exxon Valdez hits a reef and spills between 11 million hits a reef and spills between 11 million and 35 million gallons of crude oiland 35 million gallons of crude oil

1900 km of coastline affected1900 km of coastline affected Thousands of animals perished Thousands of animals perished

immediatelyimmediately

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

A natural resource is a material source of A natural resource is a material source of wealth that occurs in a natural state and wealth that occurs in a natural state and has economic value.has economic value.

ExamplesExamples TimberTimber Fresh waterFresh water Mineral depositsMineral deposits EnergyEnergy

Energy is a Natural ResourceEnergy is a Natural Resource

About 80% of all energy consumption About 80% of all energy consumption comes from non-renewable sourcescomes from non-renewable sources

Renewable energy is energy captured Renewable energy is energy captured from a natural process that can be from a natural process that can be replacedreplaced Example: solar, wind, hydroelectricExample: solar, wind, hydroelectric In theory fossil fuels are renewable energy In theory fossil fuels are renewable energy

sourcessources

Mean Global Energy Consumption Mean Global Energy Consumption RateRate

Mean global energy consumption rate is Mean global energy consumption rate is about 12.8 TW a yearabout 12.8 TW a year

Oil, gas, and coal account for 80%Oil, gas, and coal account for 80% Oil is by far the largest source of energy Oil is by far the largest source of energy

being consumed in the world (4.52 TW a being consumed in the world (4.52 TW a year)year)

OilOil

In 2004, the World In 2004, the World uses 30 billion barrels uses 30 billion barrels per year (1 barrel = per year (1 barrel = 42 gallons)42 gallons)

82 million barrels/day 82 million barrels/day are consumedare consumed

OilOil

Number of barrels of oil used by an Number of barrels of oil used by an average citizen per year: average citizen per year: United States - 23.4 United States - 23.4 Japan - 14.0 Japan - 14.0 Spain - 13.8 Spain - 13.8 Mexico - 6.0 Mexico - 6.0 Brazil - 3.5 Brazil - 3.5 China - 1.5 China - 1.5 India - 0.8 India - 0.8

Problems with OilProblems with Oil

Hard to estimate how much oil is left in the Hard to estimate how much oil is left in the world’s oil reservesworld’s oil reserves

Currently only 30-35% of the oil is Currently only 30-35% of the oil is extracted from oil wellsextracted from oil wells

Oil demand is increasing 1.6%/yearOil demand is increasing 1.6%/year Currently, the US produces less than ½ of Currently, the US produces less than ½ of

its peak production of oil in the continuous its peak production of oil in the continuous 48 states which was in 197048 states which was in 1970

Peak OilPeak Oil

Peak oil is the point where oil production Peak oil is the point where oil production peaks and goes into declinepeaks and goes into decline

Results in massive economic depression Results in massive economic depression and skyrocketing fuel pricesand skyrocketing fuel prices

EnergyEnergy

World Energy demand is growing about World Energy demand is growing about 2% per year. 2% per year.

Estimated by the year 2040, that energy Estimated by the year 2040, that energy demand will be 40% more than 2004. demand will be 40% more than 2004.

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

It appears that fossil fuels are the answer It appears that fossil fuels are the answer to energy problems in the United Statesto energy problems in the United States CheapCheap Apparently abundantApparently abundant

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

However, there are grave and serious However, there are grave and serious drawbacksdrawbacks Government subsidies depress the costs of Government subsidies depress the costs of

fossil fuelsfossil fuels The cost of creating fossil fuels is not The cost of creating fossil fuels is not

considered because it is of no cost to considered because it is of no cost to mankindmankind

Costs do not take into account the societal Costs do not take into account the societal costs to mankindcosts to mankind

Alternate Energy SourcesAlternate Energy Sources

Hydroelectric powerHydroelectric power Wind powerWind power Solar powerSolar power Nuclear powerNuclear power HydrogenHydrogen

Wind Power/Solar PowerWind Power/Solar Power

Practical when wind speed is more than Practical when wind speed is more than 12.5 miles/hour12.5 miles/hour

Only practical in 27% of land on earthOnly practical in 27% of land on earth Solar has extremely large potential (1.2e5 Solar has extremely large potential (1.2e5

TW)TW) With existing technology, large land mass With existing technology, large land mass

needed to be applicableneeded to be applicable

Hydrogen FuelHydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universethe universe

Easily stored and clean burningEasily stored and clean burning Chemical energy from hydrogen can be Chemical energy from hydrogen can be

obtained without combustion or pollutionobtained without combustion or pollution

Problem with HydrogenProblem with Hydrogen

Technology is still rather expensiveTechnology is still rather expensive Most designs are not practical enough to Most designs are not practical enough to

withstand real world problemswithstand real world problems Hydrogen is not an energy source and still Hydrogen is not an energy source and still

must be produced by another energy must be produced by another energy source.source.

The Hydrogen CarThe Hydrogen Car

Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in fuel cells Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in fuel cells to produce energyto produce energy

Exhaust is water vapor which is Exhaust is water vapor which is environmentally friendlyenvironmentally friendly

A different version of hydrogen cars is the A different version of hydrogen cars is the hydrogen internal combustion engine carhydrogen internal combustion engine car

Ethanol in TransportationEthanol in Transportation

Ethanol – Easily renewable and derived Ethanol – Easily renewable and derived from many productsfrom many products

GasoholGasohol

Why Should This Matter?Why Should This Matter?

Air pollution is the cause of over 3 million Air pollution is the cause of over 3 million deaths yearly (50k-100k in the US)deaths yearly (50k-100k in the US)

We depend on energy to liveWe depend on energy to live Alternative energy sources are currently a Alternative energy sources are currently a

great deal more expensivegreat deal more expensive

Reasons why we need to switch to Reasons why we need to switch to alternative fuels as soon as possiblealternative fuels as soon as possible Longer the wait, the harder it will beLonger the wait, the harder it will be Large costs to societyLarge costs to society

What can we do?What can we do? Always drive lessAlways drive less Fuel efficient carsFuel efficient cars Conserve electricityConserve electricity