Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera (1763)One of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in 1700s North America. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection )

Spanish Imperialism: The MeansSpanish Imperialism: The Means

united state under Ferdinand united state under Ferdinand & Isabella& Isabella

end of Christian-Islamic end of Christian-Islamic warfarewarfare

Africa becomes a source of Africa becomes a source of cheap laborcheap labor

long-range navigation long-range navigation developed by Portugaldeveloped by Portugal

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera (1763)One of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in 1700s North America. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection )

Spanish Imperialism: The MotiveSpanish Imperialism: The Motive rivalry and advantage of the rivalry and advantage of the

PortuguesePortuguese desire for cheaper trade routes to desire for cheaper trade routes to

Asia (Southwest Passage)Asia (Southwest Passage) spices and luxuriesspices and luxuries profit (Cities of Gold)profit (Cities of Gold) Renaissance ideal of learning Renaissance ideal of learning

and adventure (Fountain of and adventure (Fountain of Youth)Youth)

spread Catholicismspread Catholicism

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I (1588)This portrait, painted when Elizabeth was 55 years old, shows the queen at the peak of her power. Through the left window, we can see Elizabeth's naval fleet; through the right one, we witness the Spanish Armada sinking in the stormy Atlantic. (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of the Bedford Estate)

English Imperialism:English Imperialism:The MeansThe Means

defeat of Spanish Armadadefeat of Spanish Armada Spanish overextensionSpanish overextension strong, unified state under strong, unified state under

popular monarchpopular monarch measure of religious unitymeasure of religious unity vibrant sense of vibrant sense of

nationalism & national nationalism & national destinydestiny

treaty of peace with Spain treaty of peace with Spain (1604)(1604)

development of joint-development of joint-stock companystock company

Jamestown skeletonIn 1996, archeologists working at Jamestown uncovered this skeleton of a young man they nicknamed "JR." JR was a European male, 5' 6" tall, between the ages of 19 and 22. We know that he bled to death from a bullet wound in his leg, but we don't know the circumstances of his death. (Kenneth K. Lyons/Newport News Daily Press)

English Imperialism: The MotiveEnglish Imperialism: The Motive

promote Protestantismpromote Protestantism plunder Spanish ships and settlementsplunder Spanish ships and settlements contempt for savage natives nurtured in contempt for savage natives nurtured in

the Irish strugglethe Irish struggle glory for the home countryglory for the home country mushrooming population in Englandmushrooming population in England economic depression in woolen districtseconomic depression in woolen districts laws that disinherit middle sonslaws that disinherit middle sons thirst for adventure and religious freedomthirst for adventure and religious freedom Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage

View of Quebec, 1699, showing Canadian Indians

(National Archives of Canada)

French Imperialism: The MotiveFrench Imperialism: The Motive promote Catholicismpromote Catholicism rivalry with English in Europe rivalry with English in Europe

creates competition abroadcreates competition abroad desire for profit to grow economy desire for profit to grow economy

at home (fur trade)at home (fur trade) glory for the home countryglory for the home country thirst for adventurethirst for adventure Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage

French Imperialism: The MeansFrench Imperialism: The Means early land claims by the French in early land claims by the French in

the Great Lakes region the Great Lakes region (Verrazano, Cartier, Champlain)(Verrazano, Cartier, Champlain)

relatively little competition in far relatively little competition in far north from other colonistsnorth from other colonists

relatively good Indian relationsrelatively good Indian relations