DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Peter Kjær Jensen Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OFINTERNATIONAL HEALTHUNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN

Peter Kjær JensenAssistant Professor


School Latrines -- do we know it School Latrines -- do we know it all?all?


Why do the latrines look this way?


Benefits of latrine to 320 households in rural Benin (Average importance rating, scale 1-4)

Avoid discomforts of the bush 3.98Gain prestige from visitors 3.96Avoid dangers at night 3.86Avoid snakes 3.85Reduce flies in compound 3.81Avoid risk of smelling/seeing faeces in bush 3.78Protect my faeces from enemies 3.71Have more privacy to defecate 3.67Keep my house/property clean 3.59Feel safer 3.56Save time 3.53Make my house more comfortable 3.50Reduce my household’s health care expenses 3.32Leave a legacy for my children 3.16Have more privacy for household affairs 3.00Make my life more modern 2.97Feel royal 2.75Make it easier to defecate due to age/sickness 2.62Be able to increase my tenants’ rent 1.17For health (spontaneous mention) 1.27

Source: Jenkins MW (1999) PhD thesis, UC Davis, Civil Engineering


Importance of making multidisiplinary research

An Vietnames example


Rationale behind the study•80 % of rural people have helminth infection in north Vietnam•Approx 1 billion have Ascaris infection in Asia•At risk: Children and farm workers•Effect: School, productivity, and general health•Possible cause: Use of unsafe human excreta in the agriculture (or that is what we think)


Latrine compostin

g/ hydration

Garden Compostingcold/hot

Application to the field

Processes involved Processes involved CompostingComposting

Transport Transport


What have we done• Reviewed the sanitation legislation.- (a

little late)• 512 household interviews inc. In IEC

and non IEC communes. Conducted 12 focus group discussions and (many) key informant interviews.

• Composted 1 ton of human excreta, with inserted helminths eggs, to measure the survival acc. Temp, pH, moisture, and NPK.

• Followed 15 latrines in the filling process.


Second cropJune

Third cropSeptember

First cropJanuary

Second cropJune

Third cropSeptember

First cropJanuary


Fertilizer use for the different crops

The human excreta using as fertilizer for Number of households Percentages

Only first crop in January 35 7%

Only second crop in June 3 0.6%

Only third crop in September 74 16%

Both first and second crop in January and June 80 17%

Both first and third crop in January and September 156 33%

Both second and third crop in June and September 21 5%

All 3 crops 90 19%

At least 1 crop per year 459 98%

At least 2 crops per year 347 74%Only 2 crops per year 257 57%






Compost or not?


Important parameters

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

7,0

7,5

8,0

8,5

9,0

9,5

% Eggs survival

Moiusture %

Kejldal N mg/kg

pH

2 pr. bev. gnsn. (Kejldal N mg/kg)

2 pr. bev. gnsn. (Moiusture %)


Findings

Not composting– mean different from actual temp

May be possible to have compost in 3-4 months if the pH is high

If the guidelines should work they need to contain lime addition

Nutrient loss ??– we need to sell the message,,, but take care of the smell


• One kg excreta approx = 1000 dong = 0,067 US$

• 100 kg per person per year• 30 million rural population• 3 million tons of excreta!!• ~ 200.000.000 US$ for

Vietnam per year

DEPARTMENT OFINTERNATIONAL HEALTHUNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGENThink upstream before you

measure!


Water sources in the village


Village water tank and open well


Drawing water from tank and open well


Household water pipes in water tank


Water quality in 10 villages

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

Seepage Surface

(Geometric mean number of E. coli / 100 ml, 3273 samples)


Source associated to domestic WQ


Water quality and availability

Incidence rate of diarrhea

RR (95% CI)

Seepage 4.04 1

Surface 3.53 0.87(0.72-1.06)

Connected + storage 2.62 1

Connected, no storage

3.52 1.34(1.11-1.62)

Not connected 5.02 1.91(1.55-2.36)

Under five children in 200 households, Hakra 6R


The mantra of the lecture

Ten buckets a day keep diarrhoea away


Sanitation Sanitation Management/PromotionManagement/Promotion


Louis VIII

Documents

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Peter Kjær Jensen Assistant Professor