Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Applications of Economic Instrument (EI) for Pollution Management in Industries
byDepartment of Industrial Works
Ministry of Industry
January 2002
Economic Instruments (EI)
Policy instruments that rely for their effect on financial incentives rather than regula t ion are of ten ca l l
e c o n o m i c i n s t r u m e n t se c o n o m i c i n s t r u m e n t s .
Distinguished five categoriesof economic instruments
1. Taxes and charges (fees, duties, levies)
2. Subsidies3. Deposit - refund systems4. Market - creation 5. Financial enforcement incentives
150 Instruments
The OECDs’ first review of the use of environmental economic economic instrumentsinstruments in member countries (OECD 1989) identified about 150 instruments in use in 1987.
International common economic instruments
Emission ChargeUser ChargeProduct Charge or Excise TaxDeposit Refund System)Market Creation for EmissionTrade & Exchange
International common economic instruments
Tradable Pollution PermitsTradable Water MarketGrantSoft LoanTax Allowance
Applications of Economic Instrument (EI) for Pollution Management in Industries
Use price- or market mechanism, according to Polluters Pay PrincipleTo support and enhance present rules and regulationsTo apply in parallel with control and regulation for the
efficient pollution management in industries
Benefits of Economic Instrument Applications
To stimulate and encourage the industries to reduce pollution/emission.
Reduction of pollution/emission, according to price mechanism will reduce the overall pollution with cost-efficiency for industries.
To set up fund for the industries, to reduce pollution/emission.
To manage pollution/emission with efficiency due to level of the…..in areaThe industries have flexibility and alternatives
for pollution/emission management.Money , collected from the factories, will be
used for environmental management for pollution/emission, released from industrial sector.
Benefits of Economic Instrument Applications
Essential Factors
Emission Charge (EC)Pollution Management Fee (PMF)Industrial Pollution Management Fund (IPMF)Third Party Monitors & Auditors
ECBOD load
~ 9,500 factories class 3
PMFHigh polluting
industry
3rd partyEC monitors(for variable rate)
3rd partyPMF auditors
IPMF fund~350 MB/yr.(f=0.25)
EI Admin.(~12%)
Industry supportsGrants (~3 %)
Loans (up to ~70-75%)
~350 MB/yr.(f=0.25)
Reserves(~ 10-15%)
Transferable
Emission Charge (EC)Emission Charge, which is collected from the industries, in case of emission released to outside, by concerning the environmental lost and impacts to the health and safety of the population.
Emission Charge, collected from factories/ Emission Charge, collected from factories/ industries level 3 with BOD waste water industries level 3 with BOD waste water (BOD)(BOD)
Emission Charge (EC)There are 2 collecting systems
Variable RateFor the factories with BOD waste water more or equivalent to 100 kg./day and to hire Third Party Monitor to check the quantity of BOD form industriesFlat Rate
For the factories with BOD waste less than 100 kg./day
Emission Charge (EC)
There are two(2) types of waste water discharge
Direct Discharge of waste waterIndirect Discharge of waste water
Direct Discharger(Must pay Emission Charge)
Indirect Discharger
Indirect Discharger
RIVER
Central Waste Water Treatment Plant
Direct Discharger(Must pay Emission Charge)
Direct Discharger((must pay Emission Charge)
EC Calculation
EC = f x c x B
EC = Emission Charge (THB/year)f = Co-efficiencyc = Baseline rate = 35 THB / kg.BOD
B = Volume BOD(kg./year)
Impacts of EC rates for the Industries
At f = 1.0, average EC ~ 0.27 of gross profits of industries, at Std. = 20 mg/liter
At f = 1.0, average EC ~ 2.36 of gross profits of industries, at Std. = 60 mg/liter
In 1997 Company A has gross profits of 75 In 1997 Company A has gross profits of 75 Million THB and has volume of BOD as Million THB and has volume of BOD as followsfollows
BOD inf. = 1,563 kg/d = 562,680 kg/yrBOD inf. = 1,563 kg/d = 562,680 kg/yrBOD BOD effeff. = 30 kg/d = 10,800 kg/yr. = 30 kg/d = 10,800 kg/yr
EC = EC = f x 35 (THB/f x 35 (THB/kg.BODkg.BOD) x BOD Load (kg/yr.)) x BOD Load (kg/yr.)At f = 0.10, EC = 0.10x35x10,800 = 37,800 THBAt f = 0.10, EC = 0.10x35x10,800 = 37,800 THBEC/Gross Profit = 37,800 / 75,000,000 = 0.05 % EC/Gross Profit = 37,800 / 75,000,000 = 0.05 %
Sample of ECSample of EC--CalculationCalculation
Pollution Management Fee (PMF)PMF- Pollution Management Fee is the fee, which has the objectives to grant the opportunities for the entrepreneurs/factories to improve the production processes, including to manage or to reduce the pollution, which generated and the factories can select the appropriate alternative to be implemented.
ObjectivesTo grant the opportunities for volunteer factories to reduce the pollution/emission, to improve the production processes or to find the method to reduce the pollution/emission at source and end of pipe.
Pollution Management Fee (PMF)
Benefits of PMFTo stimulate and encourage the industries to improve the production processes and to manage the pollution/emission, in order to reduce the environmental impacts.
PMF is a voluntary system to grant the opportunities for the factories to make a decision to join Emission Charge-EC or Pollution Management Fee - PMF
Pollution Management Fee (PMF)Criteria
The industries join the program voluntary.The industries propose its objectives and action
plan to reduce the pollution/emission by hiring Third Party Auditor to evaluate.
The industries will sign the contract to reduce the pollution/emission with Department of Industrial Works-DIW and the duration for the pollution/ emission reduction will be less than 3 years.
The industries will pay deposit of Bank Guarantee with Department of Industrial Works-DIW.
The industries must pay the PMF.
Benefits from the PMF program
year 0 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year
Expenses per year
EC, calculated fr.
PMF,calculated fr ageedload
PMF-Contract Period
PMF-factors
Pollution/emission reduction contract agreement of 3 yearsPMF-rate, calculated from Emission Charge as proposed objectives at the end of the contract period.Bank Guarantee, according to the amount of reduced expenses (?)Evaluations/audits by Third Party AuditorReturn of Bank Guarantee, in according to the ratio of the reduced volume within the contract period.
PMF-Calculations
PMF = Reduced EC + Administration Fee
Bank Guarantee (BG) = ∑ (ECyear n – Reduced ECyear n)
Returned BG = BG – [Total Paid Reduced EC x (Actual BOD Load – Proposed BOD Load)]
Proposed BOD Load
t
n = 1
Sample of PMF-Calculations
I tem Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 End of Year 3
f Factor 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.25
Normal EC System 229,950 229,950 574,875 191,625
PMF System
Reduced EC 76,650 76,650 191,625
Administration fee 80,000 50,000 80,000
Total PMF 156,650 126,650 271,625 Return to Normal EC
Bank Guarantee 689,850 (689,850)
Sample of PMF-Calculationsnnual EC / PMF
Baht
600,000
550,000 574,875 B
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000 229,950 B
200,000
150,000 191,625 B
100,000 76,650 B
50,000
-1 0 1 2 3 4 Year
Χ Χ
EC
Reduced EC
Χ Χ
Χ Χ
ΧΧ
Χ
ΧΧ
End of project /cancellation of projectEnd of project
The volume of BOD in waste water is in accordance to the proposed amount, the factory will claim back 100% Bank GuaranteeThe volume of BOD in waste water is higher than prior proposed amount, the factory will claim back as per proportion of Bank Guarantee
Cancellation of projectThe factory has intention to cancel the project.The project has no progress or the factory does not start to implement the project, as per recommen-dation of the DIW.
From EC scheme to PMF schemeThe conditions to leave EC scheme to PMF scheme
The volume of BOD is high and the factory belong to the 7 industrial sectors, which DIW has issued in prior the Environment Management Guidelines to maintain the industrial sectors. Other industrial sectors beside the above 7 sectors but are high-polluted, have capacity to reduce the pollution/emission and have enough industrial audit/evaluation technique knowledge.The factory has re-engineering or improved the production processes to reduce the environmental impact.The factory has expanded or improved the waste water treatment system.
From PMF scheme Back to EC schemeThe conditions to leave PMF scheme to EC scheme
The factory can reduce the pollution/emission as agreed.1. The factory goes back to EC scheme, pay EC due to BOD,
which reduced and released.2. The factory receive back full Bank Guarantee.
The factory is not able to reduce the pollution/ emission as agreed.
1. The factory goes back to EC scheme, pay EC due to BOD, which reduced and released.
2. The factory receive back Bank Guarantee as per as reduced BOD amount proportion.
The factory has cancelled the contract agreement.The factory wants to leave the project.The project has no progress, within the appropriate period as planned.
Industrial Pollution Management Fund (IPMF)
Objectives of the IPMFTo support industrial sectors and environ-mental restoration.To support the EI activities of the DIW.To support R&D within industrial environ-mental management
IPMF Structure
IPMF CommitteeBy Permanent Secretary
As Chairman
IPMF Sub-CommitteeAppointed by the Committee
Fund Manager
Fund Office
Industrial Pollution Management Fund (IPMF)
Income: EC-Emission Charge and PMF-Pollution Management Fee
Administration: Professional Private Sectors as Management Service Contract
Monitoring: Official sector, Ministry of IndustryPurpose of the Fund: To support industrial sector
Cost-Estimation for IPMF
- Fund Management 14,640,000 -- Implementation of EI 42,714,000 -
* Trainings for monitors 2,405,000 -* Trainings for auditors 3,965,000 -* Cross Check 959,000 -* Proj. Assessment & Report 5,952,000 -* Update of data for EC 277,000 -* EC Collection 11,016,000 -* PR & Info. Dissemination 3,500,000 -
Third Party EC Monitor
EC MonitorVariable Rate
To monitor the factories quality and amount of waste water dischargeAnalysis of pollution/emission discharge from factoriesTo report to DIW every 3 months
EC Monitor must be a juristic person with the qualification as per stated by DIWEC Monitor must be licensed and registered at the DIW.
Third Party EC Monitor
PMF AuditorHas a role as consultant to the factories, which join the PMF systemStudy, issue report for the EIA, pre-feasibility, detailed, advanced and compete studiesStudy the alternatives to reduce the environmental impactsfor the factoriesDesign the env. impact reduction measures, analysis of finance and operation plan
EC Monitor must be a juristic person with the qualification as per stated by DIWEC Monitor must be licensed and registered at the DIW.
Action Plan
Pre-implementation periodFor industrial factories
- Collecting of production data.- Collecting of waste water data.To be submitted to the DIW.
Duration of the project ~ 2 years
Action PlanPreparation Period ( First Year )
- To make PR / to disseminate EI information to related stakeholders
- To collect data of factories, which join the EC system
- To update and improve waste water data by using Data Base Management and to develop the Co-efficiency.
Action Plan
Preparation Period ( First Year )- To register and provide trainings for EI Monitors
and Auditors- To provide training for DIW’s officers- To set up Environmental Industrial Management
Fund and appointment of Fund Management Committee
Action PlanDuration of the Project
Preparation period, second year- Classification
(Variable Rate and Flat Rate)- The factories, which use Flat Rate, can ask
for petition for the revised estimated and declared BOD volume by the DIW.
- To provide training and registration of Monitor and Auditor.
Action PlanDuration of the Project
Preparation Period- Set regulations for Fund Management Administration.
- The factories with Variable Rate will contact and assign EC-Monitor
- Announcement of eligible factories, which can join the PMF Project.
- Appoint PMF Committee.
Action PlanDuration of the Project
Project Duration (Third Year)- The factories monitor and report the result of the monitoring to the DIW
- Update Waste Water Data Base
Project Duration- DIW collects Emission Charge, based on Third Year Data
Action Plan
Structure for Administrative Management for the application of EI in the proposed plan in the first period
Data Updating Officer
EC CalculationOfficer
EC CollectionOfficer
EC Section Head
PMF ApplicationOfficer
PMF EvaluationOfficer
PMF Section Head
EC Monitor&PMF AuditorTraining Officer
EC Monitors&PMF AuditorsRegistration Officer
EI Third Party Control Head
Public RelationOfficer
AdministrationOfficer
EI Secretariate Head
Project Director
Bureau 1Director
Bureau 2Director
Bureau 3Director
Bureau 4Director
EI Implementation Project OfficeProject Director
(administrationand operation of EI)
Bureau ofEnvironmental Economics
(Director of Bureau)
Others...........................
Department of Industrial Works
Structure of Organization for Operating of EI-Application, which
proposed in the first period
IPMF
Application of Economic InstrumentsReduction of pollution can be done under the conditions of
Rules & RegulationLess expenses
The factories reduce discharge emission when;Less expenses when discharge is reduced than to discharge the pollution/emission
FineLost when the factories are closedEmission FeeLess liability for the financial institutesLess turnoverSocial image
Alternatives for the Reduction of Pollution/Emission
The factories release pollution/emission, which does not exceed the stipulated standard (BOD)
Pollution/Emission DischargeThe factories discharge pollution/emission over
the stipulated standardDelution with waterExpansion of standard level The factories are closed by Authority for improvement Improvement of treatment system Construction of expanded systems
Alternatives for the Reduction of Pollution/Emission
Control by regulationInvestment for the installation of the standard system and treatment No incentives to reduce the pollution/emission lower than standardState authorities have to take the tools seriously, to close down the factories and to order the fine
Application of economic instrumentReduction of pollution/emission as well expenses, compared with Emission ChargeIncentives to reduce pollution/emission lower than standard The authorities have more tools for management
Estimation of EC incomeType No.
Of Factory
Average Waste Water
(m2/day)*
Emission Charge (THB/day)
Flat Rate 5,221 1,566,300 1,096,410
Variable Rate 4,321 4,212,975 2,949,083
Total 9,542 5,779,275 4,45,493 THB/year
Year 2540/1997 Company B has Gross Profits = Year 2540/1997 Company B has Gross Profits = 2.2 Million THB and the BOD as follows;2.2 Million THB and the BOD as follows;
BOD inf. = 623 kg/d = 224,280 kg/yrBOD inf. = 623 kg/d = 224,280 kg/yrBOD BOD effeff. = 21 kg/d = 7,560 kg/yr,(BOD conc. = 42 mg/l. = 21 kg/d = 7,560 kg/yr,(BOD conc. = 42 mg/l
At f = 0.10, EC = 0.10x35x7,560 = 26,460 THBAt f = 0.10, EC = 0.10x35x7,560 = 26,460 THBEC/Gross Profit = 26,460 / 2,200,000 = 1.20 % EC/Gross Profit = 26,460 / 2,200,000 = 1.20 % In case the factory reduce the BOD from 42 mg/l to 20 mg/l , In case the factory reduce the BOD from 42 mg/l to 20 mg/l , it will beit will beBOD Load = 3,600 kg/yr, BOD Load = 3,600 kg/yr, EC expenses = 0.1x35x3,600 = 12,600 THBEC expenses = 0.1x35x3,600 = 12,600 THBEC/Gross Profit = 12,600 / 2,200,000 = 0.57 %EC/Gross Profit = 12,600 / 2,200,000 = 0.57 %
Sample of EC CalculationSample of EC Calculation
DATA MUNIPULATION SYSTEM
Applied program for addition and changes of informationApplied program for Variable Rate and Co-efficiency Applied program for EC-calculationApplied program for Issuing of invoices, receipts and document Applied program for resource searching under conditions Applied program for addition and changes of user’s right.
RELATIONSHIP OF APPLICATION PROGRAMS & DATABASE
Main Menu for Additional and Changes of Information
Main Menu for Variable Rate and Eco-efficiency
Main Menu for EI-Calculation
Main Menu for Issuing Invoices, Receipts and Document
Main Menu for Resource Searching Under the Condition
Main Menu for Additionand Change of User’s Right