Production (Allium fistulosum L.)




V
VI
Abstract
The experiment was carried out in 2007 – 2008 to determine the
effect of different intercropping systems on yeild, pest and disease
infection of organic green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) under field
conditions. In addition, land equivalent ratio (LER) as an index of
intercropping advantage and output value were determined to assess the
efficiency of different cropping systems. In summer, the green onion as
a main crop was intercropped with maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna
sesquipedalis) as intercrop. In winter, we intercropped green onion with
tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and marigold (Tagetes erecta).
Each intercrop was planted between rows of green onion
simultaneously in separate plots. All crops were also grown in pure
stands.
Results of this study indicated that different intercropping systems
compared to monocropping did not affect plant weight of green onion in
summer. In winter, green onion / marigold intercropping system had the
highest plant weight and yield.
LER values were more than 1 in all intercropping systems. Output
values of intercropping systems were usually higher than monocropping
systems.
Soil extract from monocropping system affected the germination
percentage and mean germination time of green onion. In 2007 spring,
VII
the intercropping system didn’t suppress rust and pest infection of green
onion. In 2008 spring, the infection rate of rust in green onion/marigold
intercropping system was lower than the one in monocropping system.
VIII

..............................................................................................................................IV
Abstract ........................................................................................................................VI
...................................................................................................................VIII
..........................................................................................................................IX
...........................................................................................................................X
........................................................................................................................1
................................................................................................................3
....................................................................................3
........................................................................................4

1954; 1987
3000 (
19861995)
2006 4714
102,577


94
(Suman et al., 2000)

3
2004





1990)
(Liliaceae)
Hutchinson1959 (Amaryllidaceae)Agardh

2006


6


1972)





(Abidin et al., 1989; Erdogan and Karatas, 2000;
Ghaffarzadeh, 1999; Prabhakar and Shukla, 1991; Quayyum and Akanda,
1990; Yildirim and Guvenc, 2005)







1999) (Stuelpnagel, 1993)

9
(Elmore and Jackobs, 1986)/ (Chowdhury and Rosario,
1994) / (Mandal et al., 1996) /
(Moynihan et al., 1996) / (Ayisi et al., 1997) /
(Smith and Carter, 1998) / (Li et al.,
1999)
/ (Poniedzialek et al., 1989) / (Sharaiha
and Hattar, 1993) / (Costa and Perera, 1998)

2001)
et al., 1985)
(Morris and
(Morris and Garrity, 1993)

(Ofori and Stern, 1987 Siame et al., 1997 Willey, 1979)

Rerkasem et al., 1988) /
(Ofori and Stern,
1987) (Rerkasem and
(Strip intercropping) (border row)
(inner row) (Fortin et al., 1994; Ghaffarzadeh et al.,
1998; Lesoing and Francis, 1999; Li et al., 2001)
(Baumann et al.,
2001) Fukai and Trenbath (1993)
11

(Altieri, 1994; Andow, 1991;
Smith and McSorley, 2000)
(Armstrong et al., 1996; Theunnissen, 1997)

1994)
(Letourneau, 1987; Russell,
12
(Cromartie, 1975, 1981; Stanton, 1983; Grez and Prado,
2000)

(Bach, 1981; van Lenteren,
1998)
(Plutella xylostella L.) (Boucher, 2000)
(additive intercropping)


(Gold et al., 1990)
(Björkman and Larsson, 1999)


(Bannon and Cooke, 1998)
14
2000)
(Bannon and Cooke, 1998)
(Vandermeer, 1989)
(Boudreau, 1993; Burdon and Chilvers,
1977)
(black root rot) (LaMondia et al., 2002)
thiophene
15

2003)
(Altieri and
16

(121°46'12.76" E
24°41'57.37"N) 2006 6 2008 3 2006
(6~9 ) 2006 (12~3 ) 2007 (6~9 )
2007 (12~3 )
2006 3 ()
- 1:1 - 1:1 2006
10 ()/ (2:1)
/ (4:1) / (4:1) /
(6:1) () / (2:1)
/ (4:1) / (4:1) / (6:1)
2007 () / (2:1)
/ (4:1) / (4:1) /
(6:1) () / (2:1) /
(4:1) / (4:1) / (6:1)
6 × 1.5 30
18 cm 20
cm 18 cm 20 cm () 50 cm
17
20 cm () 100 cm ()
30 cm 50 cm 30 cm ()

( 240 –
270 kg/ha 95 - 105 kg/ha 90 -120 kg / ha)(
60 – 120 kg/ha 60 - 90 kg/ha 90 -120 kg / ha)(
150 – 250 kg/ha 100 - 150 kg/ha 100 -150 kg / ha)
vs-34

18
19
20
21
22
(Mitutoyo Corp CD-6”CS )
( Konica Minota SPAD-502 Chlorophyll Meter )
(Land equivalent ratio, LER)

(LALB LER
AI A AS
A BI B BS
B )




24 5 ml
9 cm 20
100 (
)
3.(Mean germination time, MGT)
MGT = (A1×T1+A2×T2+......+An×Tn) × 100 (A1+A2+......+An)
(AT)
Duncan’s multiple range test
25

(P<0.05)

2:1 (P<0.05)
41
(P<0.05)
21
(P<0.05) 41
(P<0.05)

(P<0.05)


27
2006 ()
Table 1. Effect of intercropping on various characters of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong in 2006 summer
Intercropping
system
Leaf
sheath(mm)
Chlorophyll
(SPAD)
G(1) 6.7 a 1.7 ns 21.8 ns 52.20 b 14.07 b 8.51 a 60.41 ns
G / M(2)
5.6 b 1.7 23.2 53.87 b 14.97 b 7.49 b 61.95
G / C(3) 5.3 b 1.7 20.0 56.26 a 15.69 a 6.73 c 61.26
ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P<0.05). (1) : Green onion (2) : Maize (3) : Cowpea
28
2007 ()
Table 2. Effect of intercropping on various characters of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong in 2007 summer
Intercropping
system
Leaf
sheath(mm)
Chlorophyll
(SPAD)
G(1) 6.8 ns 2.2 ns 15.0 abc 47.48 b 12.56 b 5.59 a 58.64 ab
2G / M(2)
7.8 3.0 18.1 a 54.56 a 14.87 a 5.10 ab 55.63 b
4G / M(2) 7.8 3.2 17.6 ab 48.51 b 13.46 b 5.10 ab 62.90 a
4G / C(3) 5.5 2.3 11.3 c 41.13 b 10.82 c 4.54 bc 61.34 a
6G / C(3) 6.2 2.8 12.3 bc 44.00 b 12.30 c 4.03 bc 61.27 a
ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05). (1) : Green onion (2) : Maize (3) : Cowpea
29
2007 ()
Table 3. Effect of intercropping on various characters of green onion cv. Pei-Stong in 2007 summer
Intercropping
system
Leaf
sheath(mm)
Chlorophyll
(SPAD)
G(1) 6.5 b 3.5 ns 20.0 b 43.36 ab 12.43 b 5.18 b 56.18 a
2G / M(2)
11.5 a 4.5 27.6 a 46.89 a 13.26 ab 5.96 a 55.92 a
4G / M(2) 7.6 b 3.6 20.6 b 45.88 ab 13.35 ab 5.29 b 51.86 b
4G / C(3) 5.4 b 4.2 27.8 a 41.13 b 12.49 ab 4.50 c 54.97 a
6G / C(3) 6.8 b 3.9 16.5 b 44.00 ab 13.63 a 5.89 a 55.64 a
ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05). (1) : Green onion (2) : Maize (3) : Cowpea
30
2006 ()
Table 4. Effect of intercropping on various characters of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong in 2006 winter
Intercropping
systm
Leaf
sheath(mm)
Chlorophyll
(SPAD)
G(1) 25.0 b 5.1 ns 163.7 b 51.17 b 14.63 ns 12.57 b 46.76 b
2G / Ma(2)
27.9 ab 5.1 230.3 a 59.72 a 15.68 14.86 a 50.48 a
4G / Ma(2) 31.3 a 6.2 246.6 a 57.67 a 15.27 13.93 ab 46.12 b
4G / T(3) 25.5 ab 5.2 170.2 b 52.27 b 14.87 13.06 ab 46.23 b
6G / T(3) 25.3 ab 5.6 156.6 b 52.40 b 14.78 13.05 ab 46.18 b
ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05). (1) : Green onion (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
31
2006 ()
Table 5. Effect of intercropping on various characters of green onion cv. Pei-Stong in 2006 winter
Intercropping
system
Leaf
sheath(mm)
Chlorophyll
(SPAD)
G(1)
28.3 ns 6.9 ns 213.9 ns 52.81 ns 16.49 a 12.78 b 41.63 b
2G / Ma(2)
30.3 5.6 241.4 54.60 15.09 b 15.54 a 44.87 a
4G / Ma(2) 34.3 7.2 219.6 53.36 15.32 b 13.46 b 42.48 ab
4G / T(3) 26.6 6.1 198.8 53.69 16.21 a 13.55 b 44.54 ab
6G / T(3) 31.6 7.5 187.8 51.52 16.41 a 11.85 b 42.81 ab
ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05). (1) : Green onion (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
32
2007 ()
Table 6. Effect of intercropping on various characters of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong in 2007 winter
Intercropping
systm
Leaf
sheath(mm)
Chlorophyll
(SPAD)
G(1) 16.0 b 6.7 ns 75.5 c 49.78 b 12.78 ns 7.81 b 49.38 a
2G / Ma(2)
20.7 ab 7.0 141.0 a 55.33 a 13.27 9.58 a 49.26 a
4G / Ma(2) 23.3 a 8.4 119.9 ab 50.88 b 12.73 8.71 ab 48.83 a
4G / T(3) 19.8 ab 7.3 93.8 bc 49.36 b 13.23 8.77 ab 47.54 ab
6G / T(3) 19.2 ab 8.0 100.7 bc 52.56 ab 13.34 8.33 ab 45.95 b
ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05). (1) : Green onion (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
33
2007

//
/ 2:1 4:1
/ (p<0.05) 2006
/ 2:1 / 4:1
/ 4:1 / 4:1
2006 / 2:1
/ 6:1
/2007

(p<0.05)


-

35
(9m2) Table 7. Effect of intercropping on total yield of green onion ( 9m2 ) in summer
2006 2007
Gs(1) 180 3.01 Gs 180 0.53
Gs / M(2)
90 1.49 2Gs / M 120 0.36 Gs / C(3) 90 1.12 4Gs / M 144 0.46
4Gs / C 126 0.29 6Gs / C 138 0.28 Gp (4) 180 0.80 2Gp / M 120 0.75 4Gp / M 144 0.41 4Gp / C 126 0.78 6Gp / C 138 0.44
(1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Maize (3) : Cowpea (4): Green onion cv. Pei-Stong
36
( 9m2 ) Table 8. Effect of intercropping on total yield of green onion in winter ( 9m2 )
2006 2007
Gs(1) 180 27.91 Gs 180 12.69
2Gs /Ma(2)
120 22.24 2Gs / Ma 120 16.49 4Gs / Ma 144 25.74 4Gs / Ma 144 16.67 4Gs / T(3) 126 20.25 4Gs / T 126 11.25 6Gs / T 138 20.20 6Gs / T 138 13.09
Gp (4) 180 37.00
2Gp / Ma 120 26.07
4Gp / Ma 144 31.41
4Gp / T 126 23.86
6Gp / T 138 23.85
(1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato (4): Green onion cv. Pei-Stong
37
( kg/100m2 ) Table 9. Effect of intercropping on average yield of green onion in summer
2006 2007
33.39 a Gs 5.85 a Gs / M(2)
33.99 a 2Gs / M 6.04 a Gs / C(3) 24.88 b 4Gs / M 5.87 a
4Gs / C 4.66 b 6Gs / C 4.09 b Gp (4) 8.87 b 2Gp / M 12.43 a 4Gp / M 5.28 c 4Gp / C 12.35 a 6Gp / C 6.44 c
(1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Maize (3) : Cowpea (4): Green onion cv. Pei-Stong Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05).
38
( kg/100m2 ) Table 10. Effect of intercropping on average yield of green onion in winter
2006 2007
2Gs /Ma(2)
370.58 a 2Gs / Ma 274.88 a 4Gs / Ma 330.00 b 4Gs / Ma 213.69 b 4Gs / T(3)
321.42 b 4Gs / T 178.57 b 6Gs / T 292.74 c 6Gs / T 189.74 b
Gp (4) 411.12 b
2Gp / Ma 434.55 a
4Gp / Ma 402.64 b
4Gp / T 378.65 c
6Gp / T 345.64 c
(1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato (4): Green onion cv. Pei-Stong Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05).
39
Table 11. Effect of intercropping on LER and output value in summer
2006 2007
Gs / M(2)
1.21 2.74 b 2Gs / M 1.22 1.04 b Gs / C(3) 1.51 9.10 a 4Gs / M 1.24 0.93 b
4Gs / C 0.95 3.08 a 6Gs / C 0.82 2.25 a Gp (4) 1.00 0.85 c 2Gp / M 1.48 1.46 b 4Gp / M 0.84 0.83 c 4Gp / C 1.31 3.17 a 6Gp / C 0.83 2.36 a
(1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Maize (3) : Cowpea (4): Green onion cv. Pei-Stong Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05).
40
Table 12. Effect of intercropping on LER and output value in winter
2006 winter 2007 winter
2Gs /Ma(2)
1.15 4.46 c 2Gs / Ma 1.65 7.19 a 4Gs / Ma 1.15 5.17 bc 4Gs / Ma 1.53 7.27 a 4Gs / T(3) 1.18 7.50 a 4Gs / T 1.16 5.80 b 6Gs / T 1.19 7.58 a 6Gs / T 1.26 6.49 ab
Gp (4) 1.00 7.42 a
2Gp / Ma 1.06 5.23 b
4Gp / Ma 1.07 6.30 b
4Gp / T 1.06 7.93 a
6Gp / T 1.03 7.70 a
(1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato (4): Green onion cv. Pei-Stong Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05).
41
()
~

p<0.05
p<0.05
p<0.05

(P<0.05)2008

43
2007 3~5
Table 13. Effect of intercropping on spring onion rust infection of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong in 2007 (March ~ May)
Ratio of infection % Intercropping system 2007/3/26 2007/4/23 2007/5/23
Gs(1) 1.4 ns 1.4 ns 1.4 ns
2Gs / Ma(2)
4Gs / Ma 1.9 4.6 2.6
4Gs / T(3) 1.4 4.2 1.4
6Gs / T 1.4 2.8 1.4 ns: non significant (1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
2007 3~5
Table 14. Effect of intercropping on spring onion rust infection of green onion cv. Pei-Stong in 2007 (March ~ May)
Ratio of infection % Intercropping system 2007/3/26 2007/4/23 2007/5/23
Gp (1) 15.3 ns 37.8 ns 26.4 ns
2Gp / Ma(2)
4Gp / Ma 20.8 34.7 30.6
4Gp / T(3) 22.2 32.5 33.3
6Gp / T 25.8 39.4 32.8 ns: non significant (1) : Green onion cv. Pei-Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
44
2008 1~3
Table 15. Effect of intercropping on spring onion rust infection of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong in 2008 (Jan. ~ Mar.)
Ratio of infection % Severity of infection Intercropping
system 2008/1/21 2008/2/26 2008/3/26 2008/3/26
Gs(1)
2Gs / Ma(2)
4Gs / Ma 13.9 b 93.1 a 100 39 c
4Gs / T(3) 26.4 b 97.2 a 100 54 b
6Gs / T 83.3 a 100 a 100 62 ab ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05). (1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
45
2007 3~5
Table 16. Effect of intercropping on damage of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong by beet army worm in 2007 (March ~ May)
Ratio of damage % Intercropping system 2007/3/26 2007/4/23 2007/5/23
Gs(1)
2Gs /Ma(2)
4Gs / Ma 1.4 0.0 11.1
4Gs / T(3) 1.4 6.9 11.1
6Gs / T 1.4 5.6 15.3 ns: non significant (1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
2007.3~5
Table 17. Effect of intercropping on damage of green onion cv. Pei-Stong by beet army worm in 2007 (March ~ May)
Ratio of damage % Intercropping system 2007/3/26 2007/4/23 2007/5/23
Gp (1)
2Gp / Ma(2)
4Gp / Ma 1.4 4.2 ab 26.4
4Gp / T(3) 4.2 6.9 a 38.9
6Gp / T 2.8 1.4 ab 36.1 ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05). (1) : Green onion cv. Pei-Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
46
2008 1~3
Table 18. Effect of intercropping on damage of green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong by beet army worm in 2008 (Jan. ~ Mar.)
Ratio of damage % Intercropping system 2008/1/21 2008/2/26 2008/3/26
Gs(1)
2Gs /Ma(2)
4Gs / Ma 0.0 0.0 0.0
4Gs / T(3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
6Gs / T 0.0 0.0 0.0
ns: non significant (1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
47



48
(MGT)
Table 19. Effect of soil extract from different Shy-Zih Stong intercropping system on seed germination, growth of radicle and hypocotyl of green onion cv. Pei-Stong
Germination percentage(%) MGT
Germination rate %
Radicle length (mm)
Hypocotyl length (mm)
Control 5.0 a 87.7 a 92.0 bc 95.7 ns 97.0 ns 2.1 b 47.4 a 5.33 ab 6.40 b
Gs(1) 4.0 b 76.3 b 91.0 c 95.7 96.3 2.2 a 44.9 b 5.27 ab 6.68 b
2Gs / Ma(2) ( )
2.0 bc 86.7 ab 96.3 ab 98.3 98.3 2.1 b 47.2 a 6.04 a 8.08 a
4Gs / Ma 2.3 bc 83.3 ab 91.3 c 95.0 96.0 2.2 ab 46.2 ab 4.62 b 6.98 b
4Gs / T(3) 0.3 c 83.7 ab 95.0 ab 96.0 98.3 2.2 ab 45.4 ab 4.77 b 6.43 b
6Gs / T 2.0 bc 88.3 a 97.7 a 98.7 99.0 2.1 b 47.5 a 5.13 ab 6.54 b ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05) (1) : Green onion cv. Shy-Zih Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
49
(MGT)
Table 20. Effect of soil extract from different Pei-Stong intercropping system on seed germination, growth of radicle and hypocotyl of green onion cv. Pei-Stong
Germination percentage(%) MGT
Germination rate %
Radicle length
Hypocotyl length (mm)
Control 5.0 a 87.7 ab 92.0 bc 95.7 b 97.0 ab 2.1 bc 47.4 ab 5.33 ab 6.40 abc
Gp (1)
2.7 ab 82.0 c 89.0 c 92.0 c 95.0 b 2.2 a 45.4 c 4.57 b 6.23 bc
2Gp / Ma(2) 3.0 ab 84.3 bc 92.3 bc 97.0 ab 99.0 a 2.2 a 45.3 c 5.48 ab 7.06 a
4Gp / Ma 2.0 bc 89.0 a 97.7 a 98.7 a 99.3 a 2.1 bc 47.5 ab 4.60 b 5.71 c
4Gp / T(3) 4.0 ab 84.3 bc 94.7 ab 97.3 ab 99.3 a 2.2 ab 45.9 bc 5.28 ab 6.92 ab
6Gp / T 4.0 ab 88.7 a 95.3 ab 96.7 ab 96.7 b 2.1 c 48.7 a 5.70 a 6.67 ab ns: non significant Number with the same letters are not statistically different according to Duncan’s multiple range test(P<0.05) (1) : Green onion cv. Pei-Stong (2) : Marigold (3) : Tomato
50
2003)
/ (R/FR) (Ballare et al., 1987 )
R/FR
2003
51
Ormrod, 1991) 11
11
()
2007
(/ 21 )
(p<0.05)

/
2003

2006 /
/ 2007 / 21


53
(inner row)
56%92%
60%75% (Li



Splitstoesser, 1990)




//



//
2007

(LER)
1
(Vandermeer, 1989)



2007

57
/(Erdogan and Karatas, 2000)/
/ (Prabhakar and Shukla, 1991; Quayyum and
Akanda, 1990)
2007
/
2003)

200 (1996)
59

(2000)

(Leucauge magnifica Yaginuma)
(Tetragnatha caudicula) (Tetragnatha praedonia L.
Koch) (Cyclosa mulmeinensis)
(Oxyopes sertatus)



1979


19891985


2007 2006

1985() ()

1993 3-4: 11~20
1997 1515-18
1982 pp.373-420
1954 2(9): 12-20
1989

1986
p.124-137
2000-
pp. 18-23
2002
1996
pp. 171-175
1978- p.12-20
2006
p.31-38
2003-
22: 75-82
2006 p.11-14
1996
pp.54-55
1981
1985 70: 14-17
Abidin, Z., R. Subhan, and R. S. Basuki. 1989. Experiments on multiple cropping of garlic with red bean and red pepper. Hort. Abst. 59 (3): 1968.
Altieri, M. A. 1994. Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems. Food
65
Products Press, New York, p. 185.
Altieri, M. A., A. C. Francis, A. van Schoonhoven, and J. D. Doll. 1978. A review of insect prevalence in maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) polycultural systems. Field Crops Res. 1: 33-49.
Altieri, M. A. and M. Liebman. 1986. Insect, weed, and plant disease management in multiple cropping systems. In: Francis, C.A. (Ed.), Multiple Cropping Systems. MacMillan, New York, pp. 182–218.
Andow, D. A. 1991. Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 561–586.
Armstrong, G., B. Murray, and R. G. McKinlay. 1996. Invertebrate pests and predators in intercropped and monocropped cabbage. In: Proceedings if the Crop Protection in North Britian Conference, Dundee University, UK, 23-25 March, pp. 283-288.
Ayisi, K. K., D. H. Putman, C. P. Vance, M. P. Russelle, and D. L. Allan. 1997. Strip intercropping and nitrogen effects on seed, oil, and protein yields of canola and soybean. Agron. J. 89 : 23-29.
Bach, C. E. 1981. Host plant growth form and diversity: effects on abundance and feeding preference of a specialist herbivore, Acalymma vittata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Oecologia 50 : 370–375.
Ballare, C. L., R. A. Sanchez, A. L. Scopel, J. J. Casal, and C. M. Ghersa. 1987. Early detection of neighbour plants by phytochrome perception of spectral changes in reflected sunlight. Plant Cell Environ. 10 : 551-557.
Bannon, F. J. and B. M. Cooke. 1998. Studies on dispersal of Septoria tritici pycnidiospores in wheat–clover intercrops. Plant Pathol. 47 : 49–56.
Baumann, D. T., L. Bastiaans, and M. J. Kropff. 2001. Competition and crop performance in a leek-celery intercropping system. Crop Sci. 41: 764–774.
Björkman, C. and S. Larsson. 1999. Insects in drought-stressed tress: four feeding guilds in one experiment. Physiology and genetics of tree-phytophage interactions. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium, vol. 90, Gujan, France, pp. 323–335.
66
Boucher, J. 2000. Setting a Trap. American Vegetable Grower. January. p. 20, 22.
Boudrea, M. A. 1993. Effects of intercropping beans with maize on the severity of angular leaf spot of beans in Kenya. Plant Patholo. 42: 16-25.
Brewster, J. L. and H. D. Rabinowitch. 1990. Onion and Allied Crops Vol. Biochemistry, Food Science, and Minor Crops. CRC Press. Inc. Florida. U.S. pp. 159-178.
Brown, J. E., W. E. Splittstoesser, and J. M. Gerber. 1985. Production and economic returns of vegetable intercropping systems. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110 (3): 350–353.
Bukovinszky, T., H. Tréfás, J. C. van Lenteren, L. E. M. Vet, and J. Fremont. 2004. Plant competition in pest-suppressive intercropping systems complicates evaluation of herbivore responses. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 102: 185–196.
Burdon J. J. and G. A. Chilvers. 1997. Controlled environment experiments on epidemic rates of barley mildew in different mixtures of barley and wheat. Oecologia 28: 141-146.
Chowdhury, M. K. and E. L. Rosario. 1994. Comparison of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency in maize/mungbean intercropping. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 122: 193-199.
Costa, W. A. J. M. and M. K. K. W. Perera. 1998. Effects of bean population and row arrangement on the productivity of chilli/dwarf bean intercropping in Sri Lanka. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 180 (1): 53–58.
Crawley, M. J. 1997. Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge. pp. 38-42
Cromartie, W. J. 1975. The effect of stand size and vegetational background on the colonization of cruciferous plants by herbivorous insects. J. Appl. Ecol. 12: 517–533.
Cromartie, W. J. 1981. The environmental control of insects using crop diversity. In: Pimentel, D. (Ed.), Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 223–251.
Crombie, W. M. L. and L. Crombie. 1986. Distribution of avenocins A-1,A-2, B-1 and
67
B-2 in oat roots: their fungicidal activity towards take-all fungus. Phytochemistry 25: 2069–2073.
Dalal. 1974. Effect of intercropping maize with pigeon peas on grain yield and nutrient uptake. Expl. Agric. 10: 219-224.
Dale, D. 1988. Plant-mediated effects of soil mineral stresses on insects. In: Heinrichs, E.A. (ED.), Plant Stress-Insect Interactions. Wiley, New York, pp. 35-110.
Dempster, J. P. and T. H. Coaker. 1972. Diversification of crop ecosystems as a means of controlling pests. In: D. P. Jones and M. E. Solomon (Editors), Biology in Pest and Disease Control. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 106-114.
Eames-Sheavly, M. 1993. The Three Sisters: Exploring an Iroquois Garden. Cornell University Cooperative Extension. pp. 5-7.
Elmore, R. W. and J. A. Jackobs. 1986. Yield and nitrogen yield of sorghum intercropped with nodulating and non-nodulating soybeans. Agron. J. 78: 780-782.
Enyi, B. A. C. 1973. Effects of intercropping maize and sorghum with peas, pigeon peas, or beans. Expl. Agric. 9: 83-90
Erdogan, H. and A. Karatas. 2000. An investigation on intercropping production of tomato, cucumber and pepper together with crisphead and cos lettuce in heated glasshouse by geothermal energy. In: Proceedings of the Vegetable Symposium, 11–13 September, Isparta, Turkey, pp. 296–302.
Erney, D. 1996. Long live the Three Sisters. Organic Gardening. November. p. 37-41.
Exner, D. N., D. G. Davidson, M. Ghaffarzadeh, and R. M. Cruse. 1999. Yields and returns from strip intercropping on six Iowa farms, Am. J. Alternative Agric. 14: 69-77.
Finch, S. and R. H. Collier. 2000. Host plant selection by insects— a theory based on appropriate/inappropriate landings by pest insects on cruciferous plants. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 96: 91–102.
Fisher, N. M. 1977. Studies in mixed cropping. II. further results with maize-bean mixtures. Expl. agric. 15: 185-191.
68
Fortin, M. C., J. Culley, and M. Edwards. 1994. Soil water, plant growth, and yield of strip intercropped corn. J. Prod. Agric. 7: 63-69.
Francis, C. A. (Ed.). 1986. Multiple Cropping Systems. Macmillan, New York.
Francis, C. A. 1990. Potential of multiple cropping systems. In: Altieri, M.A., Hecht, S.B. (Eds.), Agroecology and Small Farm Development. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 137–150.
Fukai, S. and B. R. Trenbath. 1993. Processes determining intercrop productivity and yields of component crops. Field Crops Res. 34: 247–271.
Ghaffarzadeh, M. 1999. Strip intercropping. Iowa State University. University Extension. January.
Ghaffarzadeh, M. and R. M. Cruse. 1997. Tillage effect on soil water content and corn yield in a strip intercropping System. Agron. J. 89: 893-899.
Ghaffarzadeh, M., F. G. Prechac, R. M. Cruse, and M. M. Harbur. 1994. Grain yield response of corn, soyean, and oat grown in a strip intercropping system. Am. J. Alternative Agric. 9: 171-177.
Ghaffarzadeh, M., F. G. Prechac, R. M. Cruse, and M. M. Harbur. 1998. Fertilizer and soil nitrogen use by corn and border crops in a strip intercropping system. Agron. J. 90: 758-762.
Ghosh, P. K. 2004. Growth, yield, competition and economics of groundnut/cereal fodder intercropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of India. Fields Crops Res. 88: 227-237.
Glass, A. D. M. 1975. Inhibition of phosphate uptake in barley roots by hydroxyl-benzoic acids. Phytochemistry 14: 2127-2130.
Gliessman, S. R. 1998. Agro-Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture. Sleeping Bear Press, Chelsea, ML, USA. pp. 124-129.
Go´mez-Rodr´guez, O., E. Zavaleta-Mej´a, V. A. Gonza´lez-Herna´ndez, M. Livera-Mun˜oz, and E. Ca´rdenas-Soriano. 2003. Allelopathy and microclimatic modification of intercropping with marigold on tomato early blight disease development. Field Crops Res. 83: 27-34.
69
Gold, C. S., M. A. Altieri, and A. C. Bellotti. 1990. Direct and residual effects of short duration intercrops on the cassava whiteflies Aleurotrachelus socialis and Trialeurodes variabilis (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Colombia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 32: 57–67.
Grace, J. 1990. On the relationship between plant traits and competitive ability. In: Grace J.B., Tilman D. (Eds.), Perspective on Plant Competition. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 51-65.
Grez, A. A. and E. Prado. 2000. Effect of plant patch shape and surrounding vegetation on the dynamics of predatory coccinellids and their prey Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemoptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 29: 1244–1250.
Grossman, J. and Q. William. 1993. Strip intercropping for biological control. IPM Practitioner. April. p. 1–11.
Hanelt, P. 1990. Taxonomy, evolution, and history. In Rabiowitch, H. D. and J. L. Brewster (eds.) pp. 2-26. Onion and Allied crops Vol. I .CRC Press. Inc. Florida. U.S.
Horwith, B. 1985. A role for intercropping in modern agriculture. BioScience 35: 5.
Igbokwe, M. C. and J. C. Ogbonnaya. 1980. Yield and nitrogen uptake by cocoyam as affected by nitrogen application and spacing. pp.255-257. In: E. R. Terry. Proceedings International Society Tropical Root Crops. Africa Brance, 8-12 September. Ibadan, Nigeria.
Iragavarapu T. K. and G. W. Randall. 1996. Border effects on yield in a strip-intercropped soybean, corn, and wheat production system. J. Prod. Agric. 9: 101-107.
Jarenyama, P., O. B. Hesterman, S. R. Waddington, and R. R. Harwood. 2000. Relay-intercropping of sunnhemp and cowpea into a smallholder maize system in Zimbabwe. Agron. J. 92: 239–244.
Kareiva, P. 1983. Influence of vegetation texture on herbivore populations. In: R. F. Denno and M. S. McClaire (Editors), Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Ecosystems. Academic Press, New York, pp. 259-289.
Kocacaliskan, I. 2001. Allelopathy. Department of Biology, Dumlupýnar University, Kütahya, Turkey, pp. 132-134.
70
Kunstler, J. H. 2007. The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of Oil, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century. Pub Group West. pp. 225-228.
LaMondia J. A., W. H. Elmer, T. L. Mervosh, and R. S. Cowles. 2002. Integrated management of strawberry pests by rotation and intercropping. Crop Protection 21(9): 837-846.
Leather, G. R. 1983. Sunflower (Heliantbus annus) are allelopathic to weeds. Weed Science 31: 37-42.
Lesoing, G. W. and C. A. Francis. 1999. Strip intercropping effects on yield and yield components of corn, grain sorghum, and soybean. Agron. J. 91: 807-813.
Letourneau, D. K. 1987. The enemies hypothesis: Tritrophic interactions and vegetational diversity in tropical agroecosystems. Ecology 68: 1616-1622.
Li, L., J. H. Sun, F. S. Zhang, and X. L. Li. 2001. Wheatmaize or wheatsoybean strip intercropping I. Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients. Field Crops Research 71: 123-137.
Li, L., S. C. Yang, X. L. Li, F. S. Zhang, and P. Christie. 1999. Interspecific complementary and competitive interactions between intercropped maize and faba bean. Plant and Soil 212(2): 105-114.
Malhotra, S. and N. Kumar. 1995. Performance of potato vegetables intercropping system under dry-temperate conditions of north-western Himalayas. Indian J. Agron. 40 (3): 394-397.
Mandal, B. K., D. Das, A. Saha, and M. Mohasin. 1996. Yield advantage of wheat and chickpea under different spatial arrangements in intercropping. Indian J. Agron. 41 (1): 17-21.
Michell, V. V., J. F. Wang, D. J. Midmore, and G. L. Hartman. 1997. Effects of intercropping and soil amendment with urea and calcium oxide on the incidence of bacterial wilt of tomato and survival of soil-borne Pseudomonas solanacearum in Taiwan. Plant Pathol. 46: 600–610.
Midmore, D. J. 1993. Agronomic modification of resource use and intercrop productivity. Field Crops Res. 34: 357–380.
71
Morallo, R. B. 1987. Botanical pest control research in the Philippines. Philipp. Entomol. 7: 1–30.
Morallo, R. B. and A. Decena. 1984. The activity, isolation and purification of the insecticidal principles from Tagetes. Biol. Abstr. 7: 81–87.
Morris, R. A. and D. P. Garrity. 1993. Resource capture and utilization in intercropping: non-nitrogen nutrients. Field Crops Res. 34: 319-334.
Moynihan, J. M., S. R. Simmons, and C. C. Sheaffer. 1996. Intercropping annual medic with conventional height and semidwarf barley grown for grain. Agron. J. 88: 823-828.
Muoneke, C. O. and J. E. Asiegbu. 1997. Effect of okra planting density and spatial arrangement in intercrop with maize on the growth and yield of the component species. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 179(4): 201-207.
Odunfa, V. S. A., 1978. Root exudation in cowpea and sorghum and the effect on spore germination and growth of some soil fusaria. New Phytol. 80: 607–612.
Ofori, F. and W. R. Stern. 1987. Cereal-legume intercropping systems. Adv. Agron. 41: 41-90.
Olasantan, F. O. 1991. Response of tomato and okra to nitrogen fertilizer in sole cropping and intercropping with cowpea. Hort. Sci. 66: 191–199.
Papadoulos, A. P. and D. P. Ormrod. 1991. Plant spacing effect on growth and development of the greenhouse tomato. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71: 297-304.
Papavizas, G. C. 1963. Microbial antagonists in bean rhizosphere as affected by oat straw and supplemental nitrogen. Phytopathology 53: 1430–1435.
Peirce, L. C. 1987. Vegetables. Characteristics, Production and Marketing, Willey, New York, USA, p.433.
Poniedzialek, M., A. Zacharias, E. Kunucki, and R. Suchodolska. 1989. Effect of cabbage, french bean and snap bean intercropping on the level and quality of yield. Folia Horticulturae 1 (2): 37–51.
Potts, M. J. 1990. Influence of intercropping in warm climates on pests and diseases of potato, with special reference to their control. Field Crops Res. 25: 133–144.
72
Prabhakar, B. S. and V. Shukla. 1990. Crop land use efficiency in sequential intercropping systems with vegetables. Indian J. Hor. 47(4): 427-430.
Prabhakar, B. S. and V. Shukla. 1991. Crop land use efficiency in sequential intercropping systems with vegetables. Hort. Abst. 61(9): 7856.
Quayyum, M. A. and M. E. M. Akanda. 1990. Productivity and profitability of cabbage intercropped vegetables. Hort. Abstr. 60 (9): 7201.
Remison, S.U. 1978. Neighbour effects between maize and cowpea at various levels of N and P. Expl agric 14: 205-212
Rerkasem, B., K. Rerkasem, M. B. Peoples, B. F. Herrigde, and F. J. Bergersen. 1988. Measurement of N2 fixation in maize (Zea mays L.)—rice bean (Vigna umbellata (Thumb) Ohwi and Ohashi) intercrops. Plant Soil 108: 125–135.
Rerkasem, K. and B. Rerkasem. 1988. Yields and nitrogen nutrition of intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) and rice bean (Vigna umbellta (Thumb.) Ohwi and Onashi). Plant Soil 108: 151–162.
Rice, E. L. 1979. Allelopathy- An update. The Botanical Review 45(1): 15-109.
Root, R. B. 1973. Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecol. Monogr. 43 (1): 95–124.
Russell, E. P. 1989. Enemies hypothesis: A review of the effect of vegetational diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids. Environ. Entomol. 18: 590-599.
Sharaiha, R. K. and B. Hattar. 1993. Intercropping and poultry manure effects on yields of corn, watermelon and soybean grown in a calcareous soil in the Jordan Valley. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 171: 260–267.
Sheehan, W. 1986. Response by specialist and generalist natural enemies to agronecosystem diversification: A selective review. Environ. Entomol. 15: 456-461.
Siame, J., R. W. Willey, and S. Morse. 1997. A study of the partitioning of applied nitrogen between maize and beans in intercropping. Expl. Agric. 33: 35-41.
Skovgård, H. and P. Päts. 1997. Reduction of stemborer damage by intercropping
73
maize with cowpea. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 62: 13-19.
Smith, H. A. and R. McSorley. 2000. Intercropping and pest management: a review of major concepts. Am. Entomol. 46: 154–161.
Smith, M. A. and P. R. Carter. 1998. Strip intercropping corn and alfafa. J. Prod. Agric. 11(3): 345-353.
Soleimani, M. J., M. L. Deadman, and H. A. McCartney. 1996. Splash dispersal of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides spores in wheat monocrop and wheat–clover bicrop canopies from simulated rain. Plant Pathol. 45: 1065-1070.
Splitstoesser, W. E. 1990. Vetetable Growing Handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA, p. 362.
Stanton, M. L. 1983. Spatial patterns in the plant community and their effects upon insect search. In: Ahmad, S. (Ed.),Herbivorous Insects: Host-seeking Behaviour and Mechanisms. Academic Press, New York, pp. 125–156.
Stern, W. R. 1993. Nitrogen fixation and transfer in intercrop systems. Field Crops Res. 34: 335-356.
Stuelpnagel, R. 1993. Intercropping of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) with oats or spring wheat. In: Proceedings of the International Crop Science Congress, 14-44 July 1992, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
Sullivan, P. 2003. Intercropping principal and production practices. ATTRA. pp. 3-8. http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/intercrop.pdf
Suman, K., S. K. Sugha, and S. Kumar. 2000. Role of cultural practices in the management of Septoria leaf spot of tomato. Indian Phytopath. 53: 105–106.
Theunnissen, J. 1997. Intercropping in field vegetables as an approach to sustainable horticulture. Outlook Agric. 26 (2): 95–99.
Thurston, D. H. 1992. Sustainable Practices for Plant Disease Management in Traditional Farming Systems. Westview Press, Inc., USA, pp. 250-253.
Tonhasca, J. A. and D. Byrne. 1994. The effects of crop diversification on herbivorous insects: A meta-analysis approach. Ecol. Entomol. 19: 239-244.
Trenbath, B. R. 1993. Intercropping for the management of pests and diseases. Field Crops Res. 34: 381-405.
Van Lenteren, J. C. 1998. Sustainable and safe crop protection: a reality? In: Proceedings of the 50th International Symposium on Crop protection. Vol. 63 (2b), Gent, pp. 409–413.
Vandermeer. 1989. The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press, New York.
West, T. D. and D. R. Griffith. 1992. Effect of strip intercropping corn and soybean on yield and profit. J. Prod. Agric. 5: 107-110.
Willey, R. W. 1979. Intercropping its importance and research needs. Part I. Competition and yield advantage. Field Crops Abstr. 32: 1–10.
Willey, R. W. and D. S. O. Osiru. 1972. Studies of mixtures of maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular reference to plant population. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb. ) 79: 519-529.
Yildirim, E. and I. Guvenc. 2005. Intercropping based on cauliflower: more productive,profitable and highly sustainable. Europ. J. Agron. 22: 11–18.
Young, C. C. and S. H. Chen. 1984. Autointoxication in root exudates of Asparagus officinalis L. Plant and soil 82: 247-257.

Abstract