DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING · fields of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, is to instill in students the attitudes, values, vision, ... resistance,

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DEPARTMENT

OF

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Name of the course : Networks lab

Name of the Dept. : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Name of the Faculty : M.KRISHNA, Assistant Professor

Class : II Year B.Tech. EEE, I – Sem

Academic year : 2018-19

SPEC/ECE/UG/CF-0203/2018 – 19

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CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION

This is to certify that M.Krishna,Assistant professor of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Department has prepared the course material forNetworks lab of Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University, Hyderabad for the academic year 2018 –19. The contents of this

course/teaching module have not been reproduced elsewhere in any books or journals.

This is the sole property of St. Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad to be referred by

staff and students.

Name of the Facult: M.Krishna HOD

(EEE department)

Signature

INSTITUTE VISION

Our vision is to promote quality education accessible to all sections of the Society without

any discrimination of caste, creed, color, sex and religion and help students discover their true

potential.

INSTITUTE MISSION

M1.To provide integrated, continuous and wholesome development of students by

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equipping them with knowledge and skills, social values and ethics, scientific attitude and

orientations for lifelong education and mold them into useful citizens of the society.

M2. To create an environment conductive to inhibiting theirs total involvement and participation of

the students, faculty, staff and management. In making the institution into a center of excellence

imparting quality technical education and also arms the students with the competence to be at the

forefront of cutting edge technology and entrepreneurship in highly competitive global market.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DEPARTMENT VISION

To Evolve the department as a centre of excellence in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

education in the country, to train students in contemporary technologies to meet the needs of global

industry and to develop them into skilful engineers imbued with knowledge of core as well as inter-

disciplinary domains, human values and professional ethics.

DEPARTMENT MISSION

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•Impart quality education to the students to enter a dynamic and rapidly changing field with career

opportunities in Electrical Power System, Electronics and Software Professional.

•Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department was found with a threefold mission in teaching,

research, and public service. Based on that foundation, the mission of the Department, in all major

fields of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, is to instill in students the attitudes, values, vision,

and training that will prepare them to learn and to lead continuously for life-time.

•Develop the ability and passion to work creatively, effectively and wisely for the benefit of society.

•Generate new knowledge for the betterment of humankind and to utilize it universally.

•Generate realistic and innovative solutions for the current needs and future technological needs

and to play a leading role to form the van of social and scientific progress and to provide special

services where there are needs that the department is uniquely qualified to meet.

•Other than the Academic curriculum, the department also engages in regular Industrial Visits and

In-plant training for students to gain industrial exposure and practical knowledge.


Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

1. PEO1: To provide a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science, Electrical, Electronics and allied engineering,

capable of analyzing, design and development of systems for Energy Generation, Transmission,

Distribution, Operation and Control.

2. PEO2: To prepare the student for a successful career in industry/Technical profession and undertake post-

graduation studies, research and lifelong learning.

3. PEO3: To prepare the student to fulfill the needs of society in solving technical problems using engineering

principles, tools and practices.

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4. PEO4: To equip student with the knowledge of modern simulation tools to solve complex Engineering

problems.

5. PEO5: To inculcate professional and ethical attitudes, team work skills, leadership qualities and good oral and

written communication skills.

Program Outcomes (POs):

1. ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. PROBLEM ANALYSIS:Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. DESIGN/DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS:Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS OF COMPLEX PROBLEMS:Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. MODERN TOOL USAGE:Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. THE ENGINEER AND SOCIETY:Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY:Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

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8. ETHICS:Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

9. INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM WORK:Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. COMMUNICATION:Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, give and receive clear instructions.

11. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE:Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. LIFE-LONG LEARNING:Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Programme specific outcomes (PSOs):

PSO 1. An ability to endeavor the public and private sector, national level examination and

interviews successfully.

PSO2. An ability to design solutions for Electrical transmission and distribution systems.

PSO3. An ability to undertake research in power electronics and power systems.


Name of the Faculty: M.Krishna Class: II EEE-I SEM

Course Name: NT Lab Academic Year: 2018-19

Course Objectives: To provide students with a strong back ground in Theorems to solve various circuits problems.

To determine unknown inductance, resistance, capacitance by performing experiments on D.C

Bridges & A. C Bridges

Able to find different mathematical techniques for solving a.c. circuits.

Develop the ability to analyze the two port networks

Helps the students to understand the locus diagrams. Course Outcomes:

After completion of this Lab, the Student is able to

C218.1 Analyze complex DC and AC linear circuits (analysis)

C218.2 Design electrical circuits based on concepts of locus diagrams and resonance(Synthesis)

C218.3Apply concepts of electrical circuits across engineering (Application)

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C218.4 Make electrical circuits using different Two-port network parameters (Application)

C218.5Evaluate response in a given network by using theorems (Evaluation)

C218.6 Memorized to measure power quantity in three phase systems (Knowledge)

List of Experiments:

Expt No Name of the experiment COs Mapped PO/PSO

1. Thevenin’s, Norton’s & Maximum power Theorem

C218.5 1,2,3,4,11,12

2. Verification of Super Position Theorem, Reciprocity

Theorem and Maximum Power transfer theorem. C218.5 1,2,3,4,11,12

3. Locus diagrams of RL and RC Series circuits C218.2 1,2,3,4,11

4. Series and Parallel Resonance

C218.2 1,2,3,4,11,12

5. Time response of first order RC / RL network for

periodic non – sinusoidal inputs –Time constant and

Steady state error determination.

C218.3 1,2,3,4

6. Z and Y parameters

C218.4 1,2,3,4,11,12

7. Transmission and Hybrid Parameters

C218.4 1,2,3,4,11,12

8. Separation of Self and Mutual inductance in a Coupled

Circuit. Determination of Coefficient

of Coupling.

C218.3 1,2,3,4

9. Verification of compensation & Milliman’s theorems

C218.5 1,2,3,4,11

10. Measurement of Active Power for Star and Delta

connected balanced loads

C218.6 1,2,3,4,11,12

List of Additional Experiments:

Expt Name of the experiment CO Mapped PO/PSO

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No

1 Measurement of Reactive Power for Star and Delta

connected balanced loads C218.6

1,2,3,4,11,12

2 Determination of form factor for non-sinusoidal

waveform C21.3

1,2,3,4

Faculty in-charge


Name of the Faculty: B. Vidya Sagar Class: II EEE-I SEM

Course Name: Networks LabAcademic Year: 2018-19

INDIVIDUAL FACULTY TIME-TABLE

Day/

Hou

r

1

(9.00A

M-

9.50AM

)

2

(9.50A

M-

10.40A

M)

3

(10.40A

–

11.30A

M)

4

(11.30A

M- 12.20

PM)

LUNC

H

5

(1.00P

M-

1.50PM

)

6

(1.50P

M- 2.40

PM)

7

(2.40P

M-

3.30PM

)

8

(3.30P

M-

4.20PM

)

MO

N

TUE NT Lab

Batch - I

WE

D

TH

U

FRI NT Lab

Batch - II

SAT

FACULTY SIGN TIME TABLE I/C HOD

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Lab External Exam Questions:

Exp No, Question

1 Verify thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems theoretically and practically

2 Verify Superposition and reciprocity Theorems theoretically and practically

3 Verify Maximum power transfer Theorem theoretically and practically

4 Measure the Z-Parameters for the network shown in fig and check symmetricity

and reciprocity condition.

5 Find the Y-Parameters for the network shown in fig and check symmetricity and

reciprocity condition.

6 Measure the 3 – Phase active power using two wattmeter method.

7 Find the H-Parameters for the network shown in fig and check symmetricity and

reciprocity condition.

8 Point out ABCD parameters for the network and write its applications.

9 Verify the condition for resonance in RLC series circuit.

10 Draw the Current Locus for given RL network with R variation.

11 Draw the Current Locus for given RC network with C variation.

12 Verify compensation and Millman’s Theorems theoretically and practically

13 Measure reactive power in three phase system using single wattmeter method.

14 Calculate self and mutual inductance of coupled circuit and find Coefficent of

coupling.

Faculty in-charge

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B-Tech III Year I Sem EMI Lab External Exam Time Table for the Year 2018-2019

DATE:

BRANCH NAME OF THE

LABORATORY

NO. OF

STUDENTS REG. NO.

DATE OF

EXAM EXTERNAL EXAMINORS TIMINGS

NT Lab

NT Lab

NT Lab

NT Lab

COORDINATOR

HOD

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EE505PC: Networks Lab

LAB SCHEDULE

BATCH/

WEEK

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11

W1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1

W2 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2

W3 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2 E3

W4 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2 E3 E4

W5 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5

W6 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6

W7 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7

W8 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8

W9 E9 E10 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9

W10 E10 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

W11 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1

W12 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E1 E2

BATCH ROLL NO.(MONDAY) ROLL NO.(SATURDAY)

B1 17Bk1A0201,202,203 17Bk1A0228,229,230

B2 17Bk1A0204,205,206 17Bk1A0231,234, 235

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B3 17Bk1A0207,208,209 17Bk1A0236,237, 238

B4 17Bk1A0210,211,212 17Bk1A0239,240, 241

B5 17Bk1A0213,215,216 17Bk1A0242,16BK1A0219

B6 17Bk1A0217,218,220 18Bk5A0211,212,213

B7 17Bk1A0221,222,223 18Bk5A0214,215,216

B8 17Bk1A0224,226,227 18Bk5A0217,218,219

B9 18BK5A0201,202,203 18Bk5A0220,221,222

B10 18BK5A0204,205,206 18Bk5A0223,224,225,226

B11 18BK5A0207,208,209,210 18Bk5A0227,228,229.230

NETWORKS LAB

List of Major Equipment

(above Rs.10,000)

As on

S. No. Name of the Equipments Unit Cost Quantity

1 Experiment Kits Rs. 1400/- 8

2 AC harmonic Analyzer Rs. 37850/- 1

3 R and L Load banks Rs.30000/- 1+1

Lab Incharge

List of Working Models

Academic Year: 2018-19, Semester: Odd

Laboratory Name: Networks Lab Room No.: F48

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S.NO. PROJECT TYPE NAME OF THE

STUDENT

UNIVERSITY

ROLL NO

Faculty-in-charge HOD

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

EMI Lab

Code of conduct for the laboratory

All students must observe the Dress code while in the laboratory

Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed

Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed

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All bags most be left at the indicated place

The lab timetable must be strictly followed

Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session

Experiment must be completed within the given time

Noise must be kept to a minimum

Workspace must be kept clean and tidy at all time

Handle all apparatus with care

All students are liable for any damage to equipment due to their own negligence

All equipment, apparatus, tools and components must be RETURNED to their original place after

use

Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the laboratory

Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without the lab supervisor

Report immediately to the lab supervisor if any injury occurred

BEFORE LEAVING LAB:

Place the stools under the lab bench

Turn off the power to all instruments

Turn off the main power switch to the lab bench

Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates

Lab Incharge

EMI LAB LAYOUT – Area in Sq.M

64” ft

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:

Exp. No. :

Date :

1.THEVININ’S, AND NORTON’S THEOREMS

A) THEVENIN’S THEOREM AIM:

To Verify Thevenin's theorem and verify the result by direct calculation.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name Range Qt

y. 1. Bread Board

1 2. RPS 0-30V 1 3. Digital Ammeter 0-200A/20mA 2

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4. Digital Voltmeter 0-30V DC 2 5. Connecting Wires

As required 6. Resistors R1, R2, R3, RL 4

Verification by measurement

To find out Voc

Figure (i)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig(1).

2. Apply 20V DC between terminals A and B

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3. Measure the open circuit voltage by connecting the voltmeter across the Terminals C and D.

To find out RTh

Figure (ii)

1. Terminals A and B are short-circuited.

2. Terminals C and D are supplied with 20V DC source and current flowing into the circuit is

measured.

3. From the above data Rth is calculated which is equal to V/I

Now the current flowing through the load is calculated by using the formula

LTH

oc

LRR

VI

Equivalent Circuit:

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Thevenin’s theorem is verified by connecting the circuit as shown above where the load resistance is

included in the circuit and the current is measured.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Vs Voc

To determine Rth

1Rth

VthI c

V I I

VRth

Theoretical

Practical

RESULT:

Theoretical Practical

VTH

RTH

IL

Viva Questions:

1. Definition of Thevinin’s theorem

2. How do you find VTH

3. How do you find RTH

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1b. NORTON’S THEOREM

AIM:To Verify Norton’s Theorem and verify the result by direct calculation.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name Range Q

ty. 1. Bread Board

1 2. RPS 0-30V 1 3. Digital Ammeter 0-200A/20mA 2 4. Digital Voltmeter 0-30V DC 2 5. Connecting Wires

As required 6. Resistors R1, R2, R3 2

Verification by measurement

To find out IN:

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1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Ammeter is connected at the output terminals C and D to measure the Short circuit current

3. The terminals A and B are supplied with 15V DC and the short circuit current is measured.

To find out RN

1. Terminals A and B are short-circuited.

2. Terminals C and D are supplied with 20V DC source and current flowing into the circuit is

measured.

3. from the above data RN is calculated which is equal to V/I.

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Now the current flowing through the load is calculated applying current division rule.

IL=ISCRth/(Rth+RL).

Norton’s theorem is verified by connecting the circuit as shown in figure where the load resistance is

included in the circuit and the current is measured.

OBSERVATION:

S.No

VS

(V) Isc

To find RN

LTH

THNL

RR

RII

V I I

VRN

1.

RESULT:

Theoretical Practical

IL1

IN

RN

IL2

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Viva Questions:

1. Definition of Norton’s theorem

2. How do you find IN

3. How do you find RN

Exp. No. :

Date :

2. VERIFICATION OF SUPER POSITION,RECIPROCITY& MAXIMUM

POWER THEOREMS

A) SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM:To verify the Superposition theorem analytically and practically.

APPARATUS:

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S.

No. Name Range

Q

ty 1. Bread Board


As required 6. Resistors R1, R2, R3, RL 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(i) To determine [I] :

Figure 1

(ii) To determine [I1] :

Figure 2

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(iii) To determine [I2] :

Figure 3

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Adjust channel-1 voltage to 20V and channel-2 to 10V.

3. Note down ammeter readings in table (a).

4. Switch off RPS and connect the circuit diagram (ii).

5. Adjust the voltage to 20V.

6. Note down ammeter readings in table (b).

7. Switch off RPS and connect diagram (iii).

8. Adjust voltage to 10V.

9. Note down ammeter readings in table (c).

10. Switch off the RPS.

PRECAUTIONS:

No parallel error should occur.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Table for Figure 1

V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) I (mA)

8 0 14.3

Table for Figure 2


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0 4 3.2

Table for Figure 3


8 4 17.6

I = I1 + I2

VERIFICATION:

I1 (mA) =

I2 (mA) =

I1 + I2 (mA) =

I (mA) =

RESULT:

Parameter Theoretical Practical

I1

I2

I

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. State Superposition Theorem?

2. What are the limitations of Superposition Theorem?

3. How can you make the other active sources in the network non operative while considering the

effect of one individual source

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B) RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM:To verify the Reciprocity theorem analytically and practically.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name Range Q

ty. 1. Bread Board


As required 6. Resistors R1, R2, R3 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Before interchanging

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Figure (i)

After interchanging

Figure (ii)

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram as shown in figure (i).

2. The voltage 10, 15, 20V DC across AB is applied.

3. Measure the current flowing through output terminals CD by ammeter connected between the

terminals CD.

4. Now interchange voltage source and ammeter (current source) as

Shown in figure (ii).

5. Measure the current through ammeter by applying 10, 15, 20V DC at the terminals CD.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

Before interchanging

VS IL IL/VS

After interchanging

VS’ IL’ IL’/VS’

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. State Reciprocity theorem?

3. Draw the ideal voltage source how it differs from practical voltage source.

4. Draw the practical current source, how it differs from ideal current source.

5. What is meant by Active element?

6. Superposition theorem is applicable to which elements?

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C) MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To verify the maximum power transfer theorem for a given DC circuit

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Qty.

1. Bread board 1

2. Ammeter (0-20mA) Digital 1

3. Voltmeter (0-30V) Digital 1

4. Decade resistance box 1

5. RPS (0-30V) Digital 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

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1. Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of the circuit is calculated.

2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

3. 20V DC is applied to the terminals AB.

4. No load voltage is measured at the output terminals CD.

5. By varying the load resistance using decade resistance box, the current flowing through the load is

measured. Voltage across the load is noted at every step.

6. Readings are tabulated and power delivered to the load is calculated.

7. Maximum power is observed to be delivered to the load when its resistance is equal to the source

resistance.

OBSERVATION:

S.NO Resistance(RL) Voltage(VL) Load

current(IL) P=I2 RL

1.

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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VIVA VOCE:

1. State Thevenin’s Theorem?

2. State Norton’s Theorem?

3. How can you find the equivalent resistance of a given circuit?

4. What is the dual of Thevenin’s Theorem?

5. What is common to both Thevenin’s & Norton’s Theorem?

Exp. No.:

Date :

3. LOCUS DIAGRAMS OF RL AND RC SERIES CIRCUITS

AIM:To study the current locus diagram of RL circuit.

APPARATUS:

S.No Equipment Range Rating Quantity

1. Auto transformer 230 / 0-270v 3KVA 1 No.

2. 1-Ф Loading Inductor ----- ----- 1 No.

3. Watt meter 0-300V/5A(LPF) ----- 1 No.

4. Volt meter 0-300V,MI ----- 1 No.

5. Ammeter 0-5A ,MI ----- 1 No.

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6. Rheostat 100 ohm, 5A ----- 1No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RL Circuit with ‘L’ variable:

RL Circuit with ‘R’ variable:

PROCEDURE:


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1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram fig.1

2. Apply the voltage of 150V, and put the resistance value maximum

3. Vary the inductance from maximum to minimum value

4. Note down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter

5. Calculate the value of phase angle.

6. Draw the current locus diagram as shown in fig.3


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram fig.2

2. Apply the voltage of 100V, and put the inductance value maximum and vary the resistance from

maximum to minimum value

3. Note down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter


5. Draw the current locus diagram as shown in fig.4

OBSERVATIONS:


S.No W V I CosФ=W/VI


S.No W V I CosФ=W/VI

MODEL GRAPH:

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Exp. No.:

Date :

B) CURRENT LOCUS DIAGRAM OF RC SERIES CIRCUIT

AIM: To study the current locus diagram of RC circuit.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Rating Quantity

1. Auto transformer 230 / 0-

270V 3KVA 1

2. 1- loading capacitor 1

3. Wattmeter 0-150/5A 1

4. Voltmeter 0-150V,

MI 1

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5. Ammeter 0-5A, MI 1

6. Rheostat 100 5A 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RC CIRCUIT WITH ‘C’ VARIABLE:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram in fig. 1.

2. Apply the voltage of 150V, with the help of auto transformer and set the R to 100.

3. Vary the capacitance from minimum to maximum value.

4. Note down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter for different values of capacitance.


6. Draw the current locus diagram as shown in fig. 3.

RC CIRCUIT WITH ‘R’ VARIABLE:

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PROCEDURE:

1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram fig. 2.

2.Apply the voltage of 150V, with the help of auto transformer and set the capacitance value to

maximum.

3.Vary the resistance from maximum to minimum value.

4.Note down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter.

5.Calculate the value of phase angle.

6.Draw the current locus diagram as shown in fig. 4.

TABULAR COLUMN:

RC CIRCUIT WITH ‘C’ VARIABLE:

S.No C W V I CosФ=W/VI

1.

RC CIRCUIT WITH ‘R’ VARIABLE:

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S.No C W V I CosФ=W/VI

1.

MODEL GRAPH:

1.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by initial conditions

2. What are the methods to evaluate RLC circuits

3. Define time constant.

Exp. No.:

Date :

4. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM: To find the resonant frequency, quality factor, band width and selectivity of a series and parallel

resonant circuit.

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APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Function generator 1 MHz Digital 1

2. Decade resistance box - - 1

3. Decade inductance box - - 1

4. Decade capacitance box - - 1

5. Ammeter 0-200mA Digital 1

6. CRO - Digital 1

7. Connecting wires. - - As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1. Series resonance:

2. Parallel resonance:

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MODEL GRAPHS:



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PROCEDURE:


1. Calculate the resonant frequency (fr = 1/2LC of the network.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

3. Vary the frequency of the input signal and note down the current flowing through the circuit.

4. Observe the current at resonant frequency.

5. Draw the graph frequency Vs current.


1. Calculate the resonant frequency (fr = 1/2LC of the network.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

3. Vary the frequency of the input signal and note down the current flowing through the circuit.

4. Observe the current at resonant frequency.

5. Calculate the impedance of the circuit.

6. Draw the graph frequency Vs current.

TABULAR COLUMN:


Sl. No. Freq. (Hz) Current (mA)

1.


Sl. No. Freq. (Hz) Current (mA)

1.

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RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

1. Define Resonance Phenomena?

2. What is meant by resonant frequency?

3. What is condition for series resonance?

4. What is meant quality factor?

5. What are half power frequencies?

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Exp. No.:

Date :

5.TIME RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER RC / RL NETWORK FOR PERIODIC NON –

SINUSOIDAL INPUTS –TIME CONSTANT AND STEADY STATE ERROR

DETERMINATION.

Aim: To draw the time response of first order series RL and RC network for

periodicNon-Sinusoidal function and verify the time constant.

Learning outcomes: 1.Generate and measure the AC steady-state response of a seriesRLcircuit.

2. Generate and measure the AC steady-state response of a series RC circuit.

Apparatus:

Sl.No Name of the Equipment Type Range Quantity

1 Function generator 1

2 Decade Resistance box 1

3 Decade Inductance box 1

4 Decade Capacitance box 1

5 CRO 1

6 CRO probes 1

7 Connecting wires Required amount

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Circuit Diagram

Procedure:

Series RL Circuit:

1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-1.

2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.

3. The waveform of voltage across inductor is observed on CRO and the waveform is

drawn on a graph sheet.

4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value.

Series RC Circuit:

1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-2.

2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.

3. The waveform of voltage across the capacitor is observed on CRO and the waveform

is drawn on a graph sheet.

4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value.

44

Result table:

Series RL Circuit Series RC Circuit

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Time constant

Precautions:

1. Making loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

Result:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define time constant.

2. Define steady state error

3. What are the deferent steady state errors.

Exp. No.:

Date :

6. DETERMINATION OF Z AND Y PARAMETERS

AIM: To find the Z & Y parameters of a two port network.

APPARATUS:

45

S. No. Components Range Type Quantity

1. RPS 0-30 V Digital 01

2. Ammeter 0-100 mA - 01

3. Voltmeter 0-100 V - 01

4. Resistors R1, R2, R3 - 01

5. Connecting wires As required

6. Bread Board - WB102 01

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

To find out Z-parameters

46

1. Port 2 – 21 is open circuited.

2. 0 – 30 VDC source is applied to the port 1 - 11 i.e. V1 across AB.

3. Current flowing through port 1 – 11 and voltage across the terminals CD is measured.

4.

1

111

I

VZ (at I2 = 0) and

1

221

I

VZ (at I2 = 0) are calculated.

5. Port 1 – 11 is open circuited.

6. Voltage source 100V DC is applied to the output port 2 - 21

7. Current flowing through port 2 – 21 (I2) and corresponding voltage (V1) across AB are measured.

8.

2

112

I

VZ (at I1 = 0) and

2

222

I

VZ (at I1 = 0) are calculated.

To find out Y-parameters

47

1. Port 2 – 21 is short circuited.

2. 0 – 30 VDC source is applied to the port 1 - 11 i.e. V1 across AB.

3. Current entering the port 1 – 11 and short circuit current I2 are measured.

4.

2

111

V

IY (at V2 = 0) and

1

221

V

IY (at V2 = 0) are calculated.

5. Port 1 – 11 is short circuited.

6. 0 – 30 VDC source is applied to the output port 2 – 21.

7. Current entering the port 2 – 21, I2 and short circuit current I1 are measured.

8.

2

222

V

IY (at V1 = 0) and

2

112

V

IY (at V1 = 0) are calculated.

CALCULATIONS:

48

Z-parameters

1. Open circuit port 2 (i.e I2 = 0)

0| 1

1

111 I

I

VZ 0| 2

1

221 I

I

VZ

2. Open circuit port 1 (i.e. I1 = 0)

0| 1

2

112 I

I

VZ 0| 1

2

222 I

I

VZ

Y-parameters

1. Short circuit port 2 (i.e V2 = 0)

0| 2

2

111 V

V

IY 0| 2

1

221 V

V

IY

2. Short circuit port 1 (i.e. V1 = 0)

0| 1

2

112 V

V

IY 0| 1

2

222 V

V

IY

TABULAR COLUMN:

1. When port 2 – 21 is open circuited.

V1 V2 I1 I2

2. When port 1 – 11 is open circuited.

V1 V2 I1 I2

49

3. When port 2 – 21 is short circuited.

V1 V2 I1 I2

4. When port 1 – 11 is short circuited.

V1 V2 I1 I2

RESULT:

S. No. Parameter Theoretical

Value Practical value

1. Z11

2. Z12

3. Z21

4. Z22

5. Y11

6. Y12

7. Y21

8. Y22

VIVA VOCE:

50

1. What is a two port network?

2. Define open circuit parameters and short circuit parameters?

3. What is driving point input impedance and transfer impedance?

4. Write few applications of two port network?

5. What is a condition for circuit to be reciprocal?

Exp. No.:

Date :

7. DETERMINATION OF ABCD AND H PARAMETERS

AIM: To find the ABCD & H parameters of a two port network.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Components Range Type Quantity

1 RPS 0-30 V Digital 1

2 Ammeter 0-100 mA - 1

3 Voltmeter 0-100 V - 1

4 Resistors R1, R2, R3 - 1

5 Connecting wires As required

6 Bread Board - WB102 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1

51

PROCEDURE:

To find out Transmission parameters (A, B, C, D):

1. Make the connections as shown in the figure 1 Ie. Open circuit port 2. Terminals CD and connect

a voltmeter as shown.

2. Apply 0-30V DC (V1) across terminals AB.

3. Measure the current I1 flowing through port AB and voltage across both ports (V1, V2).

4 Calculate

2

1

V

VA (at I2 = 0)

2

1

V

IC (at I2 = 0).

5. Short circuit the port 2 terminals CD and insert on ammeter in port 2 terminals as shown in figure

2.

6. Apply 0-30 Volts DC (V1) across AB.

7. Measure the current I1 flowing through port AB voltage across AB (V1) and current I2 flowing

through port CD.

8. Calculate

2

1

I

VB at (V2 = 0).

2

1

I

ID (at V2 = 0)

Figure 2

To find out hybrid parameters:

52

Figure 3

1. Short circuit port 2 terminals CD and connect an ammeter in series as shown in fig. 3.

2. Apply 0-30V DC (V1) across terminals AB.

3. Measure the current flowing through port 1 (I1) and port 2 (I2. Also measure voltage across AB

terminals (V1).

4. Calculate

1

111

I

VH i.e V2 = 0,

1

221

V

IH i.e. V2 = 0.

5. Open circuit port 1 terminals AB and connect a voltmeter as shown in figure.

6. Apply 0-30V DC (V2) across terminals CD.

7. Measure voltage across terminals AB (V1) and CD (V2) and current flowing through port 2 I2.

8. Calculate

2

112

V

VH i.e. I1 = o.

2

222

V

IH .. i.e. I1 = 0.

Figure 4

TABULAR COLUMN:

From circuit figure 1

I1 V1 V2

53


I1 I2 V1

H-PARAMEERS


I1 V1 I2


V1 I2 V2

RESULT:

S. No. Parameter Theoretical

Value Practical value

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

54

7.

8.

VIVA VOCE:

1. What is the other name for ABCD parameters?

2. What are the applications of H parameter representation?

3. What is the condition for symmetry of a network using H parameters?

4. What is the condition for symmetry of a network using ABCD parameters?

Exp. No.:

Date :

8. SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCES OF A COUPLED COIL Aim: To determine the self and mutual inductances of a given 1-ph transformer and also

determine co-efficient of coupling.

Apparatus Required: 1.Voltneter - (0-300V) MI

2. Ammeter – (0-1A) MI

3. 1-ph Wattmeter - 2.5A/300V/LPF

55

4.1-ph Transformer – 1.5KVA, 230/115V. 5. 1-ph variac – 240V / (0-270V)

A) i) Circuit Diagram-I:

Circuit Diagram-II:

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 1. 2. Switch on the supply, Apply the rated voltage of LV winding by varying the auto-

transformer. 3. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and tabulate the readings

in table1. 4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 2. 5. Switch on the supply, Apply the rated voltage of HV winding by varying the auto-

transformer. 6. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and tabulate the readings

in table 2.

56

Calculations:

From circuit –I: Wo = V1 Io Cos o (or) Cos o = Wo / V1 Io = ------ --

Working current, Iw = Io Cos o (amp) = ---------- A

Magnetizing current Iμ = Io Sin o (amp) = ---------- A

Io = √ (Iw2 + Iμ

2)

a) Self inductance of first coil (LV winding): L1 = V1 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H

b) Mutual inductance b/n two coils: M12= E2 / j Iμ= E2 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H

From circuit –II: Wo = V1 Io Cos o (or) Cos o = Wo / V2 Io = ----------

Working current, Iw =Io Cos o (amp) = ---------- A

Magnetizing current Iμ = Io Sin o (amp) == ---------- A

c)Self inductance of first coil (LV winding) : L2 = V1 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H

d)Mutual inductance b/n two coils: M21= E2 / j Iμ= E2 / (2Πf Iμ) = ---------- H

M12 = M21 = M == ---------- H

e) Co-efficient of coupling K = M / √ (L1 L2) = ----------

Observation Table: Table 1.(LV side)

V1 E2 Io Wo

(volts) (volts) (amp) (watts)

115

Result:

Viva Questions: a) Self inductance L1 = ---------- H

L2 = ---------- H

57

b) Mutual Inductance between two coils M = ---------- H

c) Co-efficient of coupling K = ----------

Table 2.(HV side)

V1 E2 Io Wo

(volts) (volts) (amp) (watts)

230

St.PETER’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Sponsored by Shantha Educational Society)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH)

Giving Wings to Thoughts

Maisammaguda,Opp.Forest Academy,Dhulapally,Near Kompally,Medchal(M),R.R.Dist.,Hyderabad-500 014.,T.S.INDIA

Tel: 040-65222235 * Mobile :9959222268,Email: [email protected] * www.stpetershyd.com

(For CSE, ECE & EEE)

Exp. No.:

Date :

9. VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION & MILLMAN’S

THEOREMS

A) COMPENSATION THEOREMS

AIM:To verify Compensation Theorem for a given circuit

APPARATUS:

S. No. Components Range Type Qty.

1. RPS 0-30 V/

5A 1

2. Voltmeter 0-30V MC 1

3. Ammeter 0-1 A MC 1

4. DRB 1

5. Resistors R1, R2, R3 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig.1








Fig.2

Fig.3

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (fig.1).

2. Apply 25V DC and measure the current through R3(I1).

3. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.2.

4. Apply compensated emf with the help of RPS calculated by equation Vc= I1Δ R3.

5. Find the current ΔI through R3 ( I2).

6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.3 with changed R3.

7. Measure the current through R3 (I3).

8. Verify the result -I2=I1-I3.

OBSERVATIONS:

For circuit in Figure 1:








S. No V I1


S. No Vc I2


S. No V I3

RESULT:

I1 Vc I2 I3

Theoretical

Practical

VIVA VOCE:

1. State Compensation Theorem?

2. What is meant by the compensation emf?

3. Mention the application of compensation Theorem?

4. If the compensation voltage is 8 Volts and the value of resistance in the branch is changed from 2

ohms to 4 ohms then determine the current in that branch before modification.








B) MILLMAN’S THEOREM

AIM:To find current flowing through RL using Millman’s theorem in the given circuit.

APPARATUS:

1. Four terminal box

2. Voltmeter- (0-50V)

3. Ammeter- (0-100mA)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Verification by Measurement:

Make the connections as shown. Insert ammeter in series with the RL. Close S1 and S2 and measure the

ammeter reading that must be equal to the value given by equation (a).

Step I: To measure voltage across EF.








PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in fig 1.

2. Excite the network with two voltage sources (V1 = 20V, V2 = 10V)

3. Measure the voltage across EF where R2 is connected

i) Let this voltage be= VE

Step II: To measure Resistance across EF

PROCEDURE:

1. Short the terminals AB and CD.

2. Open the resistance EF

3. Excite the network at EF by 25 DC source

4. Measure voltage and current








Req=Resistance across EF=VEF/I.

STEP III: Equivalent circuit

The circuit shown in fig.1 can be represented by an equivalent circuit as shown below

Step IV: Calculation of current in the element REF.

The current in the load resistance which connected in series with REF can be computed from the

Expression.

IEF =VEF/(Ref+RL) -------(a)

RESULT:

REF

(k)

VEF

(V)

RL

(k)

IL

(mA)

Theoretical

Practical

VIVA VOCE:

4. State Millman’s Theorem?

5. When the Millman’s Theorem is found necessary in circuit analysis?








10. MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA

CONNECTED BALANCED LOAD

Aim:

To measure the Active Power in a 3-Φ Balanced Delta connected load by using a 2-

Wattmeter.

APPARATUS:

S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

1. 1-Φ Wattmeter UPF (0-10) A, (0-600) V 1

2. Current

Transformer (0-20) A/5A 2

3. Voltmeter MI (0-600) V 1

4. Ammeter MI (0-10) A 1

5. 3-Φ Balanced

R-L Load

45 Ω, 150 mH 1

6.

3-Φ Variac 400 V/(0-440) V,

15 A

3

Circuit Diagram:

3-Ph, 400V

AC Supply

400V/(0-440)V, 15A, 3-Ph Variac

R

B

10 A

10 A

A

Y

10 A

(0 -10)A MI

TPST SWITCH

(0 - 600)V, 10A, 1-Ph,

UPF Wattmeter

S1

S2

P1

P2

S1 S

2

P1

CT - 1,

20A / 5A

CT - 2,

20A / 5A

V

(0

- 6

00

)V

M

I

R

B Y

M

L

Co

m6

00

V 45 Ohms

45 Ohms

45 Ohms150 mH

150 mH

150 mH

N

P2

N

3-Ph Balanced Load

R

Y

B








Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The TPST mains switch is closed.

3. At No-Load note down the voltage VL, current IL and Wattmeter reading as Active Power

(Pa) in Watts.

4. Vary the Load Resistance simultaneously on each phase in equal steps.

(Note: The 3-Φ Load must be always balanced)

5. Take readings of Ammeter and Wattmeter.

6. Calculate the 3-Φ Active Power Pa=W*M.F of Wattmeter*C T Ratio

Where W is Wattmeter reading

Tabular Columns:

Rated Voltage VL= _ _ _ _

S. No

IL (A)

Wattmeter

Reading

3-Φ Active Power (Pa)

Theoretical

Practical

Theory:

This method is applicable only when the 3-Ф load is perfectly

balanced. It is seen from the Phasor Diagram that, for the balanced load, the three line

VR

VRY

IRY

IR

IB

IY

VY

VB

300

300

0

0








currents also form a 3-Ф system, with 1200 apart and equal magnitude.

Hence the angle between VRY and IRY is

same as that between VR and IR. Also

VRY̅̅ ̅̅ ̅ = VRN̅̅ ̅̅ ̅ − VYN̅̅ ̅̅ ̅

IRY̅̅ ̅̅ = IR̅ − IY̅

This method is practically very useful because

all 3-Ф machines are balanced and 1-Ф loads if any,

or equally distributed on the three phases.

Result:

Viva Questions:

1. Can you measure reactive power using two wattmeter method.

2. Can you use two wattmeter method for both balanced and unbalance loads.

3. What is the expression for power factor in two wattmeter method?

4. What are the main sources of error in watt meter?

5. In Two Watt Meter Method one watt meter shows positive and another watt meter shows

negative reading. What will be the power factor range?

6. In Two Watt Meter Method one watt meter shows zero reading, what will be the power factor?

7. What are the causes of errors in watt meters?

8. How can you eliminate inductance effect in a watt meter?

9. What is difference between UPF and LPF wattmeter?








Exp. No.:

Date :

11. MEASUREMENT OF REACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA

CONNECTED BALANCED LOADS

AIM :To measure 3-phase power using two wattmeters.

APPARATUS:

i. Single Phase Wattmeter – 2 Nos.

ii. Three Phase Resistive Load








CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Switch ‘ON’ the supply.

3. Note down the corresponding there reading and calculate 3- reactive power.

4. Now increase the load of three phase Inductive load steps and note down the corresponding

meter readings.

5. Remove the load and switch ‘off’ the supply.

CALCULATIONS:

Reading of P1 wattmeter, P = VI cos (30- Ǿ) = √3 VI cos (30- Ǿ)








The current through wattmeter P2 is I and voltages across its pressure coil is V I lags V by an an angle (30

+ Ǿ)

Reading of P2 wattmeter, P = VI cos (30 + Ǿ) = √3 VI cos (30 + Ǿ)

Sum of reading of two Wattmeters

P1 + P2 = √3 VI [ cos (30 - Ǿ) - cos (30 + Ǿ)]

3VI cos Ǿ this is total power consumed by load P = P1 + P2

Difference of readings of two Wattmeters

P1 – P2 = √3 VI [ cos (30- Ǿ) - cos (30 + Ǿ)]

= √3 VI sin Ǿ

21

21

PP

PP

=

CosVI

SinVI

3

3 =

3

tan or θ = tan -3

21

21

PP

PP

Power factor Cos Ǿ = Cos tan -3 21

21

PP

PP

Current through the current coil = I

Voltage across the pressure coil = V

Q = 3 VI sin Ǿ = - √3 * reading of wattmeter

Phase angle Ǿ tan P

Q

TABULAR COLUMN:








Load Current Wattmeter Reading 3 Phase Reactive Power

VIVA QUESTIONS:

10. Can you measure reactive power using two wattmeter method.

11. Can you use two wattmeter method for both balanced and unbalance loads.

12. What is the expression for power factor in two wattmeter method?

13. What are the main sources of error in watt meter?

14. In Two Watt Meter Method one watt meter shows positive and another watt meter shows

negative reading. What will be the power factor range?

15. In Two Watt Meter Method one watt meter shows zero reading, what will be the power factor?

16. What are the causes of errors in watt meters?

17. How can you eliminate inductance effect in a watt meter?

18. What is difference between UPF and LPF wattmeter?

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