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INFLUENCE OF MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN
SECONDARYSCHOOLS IN IKOM EDUCATION
ZONE OF CROSS RIVER STATE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS
(EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY)
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA
SUPERVISOR: PROF. T. AMA NWACHUKWU
BY
EKPALI DAVID EGBUNG
PG/M.ED/07/42681
JANUARY 2009.
ii
TITLE PAGE
INFLUENCE OF MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS IN IKOM EDUCATION ZONE OF CROSS RIVER STATE.
A RESEARCH PROJECT
PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FOUNDATION,
FACULTY OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA, IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR AWARD OF
DEGREE OF MASTERS IN EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY
BY
EKPALI DAVID EGBUNG
PG/MED/07/42681
SUPERVISOR: PROF. T. AMA NWACHUKWU
JANUARY 2009
iii
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been approved by the Department of Educational
Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria.
BY
………………………… ………………………….
Prof. T. Ama Nwachukwu Dr. J. C. Omeje
Supervisor Internal Examinar
………………………….. ……………………………
Prof. G.C. Prof. N. Ogbonnaya
External Examiner Head of Department
………………………………….
Prof. G.C. Offorma
Dean Faculty of Education
iv
CERTIFICATION
Ekpali David Egbung is a post-graduate student in the Department
of Educational Foundation (Educational Psychology) with registration
number PG/M.ED/07/42681. He has satisfactorily completed the
requirement for the course and research work for the award of Master in
Education (M.ED)
The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been
submitted in part of in full for any other master degree or Diploma in this
University or any other University.
…………………………… ……………………………
Prof. T. Ama Nwachukwu Ekpali David Egbung
Supervisor student
PG/M.ED/07/42681
v
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God Almighty and my beloved Father Mr. John
Ekpali Egbung.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thus the biblical assertion. ―Unless the Lord building house, in vain
do its builders toil. In vain is your earlier rising, and your going later to bed.
Sweating to make a living while he provides for his beloved while they
slumber‖. Blessed be the name of the lord God almighty for his wisdom,
self control and strength given to me in this research work.
Though the grace of God abounds, the following persons made
themselves instrument of that pgrace. Professor T. Ama Nwachukwu my
supervisor. Mr. John Ekpali Egbong my father Mrs Agnes INNE Ekpali my
beloved mother, Mrs Cecilia Iroshu Ekpali my honey wife. May the good
Lord reward them abundantly.
I would not have attained the academic height where I am now, not
to talks of contemplating the idea of this project if not for the wise counsels
I constantly receive from these facilitators in the shaping of my unique
history. These to a great extent, help me in my journey to success. The
first is my Bishop, most Rev. Dr. John Ebebe Aya, the Bishop of Ogoja
Diocese, Rev Fr. David Omego, My solicitor, Barrister Mathew Ojuwa, my
spiritual directors most Rev. Fr. George Adage, Rev. Fr. Linus Ajor, Rev.
Fr. (Dr) .T. Onoyima. Rev. Fr. Immanuel Ayaliwu, I thank Dr. Ignatius
Ezuem, Provost federal College of Education Asaba Delta State.. Mr.
Ahmed Sani Head of Department Curriculum Education Federal College
of Education Potiskum Yobe State. Honorable Amaba Peter Mpong my
beloved friend, Dr. Dun Ngwoke, Dr. E.C. Umeano Dr. Omeje and Dr. U.
Eze my most beloved lecturers in the Department of Educational
Psychology University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
I thank in a special way Mr and Mrs Adagah Denis Ashia, Mr and
Mrs Adie Cletus Enaji, their contributions turned this project from mere
vii
possibility to actuality. I owe them a lot in gratitude for all they have been to
me.
I must acknowledge my brothers Engr. Peter Oshie Ekpali, Barrister
Thomas Abua Ekpali, Mr Clement .A. Ekpali Mr. Ashia Peter Ekpali, Mr.
Gabriel Asu Ekpali, May God countenance never depart from you and your
family. I also appreciate my other, sibilings, Mr. Thomas Adung Olim,
Adah Obiri, Olian Frank, Akah Denis, Obu Abua. My friends, Yakubu, Izu,
Nnamani, Ugochukwu, U.K Computers, Ekara Friday, Placid Ize, Uket
Oduma Obu, Odey Ashanda and Eneji Ashia deserves countless thanks
for their prayers and encouragement throughout my year in school.
I shall not forget to acknowledge my God giving children who‘s word
are ―Daddy go and come back, God bless you as you are going; when you
come back buy us bread and motor!. There are praise God Thomas
Ekpali, God‘swill Augustine Ekpali and wisdom John Ekpali, may the will of
God be done in your life Amen.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ............................................................................................................... i
Approval page ....................................................................................................... ii
Certification ......................................................................................................... iii
Dedication ............................................................................................................ iv
Acknowledgment................................................................................................... v
Table of Contents ................................................................................................. vi
Abstract ...................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
Background of the Study ....................................................................................... 1
Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 5
Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................ 6
Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 6
Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 7
Research Question ............................................................................................... 8
Hypotheses ........................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................... 9
Conceptual Framework
Concept of Marijuana .......................................................................................... 10
Concept of Marijuana Smoking ........................................................................... 11
Concept of Social Behaviour ............................................................................... 18
Concept of Academic Achievement .................................................................... 21
Relationship between marijuana smoking and social behaviour ......................... 21
Factors Affecting Social Behaviour in School/Society ......................................... 25
ix
Relationship Between Marijuana Smoking and Academic Achievement. ........... 28
Theoretical Framework
Erik Erikson Theory of psychosocial development ............................................. 32
B.F Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory ......................................................... 36
Albert Bandura‘s social learning theory ............................................................... 40
Review of Empirical Studies ............................................................................ 41
Summary of Literature Review ........................................................................ 44
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD ....................................................... 46
Design of the Study ............................................................................................. 46
Area of the Study ................................................................................................ 46
Population of the Study ....................................................................................... 47
Sample and Sampling Techniques ..................................................................... 48
Instrument for Data Collection ............................................................................ 49
Validation of Instruments .................................................................................... 50
Reliability of the Instrument ................................................................................. 50
Method of Data Collection ................................................................................... 51
Method of Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA .................... 52
CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
Summary of Findings 57
Discussion of Findings 58
Implication 60
Recommendation 61
x
Limitation of Study 62
Suggestion for Further Study 62
Summary 63
References ........................................................................................................ 64
QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................................................. 78
APPENDIX 1 ...................................................................................................... 78
APPENDIX II ...................................................................................................... 79
APPENDIX III...................................................................................................... 80
xi
ABSTRACT
This study dealt with the influence of marijuana smoking on students, social behaviour and academic achievement. To carryout the research effectively, two (2) research question and two(2) hypothesis were formulated. The population of the study consist of two hundred (200) senior students of cross River State.. The major instrument for collection of data was questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation, pearson’ correlation. The major findings of the study are: (i) Marijuana smoking is greatly influence student’s beahviour and their been popular in class and groups which makes them loose their chances of a prudence person. (ii) The influence of marijuana smoking on students social behaviour is not significant, thus their isolation from group or classes is as a result of constant smoking of the hemp. (iii) The students that smoke marijuana were intrinsically influence by their follow students that smoke marijuana. The result of hypotheses one revealed that there is negative correlation between students smoking marijuana and their social behaviour. (v) The result of hypotheses two showed that the influence of marijuana smoking on student academic achievement is significant. Following these findings some recommendations and suggestions for further studies were finally made.
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Marijuana smoking in recent years has become considerably
pleasurable to the addict. Marijuana is a greenish-gray mixture of dried,
shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers. Marijuana is
a common name for a drug made from the dried leaves and flowering tops
of the Indian hemp plant cannabis sativa. People smoke, chew, or eat
marijuana for its hallucinogenic and intoxicating effects. Different classes
of people use it, it could be wrapped and smoked, it could be soaked into
local gin and sold by local gin sellers, which abound in many part of our
society. It is known by a number of slang names, including pot, grass,
reefer, weed, and Mary Jane. (Iversen, 2008). Iversen also noted that
marijuana is a substance that has long been used as medicine and an
intoxicant.
Nowlis (1975) observed that marijuana is a substance which affects
the structure and function of the organism negatively inducing the
organism into states, such as confusion, acute panic reactions, anxiety
attacks, fear, a sense of helplessness, and loss of self-control. It was
reported in Tide magazine of July 6th (2008), that, marijuana is among the
2
cheapest class of hard drugs that many secondary school students could
purchase and use. A rap of marijuana is sold for N20.00 while a pinch of
cocaine or heroin goes for N50.00 and above. The implication of this is that
large numbers of Nigerian youths have access to marijuana.
Marijuana smoking is similar to cigarette smoking. Akube (1997)
explained that marijuana is a produce that harm the body of a smoker.
This is a situation where the person inhales the burning fumes produced
by the hand-rolled cigarettes form or pipes. Some of the observable
characteristics of smokers that distinguish them from non smokers are
odour similar to the burnt leave, excessive laughter, unkempt hairs, red
eyes, black lips, excessive appetite, yellowish stains on fingertips etc.
Marijuana smoking is widely spread among adolescents, students and
young adults. The percentage of middle school students, who are reported
to have been using or smoking marijuana, increase throughout the early
1990, 1991 and 1992. (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2003).
Marijuana smoking is a common phenomenon among students in senior
secondary school in the area of study. Anumonye(1980) observed that
secondary school students who smokes marijuana initiate themselves by
smoking at the age of 11 years, and that a friend‘s home is the most often
smoking place, and the observable behavior among this smokers are
relaxation and a feeling of well being, euphoria, enhanced sensation of
taste, touch, hearing and vision.
3
Abimbola Fashola, wife of the Lagos State Governor was reported in
the Tide Tuesday July 6th (2008), urging the National Drug Law
Enforcement Agency to identify and educate grower and smokers of Indian
hemp on it harmful effect on the society. Tide (2008) reported that, the
commander of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Mr.
Eigege Adamu, in River State, in an address at ceremony of United Nation
day on Drug said that marijuana is an illicit drug,that causes 80% of violent
crime among secondary school students in our society. The extent of
Indian hemp abuse among secondary school students has prompted the
mass media to organize discussion by official of mass media on ills of
marijuana smoking.
Non-smokers in this study are therefore referred to as, students who
do not indulge in the smoking of marijuana whether in secret or in public
places, and are involved in positive academic activities that will impact
positively in their lives. Non-smokers are also individuals or students who
do not possess the observable characteristics of those who indulge in the
smoking acts. These are normal students that keep the rules and
regulations of the school and obey constituted authorities.
Social behaviour is the way people influence, perceive, and interact
with one another and how people behave in social situations. The study of
social influence includes the following; conformity, obedience to authority,
the formation of attitudes, and the principles of persuasion. Researchers
are interested in physical attraction, love and intimacy, aggression,
4
altruism, and group processes. Many social psychologists are also
interested in cultural influences on interpersonal behavior. Schaller (2003)
observed that social behaviour is to defend ourselves and those we value.
Schaller agree that people get hostile when their reputations, their
resources families members of the same gang, classmate are threatened.
The motivation to defend ourselves can have obvious benefits promoting
survival and that of our family members, but it can also lead to our
escalating violence due to substance taking (marijuana).
Social behaviour is goal-oriented, people enter social situation with
short term immediate goal and this are linked to broader long term goals
and ultimately to more fundamental motives (Bugental 2000). Social
behaviour represents a continual interaction between features inside the
person and events in the situation. There are anti-social behaviour and
pro-social behaviour; anti-social behavior is a disorder in which individuals
tend to display no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the
rights of others. While pro-social behavior is an antidote in helping
behavioural modification.
Academic achievement is a situation where learning outcome is
appraised in terms of matching it with standardized testing and its
successful completion. It is all about what students can actually do when
they have finished a course of achievement study. The need for
achievement is a stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is
obtained by striving for excellence (Feldman, 2002). During the course of
5
teaching and learning the teacher should employ instructional strategies
that will reinforce behaviours‘ that is geared towards success at the end of
the academic session.
There are factors that influence students academic achievements
such as innate abilities, character, traits, environmental, pedagogy, health
and nutritional, motivation and school management. Though, these factors
can be manipulated to achieve the desired objectives, as it can make or
maim the successful completion of the child‘s education.
Statement of the Problem
Marijuana smoking by students has been largely associated with
various factors and has been addressed from different dimensions by the
researcher. Such influence suffices due to changes in the environment and
school climate; it is also ranging from pleasure seeking, differing stress,
joblessness, parental background and peer pressure.
However, it has been observed that marijuana smoking has a very
strong influence on students‘ social behaviour and academic achievement.
Students‘ lifestyles remain an important determinant to their behaviour.
Marijuana smoking could influence social behaviour and academic
achievement of students in school, negative social behaviour like cultism;
truancy, drug/alcohol, gangsterism, and examination malpractice have
been on the increase recently. Furthermore,the environment, which one
finds himself, influences him/her. However, literature review show that no
study has been carried out on the influence of marijuana smoking, on
6
student‘s social behaviour and academic achievement among students in
secondary school in Ikom Educational zone.
The thrust of this work is therefore to find answers to the following
questions ―how does marijuana smoking influence students social
behaviour as compared to non smokers and their academic achievement
in secondary schools in Ikom educational zone of Cross River State?‖
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to find out the influence of
marijuana smoking on students social behaviour and academic
achievement in Ikom Educational zone of Cross River State. Specifically,
the study will seek to find out:
1) The influence of marijuana smoking on students‘ social behaviour,
compared to non their smokers.
2) The influence of marijuana smoking on students‘ academic
achievement, compared to non their smokers.
Significance of the Study
It is hoped that the findings of this study will help to understand the
behavioural patterns of students who smoke marijuana in Ikom educational
zone.
7
It is hoped that teachers will help to identify these students and know
how to do placement in the class and equally know where to position these
students in class environment.
The study will be useful for teachers who are directly involved with the
students and are aware of the influence of marijuana smoking on students
social behaviour and academic achievement in schools and in turn help
them out.
School administrators and policy makers who are directly involve in
formulating policies will create conducive learning environment for the
students and it will also help educational psychologist in the areas of
researching and developing theories and techniques in dealing with
maladjusted behaviours‘. Parents will benefit immensely as it will enable
them identify such delinquent behaviours and promptly call for intervention
from the appropriate authority. The students will also benefits as they will
realize the influence of marijuana smoking on their social behaviour and
academic achievemen.t
Scope of the Study
The study will be carried out in Ikom educational zone and will be
limited to eight( 8) public secondary schools. Day students presently in
their senior secondary school class will be used for this study. The content
scope of this study will be delimited to the influence of marijuana smoking
on students‘ social behaviour and academic achievement.
8
Research Question
In order to meet the objectives of this study the following research
questions have been formulated.
1) To what extent does marijuana smoking influence students‘ social
behavior, compared to their non smokers?
2) To what extent does marijuana smoking influence students‘
academic achievement, compared to their non smokers?
Hypotheses
The following null hypothesis will be formulated and tested at, 0.05 level of
significance.
1. Marijuana smoking does not have any significant influence on
student social behavior, compared to their non smokers.
2. Marijuana smoking does not have a significant influenced on student
academic achievement, compared to their non smokers.
9
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents literature related to the present study. The
review is organized and presented thus:
A. Conceptual Framework
- Concept of marijuana
- Concept of marijuana smoking
- Concept of social behaviour
- Concept of academic achievement
B. Theoretical Framework
- Erik Erikson theory of psychosocial development
- B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning theory
- Albert Bandura‘s social learning theory
10
C. Review of Empirical studies
D. Summary of Literature Review
Concept of Marijuana
Marijuana is a dry shredded leaves with stems, seed, and flowers. It
is also known in our local parlance in Nigeria as ganja, weed, igbo, grass
and Indian hemp.
Tide (2008) Marijuana, common name for a drug made from the
dried leaves and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa.
People smoke, chew, or eat marijuana for its hallucinogenic and
intoxicating effects. It is known by a number of slang names, including
―pot,‖ ―grass‖, ―widow‖, ―weed,‖ and ―Mary Jane.‖ Smokers called
marijuana, such as ganja, pot, weed, grass, herb, widow and hash.
Marijuana has name derived from trade mark called cannabis (Markin,
1987). It is also known as Bubble Gum, Northern lights, fruity Juice
(Haney, 1999).
The flowering tops of the Cannabis plant secrete a sticky resin that
contains the active ingredient of marijuana, known as delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The plant has both male and female forms,
and the sticky flowers of the female plant are the most potent. Cannabis is
used to produce three drug products: marijuana (pot,weed grass, dope)
consist of dry leaf and flowers of the plant. Hashish (hash) is made from
11
the dried resin at the top of the plant. It is often brown or black and chunky
looking. Hash oil is made from hashish. A sticky oil, it can be brown, black,
red or clear. It is often place in small bottles or caps.
Known in India, Central Asia, and China as early as 3000 BC,
marijuana has long been used as both a medicine and an intoxicant. It
gained widespread use in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s,
becoming the second most popular drug after alcohol. In subsequent
decades its use continued to increase, particularly among American teens.
According to a survey prepared in 1998 by the United States Drug
Enforcement Agency, marijuana use among teenagers increased almost
300 percent from 1992 to 1998. Bungental (2000) opined that, between
1980–1997, that the amount of Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC) in marijuana
available in the united state rose dramatically.
Most countries consider marijuana an illegal substance, but
individual countries vary on how they prosecute the use and possession of
marijuana. Some countries only impose small fines, while others impose
harsher punishment, including imprisonment.
Concept of Marijuana Smoking
According to Johnson (2004), marijuana smoking through out history
is still the same till date. Marijuana smoking is widely spread among
adolescents and young adults. The percentage of middle school students
smoking marijuana increased throughout the early 1990s. Johnson (2004)
12
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), a system for monitoring the health
impact of drugs estimated that, in 2002, marijuana was a contributing
factor in over 119,000 emergency department (ED) visit in the United
States with about 15 percent of the patients between the age of 12 and 17,
and almost two-thirds male. He also said that the national institute of
Justices Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, which collects
data on the number of adult arrestees testing positive for various drugs,
found that, on average, 41 percent adult male students arrestees and 27
percent adult female students arrestees tested positive for marijuana. On
the average, 57 percent of juvenile male and 32 percent of juvenile female
arrestees tested positive for marijuana.
According to Stitzer (1997), when some one smokes marijuana, the
substance in it called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rapidly passes from
lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to organs
throughout the body, including the brain. In the brain, THC connects to
specific sites called cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells and thereby
influences the activity of those cells. Many Cannabinoid receptors are
found in the parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thought,
concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement.
Tashkin (1990); when marijuana is smoked by youth, its effects
begins immediately after the substance enters the brain and lasts from 1-3
hours. If marijuana is consumed in food or drink, the short-term effects
begins more slowly, usually in ½ to 1 hour, and lasts longer, for as long as
13
4 hours. Smoking of marijuana is more severe and it deposits several
times into the blood stream than does eating or drinking the drug. Within a
few minutes after taking marijuana smoke, an adolescent‘s or user‘s heart
begins to beat more rapidly; the bronchial passages relax and become
enlarged, and blood vessels in the eyes expand, making the eyes look red.
He also opined that the heart bit of marijuana smoker is normally 70 to 80
beats per minute, but it reduces by 20 to 50 beats per minute, when
smoking of marijuana is done. This effect can be greater if other drugs are
taken with marijuana. Tashkin (1990) said that immediately THC enters
the brain, it causes the smokers to feel euphoric or ―high‖ by acting in the
cognition, areas of the brain that respond to stimuli such as food and drink.
THC activates the reward system in the same way that nearly all smokers
do, by stimulating brain cells to release the chemical dopamine. Young
students, who are involved in marijuana smoking, with this toxidity or
reaction, usually become withdrawn and isolated.
Brook (1999) opined that marijuana smokers usually experience
pleasant sensations, colours and sounds which seem more intense, and
time them appears to pass very slowly. He also agreed that, the smoker‘s
mouth feels dry and he or she may suddenly become very hungry and
thirsty. His or her hands may tremble and grow cold. Brook (1999)
mentioned that marijuana smokers experiences an extremely strong
feeling of happiness and excitement that usually lasts only a short time
(Euphoria), and then feel depressed; occasionally, marijuana smokers also
14
produce anxiety, fear, distrust and panic feelings. Heavy marijuana
smoking impairs a person‘s ability to form memories, shift attention from
one thing to another. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
(2000) observed that moderate dose of marijuana alone was shown to
impair driving performance; however, the effects of even a low dose of
marijuana combined with alcohol were markedly greater than for either
drug alone (NHTSA 2000). According to NHTSA (2000) marijuana users
who have taken high doses of drug may experience severe or acute toxic
psychosis, which includes hallucinations, delusions, and depersonalization,
that is a loss of self recognition and the sense of personal identity.
National institute on Drug Abuse (2005) state that, marijuana use
has been shown to increase user‘s difficulty in trying to quit smoking
tobacco. That the relationships between marijuana use and continued
smoking was particularly strong in those who smoked marijuana daily at
the time of the initial interview. National Institute on Drug Abuse
conducted a study of 450 individuals and found that people who smoke
marijuana have more health problems and miss more days of work than
non smokers do. Many of the extra sick days used by the marijuana
smokers in the study were for respiratory illness. The institute also stated
that frequent marijuana use can cause burning and stinking of the mouth
and throat, often accompanied by a heavy cough. Also students who
smoke marijuana regularly may have the same respiratory problem like
15
that of tobacco smokers. Cancer of the respiratory tract and lungs may
also be promoted by marijuana smoking.
Ford (2002) mentioned that, 173 cancer patients and 176 healthy
individuals produced strong evidence that smoking marijuana increases
the likelihood of developing cancer of the head or neck, and that the more
marijuana smoked, the greater the increase. Ford (2002) observed that,
marijuana has the potential to promote cancer of the lungs and other parts
of the respiratory tract in the body. That marijuana smoke contains 50
percent to 70 percent of carcinogenic hydrocarbons which affect the body
of the smoker. It produces high levels of an enzyme that may accelerate
the changes that ultimately produce malignant cells. This fact suggested
that, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than
smoking tobacco because of its terrible consequences in the body of the
smoker. It is also stated clearly by Anthony, (2002) that health effects
caused by marijuana may occur because tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)
impairs the immune systems ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer.
It also impairs short-term memory, attention, judgment, cognitive functions;
impairs coordination and balance, increase heart rate; Impairs memory
and learning skills. Long-term (cumulative, potential, permanent effects
and cronic abuse). Increases risk of chronic cough, bronchitis, and
emphysema. Increases risks of cancer of the head, neck and lungs.
www.marijuana.info.org,October (2002.)
16
Lynskey, (2000) said that students who smoke marijuana get
lower grades and are less likely to graduate from high school, compared
with their non smoking peers. Also, he said that workers who smoke
marijuana are more likely to fail than their co-workers to have problems on
the job. A study among postal workers found that employees who tested
positives for marijuana on a pre-employment urine drug test had 55
percent more industrial accidents, 85 percent more injuries, and a 75
percent increase in absenteeism compared with those who tested negative
for marijuana use (National institute on Drug Abuse 2003). The NIDA
research report series said that depression, anxiety and personality
disturbance are all associated with marijuana smokers. The research
clearly demonstrates that marijuana use has the potential to cause
problem in daily life.
Fried (2001) said that, some babies born to women who used
marijuana during their pregnancies display altered responses to visual
stimuli, increased tremulousness and a high-pitched cry, which may
indicate problems with neurological development. With regard to what
Fried (2001) said, during the preschool years, marijuana exposed children
have been observed to performed tasks involving sustained attention and
memory more poorly than non-exposed children do. That while in school,
these children are more likely to exhibit deficits in problem solving skills,
memory and the ability to remain attentive. All what fried is emphasizing is
that, children born to these women who are involved into marijuana
17
smoking are liable to perform low both in physical and social behaviour as
far as life development is concerned. Avoidance of marijuana and other
drug smoking will automatically make children develop proper maturation
stages and as such perform well both in skills and memory ability.
Fried (2001) observed that students who are addictive to this
substance (marijuana) that is, the smoke marijuana compulsively even
though it often interferes with their family, school and recreational
activities. According to the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and
Health (NSDUH), an estimated of 21.6 million Americans aged 12 or older
were classified with substance dependence or abuse (9.1 percent of the
total population). Of the estimated 6.9 million Americans classified with
dependence of illicit drugs. 4.2 million were dependent on or abused
marijuana. In 2002, 15 percent of people entering drug abuse treatment
programs reported that marijuana was their primary drug of abuse.
Lynskey (2003) believes that marijuana smokers display
aggression on psychological tests, peaking approximately 1 week after the
last use of marijuana smoking. The issue is that early exposure to
marijuana can increase the likelihood of a life-time of subsequent drug
problem. Forest (1989) said that, the present medical consensus is that
marijuana has therapeutic value. This consensus can however be
challenged. One of the main purposes of the anti smoking lobby is to link
smoking with as many illnesses and defects of character as humanly
18
possible. Thus marijuana smoking has by now been associated with
everything from child abuse, sleeplessness and careless driving to ulcers.
Obviously the tendency of smoking marijuana is to shorten life, and this
alone serves as impediment that can be imagined. Elsohly (2000) also said
that marijuana smoking is an act which falls into one but several
categories. Before we can decide the status of marijuana smoking, we
must first investigate into life living tendency.
National survey on Drug Health (2004), observed that marijuana
smoker can produce behaviour changes, which are contrary to popular
belief which is addictive. That marijuana smoker are impair on short term
memory, weaken on immune system the national survey on Drug use
observe that, the increasing smoking of marijuana by young students in
school may have a profoundly negative effect upon their developmental
growth and maturation. National Survey on Drug Use Health (2004) state
that ,the increasing smoking of marijuana by young students may have a
profoundly negative effect upon their developmental growth and
maturation.
Concept of Social Behaviour
This is the way in which people in group or a group behave, interacts
and responds to a specific set of conditions. People interact with one
another to achieve goal or satisfy inner motivation. People, who belonged
to social groups, do so to survive and improved their well being of life.
19
Bugerntal, (2000) social behaviour shows the basic motives for
human behaviour. The desire to establish ties with other people usually
comes high on the list of interaction. He further mentioned that, people in
groups can share food and can team up for safety, he concluded by saying
that social behaviour helps human being to establish social ties.
Skowrongski, (2000) stated that social behaviour is to understand
ourselves and others. The importance of these interactions with other
people around us is obvious as it helps to explain our relationships with
others and we are able to manage our lives effectively. Hogg and Hardies,
(1992) state that, social behaviour is a process by which the actions of an
individual or group affect the behaviour of others in an organization or
school environment. Harris (1995) also observed that there are two
difference ways of expressing social behaviour, prosocial and anti-social
behaviour. Pro-social behaviour is helping behaviours which include liking
and loving. Ant-social behaviour this term generally refers to actions that
deviate significantly from established social norms which include
Aggression, fighting and lying.
Social behaviour is important in everyday life, providing potential
cues about how to get along with classmates, teachers, coworkers, lovers,
neigbhours, and members of different groups whose customs might
otherwise seem strange to us (Regan 2003).
Schaller (2003) agrees that people get hostile when their
reputations, their resources families, member of the same gang,
20
classmates are threatened. The motivation to defend ourselves can have
obvious benefits, promoting our survival and that of our family members,
but it can also lead to escalating violence due to substance taking
(marijuana).
Crano(1988) The reason that increases the likelihood of
interpersonal attraction is that we assume that people with similar attitude
will evaluate themselves positively. We assume that when we like some
one else, that person likes us in return. Yela (2000) also observed that,
people who are physically attractive are more popular than those who are
physically unattractive, is apparent even student in secondary school,
primary school and nursery school are rating popularity on the basis of
attractiveness and continues into adulthood.
Social behavior varies to some degree, based on the social
environment in which the child lives. This kind of behavior commonly
includes doing assignments, playing football, skipping school, answering
questions in class, getting into fights, running away from home, persistently
lying, using illegal drugs or alcohol, stealing, vandalizing property,
engaging in aggressive or violent behavior towards other individuals, and
violating school rules.
21
Concept of Academic Achievement
An academic achievement is something you do or achieve at school,
college or university - in class, in a laboratory, library or fieldwork. It does
not include sport or music (Wiki, 2006). It is all about what students can
actually do when they have finished a course of study. An academic
achievement, such as graduating 1st in one's class, is sometimes a purely
quantitative matter, while having the findings of lengthy, comprehensive
research published by a recognized journal is also a notable academic
achievement. Being named head/chairman of a particular department at a
university is both a professional and an academic achievement.
In life, if one cares to learn, one learns every day. Education usually
takes place in the classroom and is organized. The classroom activities are
designed with the ultimate aim of bringing changes to the learners either
behaviourally, emotionally and socially. Momoh (1992) Inability to achieve
what a learner supposed to achieve, has a function of so many factors or
variables. Psychologists have been able to classify these factors into
hereditary, personality, environmental, instructional, health and nutritional,
reinforcement and school management factors. He also said that there are
similar ways of categorizing these factors:
a. The student factors such as attitudes, individual differences, physical
health and readiness to learning.
22
b. Teacher, instructional curriculum factors such as teacher attitude to
students, types of classrooms control, curriculum contents,
instructional contents, and preparation.
c. Home, cultural and parental factors and
d. Institutional factors such as the type of school, population control,
discipline and personal interaction.
However, some of these factors may not have long term effect on
the academic achievement of a student because they are vulnerable to
changes and improvement when they become corrected. In addition,
academic achievement is not automatic but a gradual building up of
knowledge both in emotion and behaviour (Momoh, 1992).
At the end of any academic exercises students are rewarded for
there scholarly and intellectual efforts in forms of certificates, awards for
excellence, plagues and trophies and even awarded scholarships for
further studies. In the end, you're measured not by how much you
undertake but by what you finally accomplish (Trump,1987).
Non-smokers in our study is therefore referred to as, a student
who do not indulge in the smoking of marijuana whether in secret or
in public places, and are involved in positive academic activities that
will impact positively in his life. Non-smokers are individuals or
students who do not possess the observable characteristics of those
who indulge in the smoking acts. These are normal students that
23
keep the rules and regulations of the school and obey constituted
authorities.
Relationship between marijuana smoking and social behaviour
The period of adolescence appears to witness an array of problem in
social behaviour due to special class of people of that range. Some of the
experimentations are occasional and of brief duration but some may be
enduring and can even persist into adulthood. This is because they usually
find their feet in so many aspects of life. Among the common social
behaviours exhibited by these categories of youth/adolescents are:
drug/alcohol use, truancy, armed rubbery, cultism/gangsterism,
examination malpractices social adjustment, religious conflicts
delinquencies and eating disorder. Overt behaviour (external) and the
covert(internal) behavior. Steinberg (1996) categorized these social
behaviour problems into two: internalizing behaviour and externalizing
behaviour. From the rear, Steinberg (1996) said that externalizing
behaviour, refer to that behaviour which the person‘s problems are turned
outward and acted out like in delinquency and gangsterism.
Steinberg (1996) stated that internalizing social behaviours are
those in which the person‘s problems are turned inward and manifested in
emotional symptoms like anxiety and depression or even suicide as well as
in psychosomatic disturbances like bulimia and anorexia. For instance, it
can be seen that in any case of suicide, the person must have been
24
depressed or distressed just like a depressed adolescent is more likely to
have anxiety and may indulge in eating disorder. In the same way, those
social behaviour exhibited as a result of smoking marijuana will often often
externalized behaviour such armed robbery or truancy in the school (Ezeh,
2005). Some depressed students can also resort to marijuana smoking
and become delinquents in behaviour.
According to Ezeh (2000) observed that problems among students,
in school and outside school system, are common in many societies,
especially in Nigeria. For instance, most bars or beer parlours and
restaurants are usually besieged by students and other youths, who claim
to visit such places for relaxation over some bottles of beer and sticks of
cigarette. Again, in any party organized by youths, there is usually free flow
of booze accompanied with much marijuana smoking and cigarette. On
this fact, such heavy marijuana smoking, majority of students in the party
ground will cause havoc in the neighborhood like looting, raping, armed
robbery, fighting, burning of houses, destroying many materials thing that
does not belong to them.
Ezeh (2005), discussed that many people have called out on
government to checkmate this trend but the society appear to be sending
mixed signals to the youngsters involved in marijuana smoking. He also
noted that television and radio programmes are full of advert jingles on
variety of beer and cigarette, to show image or describe people who have
engaged in many rewarding activities after taking the substances. Yet
25
some adverts on cigarette end with a slogan, the Federal Ministry of Health
warns that tobacco smoking is dangerous to health. What a contradiction!
If the companies know the health hazards of these substances, why then
are they advertised in such tantalizing manner that could easily induce
young ones to try out? (Ezeh, 2005). Among drug users are the oblivion
seekers, who want to move away from the realities of life and the
experience seekers who want to move towards the realities of life. Ekeruo
(1989) in Ezeh (2005) states that many youngsters indulge in marijuana
smoking, as a way of fulfilling their sense of belonging to the peer or peer
group. Asuni(1993) state that people who are judged to be mentally
unstable tend to be more psychologically dependent on marijuana smoking
than non smoker.
Factors Affecting Social Behaviour in School/Society
The menace of secret cult members in our society, especially in
secondary school and institution of learning, is of tremendous gravity and a
good number of the populace currently live with fear, the activities of such
cults, include looting, maiming and outright killing of innocent citizens and
those of the rival groups (Ezeh, 2005). According to Ekwunife (2000) cult
simply refers to a system of religious worship or social gathering, mainly
for devotion or homage to a being-human or spiritual. He said that member
of secret cults often engage in hidden activities, whose overall ends and
results spell doom for the members, the community and the society. Thus,
26
secret cults are characterized by secrete oath taking to maintain the
secrecy, use of signs and symbols, rituals/initiation, parochial interest,
exclusiveness as well as rationalization of their existence( Eya, 2001).
Maliki (1999) discussed that cults as a social behaviour in Nigeria
secondary schools is traced back to the middle of the last century with the
emergence of the pirate confraternity, otherwise known as the National
Association of Sea Dogs, which was initiated just to fight against mental
enslavement of students by the colonial masters and they only engaged in
cases of symbolic nature like rejecting some colonial table etiquette and
dressing. Maliki (1999) states that, cult member has made Nigeria
secondary schools into theatres occasioning wantom destruction of lives
and properties even innocent by-standers. Some of these cult groups that
ameliorate social behaviours in schools and campuses of Nigeria are: the
Vikings (Baggas); Black Axe, Sea Dogs, Black Berets (BB); two-two;
Buccaneers, Mafia, Burkina-Faso (BF), Amazons, the Black Bras and the
Jezebel (Odoha 1999).
Examination malpractice is another factor which is the commonest
problem of social behaviour of students in secondary schools, some times
called examination misconduct. It is an act or behaviour whereby most
students in schools obtained score that were not actual or real. It is a
pernicious evil that has eaten the fabrics of our educational system, such
27
that the authenticity of some certificate obtained from Nigeria secondary
schools is subject of scrutiny and doubt in some developed countries.
Eze (2000) stated that the reason why some of these students indulge in
examination malpractice is that, they want to attain societal value
orientation and quest for achievement without hard work. For this reason
every student would want to acquire a certificate but many are not
prepared for the studies.
Nigerian students activist (1999) state that marijuana smoking
among secondary school students has been a stigma of a morally
bankrupt, decadent and wasted generation that must be made stronger or
revitalize and collectively salvaged together in order to prevent the total
degeneration and loss of our societal values and ideals. There are many
factors that contribute to the influence of marijuana smoking among
Nigerian secondary school students and youths, peer groups, parental
background (broken home) emotional stress among others. The Nigerian
students‘ activist (1999) mentioned that, students can be greatly influenced
to be a marijuana addict if allowed to interact with his fellow students. He
can be tempted on one fateful day to join the bad wagon of smoker of
Indian hemp, thereby gradually ruining his career in life. Getting hooked to
a particular drug like marijuana smoking is like a gradual process that will
reach a climax.
Nigerian student activist (1997) observed that, among Nigeria
youths, problem of marijuana smoking have been a major threat to the
28
peaceful co-existence of all and sundry or everyone, not just few special
people in our contemporary society, thereby destroying the socio-political
dignity, personality and integrity of dependence on life. The Nigerian
students‘ activist (1997) also lamented that, most parents in Nigeria today
in their bid to make ends meet, searching for greener pasture always
abandon and neglect the proper welfare of their wards and children and
expose them to house maids. This ugly incidence will psychologically
depress such children thereby giving rise to addiction. With this sad
development, the society is being gradually and systematically ruined
uncontrollably, thereby destroying the moral values of the Nigerian society.
Some students instead of seeking for medical attention in times of stress
would rather resort to marijuana smoking for correction.
These are the evils that follow social behaviour in the society mostly
in an academic environment where future leaders are being nurtured to
take over governance tomorrow. This is what will entail how marijuana
smoking will work, from the above analysis about cultism and
(gangsterism, one cannot operate in a destructive mode like looting, killing
without the sustenance of marijuana smoking.
Relationship Between Marijuana Smoking and Academic
Achievement.
Heavy marijuana smokers made more mistakes and had more
complexity supporting attention, changing attention to meet the demands
of changes in the environment, and in registering, processing, and using
information. So we can see that the greater harm among heavy smokers is
probable because of an alteration of brain activity caused by marijuana.
29
Marijuana is an addictive drug that could adversely affect ones social
behaviour contrary to things that could positively motivate the individual to
strive for academic achievement.
Dewey(1999) state that, marijuana smoking is a risk factor for
academic problems such as lower grades, absenteeism and high dropout
rates. Marijuana with alcohol and other substance can interfere with a
student‘s ability to think, making learning and concentration more difficult
and impeding academic performance. The more students‘ uses alcohol
and marijuana, the lower his grade point average is likely to be and the
more likely he is to drop out of school. Dewey (1999) also observed that
students who smoke marijuana and alcohol may remember 10% less of
what they have learned than those who do not smoke at all. It is a
common observation that students who smoke marijuana tend to be more
alienated from society and perform poorly in school and are also seen as
unambitious and unmotivated to achievement as compared to non
smokers. Compared to non-drinkers, heavy and binge drinking students
are more likely to say that their school work is not encouraging rather poor
and up to five times more likely to report skipping school. Dewey (1999)
observed that students who smoke marijuana before the age 15 are three
times more likely to have left school by age 16 and two times more likely to
report frequent truancy. Others have shown increasing rates of
delinquency following school dropout because of marijuana smoking
before age 15.
30
Elliott (1978) said that evidence is clear that poor school
performance, truancy and leaving school at a young age are connected to
marijuana smoking by the students. That several problems are,
responsible to students‘ behaviour while smoking marijuana, such as
aggression and violence. He also maintained that most of them find it
difficult in verbal and reading expression, lower reading and Mathematics
scores to peer substance is as a result of marijuana and alcohol drinking.
Elliott (1978) still observed that early aggressive behaviour may lead to
difficulties in the classroom. Such difficulties may result in students
receiving unfavourable evaluation from teachers or peers. These, in turn,
might result to poor academic achievement and misconduct of behaviour.
Kingery (1996) said that students who smoke marijuana observe to be
aggressive in behaviour, that those who start smoking marijuana before
age 13 use to perform poor in reading.
Gottfredson (1987). Opined that, many schools include programmes
designed to improve student‘s social behavior and guided counseling
programs are often administered to students in groups as part of a study
designed to measure and code interaction among students. Dishion(1999)
stated that students who have poor academic planning may find
themselves with so much problems to read few days to their examination.
They may take marijuana to keep awake at night or to forget about the
anxieties and fears of the examinations. He further stated that most
students take marijuana for problem solving, for instance to speak boldly in
31
public during school debate, drama, discussions as well as overcoming
public shyness, depression and lack of self confidence.
Nigeria students activist (1997) state that habitual marijuana
smoking has change from normal behaviour to mildly retarded character,
both in humanly and socially unpleasant to themselves and find it difficult
to cope in life direction. Most of these students who indulge on this
smoking give rise to delirium and insanity, whereas habitual consumption
usually produce mental weakness. The activist observed that, most of
these students exhibit the sense of illusions and sometime violence,
perhaps suffer from what is called insomnia. During their stay in the
hospital they appear calm. The slightest provocation however evokes a
state of violence and excitation. All these are related behaviour which can
be observable from the students in secondary school that smoke
marijuana.
Theoretical Framework
Erik Erikson Theory of psychosocial development
B.F. Skinner operant conditioning theory
Albert Bandura‘s social learning theory
32
Erik Erikson Theory of psychosocial development (1963)
Erik Erikson (1902-1994), American psychoanalyst, who made major
contributions to the field of psychology with his work on child development
and on the identity crisis. Erikson became interested in the influence of
culture and society on child development. He studied groups of Native
American children to help formulate his theories. These studies enabled
him to correlate personality growth with parental and societal values.
Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson developed one of the most
comprehensive theories of social development in 1963. According to
Erikson, the developmental changes occurring throughout our lives can be
viewed as a series of eight stages of psychosocial development, of which
four occur during childhood. Psychosocial development involves changes
in our interactions and understanding of us as member of the society.
Erikson stages are represented in pairing of the most positive and most
negative aspects of the crisis of the period.
In the first stage of psychosocial development, the trust-versus-
mistrust stage (birth to 1 years), infants develop feeling of thrust if their
physical requirements and physiological needs for attachments are
consistently met and their interactions with the world are generally positive.
On the other hand, inconsistent care and unpleasant interactions with
others can lead to the development of mistrust and leave the infant unable
to meet the challenges required in the next stage of development.
In the second stage, the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
(1 to 3years), toddlers develop independence and autonomy of
33
exploration and freedom are encouraged, or they experience shame, self-
doubt, and unhappiness if they are overly restricted and protected.
According to Erikson the key to the development of autonomy during this
period is for the child‘s caregivers to provide the appropriate amount of
control. If parents provide too much control, children will be unable to
assert themselves and develop their own sense of control over their
environment; if parent provide too little control, children themselves
become overly demanding and controlling.
The next crisis that children face is that the initiative-versus- the guilt
stage (ages 3 to 6). In this stage, the major conflict is between children‘s
desire to act independently and the guilt that comes from the unintended
and unexpected consequences of their behaviour. Children in this period
come to understand that they are persons in their own right, and they
begin to make decisions about their behavior. If parents react positively to
their child‘s attempt at independence, they help their child to resolve the
initiative-versus-guilt crisis positively.
The fourth and last stage of childhood is the industry-versus-
inferiority stage (ages 6 to 12). During this period, successful psychosocial
development is characterized by increasing competency in all areas,
including social interactions and academic skills. In contrast, difficulties in
this stage lead to feeling of failure and inadequacy. Erikson‘s theory
suggests that psychosocial development continues throughout life.
Erikson believes that each stage poses some crisis that needs to be
properly resolved to ensure success in subsequent stage. Among the eight
stages of psychosocial developments of individual‘s personality, the one
34
that concerns students in secondary school more is the fifth one which is
identity versus identity Diffusion. Identity refers to an individual‘s unique
development and the link between the unique values of the people he sees
as his own (Manaster, 1977). This means that identity is concerned with
one‘s own personal views and the identification with a group to which one
feels to belong. Jessor(1977) opine that personality environment and
behaviour are interrelated. When behaviour such as smoking is embedded
in such a network concepts, the theoretical framework makes it possible to
see the logical relation of smoking to other behaviour and variation in
personality and environmental characteristic as well. Personality are
values, exportation, beliefs, attitude, orientation toward self and others)
which are cognitive and reflect social meaning and social experience.
The individual as a social entity and in the process of making
friendship begins to analyse people around him to ascertain those he is
comfortable with and can trust. This is the stage that a student can be
easily deceived by mischievous friends who will lure him with gifts in the
guise of being nice, but will later introduce such students to antisocial
behaviour. This scenario in our study explains Eriksons concept of trust-
versus mistrust.
The autonomy versus shame and doubt stage shows how students
will strive for independence and would want to explore with their peer
groups. They become very assertive and could spur arrogance in them if
left unchecked. Attitude of social behaviour regarding marijuana smoking
35
on the part of friends are role models, example older adult or siblings,
parents, salient members of reference groups) influence the probability of
initiation. If marijuana smoking is practices by such significant persons,
initiation is more likely, it is also more likely to occur at early age (Harbin,
1975). He then opined that longitudinal evidence now available indicates
that non using students who are most likely to smoke marijuana and hard
drugs during secondary school tend to be more rebellious and deviance,
The initiative versus guilt stage explains how students when left
alone without guidance from their teacher and counselors are prone to acts
that the students are not aware of the weight of the consequences. The
period could bring guilt to them that may disorient them. Harbin (1975)
longitudinal evidence now available indicate that student who are more
likely to smoke marijuana during secondary school tend to be more
rebellious and deviance, more alienated from parents; more critical of
societal problem, more impulsive, more emotional, more pessimistic and
sad, more sociable and extroverted; less traditional and conservative
regarding values, less oriented toward religion, less orderly, diligent, and
effective in work and academic habits, less intellectually curious and
interested, less determined, persistence and motivated toward academic
attainment, less likely to feel valued and accepted by others, less
trustworthy and responsible, less tender and considerate of others, and
less self controlled.
36
Manaster (1977) It can be seen that identity formation requires a
number of skills which students ought to master their role experimentation
versus role fixation. Adolescent tends to experiment on different ideologies
and identities before settling at one. Many of them try out a number of
roles to identify the ones that suit them best. Failure in the experimental
process may lead one into role fixation that might manifest as one‘s
involvement in antisocial behaviour like smoking of marijuana, violent
activities. In the industry versus inferiority stage the student when properly
guided will strive to be competent in whatever he does so as to avoid
failure. The stage if not properly managed could build up inferiority
complex in the student.
B.F Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory (1948)
American psychologist B. F. Skinner became one of the most
famous psychologists in history for his pioneering research on operant
conditioning. In fact, he coined the term operant conditioning. Skinner
discovered important principles of operant conditioning, a type of learning
that involves reinforcement and punishment. A strict behaviorist, Skinner
believed that operant conditioning could explain even the most complex of
human behaviors. , Skinner spent several decades studying the behavior
of animals—usually rats or pigeons—in chambers that became known as
Skinner boxes. Like Thorndike‘s puzzle box, the Skinner box was a barren
37
chamber in which an animal could earn food by making simple responses,
such as pressing a lever or a circular response key. A device attached to
the box recorded the animal‘s responses.
The Skinner box differed from the puzzle box in three main ways;
(1) upon making the desired response, the animal received food but did
not escape from the chamber;
(2) the box delivered only a small amount of food for each response, so
that many reinforces could be delivered in a single test session; and
(3) the operant response required very little effort, so an animal could
make hundreds or thousands of responses per hour. Because of these
changes, Skinner could collect much more data, and he could observe
how changing the pattern of food delivery affected the speed and pattern of
an animal‘s behavior.
Skinner the founding father of operant conditioning developed what
he called the Skinner box and his theory in 1948. His interest was in
specifying how behaviour varied as a result of alteration in the
environment. The term conditioning here means the process of regulating
the behaviour of a learner through the manipulation of some event in the
learner‘s environment. Environmental exposures to marijuana smoking
provide a greater influence on many students to participate fully in a
38
condition they found themselves. Skinner stated that, what was satisfying
during the initial period of tension reduction will be likely to repeat itself
under similar circumstance on the occasion.
In operant conditioning, reinforcement refers to any process that
strengthens a particular behavior—that is, increases the chances that the
behavior will occur again. There are two general categories of
reinforcement, positive and negative. The experiments of Thorndike and
Skinner illustrate positive reinforcement, a method of strengthening
behavior by following it with a pleasant stimulus. Positive reinforcement is
a powerful method for controlling the behavior of both animals and people.
For people, positive reinforces include basic items such as food, drink, sex,
and physical comfort. Other positive rein-forcers include material
possessions, money, friendship, love, praise, attention, and success in
one‘s career.
Depending on the circumstances, positive reinforcement can
strengthen either desirable or undesirable behaviors. Children may work
hard at home or at school because of the praise they receive from parents
and teachers for good performance. However, they may also disrupt a
class, try dangerous stunts, or start smoking because these behaviors lead
to attention and approval from their peers. One of the most common
reinforces of human behavior is money. Most adults spend many hours
each week working at their jobs because of the paychecks they receive in
39
return. For certain individuals, money can also reinforce undesirable
behaviors, such as burglary, selling illegal drugs, and cheating on one‘s
taxes.
Negative reinforcement is a method of strengthening a behavior by
following it with the removal or omission of an unpleasant stimulus. There
are two types of negative reinforcement: escape and avoidance. In
escape, performing a particular behavior leads to the removal of an
unpleasant stimulus. For example, if a person with a headache tries a new
pain reliever and the headache quickly disappears, this person will
probably use the medication again the next time a headache occurs. In
avoidance, people perform a behavior to avoid unpleasant consequences.
For example,
Keeln,(1996) stated that, reinforcement is the process by which a
stimulus increases the probability that preceding behaviour will be
repeated. This implies that, the ensuring tension reduction from marijuana
smoking bring relief and reinforcement of the act which induced the
administration of the marijuana in the first place. Delprato (1992) supported
this Skinner‘s theory by stating that reinforcement is any stimulus which
increases the probability that a preceding behaviour will occur again.
Marijuana smoking is a reinforce to the smoker because it increases the
probability that behaviour must respond to smoking which must take place.
This theory affects the present study as it explains primary reinforce and
40
secondary reinforce by Skinner. That primary reinforce satisfies some
biological need and work naturally regardless of a person‘s prior
experience. Prior to the habit of marijuana smoking, the individuals could
be faced with depression and therefore sought for a way of escape by
indulging in antisocial behaviour such as marijuana smoking through the
influence of his peer group and these actions will be of great experience.
Reinforcement of marijuana responses intermittently can lead to greater
conditioning and more resistance to extinction than reinforcement of ever
responses.
Albert Bandura’s social learning theory (1969)
The third theory backing up this study is the social learning theory
developed by Albert Bandura in 1969. According to psychologists Albert
Bandura and colleagues, a major part of human learning consist of
observational learning, that is, learning is done through observing the
behaviour of another person called a model (Bandura, 1977).
Bandura in his observation believed that, behaviours are acquired
through observational learning. Example, children who where afraid of
dogs were exposed to a model dubbed the fearless peer-playing with a
dog. (Menlove 1967). This is applicable of the present study where social
interaction and behaviour modeling exist between students in school
watching how their fellow students smoke marijuana and other deviant
behaviours.
41
Bandura (1986), state that, observational learning takes place in four
steps. First paying attention and perceiving the most critical features of
another person‘s behaviour, second remembering the behaviour, third,
reproducing the action and firth being motivated to learn and carryout the
behaviour instead of learning occurring through trail and error. Then the
success being reinforced and failures punished, many important skills are
learned through observation.
This theory affects the present study because most students are
motivated on a particular behaviour and they can as well carryout the
expected behaviour exactly learned. These students learned how to smoke
marijuana by observation from senior students in school, how to be
aggressive, all these are behaviour modification in an environment. Many
students behave well, but as soon as they left and joined their colleagues
in school, behaviour will automatically change.
Not all behaviour that we witness is learned or carried out, of course.
One crucial factor that determines whether we later imitate a model is the
consequences of the model‘s behaviour. Interestingly though observing the
punishment of a model does not necessarily stop observers from learning
the behaviour (Bandura, 1994).
Review of Empirical Studies
Daramola (2004) conducted a study on social behaviour and
academic achievement of secondary school students in Ondo state of
42
Nigeria. The study was to investigate and find out whether there is any
relationship between social behaviour and academic achievement of the
student. To illicit data a Likert type questionnaire was used. Survey design
was used and sample was 720 students randomly selected from 18
secondary schools in using factor analysis to test the hypothesis. The
findings of the study reveal that there is relationship between students‘
social behaviour and their academic achievement.
Crowely and David (1980) conducted a study on students‘ marijuana
smoking in one East Lancanshire secondary school in the United state of
America (USA). He was to examine the influence of marijuana smoking
and academic achievement on secondary school students. The
researchers employed survey research design with a sample of 11 and 25
years old students. Classmates in this study were used. Data was
analyzed using test retest reliability and cronbach‘s alpha. The finding of
the study indicates that some of these students are addicted to marijuana
smoking and they cannot stay without smoking marijuana.
Samuel (1979) did a research on marijuana on social behaviour in
public secondary schools of Lagos Nigeria. The study was to investigate
the extent of marijuana smoking in social behaviour, and the school
achievement. The study involved a sample of 14,584. Questionnaire was
used to collect data. Analysis of variance and regression were used in
analyzing data. The finding of the study revealed that there is a
relationship between marijuana smoking, student‘s social behaviour and
43
their achievement in school performance. It also showed the extent of
which marijuana smoking has a linkage between students inside school
and those outside learning environment.
Mensch (2001) carried out a study on impact of marijuana smoking
on subsequent education attainment. The study investigated the
relationship between academic achievement and marijuana smoking. The
sample of young males from the National longitudinal survey of students
was used for the study. The research design was survey and the
instrument used was questionnaire. Data was analyzed using analysis of
variance and regression. The findings of the study showed that, the
likelihood functions for the probability of using marijuana smoking by
students is within 18 years old, the study also revealed that family
structure, (living with both parents, number of siblings), parental education,
age, ethnicity, marital status, numbers of dependents, region, religiosity
are indicator of living in a state where marijuana smoking has been
decriminalized at age of 14.
Winokur (1970) conducted a study on hospitalized students‘ addicts.
The study sample was 259 randomly selected from hospitals. This finding
indicated that mariSjuana smokers tend to run in families. He found that
slightly over forty percent (40%) had marijuana students usually from
home. Godwin (1990) find out that students of marijuana parents who had
been adopted by non marijuana foster parents still had nearly twice the
number of marijuana problem by their late twenties as did a control group
44
of adopted students who real parents did not have history of marijuana
smoking
Parlee (1979) carried out a survey study to identify the factors critical
in friendships in a questionnaire answered by some 40.000 respondents,
the qualities that were most valued in a friend were the ability to keep
confidences, loyalty and warmth and affection, followed closely by
supportiveness, frankness, and sense of human. The findings of the study
revealed that, keeping confidences, loyalty and warmth and affection are
among the most important qualities people look for in a friend.
Summary of Literature Review
Related literature shows that interaction with one another may
achieve either positive or negative goal in life, which will be as a result of
inner motivation. Marijuana has countless street terms, such as pot, herb,
weed, grass, widow, and ganja. The review presented the conceptual
framework on marijuana, marijuana smoking, social behaviour, academic
achievement. It also takes into considerations the factors affecting social
behavior in school and society, and the relationship between marijuana
smoking and academic achievement.
The review on theoretical framework traced the works of theorists
and how their works have impacted on social behaviour. They are the
Erikson‘s theory on psychosocial development, the Skinner‘s operant
conditioning theory and the Bandura‘s social learning theory.
45
From the review of empirical studies on marijuana smoking,
student‘s social behaviour and academic achievement in secondary
schools, it is discovered that much research has not been done locally on
marijuana smoking in secondary school. Rather much research work have
been done on this same concept and especially in relation to social
behavior and academic achievement by foreign scholars. The researcher
therefore decided to draw the attention of relevant authorities to the
menace caused by the influence of marijuana smoking on students social
behavior and academic achievement.
46
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter is made up of the following sub-headings, design of the
study, area of the study, population of the study, sample and sampling
technique, instrument for data collection, validation and reliability of the
instrument, method of data collection and method of data analysis.
Design of the Study
The design of the study was Ex-post Factor. According to Ezeh
(2005), Ex-post Fato research is a systematic empirical inquiry in which the
scientist does not have direct control on independent variable because
they are inherently not manipulable. The purpose of exposé factor studies,
was to find out the factors that seem to be closely associated with certain
behaviours occurrence, prevalence‘s or conditions.
The researcher deemed it wise to adopt this design because, the
researcher was not in full control of a major variable, marijuana smoking
which predicted the study, but in finding out the cause effect relationship.
The study seeks to elicit information on influence of marijuana smoking on
students‘ social behaviour and their academic achievement.
Area of the Study
This study was conducted in the present Ikom Local Government
Area of Cross River state. Cross River State is made up of eighteen (18)
47
Local Government Areas; and is divided into three (3) Educational Zone,
the Ogoja Educational Zone, Ikom Educational zone and Calabar
Educational Zone. Ikom which is in central senatorial district of Cross River
State has four educational Area in the zone namely, Ikom Educational
Area, Etung Educational Area, Obubra Educational area, and Boki
Educational area. Ikom commanded my choice for this study because of
the perceived marijuana smoking activities among secondary school
students, deviant behavior, armed robbery, school drop-out and cultism.
This area was also chosen for the study because farmers cultivate
marijuana in commercial quantity as reported by the commander of
Federal Road Safety Ikom branch on their ―drug and driving‖ awareness
campaign on December 11th, 2007; sometime students are hired as
laborers‘ to harvest and process the product, this gives students access to
the product and the cultivation of the substance is done within the
environment where these students live. Forest environment provides a
protective coverage for students who smoke marijuana, as such; law
enforcement agents do not have access to arrest students who smoke
marijuana in the area.
Population of the Study
The population consisted of all senior secondary school students in
Ikom educational zone of Cross River state. (Population of students by
educational zone appendix III). There are total of twenty four (24) public
48
secondary schools in Ikom Educational authority. Eight public secondary
schools located in urban center and rural area of Ikom education authority
will be used. The reason why public secondary schools will be selected is
because; most of them have no fence in order to monitor this students
irregularity during school hours, teachers are not punctual to their classes
and school supervisors are not regular for inspections.
With all this, it is easier for students to practice this addiction within
the forest in the school area. The choice of public secondary schools in the
area has motivated the researcher to look on activities organized by the
school authority for the students. On this note, most of these students
relationship with peers and friends may in turn involve them in activities of
marijuana smoking, gangs and clubs after schools, as such most of them
may return late in the night to their parents.
Sample and Sampling Techniques
The sample size for the study was consist of two hundred (200)
students. The researcher required two sampling processes. The first
process is snorboh sampling technique and the second is simple random
sampling (Eze, 2005).
The random sampling technique was used to select 8 secondary
schools that was randomly drawn from the 24 public secondary schools in
Ikom education authority, 15 students were randomly sampled each from
Senior Secondary class of eight (8) public secondary schools for the study.
49
In a snowball sampling, the researcher identified a student who smokes
marijuana in the area. They identified student smoker help the researcher
to administer the instrument to others who smoke and through this means,
10 questionnaires where distributed each in the eight (8) public secondary
schools in the area.
Instrument for Data Collection
The instrument for data collection is questionnaire, which was titled –
Students Social Behaviour Rating Scale and student academic
achievement questionnaire developed by the researcher. The academic
achievement score of the students was obtained from their academic
records. Their first year and second year cumulative grade was used. The
data for this study was designed into sections. Section ‗A‘ elicits
information on the respondents. Section ‗B‘ which was divided into 3
clusters. Cluster A was gather information on influence of marijuana
smoking on students, Cluster ―B‖ influence of marijuana on student‘s social
behaviour and Cluster ―C‖ influence on student academic achievement. A
40-item questionnaire was divided into clusters. Cluster ―A‖ has 14 items,
Cluster ―B‖ 15 items, Cluster ―C‖ 11 items. The questionnaire was
comprised of items with a modified four point likert scale provided for the
respondent to make their responses to questionnaire. Strongly Agree (SA)
= 4, Agree (A) = 3, Disagree (D) = 2, and Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1
50
Validation of Instruments
Copies of the questionnaire were given to the researchers
supervisor and one expert in educational psychology, another expert in
guidance and counseling and the other one in measurement and
evaluation. The copies of the questionnaire were given to them along with
research question and purpose of the study to enable them to check the
appropriateness of the items in relation to the research question and
hypothesis. On the basis of their inputs corrections were made. (please
see the appendix for their validation reports).
Reliability of the Instrument
To determine the reliability of the instrument, instrument was
distributed to 30 identified SS students who are marijuana smokers in
Ogoja Education zone. The distributed questionnaire was collected under
strick and close supervision of the researcher, with the assistance of
research assistanct. The data collected from the respondents was
subjected to factor analysis. Based on the factor analysis, the reliability
indices for cluster one was found to be 0.73, cluster two was found to be
0.82 and cluster three was found to be 0.86 respectively. The factor
analysis was carried out, and it reduced the 80 items to a 40-item
questionnaire.
51
Method of Data Collection
The instrument was administered to the sample of senior secondary
school students on the spot by the researcher with the help of research
assistant, the questionnaire were distributed and collected .
Method of Data Analysis
Research questions was analyzed using mean and standard deviation to
answer questions one to three (1-3). The benchmark was 2.50 and above
was accepted, otherwise rejected. T-test statistics was used to test the two
null hypotheses at 0.05level of significance.
52
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents and analyses data collected through the
research instrument. The data are presented according to order of the
three research question and two hypotheses that guided the study.
Table 1 showing the population distribution of students by educational
zone of cross River state
CLUSTER A: MEAN RATING AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF
MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL BEHAIVOUR
S/N Items X
Standard deviation SD
Remark
1 Smoking makes people bold to talk in public
3.01 1.30 Accepted
2 Smoking makes students reason fast
2.90 0.92 Accepted
3 Smoking gives us high social status 3.10 1.22 Accepted
4 Smoking makes students to forget their worriers
3.17 1.10 Accepted
5 Smoking of marijuana cure disease 2.22 1.02 Rejected
6 Smoking gives causes inferiority complex
2.26 .79 Accepted
7 Smoking of marijuana makes me feel warm and alert at all time.
3.17 .91 Accepted
8 Smoking of marijuana student feel important
3.20 1.23 Accepted
9 Smoking of marijuana give me extra strength in school.
3.32 1.06 Accepted
10 Smoking marijuana helps me to be courageous always
3.22 .94 Accepted
11 Marijuana smoking helps student to escape from dangers
2.34 .65 Rejected
12 Smoking of marijuana make me to be isolated from people.
3.35 .87 Accepted
13 Smoking makes smokers to be aggressive
2.10 1.28 Rejected
14 Smoking reduces my tension 2.04 1.01 Rejected
53
From the data in table 4 above, it reveal that items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10 and 12 have mean values of 3.01, 2.90, 3.10, 3.17, 3.20, 3.22, 3.22
and 3.35. The cut-off or bench mark of the students respondent agreed on
these items as the influence of marijuana, on students social behaviour.
While items 5, 11, 13 and 14 have mean values of 2.22, 2.34, 2.10 and
2.04 which are below 2.50 shows that students respondents disagreed that
these items are not the influence of marijuana smoking of the students
social behaviour.
S/N Items X Standard deviation SD
Remark
15 I develop anxiety always 3.29 1.01 Accepted
16 I have confidence always with my friend
3.56 .76 Accepted
17 I always feel depressed 2.24 1.02 Rejected
18 I love to attend party than school activities
3.27 1.13 Accepted
19 Smoking helps me to talk to girls freely.
3.82 .61 Agree
20 I am cheerful to people when I smoke
2.13 .84 Rejected
21 I make a lot of noise in the classroom like to make noise
3.008 1.25 Accepted
22 Marijuana smoking help to be smart at all time
3.26 .85 Accepted
23 I insult my teachers in the school when they annoy
3.05 1.23 Accepted
24 Marijuana smoking develop my interest in joining social group
2.89 .91 Accepted
25 Smoking marijuana makes me quiet in class
3.04 1.22 Accepted
54
The data on table 5 above show that the mean values for items
15,16,18,19,21,22,23,24 and 25, which are marijuana on students social
behaviour is above 2.50 mean cut-off. This signifies that influence of
marijuana on students social behaviour is very high and as such marijuana
smoking may contributed to their misbehaviour in school and at home.
Similarly, items 17 and 20 have mean values of 2.24, 2.13, which
are below 2.50. Therefore the respondent disagreed that these item are
not responsible for influence of marijuana on students social behaivour.
CLUSTER B: MEAN RATING AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF MARIJUANA
SMOKING ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
S/N Items X Standard deviation SD
Remark
26 Smoking of marijuana enable student to performed better in physics examination
3.24 1.07 Accepted
27 Smoking of marijuana make people not to be regular in class room.
3.20 1.00 Accepted
28 I read for long period of time during examination.
3.60 .72 Accepted
29 My class masters complain of smokes commitment in mathematics class
2.02 .91 Rejected
30 I performed poorly in my second them examination
2.10 1.24 Rejected
31 Smoker pass biology even if they miss classes
3.30 1.02 Accepted
32 Smoking improve performance in exam 2.62 .93 Accepted
33 Calculating mathematics formulas are simpler to those who smoke marijuana
3.72 .58 Accepted
34 Marijuana smoking enable student to understand chemistry formulas.
3.31 .88 Accepted
35 Smoking makes us to perform poorly in science subjects.
2.90 1.28 Accepted
36 Smoking of marijuana help in pass English language exam.
2.74 .97 Accepted
37 Smoking enable student to understand physics formulas
2.22 1.00 Rejected
38 Smokers receive awards in school 2.05 .71 Rejected
39 Smokers are good school prefect 3.19 1.03 Accepted
40 Smoking can make student come first position in class.
2.18 1.14 Rejected
55
The data presented in this table indicates that marijuana smoking is
directly influence student smokers on their academic achievement. Their
mean and standard deviation scores on items 26,27,28,31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36 and 39 indicate the respondents agreed that marijuana influences
students smoker in school. Furthermore, items 29,30, 37, 38 and 40 have
the mean values of 202, 2.10, 2.22, 2.05 and 2.18 which are below 2.50 as
bench mark. Therefore, it means that marijuana does not influence
academic performance of students.
Pearson Correlation Coefficient for Two Hypothesis
Hypotheses 1: Marijuana smoking does not significantly influence
students social behaviour.
Correlation for marijuana smoking and students social behaviour
Smoking marijuana
Social behaviour
Smoking marijuana Pearson correlation sig.
(2- tailed) N
1 14
-637 .829 14
Social Behaviour Pearson correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
-637 .829 14
15
This Table shows that correlation coefficient between smoking marijuana
and social behaviour of the students smokers is -0.64. This result indicates
that there is negative correlation between smoking marijuana and the
student social behaviour. Hence smoking of marijuana has negative
56
influence on students social behaviour therefore, the null hypotheses is
accepted. This means that marijuana smoking does not significantly
influence students social behaviour.
Correlations for Hypotheses Two
Hypotheses 2: The influence of marijuana smoking on student academic
achievement is not significant.
Correlation for marijuana smoking and students academic
achievement.
Correlations
Smoking marijuana
Social behaviour
Smoking marijuana Pearson correlation sig. (2- tailed)
N
1 14
-425 .193 14
Academic achievement Pearson correlation Sig.
(2-tailed) N
-425 .193 11
1 11
Table 8 above reveals that the significant values for marijuana smoking
and students academic achievement has a greater level of significance.
The correlation co-efficient is -043. This result indicates that there is
negative correlation between marijuana smoking and students academic
achievement. This means that the null hypotheses are rejected and that
the influence of marijuana smoking on students academic achievement is
significant.
57
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this chapter, the results are discussed and conclusions are drawn
from the analysis. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for
further studies. Educational implications of the study are given and
limitations of the studies stated.
Summary of Findings
(1) Marijuana smoking is greatly influence students social behaviour,
their popularity in groups and classes makes them loose prestige or
their responsibility in school like prefect ship and head boy
(2) The influence of marijuana smoking on students behaviour is not
significant, thus their isolation from group or classes is as a result of
constant smoking of Indian hemp.
(3) The students that smoke marijuana were intrinsically influence by
their follow students that smoke India hemp.
(4) The result of hypotheses one revealed that there is negative
correlation between students smoking marijuana and their social
behaviour.
(5) The result of hypotheses two showed that the influence of
marijuana smoking on students academic achievement it significant.
58
Discussion of the Findings
The researcher found out that influence of marijuana on students
social behaviour is demonstrated and exhibited due to changes in
environment and school climate. This behaviour occurs in diverse styles
and dimension which includes differing stress, joblessness, peer pressure
and parental background. The above finding agree with the view of
Graham‘s (1973) who noted that, marijuana smoking students ordinarily
enjoyed Cannabis which suffer him dizziness tremor, disoriented and
becoming stupous in an environment.
The findings also agree with Isabel, (1971) who observed that
interaction with marijuana smokers revealed a continuous increases in its
smoker by students, that result to frustration and difficulty in fulfilling ethics
of the society. The National Institute on drug Abuse (2005) opines that,
environmental life style has regulate him on smoking marijuana which
cause burning and stinging of the mouth, throat and often accompanied by
a heavy cough.
Influence of marijuana smoking on students social behaviour, the
researcher discovered that experimentation of emulating or adapting
behaviour may en-croach individual into full participation of a learned
behaviour. Base on this fact, most of these subjects in the area found their
feet in so many aspect of life. The researcher observed that, drug use,
truancy armed rubbery, delinquencies and examination malpractices are
59
among the social behaviour exhibited by students. Steinberg (1996) stated
that, externalizing social behaivour and internalizing social behaviour are
observable behaviour commonly developed and learned among young
students in secondary school which are negatively to the sustainability in
life style. Eze (2005) also observed that some depressed students can
also resort to marijuana smoking and become delinquents in behaviour.
Eze (2005) opines that many youngsters indulge in marijuana smoking as
way of fulfilling their sense of belonging to peer group.
The researcher also discovered that marijuana smoking does
influence students academic achievement. The finding were in agreement
with the views of Dewey (1999) that marijuana smoking is a risk factor for
academic problems such as lower grades, absenteeism and high dropout
rates. Marijuana smoking interferes with students ability to think, making
learning and concentration more difficult. Elliot (1978) said that evidence is
clear that poor school performance, truancy, leaving school at young age
are connected to marijuana smoking by students Elliot (1978) still
observed that early aggressive behaviour usually lead to difficulties in the
classroom.
Gottfredson (1987) suggested that schools should include
programmes designed which shall improve students social behaviour and
academic achievement. Dishion (1999) said that students who have poor
academic planning may find themselves with so much problems to read
60
few days to their examination. They take marijuana to keep them awake of
night or to forget the anxiety and fears of the examination.
Again, an interesting study was done by Crowely (1980), observed
the influence of marijuana smoking and academic achievement on
secondary school students. Results indicated that some of these students
are addicted to marijuana smoking, they cannot stay without smoking the
substances.
The analysis on hypothesis one revealed that marijuana smoking in
not significantly influence students social behaviour. The indication is that
there is negative correlation between smoking marijuana and the students
social behaivour. Since smoking of marijuana has negative influence on
students social behaviour, the null hypothesis is accepted.
Hypothesis two analysis showed that the influence of marijuana
smoking on students academic achievement is not significant. This
indicate that the respondent believe that, smoking of marijuana in school
affect their academic achievement.
Implication
The findings of this study have some implication for the government,
parents teachers, educational psychologist, as well as the students
themselves. The finding showed that there are behavoural pattern of life
which are exhibited by students due to environmental changes. The
citation of school or location of school in remote environment on the part of
government has contributed to many of these students involvement in
61
marijuana smoking. Some of their behaviour is disoriented, tremor,
dizziness and warming.
It is also observed from the finding that, poor perception,
disorientation and action of many parents towards their children and wards
at home were not properly groom s a result they find themselves is
smoking marijuana. Therefore, the idea of organizing seminars and
conference by the government, schools, churches and concerned
stakeholders will helps in changing the behaviour of students smoker and
parent action.
Another important implication of the finding is that, many student
who smoke marijuana experience academic problem by getting lower
grades in school, absenteeism and high dropout rates from school. Ability
to think or having good concentration in learning is finding to be a difficult
problem to these smokers. Teachers and counselors in schools should be
reinforced of this students differences and treat them with love and
caution.
Recommendation
Based on the finding of this study, the following recommendations
are made:
1. That the government, school administration and churches should
organize seminars and conference for the parents on how
environment has a vital role play in children up-bringing, they should
62
regularly spell out-those things that will enable them to be
responsible or hold their personality high and things that will not
sabotage their personality.
2. That the teachers and schools administrator, and all concerned
should remain aware of the individual differences of these students
and do well to work with them effectively and efficiently.
3. That the students should know that only hard work produces
success in life and try harder of their school work in order to achieve
success and become responsible citizens worthy of emulation by
others, not to interfere with marijuana smoking or bad gang that will
result to frustration and difficulty in fulfilling ethic of the society.
Limitation of the Study
Although the study has accomplished the purpose of which it set out
to do, the following limitation are permanent in the study.
(1) Unwillingness of the respondent to complete the questionnaire on the
fact that they shall be exposed to marijuana smoking and the location of
schools in some of the area is difficult to get in thereby delaying the
collection of the data for this study generally.
(2) Non-cooperation from the school authorities in releasing the data for
the students academic achievement.
63
Suggestion for Further Study
1. Marijuana smoking and it‘s consequence on society.
2. Strategies for improving academic achievement of students in school
3. Influence of environment on child upbringing.
Summary
This study was carried out to determine the influence of marijuana
smoking on students social behaviour and academic achievement. Two
research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the
study.
Related literature including concept of marijuana, concept of
marijuana smoking, concept of social behaviour, concept of academic
achievement, relationship between social behaviour and marijuana
smoking, factors affecting social behaivour in society school, relationship
between marijuana smoking and academic achievement.
The population of the study consist of all senior secondary school
class *SSII) students in the study areas. The major instrument used for
collection of data was questionnaire.
The data collected were analyzed using means and standard
deviation, Pearson‘s correlation. The results of the study led to the
following conclusion
1. Student smokers are greatly influence by their behaviour and as
such loose their prestige.
64
2. Student that smoke marijuana can influence by their follow students
through interaction in their various gangs and clubs.
3. Teachers and parent close relationship with students should be
highly recommended for positive behavioural changes on students
social behaviour and academic achievement
65
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72
QUESTIONNAIRE
TOPIC: INFLUENCE OF MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENT IN IKOM EDUCATIONAL
ZONE OF CROSS RIVER STATE.
Sir/Madam,
Validation of Instrument
I solicit for validation of my instrument for the above mentioned study,
attached are my purpose of the study and the research question.
Thanks for your anticipated co-operation
Ekapli David .E.
PG/M.Ed/07/42681
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to find out the influence of
marijuana smoking on students social behaviour and academic
achievement in Ikom Educational zone of Cross River State. Specifically,
the study will seek to find out:
73
1. The influence of marijuana smoking among secondary school
students.
2. How marijuana smoking influence students social behaviour and
students academic achievement
Research Question
In order to meet the objectives of this study the following research
questions have been raised.
1. To what extent does marijuana smoking influence students social
behavior, compared to non-smokers?
2. To what extent does marijuana smoking influences students academic
achievement, compared to non-smokers?
Department of Education Foundations,
Faculty of Education,
University of Nigeria,
Nsukka
10th December, 2008
74
Dear Respondents
This questionnaire is designed to find out the influence of marijuana
smoking on students social behaviour and academic achievement. Feel free to
answer the question. Your response will be treated with confidentiality please.
Questionnaire for student smokers
Instruction: Each statement is follow by four responses. Tick ( ) against the
responses you consider most appropriate for your answer in the columns
provided.
SA - Strongly Agree
A - Agree
D - Disagree
SD - Strongly Disagree
School ………………………………………………………………………..
Class SS II……………………………………………………………………
CLUSTER A: MEAN RATING AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF MARIJUANA
SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR.
S/N ITEMS SA A D SD
1 Smoking makes people bold to talk in public
2 Smoking makes students reason fast
3 Smoking gives us high social status
4 Smoking makes students to forget their worriers
5 Smoking of marijuana cure disease
6 Smoking gives causes inferiority complex
7 Smoking of marijuana makes me feel warm and alert
75
at all time.
8 Smoking of marijuana student feel important
9 Smoking of marijuana give me extra strength in
school.
10 Smoking marijuana helps me to be courageous
always
11 Marijuana smoking helps student to escape from
dangers
12 Smoking of marijuana make me to be isolated from
people.
13 Smoking makes smokers to be aggressive
14 Smoking reduces my tension
15 I develop anxiety always
16 I have confidence always with my friend
17 I always feel depressed
18 I love to attend party than school activities
19 Smoking helps me to talk to girls freely.
20 I am cheerful to people when I smoke
21 I make a lot of noise in the classroom like to make
noise
22 Marijuana smoking help to be smart at all time
23 I insult my teachers in the school when they annoy
me
24 Marijuana smoking develop my interest in joining
76
social group.
25 Smoking marijuana makes me quiet in class
CLUSTER B: MEAN RATING AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF MARIJUANA
SMOKING ON STUDENT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT.
S/N ITEMS SA A D SD
26 Smoking of marijuana enable student to performed
better in physics examination
27 smoking of marijuana make people not to be regular
in class room.
28 I read for long period of time during examination.
29 My class masters complain of smokers commitment in
mathematics class
30 I performed poorly in my second term examination
31 Smokers pass biology even if they miss classes
32 Smoking improve performance in exam
33 Calculating mathematics formulas are simpler to
those who smoke marijuana
34 Marijuana smoking enable student to understand
chemistry formulas.
35 smoking make us to perform poorly in science
subjects.
36 Smoking of marijuana help in pass English language
77
exam.
37 Smoking enable student to understand physics
formulas
38 Smokers receive awards in school
39 Smokers are good school prefect
40 Smoking can make student come first position in
class
78
APPENDIX 1
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
Item selected
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Total No of
selected
items
2, 6, 10, 12,
13, 15, 18
(9)
21, 25, 29, 33,
34, 36, 37
(10)
41, 48, 51, 62,
54, 55, 56, 57
(9)
58, 60, 62,66,
68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 80
(12)
(40)
Items not selected
Factorially impure
items
Factorially complex
items
Total No of unselected
items
1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14,
16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23,
24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31,
32, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50,
51, 53
(34)
9, 16, 26, 38, 46, 53
(6)
(40)
79
From the factor analysis, the reliability indices for
Cluster one = 0.73
Cluster two = 0.82
Cluster three = 0.86
APPENDIX II
The names of eight (8) public secondary schools selected for this study in
the area are:
i) Government Secondary School (GOVISCO) Ikom
ii) Federal Government College Ikom
iii) Velos Secondary Commercial School Ikom
iv) Enoggi Secondary School Ikom
v) Ekparabong Community Secondary School Ikom
vi) Comprehensive Secondary School Yala Nkum
vii) Community Secondary School Effraya
viii) Community Secondary School Etomi
The population distribution table is shown below, indicating
distribution of senatorial educational zone in the state.
80
APPENDIX III
Table: Population Distribution of Students by Educational Zone
S/N Educational Zone No. of L.G.A Students population
1 Calabar Educational Zone 7 13, 694
2 Ikom Educational Zone 6 8, 562
3 Ogoja Educational Zone 5 7,154
Total 18 29,410
Source: Cross River State Secondary Education Board statistic unit
TABLE 2: SAMPLED SCHOOLS OF IKOM ZONE
S/N Sampled school Education Area
1 Government secondary school
(Gobisco)
Ikom Education
Area
2 Federal Government College Ikom Ikom Education
Area
3 Velos secondary commercial school
Ikom
Ikom Education
Area
4 Community Secondary School
Effraya
Efung Educlation
Area
5 Comprehensive secondary school
Yala Nkum
Ikom Educaltion
Area
6 Ekparadbong Community secondary
school Ikom
Ikom Educaltion
Area
7 Community secondary school Efomi Efung Education
Area
8 Enoggi secondary school Ikom Ikom Education
Area
Table 3: The population of the respondents
S/N Respondents Population
1 Government Secondary School
Ikom
25
2 Federal Government College Ikom 25
3 Velos secondary commercial school 25
81
Ikom
4 Community Secondary School
Effraya
25
5 Comprehensive secondary school
Yala Nkum
25
6 Ekparadbong Community secondary
school Ikom
25
7 Community secondary school Efomi 25
8 Enoggi secondary school Ikom 25
S/N Educational zone No. of Local government Area
Students population
1 Calabar Educational zone 7 13, 697
2 Ikom Educational 6 8, 562
3 Ogoja Education zone 5 7, 154
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