DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COURSE DIARY … diary... · DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COURSE DIARY ... 41 Formation of PDE -Examples ... 44 Solutions of PDE by Charpit’s

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CCHHEEMM II CCAALL EENNGGII NNEEEERRII NNGG

CCOOUURRSSEE DDII AARRYY (ACADEMIC YEAR 2011-12)

II II II SSEEMM EESSTTEERR Name : _____________________________________________ USN : _____________________________________________ Semester & Section : _____________________________________________

The Mission

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world class education in our chosen fields and

prepare people of character, caliber and vision

to build the future world”

DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING III SEMESTER

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10MAT31 – ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III


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SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 10MAT31 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 04 Exam Marks: 100 Total Hours: 52 Exam Hours: 03

PART A

UNIT 1: FOURIER SERIES: Periodic functions, Fourier series expansions, Half range expansions, complex forms of Fourier series, Practical harmonic analysis. 7 hours UNIT 2: FOURIER TRANSFORMS Finite and Infinite fourier transforms, Fourier sine and cosine transforms, Properties Inverse transforms. 6hours UNIT 3: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (P.D.E.) Formation of P.D.E., Solution of non homogeneous P.D.E. by direct integration, Solution of homogeneous P.D.E. involving derivative with respect to one independent variable only (both types with given set of conditions) Methods of separation of variables. (First and second order equations). Solution of Lagrange’s linear P D E of the type P p + Q q = R 6 Hrs UNIT 4: Applications of P.D.E. Derivation of one dimensional wave and heat equations . Various possible solutions of these by the method of separation of variables. D’ Alemberts solution of wave equation. Two dimensional Laplace’s Equation – various possible solutions. Solution of all these Equations with specified boundary conditions.( Boundary value problems) 7 Hrs

PART B UNIT 5: NUMERICAL Methods Introduction , Numerical solutions of algebraic and transcendental equation:-,Regula and Falsi method and Newton-raphson methods .Solution of Linear simultaneous equations :- Gauss elimination and Gauss jordan methods.Gauss- Seidal iterative method.Definition of Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a square matrix. Computation of largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector by Rayleigh’s Power method. 6 Hrs UNIT 6: Finite Differences (Forward and backward difference): Interpolation Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae.divided differences – Newton’s divided difference formula.,Lagrange’s interpolation and inverse interpolation formulae. Numerical differentiation using Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae. Numerical integration-Simpson’s 1/3 rule,3/8 rule and Weddle’s rule(All formulae/ rules without proof). 7Hrs


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UNIT 7: Calculus of Variations Variation of a function and a functional Extemal of a function, Variational problems, Euler’s equation, standard variational problems including geodesics, minimal surface of revolution , hanging chain and Brachistochrone problems 6 Hrs

UNIT 8: Difference Equations and Z Transforms Difference equations – Basic definitions. Z-Transforms- definition, standard Z Transforms, Linearity Proprty, Damping Rule, Shifting Rule, Initial Value Theorem, final Value Theorem Inverse Z Transforms, Application of Z Transforms to solve difference equations. 7 Hrs. TEXT BOOKS: Higher Engg. Mathematics (36th edition-2002) by Dr. B.S.Grewel, Kanna publishers,New Delhi.


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LESSON PLAN

Hours / Week: 04 I.A. Marks: 25 Total Hours: 50

Hour No. Topic to be covered

NUMERICAL METHODS

1 Roots of Transcendental equations using Bisection Method

2 Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson Method

3 Finite differences; Forward , Backward &Central difference operators

4 Newton-Gregory forward and backward interpolation formulae-examples

5 Stirling’s interpolation formula –examples

6 Bessel’s interpolation formula-examples

7 Lagrange’s &Newton’s divided difference interpolation formulae

8 Inverse interpolation using Lagrange’s interpolation formula

9 Numerical differentiation using Newton’s forward and backward formulae

10 Numerical Integration:Trapezoidal, simpsons1/3 &3/8 Rules, weddle’s rule

11 Numerical solution of ode - Taylor series and Eulers method

12 Modified Eulers method

13 Runge-kutta method

14 Milne’s predictor and corrector method

FOURIER SERIES :FOURIER TRANSFORMS

15 Even and odd functions, properties, sectional continuity, periodic functions

16 Dirichlets conditions, fourier series –examples.

17 Half range series –examples

18 Practical Harmonic Analysis – Examples

19 Infinite Fourier transforms – properties and Examples

20 Invers Fourier transforms – Examples

21 Complex Fourier transforms –Examples

22 Fourier Sine and Cosine transforms –Examples

23 Invers Fourier Sine and Cosine transforms –Examples

24 Convolution Theorem – Examples

25 Parseval’s Identities-Examples

26 Z-Transforms –Definition and Standard forms

27 Linearity Property ,damping rule-Examples

28 Shifting rule- Examples


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LINEAR ALGEBRA

29 Rank of a matrix

30 Consistency of linear equation

31 Gauss siedal method

32 Eigen values and eigen vectors

33 Caley –hamiliton theorem

34 Largest eigen value by power method

CALCULUS OF VARIATION

35 Variation of function and functional ,Extremal of functioal

36 Variational problems

37 Euler’s eqation - Problems

38 Standard variational problems including Geodesics

39 Minimal surface of revolution problems

40 Hanging chain and Brachitochrone problem

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

41 Formation of PDE -Examples

42 Solutions of partial differentioal

43 Solutions of equation of the type Pp+Qq=R -Examples

44 Solutions of PDE by Charpit’s method

45 Examples

46 Method of separation of variables-examples

47 Derivations of One-dimensional heat equation –Examples

48 Derivation of One-dimensional wave equation -Examples

49 Numerical solutions of One – Dimentional Heat equation by Explicit method

50 Numerical solutions of One – Dimentional wave equation by Explicit method

51 Laplace equation by using standard five point formula

52 Examples


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QUESTION BANK

CHAPTER-I NUMERICAL ALGORITHAMS

1. Using the bisection method find the approximate root of the following equations.

i) x3-5x+1=0 ii) x3-4x-9=0 in (2.5 3) iii) xlog10 X=1.2 in (2 3) iv) ex-x-2=0 v) x+logx=5 vi) cosx-1.3x=0 in (0 1)

2. Using the Regula-Falsi method find the approximate root of the following equations

(correct to three decimal places)

i) xex=3 in (1 1.5) ii) x2-logx=7 iii) x3-sinx+1=0 in (-2 -1) iv) x3-2x-5=0 v) Cosx=3x-1 in (0.5 1.0)

3. By using Regula – Falsi method find the approximate value of √3. 4. Using the Newton Raphson method find the approximate root of the following equations

(correct to three decimal places)

i) x3-8x-4 = 0 ii) cosx = xex near 0.5 iii) logx-x+3 = 0 near 0.1 iv) x3-x-1 = 0 v) xtanx = 0.5 near 0.6 vi) x2+x = cosx near 0.5

5. Evaluate the following by using Newton- Raphson method

i) √5 ii) √41 iii) (12)1/3 iv) 1/√15

6. Solve the following using Gauss Elimination method

i) x+2y-z = 3, 3x-y+2z = 1, 2x-2y+3z = 2 ii) 5x+3y+7z = 5, 3x+10y+2z = 9, 7x+2y+10z = 5 iii) 10x+2y+z = 9, 2x+20y-2z = -44, -2x+3y+10z = 22 iv) 4x-2y+6z = 8, x+y-3z = -1, 15x-3y+9z = 21

7. Solve the following systems of equations by using the Gauss-Jordan method

i) 10x+y+z = 12, x+10y+z = 12, x+y+10z = 12 ii) x+y+z = 9, 2x-3y+4z = 13, 3x+4y+5z = 40 iii) x-2y+3z = 2, 3x-y+4z = 4, 2x+y-2z = 5 iv) 2x1+x2+5x3+x4 = 5, x1+x2-3x3-4x4 = -1, 3x1+6x2-2x3+x4 = 8,

2x1+2x2+2x3-3x4 = 2


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8. Employ the Crout’s method (LU- decomposition method) to solve the following equations

i) x+y+z = 3, x+2y+3z = 6, x+y+4z = 6 ii) 10x+y+2z = 13, 3x+10y+z = 14, 2x+3y+10z = 15 iii) x+y+z = 3, 2x-y+3z = 16, 3x+y-z = -3 iv) 2x+3y+z = 9, x+2y+3z = 6, 3x+y+2z = 8

9. Using the Gauss- Seidal method solve the following equations.

i) 10x+y+z = 12, x+10y+z = 12, x+y+10z = 12 ii) 20x+y-2z = 17, 3x+20y-z = -18, 2x-3y+20z = 25 iii) 5x+2y+z = 12, x+4y+2z = 15, x+2y+5z = 20 iv) 83x+11y-4z = 95,7x+52y+13z = 104, 3x+8y+29z = 71

10. Given that y/ = 1-2xy, y(0)= 0, find an approximate value y at x = 0.6 by Euler’s method

with step length h = 0.2.

11. Given that y/ = -2xy2, y(0)= 1, find an approximate value y(0.4) by Euler’s method with step length h = 0.05.

12. Given that y/ = 1+(y/x), y(1)= 2, find an approximate value y at x = 1.4 by Euler’s method with step length h = 0.2.

13. Using modified Euler’s method, solve the initial-value problem y/ = x-y2, y(0) = 1 at x = 0.2. Take step length h = 0.1

14. Using modified Euler’s method, solve the initial-value problem y/ = x + y2, y(0) = 1 at x = 0.2. Take step length h = 0.1

15. Using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method, find the solution of the problem y/ =2x-y, y(1) = 3 at the point 1.1

16. Using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method, find the solution of the problem y/ =3ex+2y, y(0) = 0 at the point x=0.1

17. By employing Runge-Kutta method of order four, solve the differential equation y/ = 1+y2, y(0) = 0 to find y(0.2) and y(0.4).

18. Solve the initial value problem y/ = xy1/3, y(1) = 1 at x = 1.1 by using the Runge-Kutta method.


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CHAPTER – II

FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORMS

1. Obtain the Fourier expansion of the following functions over the indicated interval.

a) f(x) = 0, -π<x<0 x2, 0<x<π

b) f(x) = xCosx over (-π π)

c) f(x) = sinax, a is not an integer over (-π π)

d) f(x) = 0, -π<x<0 x, 0<x<π and hence deduce π2/8 = Σ1/(2n-1)2

e) f(x) = 0, -π<x<0 Sinx, 0<x<π and hence

deduce (π-2)/4 =1/(1.3)-1/(3.5)+1/(5.7)--------------

f) f(x) = 1+Sinx over (-1 1) g) f(x) = 1+2x, -3<x<0

1-2x, 0<x<3 over (-3 3)

h) f(x) = x-x2 over (-l l )

i) f(x) = x Cosx over ( 0 2π )

j) f(x) = √(1-Cosx) over ( 0 2π ) and hence prove that Σ 1/(4n2-1)

= 1/2

k) f(x) = 2x-x2 over (0 3) l) f(x) = Sin(x/2), 0<x<π

--Sin(x/2), π<x<2π

2. Obtain the half-range cosine series for the following functions over the given intervals i) f(x) = x Sinx over (0 π)

ii) f(x) = Cosx , 0<x<π/2 0, π/2<x<π

iii) f(x) = x2 over (0 π)

iv) f(x) = Sin(mπ/l ) x, where m is positive integer, over (0 l )

v) f(x) = ex over ( 0 1 )

vi) f(x) = x-x2 in (0 π)


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3. Obtain the half-range sine series for the following functions over the given intervals

i) f(x) = x, 0<x<π/2

π -x , π/2<x<π

ii) f(x) = x (π2 – x2) over (0 π )

iii) f(x) = ex over ( 0 1 )

iv) f(x) = Sin(mπ/l ) x, where m is positive integer, over (0 l )

v) f(x) = ( lx – x2) over (0 l )

4. Find the first and second harmonics for the function f(θ) defined by the following table θ 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π f(θ) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

5. Find the Fourier series to represent y up to the second harmonic from the following data.

X 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Y 2.34 3.01 3.68 4.15 3.69 2.20 0.83 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64

6. Find the constant term and first three coefficients in the Fourier cosine series for the

function f(x) described by the following Table.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 f(x) 4 8 15 7 6 2

7. Obtain the Complex(exponential) Fourier series for the following functions over the given

intervals i) f(x) = Cosax over ( -π π) ii) f(x) = eax over ( -l l ) iii) f(x) = k for 0<x<l

-k for l<x<2l

iv) f(x) = ax + bx2 over ( -π π)

><

=ax

axx

,0

, f(x) of TransformFourier theFind 8.

><

=ax

ax

,0

,1 f(x) of TransformFourier theFind 9.

><

=ax

ax

,0

,1 f(x) of TransformFourier theFind 10.

and hence evaluate


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∫

∫∞

∞

∞−

0

sin)

cossin)

s

sii

dss

sxsai

11. Find the Fourier sine and cosine Transform of x e-ax

12. State and prove the Modulation Theorem for the Fourier transforms.

13. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e-x2

14. Find the Fourier sine transform of x / (1+x2)

15. Find the Fourier cosine transform of 1/(1+x2)

16. Find f(x) if its Fourier cosine transform is 1 / (1+s2)

17. Find the Fourier transform of e-|x|

13. Find the Sine transform of e-ax /x

><−

=10

11 f(x) of ansformFourier tr theFind 14.

2

x

xx

dxx

and

∫∞

2cos

x

sinx-xcosx evaluate hence

02

15. s

-ase is transformsineFourier its if f(x) Find

16. Define the Z-transform and Prove the following i) ZT(kn)=z/(z-k) ii) ZT(nk)= -z d/dz ZT (n

k-1) iii) ZT(un+1)=z(u(z)-u0) 17. Obtain the z-transform of coshnθ and cosnθ

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. form the P.D.E. by eliminating the arbitrary constants for the following:

a)z=ax+by+ab

b) z=(x-a)2+(y-b)2

2. Form the P.D.E. by eliminating the arbitrary functuions for the following:

a)xyz=f(x+y+z)

b)z=f(x)+eyg(x)

3. Solve:

a) ptanx+qtany = tanz

b) yzp+zxq=xy

c) x2(y-z)p+y2(z-x)q=z2(x-y)


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4. Solve the following non-linear equations:

a) p3-q3=0

b) p=logq

c) xp+yq=1 by using x=eu , y=ev

d) p2=qz

e) z(p2-q2)=1

f) p2-q2=x-y

g) p/x+q/y=x+y

5. Obtain the complete solution and singular solution of the equation z=px+qy+p2+q2.

6. Solve z=pxlogx+qylogy-pqxy by using x=eu,y=ev find also the singular solution.

7. Solve the following P.D.E. by the method of separation of variables:

04)

0)

2

2

=∂∂+

∂∂−

∂∂

=∂∂+

∂∂

y

u

x

u

x

ub

y

uy

x

uxa

8. Solve the following non-homogeneous P.D.E. by the method of direct integration:

yxx

ua +=

∂∂

2

2

)

0)32sin()2

3

=−++∂∂

∂yxxy

yx

zb

9. Solve the system

yxz

z

uzx

y

uzxy

x

u −=∂∂−=

∂∂+=

∂∂ 223 3,3,6

10. Solve the wave equation

)()0,(,00),(,0),0(0

2

22

2

2

xfxut

utlutu

nditionunderthecox

uc

t

u

t

==

∂∂==

∂∂=

∂∂

= where f(x) are given below: a) λx(l-x) b) 2sin(3πx/2l)cos(3πx/2l)

11. Solve the wave equation utt=4uxx given that the string of length π is initially at rest and the initial deflection f(x) are below:

a) 2sin(x/2)cos(x/2)cos(x/2) + 2sin(3x/2)cos(3x/2) b) 4sin3x c) x(π-x) in 0≤x≤π


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12. A tightly stretched string of length πfastened at both endsis set into vibration by

pulling the mid point to distance h and releasing it from rest. Find the expression for the displacement at any subsequent time t.

13. A string of length 2l is initially at rest the motion of the string is started by displacing the string into form x(2l-x) then released from rest. Find the displacement at any time.

14. A string of length 1 is fixed tightly between two points x=0 and x=1. The points x=1/3and x=2/3 are pulled to one side through a small distance k and let go. Find the motion.

LINEAR ALGEBRA

1. Find the ranks of the following matrices by elementary row transformations.

4115

3103

1012

6128

)a

2. Find the ranks of the following matrices by reducing it to the normal form.

10587

6464

2341

4123

)a

1. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations. a) x + y + z = 9 2x + 5y + 7z = 52

2x + y – z = 0

b) 4x – 2y + 6z = 8 x + y – 3z = - 1 15x - 3y + 9z = 21

c) 2x + 6y + 11 = 0 6x + 20y –6z + 3 = 0 6y – 18z + 1 = 0

2. Find the values of λ and µ such that the following system of equations, 2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y – 2z = 8, 2x + 3y + λz = µ

d) Unique solution b) Many solution c) No solution.

3. Find all eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors for the following matrices.

−−

−

425

313

132

)a


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11-3

010

001

)b

4. For the following matrices verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also compute the inverse.

22-5

5-615-

11-3

)a

121

1-43

432

)b

5. Use Rayleigh’s power method to determine the largest eigen value and the corresponding

eigen vector of the following matrices.

200

021

161

)a

1012

1102

1210

)b

6. Solve the following using Gauss Elimination method e) x+2y-z = 3, 3x-y+2z = 1, 2x-2y+3z = 2 f) 5x+3y+7z = 5, 3x+10y+2z = 9, 7x+2y+10z = 5 g) 10x+2y+z = 9, 2x+20y-2z = -44, -2x+3y+10z = 22 h) 4x-2y+6z = 8, x+y-3z = -1, 15x-3y+9z = 21

7. Solve the following systems of equations by using the Gauss-Jordan method

i) 10x+y+z = 12, x+10y+z = 12, x+y+10z = 12 j) x+y+z = 9, 2x-3y+4z = 13, 3x+4y+5z = 40 k) x-2y+3z = 2, 3x-y+4z = 4, 2x+y-2z = 5 l) 2x1+x2+5x3+x4 = 5, x1+x2-3x3-4x4 = -1, 3x1+6x2-2x3+x4 = 8, 2x1+2x2+2x3-3x4 = 2

8. Employ the Crout’s method (LU- decomposition method) to solve the following equations

m) x+y+z = 3, x+2y+3z = 6, x+y+4z = 6 n) 10x+y+2z = 13, 3x+10y+z = 14, 2x+3y+10z = 15 o) x+y+z = 3, 2x-y+3z = 16, 3x+y-z = -3 p) 2x+3y+z = 9, x+2y+3z = 6, 3x+y+2z = 8

9. Using the Gauss- Seidal method solve the following equations.

q) 10x+y+z = 12, x+10y+z = 12, x+y+10z = 12 r) 20x+y-2z = 17, 3x+20y-z = -18, 2x-3y+20z = 25 s) 5x+2y+z = 12, x+4y+2z = 15, x+2y+5z = 20 t) 83x+11y-4z = 95,7x+52y+13z = 104, 3x+8y+29z = 71


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Calculus of variation;

1. Define the following:

a) Variation of a function

b) Extremal of a function.

c) Variational problem

2. Derive the Euler’s equation.

3. Find the extremal of functional

2)1(,0)0(

,0,])'(}1)'{(3[ 31

0

22

==

≠+−= ∫

yy

nsheconditiosubjecttot

ydxyyyxyI

4. Find the extremals of the following functions:

dxy

yc

dxyyyyb

dxyyxa

x

x

x

x

x

x

∫

∫

∫

+

−+

++

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

2

22

2

)'(

1)

}16'2)'{()

)'()

5. Show that the general solution of the Euler’s equation for the functional

.222' )(11 2

1

0

ByAAxdxisyy

x

x

=+−+∫

6. Show that an extremal of

dxyyfx

x∫ +1

2

2)'(1)(

Where y has fixed values at x=x1 , x2is equal

BxyfA

dy −=−∫

1)({ 2

where A and B are constants.

7. Show that an extremal of

dxy

yx

x∫2

12

2)'(

can be expressed in the form y=AeBx


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8. Find the extremal of the functional

dxyxI )( 21

0

2∫ +=

under the conditions y(0)=0, y(1)=0 and subject to the constraint

.21

0

2 =∫ dxy

9. Find the extremal value of

dxyx

x∫2

1

2)'(

under the conditions y(x1)=y1,y(x2)=y2 and subject to the constraints

,2

1

2 adxyx

x

=∫ a constant.

10. Find the plane curve of length l joining the points(x1,y1)and (x2,y2) which,when rotated

about the x axis,will give minimum area.

11. Of all closed plane curves enclosing a given area A,show that the circle is the one which has minimum length.

12. Find the extremal of

{.1)2/(',0)0(',0)2/(,1)0(

.})''() 222/

0

2

−====

+−= ∫

ππ

π

yyyy

dxxyyIa


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10CH32 – MOMENTUM TRANSFER


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SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 10CH32 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART –A UNIT 1: FLUID STATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS: Concept of unit operations, Concept of momentum transfer, Nature of fluids and pressure concept, variation of pressure with height – Hydrostatic equilibrium, Barometric equation. Measurement of fluid pressure – Manometers. Continuous gravity decanter, centrifugal decanter. 06 Hrs.

UNIT 2:

FLUID FLOW PHENOMENA: Types of fluids – Shear stress and velocity gradient relation, Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids, viscosity of gases and liquids, Types of flow- Laminar – Turbulent flow, Reynolds stress, eddy viscosity, flow in boundary layers, Reynolds number, boundary layer separation and wake formation. 06 Hrs

UNIT 3:

BASIC EQUATIONS OF FLUID FLOW: Average velocity, Mass velocity, Continuity equation, Euler and Bernoullis equations. Modified equations for real fluids with correction factors. Pump work in Bernoulli’s equation, Angular momentum equation. 06 Hrs

UNIT4:

FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS IN CONDUITS AND THIN LAYERS : Laminar flow through circular and non circular conduits, Hagen Poiseullies equation, laminar flow of non Newtonian liquids.Turbulent flow in pipes and closed channels. Friction factor- chart, friction from changes in velocity or direction, form friction. Losses in Bernoulli’s equation. Flow of fluid in thin layers. 06Hrs

PART B

UNIT 5:

FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUID: Continuity equation, concept of Mach number, Total energy balance, Velocity of sound, ideal gas equations, flow through variable conduits, Adiabatic frictional flow, Isothermal flow (elementary treatment only). 06 Hrs

UNIT 6:

FLOW OF FLUID PAST IMMERSED BODIES: Drag, Drag coefficient, Pressure drop – Kozeny Carman equation, Blake Plummer, Ergun equation, Fuidization. Conditions for fluidization, Minimum fluidization velocity, Types of fluidization. 04 Hrs

METERING OF FLUIDS: Pipes, fitting and valves. Measurement of liquid and gas rates by orifice, venturi, Rotameter, pitot tubes etc. 04 Hrs

UNIT 7:

Flow through open channels-weirs and notches 02Hrs

TRASPORTATION OF FLUIDS: Elementery concept of target meter, vortex, shedding meters, turbine meters, positive displacement meters, magnetic meters, coriolis meters, thermal meters. Performance and characteristics of pumps, positive displacement and centrifugal pump, fans, compressors and blowers. 06 Hrs


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UNIT 8:

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: Dimensional homogeinity– Rayleigh’s and Buckingham’s Π – methods, significance of different dimensionless numbers, elementary treatment of similitude between model and prototype. 04 Hrs INTRODUCTION TO UNSTEADY STATE FLOW: Time to empty liquid from a tank 02 Hrs REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. McCabe, W.L. “Unit operation of chemical engineering: 5th edition, Mc Graw Hill, Newyork, 1996.

2. Coulson.JH and Richardson.JF, Chemical engineering vol I, ELBS, program and edition, 1973.

3. F.A.Holland “Fluid flow for chemical Engineers” ( SI Units) – Arnold. 4. Pao – Fluid Mechanics- John Wiley. 5. Barna – Fluid mechanics for Engineers (SI Version) 6. John F.Douglas, Janusz M. Gasiorek, John A. Swaffield – “Fluid Mechanics” 4th Edition.

Pearson Education (singapure) Pvt.Ltd.


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LESSON PLAN

Subjcet code: 10CH32 Hours / Week: 04 I.A. Marks: 25 Total Hours: 52

UNIT

No UNIT Hour

No. Topics to be covered

1.

FLUID STATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

1 Concept of unit operations, Concept of momentum transfer.

2 Nature of fluids and pressure concept, variation of pressure with height – Hydro static equation – Barometric equation, Pascal’s law

3 Absolute, Gauge, atmospheric and Vacuum Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Pressure variation in a fluid at rest

4 Manometers: Simple, U tube, piezometer, Single column manometer: Vertical single column, inclined single column. Differential manometers: U-tube differential

5 Inverted U-tube differential manometers, Two fluid micromanometers, Continuous gravity decanter, centrifugal decanter

6 Problems on Manometers

2

FLUID FLOW PHENOMENA

7 Types of Fluids-Shear stress and shear rate relationship, Newtonian fluid

8 Non Newtonian Fluids, Viscosity of gases & Liquids,Pressure and temperature dependence

9 Types of flow: Steady & unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow, compressible and incompressible flows, rotational and irrotational flows.

10 Reynolds Number, Reynolds stress, Eddy viscosity. Equation of motion,

11 Flow in Boundary layer.

12 Boundary layer separation and wake formation.

3 BASIC EQUATIONS OF FLUID FLOW

13 Average velocity, mass velocity, Continuity equation


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14 Euler’s & Bernoulli’s equation.

15 Modified equations for real fluids with correction factors.

16 Pump work in Bernoulli’s equation.

17 Angular momentum Equation.

18 Problems on continuity equn.

19 Problems on Bernoulli’s equns,

20 Problems on Bernoullis

4 FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID IN CONDUITS AND THIN LAYER

21 Laminar flow through circular closed conduits, between two parallel plates

22 Laminar flow through annulus

23 Hagen Poiseulle equations

24 Laminar flow of non Newtonian liquids

25 Turbulent flow in pipes and closed channels

26 Friction factor chart. Friction form change in velocity or direction

27 Form friction losses in Bernoulli equation. problems

28 Flow of fluids in thin layers

5 FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

29 Continuity equation. Mach Number: Definition and significance, velocity of sound, compressible flow types: Sonic, sub sonic, super sonic and hypersonic


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30 Isentropic flow through convergent and divergent sections, adiabatic frictional flow, isothermal frictional flow.

31 Flow through variable area conduits:- Critical pressure ratio and derivation of expression

32 Equations for isentropic flow with illustrative example

33 Equations for adiabatic frictional flow

34 Equations for isothermal frictional flow

6 FLOW OF FLUID PAST IMMERSED BODIES:

35 Drag, Drag coefficient, , Fuidization.

36 Pressure drop – Kozeny Carman equation, Blake Plummer, Ergun equation

37 Conditions for fluidization, Minimum fluidization velocity, Types of fluidization

6

METERING OF FLUIDS

38 Pipes & tubes: Specification, Flow of fluids through pipes & fittings valves

39 Rate meters: Venturimeter, Orificemeter, Varaible area meters: rotameters and equations for flow through these meters

40 Pitot tube . Problems based on these meters.

7 TRANSPORTATION OF FLUIDS

41 Flow through open channels- weirs & notches

42 Elementery concept of target meter, vortex, shedding meters, turbine meters

43 Positive displacement meters, magnetic meters, coriolis meters, thermal meters.

44 Pumps: Centrifugal, rotary and reciprocating

45 Performance & Characteristics of pumps

46 Fans, Compressors & Blowers

47 Illustrative examples for above cases

8 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

48 Dimensional and Dimensionless numbers: Definitions and significance, NRe, NPr, NFe, NNu, NSh, NSt, NWb, NPo

59 Dimensional Analysis: Advantages and limitations, Rayleigh’s method

50 Buckhingham’s Pi Method

51 Illustrative examples for above cases

8 INTRODUCTION TO UNSTEADY STATE FLOW

52 Time to empty liquid from a tank


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Question Bank

Fluid Static’s and its application. 1. Define compressible & in compressible fluids. 2. Distinguish between density & specific gravity. 3. Define (a) Atmospheric pressure (b) Absolute pressure (c) Gauge pressure. 4. Define Absolute viscosity & kinematic viscosity. 5. Define Manometers. Explain with sketches the different types of manometers, used for measuring pressure. 6. What is a piezometer? 7. Explain with a neat sketch, the working of a differential U-tube manometer. 8. Explain with neat sketch, the working of an inclined U-tube manometer. 9. What are differential manometers? Where are they used? 10. Where are inverted U tube manometers used? 11. What is potential flow? 12. What are rotational and irrotational flow? 13. What are centrifugal decanters? Where are they used? 14. What are continuous gravity decanter? Where are they used? 15. A U-tube manometer filled with mercury, which as a specific gravity of 13.6 is

connected to two points of a horizontal pipe. The difference between the levels of mercury in the two limbs of the manometer is 50 mm. What is the difference between the pressures at these points if the fluid flowing through the pipe is water.

16. What are the applications of manometer? 17. State & prove Pascal’s law. 18. What do you mean by Hydrostatic equilibrium? 19. State Barometric equations. Derive the same. 20. Determine the absolute pressure in Pascal’s, at a depth of 4 meters below the free surface of an oil of specific gravity 0.75. 21. The temperature of earth’s atmosphere drops 2 degrees for every 300m of elevation

above earth’s surface. The air temperature at ground level is 300k and pressure is 1.013x 105 N/m2. If the pressure at a point in the atmosphere is 5x104 N/m2, find the elevation of the point above the surface.

Fluid Flow Phenomena

22. Define Newton’s law of viscosity. 23. What are Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids? Explain briefly with examples.

Distinguish between Laminar & Turbulent flow. 24. What are plastics, pseudo plastic, dilatant substances, thixotropic and rheopectic,

viscoelestic materials? 25. Explain briefly the boundary layer theory. 26. What are pathline, streakline and streamline. 27. What are laminar and turbulent flows? 28. What are wall turbulence and free turbulence? 29. What is eddy viscosity? 30. Define Reynolds number. Explain the significance of the same. 31. Explain with a neat diagram the development of a boundary layer in a pipe. 32. What is a fully developed flow? 33. What is transition length. 34. Explain the process of boundary layer separation and wake formation in flow past flat

plate (a) parallel with plate (b) Flow perpendicular to plate.


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Basic Equations Of Fluid Flow

35. Define (a) Steady &Unsteady state flow.(b) Uniform & Non uniform flow. 36. Define Stream line & stream tubes. 37. State and explain the continuity equation. 38. Define the following terms

(a) Mass flow rate (b) Volumetric flow rate (c) Mass velocity. 39. The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1&2 are 10cm &15cm respectively. Find

discharge through the pipe if the velocity of the water flowing through the pipe at section 1 is 5m/sec. determine the velocity at section 2.

40. A 30 cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters 20 cm & 15 cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm diameter pipe is 2.5m/sec, find the discharge in this pipe. Also determine the velocity in 15cm pipe if the average velocity in 20cm diameter pipe is 2m/sec.

41. Derive the Momentum equation. 42. What is the necessity of introducing momentum correction factor in momentum

equation?

43. Derive an expression for momentum correction factor where 7/1max

=R

yuu .

44. Derive the Bernoulli’s equation. 45. Explain the assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli’s equation. 46. Write the different forms of Bernoulli’s equation. 47. What are the different head terms involved in Bernoulli’s equation? 48. Why should the kinetic energy correction factor and friction correction factor be

introduced to Bernoulli’s equation? 49. Water is flowing through a pipe of 5cm diameter under a pressure of

29.43N/cm2 & with mean velocity of 2.0m/sec. Find the total head or total energy per unit weight of the water at a cross-section, which is 5m above the datum line.

50. A pump draws solution (specific gravity 1.84) from a storage tank through a 75mm. Pipe. The efficiency of pump is 60%. The velocity in the suction line is 1m/sec. The pump discharges through a 50mm. pipe to an overhead tank. The end of discharge pipe is 15m above the level of solution in the feed tank. The friction losses in the entire system are 30 J/kg. What pressure must the pump develop? What is the horsepower of the pump.

51. Derive an equation for losses due to sudden expansion. 52. Derive an equation for losses due to sudden contraction. 53. Define hydraulic radius & equivalent diameter. What is equivalent diameter for a

triangular duct and annulus?

Flow of Fluid Through Circular and Non Circular Con duit 54. Derive an expression for velocity distribution in laminar flow through a circular pipe. 55. Derive an expression for velocity distribution for the flow of fluid in turbulent flow

through a circular tube. 56. What is friction factor? 57. What is skin friction and form friction? 58. Derive a relationship between skin friction and wall shear. 59. Derive Darcy’s equation. Show that f=16/NRe for laminar flow. 60. Draw friction fraction chart and show laminar, turbulent and transition curves. 61. Explain the different layers of fluid (like viscous sub layer, buffer layer and turbulent

core) encountered in turbulent flow when the fluid flows in pipes and closed channels. 62. Show that u/umax = 1/ (1 + 3.75√f/2) for flow of fluids in turbulent region 63. What are hydraulically smooth pipes? 64. What is Couette flow 65. Show that δ = (3 µΓ/ ρ2g Cosβ)1/3 for fluid layer with a free surface.


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Transportation of Fluids

66. What are Venturimeter and orificemeter used for? 67. Derive an equation for Venturimeter 68. Derive an equation for orificemeter 69. Compare the merits and demerits of orifice meter with venturimeter 70. What are coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity and coefficient of contraction 71. What are notches and weirs? What are the different types of notches 72. Derive an expression for the discharge through V-notch 73. Derive an expression for the discharge through rectangular notch 74. With neat sketch explain the working principle of Rotameter 75. With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a pitot tube. 76. What are pumps? What are the different types of pumps available? Explain its

classification? 77. With neat sketch explain the working principle of a centrifugal pump. 78. What is priming of a pump? 79. Define suction head, delivery head, static head, and manometric head of a pump. 80. What is manometric efficiency of a pump? 81. What is overall efficiency of the pump? 82. With neat sketch explain the working principle of reciprocating pump. 83. What are characteristic curves of a pump? What are its uses? 84. What is cavitation? Dimensional Analysis 85. What are units and dimensions? 86. What are dimensionless quantities? 87. What are fundamental and derives units? 88. What is dimensional analysis? What are its uses? 89. What is dimensional homogeneity? 90. Explain the significances of various dimensionless groups like Reynold’s Number,

Froude Number, Weber Number , Euler Number and Mach’s Number 91. The pressure drop ∆P in a pipe of dia. D, and length l due to turbulent flow depends on

the velocity V, viscosity, density and roughness k. Using Buckingham’s Π theorem, obtain an expression for ∆P.

92. A tank has an upper cylindrical portion of 3m diameter and 4m high with a hemispherical base. The cylinder is full of water. Determine the time taken to empty it through an orifice of 10cm at its bottom. Take cd =0.62.

93. Write a short note on Model analysis. 94. If the capillary rise (h) depends upon the specific weight (w) surface tension (σ) of the

fluid and the tube radius ®, show that h= rΦ(σ/wr2) 95. What are model analysis and similitude? Why is it necessary? 96. What are the types of similarities in the similitude? 97. What are the different similarity laws?


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Flow of compressible fluids 98. What is Mach number? Discuss its importance. 99. What is stagnation pressure? Derive an expression for the same. 100. An aircraft is flying with a velocity of 200m/sec. Through the still air at –150C. Find the

stagnation pressure, if the mass density of the air is 1.08 kg/m3. Assume the pressure of the air as 80 KN/m2

101. Derive an equation which shows the condition for subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows in a duct.

102. Derive an expression for flow through a convergent and divergent nozzle under isentropic condition.


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10CH33 –CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS


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SYLLABUS

Sub code: 10CH33 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 05 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART - A

UNIT 1: UNITS AND DIMENSIONS: Fundamental and derived units, conversions, dimensional consistency of equation, dimensionless groups and constants, conversion of equations 06 hrs UNIT 2: BASIC CHEMICAL CALCLATIONS: Concept of moles, mole fractions, composition of mixtures of solids, liquid and gases, concept of normality, molarity, molality, ppm, use of semi log ,log-log, triangular graphs, ideal gas law calculations 06 hrs UNIT 3: Vapor pressure concepts, humidity, humidity chart, humidification and dehumidification, calculation of humidity 07 hrs UNIT 4: MATERIAL BALANCE WITHOUT REACTIONS: General material balance equation for steady and unsteady state, typical steady state material balance in distillation, absorption, extraction, crystallization, drying. 07 hrs

PART – B

UNIT 5: Steady state material balance for Mixing and evaporation, elementary treatment of material balance involving bypass, recycle and purging

6 hrs UNIT 6: STEADY STATE MATERIAL BALANCE WITH REACTION : Principles of stoichometry, concept of limiting excess reactants and inerts, fractional and percentage conversion, fractional yield and percentage yield, selectivity, related problems.

07 hrs UNIT 7: Ultimate and proximate analysis of fuels, Calculation involving burning of solid liquid and gaseous fuels, excess air. 06 hrs UNIT 8: ENERGY BALANCE : General steady state energy balance equations, thermo physics, thermo chemistry and laws , heat capacity, enthalpy, heat of formation, heat of reaction, heat of combustion and calorific value, heat of solution, heat of mixing, heat of crystallization, determination of AHr at std and elevated temperatures, flame temperature 07 hrs TEXT BOOKS 1.“Stoichometry (SI units)”, Bhatt.B.I. & Vora.S.M, Third edition, 1996, Tata McGraw- hill publishing Ltd, New Delhi, 1996. 2. “Chemical Process Principles, Part-1”, Hougen.O.A, Watson.K.M. &Ragatz.R.A. “Material and energy balances”, 2 edition, CBS publishers and distributors, New Delhi 1995 3. “Basic principles and calculations in chemical engg”, Himmelblau.D.M.,6 edition NewDelhi, 1997


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LESSON PLAN

Hours / Week: 04 IA Marks: 25 Total Hours: 52

Sl. No

Chapter Hours Topics to be covered

1 Units and Dimensions

1 Introduction to chemical Engg and units and dimensions, basic chemical calculations, materials in balance with reaction and with out reaction, energy balance.

2 Concept of unit operations and unit process, fundamentals and derived units. FPS MKS CGS and SI

3 Conversion from one system to another system with examples

4 Dimensional consistency of equations and solving problems

5 Dimensionless groups and constants and solving problems

6 Conversion of equations and solving problems 7 Conversion of equations and solving problems 2 Basic Chemical

Calculations 8 Concept of mole, mole fraction, compositions of

mixtures of solids liquids and gaseous 9 Solving problems for mole, mole fraction and

composition 10 Solving problems for mole, mole fraction and

composition 11 Concept of normality, molality, molarity and PPM 12 Solving problems for normality, molality, molarity

and PPM 13 Solving problems for normality, molality, molarity

and PPM 14 Use of semi log, log-log and triangular graphs with

examples 15 Ideal gas law with solving problems 16 Ideal gas law with solving problems

3

Vapor pressure concepts

17 Vapor pressure concepts 18 Problems using Vapor pressure concepts 19 Humidity, absolute, molal & relative Humidity

Definitions 20 Dew point, DBT, WBT 21 humidity chart 22 humidification and dehumidification 23 calculation of humidity 24 Simple problems on humidity

4 Material Balance without Reaction

25 Definition of material balance, steady state, unsteady state, equations for steady state and unsteady state

26 Typical steady state material balance for distillation problems


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27 Simple material balance for solving distillation problems

28 Simple material l balance for solving absorption problems

29 Simple material balance for solving absorption problems

30 Simple material balance for solving extraction problems

31 Simple material balance for solving extraction problems

32 Simple material balance for solving drying problems

33 Simple material balance for solving crystallization problems

5

Material Balance without Reaction

34 Simple material balance for solving mixing & evaporation problems

35 Simple material balance for solving mixing & evaporation problems

36 Elementary treatment of material balance involving by pass

37 Elementary treatment of material balance involving recycle and purging

38 Problems on of material balance involving recycle and purging

39 Problems on of material balance by pass 40 Problems on of material balance involving recycle

and purging 6 Material Balance

with Reaction 41 Principles of Stoichiometry 42 Concept of limiting, excess reacting and inert

fractional and percentage conversion 43 Problems on fractional and percentage conversion 44 Fractional yield and percentage yield, selectivity 45 Solving problems on fractional yield and

percentage yield 46 Solving problems on fractional yield and

percentage yield 47 Solving problems of limiting, excess reacting and

inert fractional and percentage conversion 7 48 Definition of ultimate and proximate analysis of fuels

49 Problems on ultimate and proximate analysis on solid and liquid

50 Calculation involving burning of solid liquid and gaseous fuels

51 Calculation involving burning of solid liquid and gaseous fuels

52 Problems on gaseous fuels, excess air 53 Air fuel ratio calculations 54 Air fuel ratio calculations

8 Energy Balance 55 General steady state energy balance 56 Thermo physics, thermo chemistry and laws


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57 Heat capacity enthalpy, heat of formation, heat of reaction and h eat of combustion

58 Problems on heat of combustion, enthalpy, heat of formation, heat of reaction and heat of combustion

59 Problems on heat of combustion, enthalpy, heat of formation, heat of reaction and heat of combustion

60 Calorific values, heat of solution, heat of mixing 61 Heat of crystallization, determination of AHR

At standard and elevated temperatures 62 Theoretical flame temperature and adiabatic flame

temperature.


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QUESTION BANK

CHAPTER : UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

1) Make the following conversions a) Convert 36mgm to grams. b) 350 lit/min to M3 / sec c) Convert 1cm to Km/yr2. d) 10 Kcal/kg to KJ/Kg mole.

2) Conversions of equations. The heat transfer equation to given by h= αCp G

.8 / D.2 = 16.6Cp G.8/ D.2

3) How many litres of liquid A (density 1.4g/cc) are to be mixed with 10 liter of liquid B (density 1.18g/cc, so that the resultant mixture will have a density of 1.2g/cc). Neglect the volume of mixing.

CHAPTER : METHODS OF EXPRESSING CHEMICAL COMPOSITIO N.

1) For the reaction between BaCl2 + Na2 So4 + BaSo4 How many grams of BaCl2 will be required to react with 5gm of Na2 So4 How many grams of Na2 So4 have been added to BaCl2 if 5gm of BaSo4 is ppt. 2) The burning of lime stone CaCo3 -------� Cao + Co2 goes only 70% completion in a

kiln. What is the mass % of solids withdrawn. How many kg of Co2 is produced per Kg of lime stone. 3) Lime stone analysis : Calcium carbonate = 94.52%, Mg. Carbonate = 4.16%, insoluble

matter = 1.32%. How many Kg calcium oxide could be added from 4ton lime stone. How many kg Co2 is given out per kg limestone. 4) The gas acetylene is formed by CaC2 + 2H20 ----� C2 H2 + Ca(oH)2 Calculate the no. of hours of service that can be derived from one kg carbide in an acetylene lamp, burning 1.5m2 of gas per hour of STP?

CHAPTER : METHODS OF EXPRESSING CHEMICAL COMPOSITIO N OF MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS

1) An aqueous solution of NaCl is prepared by dissolving 25kg NaCl in 100kg H20 . find the wet % and mole % of composition of solution.

2) How much super phosphate fertilizer can be made from one tonne of calcium phosphate, 93.5% pure? Ca3(po4)2 + 2H2so4 ------� CaH4 (P04)2 + 2CaS04 What will be the percentage Na20 content of the lye containing 73% caustic soda.

CHAPTER : IDEAL GAS LAW 1) Find the volume of C02 at 25o C and 750mmhg if volume of C02 is 15m2 at 760mm and

20o C . 2) A mixture of gases is analyzed and found to contain the following composition by

volume. Ethylene 30.6%, benzene 24.5%, oxygene 1.3%, ethane 25%, nitrogen 3.1%. Find : Composition in mole %. : Composition in wt %. 3) Derive the empherical formula for the following: Ag 9.09%, N 20.77%, 0 70.13%.


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4) Two different engineers calculate the average molecular weight of a flue gas sample, one engineer uses correct mass of 28 for N2 and determines average molecular weight to be 30.08, the other using an incorrect value of 14 calculates the average MW to be 18.74?

Calculate the volume % of N2 in the flue gas sample If the remaining components of the flue gases are C02 and 02 calculate the volume percent of each of them.

CHAPTER : HUMIDIFICATION 1) Air at a temperature of 250C and pressure of 750mm Hg has a relative humidity of 75%.

Calculate . Humidity of air. B) Molal humidity of air. C) weight of water. Condensed from 100 M3 of the original wet air, if the temperature of the air is reduced to 15o C and the pressure is increased to 2bar. At 250 C, vapour pressure of the water is 2.5KN/M2. 2) Humid air at 750 C , 1.1 bar and 30% RH is fed to a process unit at a rate of 1000m3 / hr.

determine the molar flow rate of water, dry air and oxygen entering the process. The molal humidity, absolute humidity and the percentage humidity of air, the dew point.

CHAPTER : MATERIAL BALANCE.

1) A quantity of barite containing only pure barium sulphate and infusible matter is fused with an excess of pure, anhydrous soda ash. Upon analysis the fusion mass is found to contain. BaS04 11.3%, Na2C03 20.35%, Na2S04 27.7%, BaC03. remainder and infusible mass. Calculate: The percentage compositon of the original barite. The percentage conversion of BaS04 to carbite. 2) 100kg mole /hr of 40 mole 40% of solution of ethylene dichloride in toluene is fed to middle of the distillation column. The distillation column contains 95 mole% ethylene dichloride and the bottom part consists of 90mole% toluene. What is the rate of flow of each stream? 3) A 100 kg of mixture consisting of 27.8 % acetone, 72.2 % chloroform B, by weight is to

be batch extracted with a mixed solvent at 250 C . This mixed solvent of unknown composition is known to contain water S1 and acetic acid S2. the mixture of the original mixture and the mixed solvent is shaken will, allowed to attain equilibrium and separated in to two layers. The composition of two layers is given below.

Layer A B S1 S2

Upper layer 7.5 3.5 57.4 31.6 Lower layer 20.3 67.3 2.8 9.6

Find : The quantities of two layers. Weight ratio of mixed solvent to original mixture Composition of mixed solvent.

4) In a solution of naphthalene in benzene the mole fraction of naphthalene is 0.2. calculate the weight of the solution necessary to dissolve 100kg of naphthalene at a temperature of 400 C . naphthalene solubility at 400 C is 57% by weight.

CHAPTER : RE CYCLE AND BYPASS 1) Stock containing 1.5kg water per dry material is to be dried to 0.1kg/kg dry material. For each kg dry material 60kg of dry air passes through the drier. The air leaves at 0.05 humidity. The fresh air is supplied at 0.05 humidity. Calculate the fraction of air recirculated.


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CHAPTER : MATERIAL BALANCE WITH REACTION.

1) A coal has ultimate compositon C 67.34%, H2 4.67%, O2 8.47%, N2 1.25%, and S 4.77% and the rest is ash. Find the theoretical air fuel ratio.

2) Moist H2 containing 4 mole% H20 is burnt completely in a furnace with 32% excess air. Calculate the orsat analysis of the flue gas.

3) The dry flue gas has C0 + 2 + 11.2%, 0+2+ 5.8%, and N2 83%. Calculate %excess air and weight of air per kg oil fired. Fuel has C 82%, H 12%, S 3%, and rest impurities. Molecular weight of gas is 30.

CHAPTER : ENERGY BALANCE

1) Define heat capacity, enthalpy, heat of formation, heat of reaction, heat of combustion, heat of mixing and heat of crystallization.

2) A furnace is to be designed to burn coke at the rate of 100 Kg / hr. the coke has carbon 89.1%, ash 10.9%. the grate- efficiency of the furnace is such that 90% of the carbon in coke charge is burnt. Air supplied is 30% excess of the theoretical requirement. Assume that 97% of the carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide and rest to carbon monoxide. Calculate

a) the composition of flue gas by volume b) the rate of flow of gases in m3, if the flue gas is at 750 mm Hg and 3000 C.

3) A combustion reactor is fed with 50 kg mol / hr of butane and 2000 kg mol / hr of air. Calculate the % of excess air used and composition of gases leaving the combustion reactor assuming complete combustion of butane. C4H10 + 13/2 O2 + 5 H2O

4) Pulverized coal containing 22.6 wt% moisture, fed to a furnace has the following ultimate analysis; C – 5%, O – 17.6 %, N – 1.5% and ash – 7.1% ( all by weight of dry sample). Exit gases carry C- 7.9 % and ash- 92.1%. Air used is 5% in excess and 0.9% of the C for combustion forms CO, rest go to CO2. Calculate a) Amount of C lost through chimney. b) Analysis of exit stream.

CHAPTER : STOICHIOMETRY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH AND FOR MATION: 1) a) Explain stoichiometry of cell growth and product formation.

b) Cells of a certain organism have ability to convert 65% (wt/ wt) of substrate ( hexadecane or glucose) to biomass

2) a) Calculate the stoichiometric co efficients for the following reactions C16H34 + a O2 + b NH3 ------) c ( C4.4H7.3N0.86O1.2) + d H2O + e CO2 C6H12O6 + aO2 + b NH3 -----) c ( C4.4H7.3N0.86O1.2) + d H2O + e CO2

b) Calculate the yield co efficients Yx/s (g dw cells / g substrate) and Yx/0.2

(g dw cells / g substrate ) for both the reaction. 3) The growth of baker’s yeast on glucose is given by the following equation C6H12O6 +3 O2 + 0.48 NH3 ------) 0.48 C6H10NO3 + 4.32 H2O + 3.12CO2

Glucose (180) 3(32) 0.48 (17) yeast 0.48 (144) 4.32 (18) 3.12 (44) In a batch reactor of volume 105 L, the final desired yeast concentration is 50 g dw/ L. For the reaction i. Determine the concentration and total amount of glucose and (NH4)2SO4 in the

nutrient medium. ii. Determine the yield co efficients Yx/s (biomass/ glucose) and Yx/o2 (biomass/

oxygen). iii. Determine the total amount of O2 required.


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10CH34–TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY


41 MVJCE

SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 10CH34 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART – A

UNIT 1:

Colligative properties: Concept of mole and mole fraction. Colligative properties – Meaning and types, Lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law - statement, limitations. Determination of molecular weight by lowering of vapour pressure, problems. Ostwald’s and Walker’s method, Elevation in boiling point of a solvent – derivation, Experimental determination of molecular weight by ebulliscopic method, problems. Isotonic solutions – abnormal molecular weight. Osmosis and Osmotic pressure - Explanation of the terms, effect of concentration and temperature and simultaneous effect of concentration and temperature on osmotic pressure. Determination of molecular weight - Berkeley and Hartley’s method and problems.

8 Hours UNIT 2: Principles of valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory: Introduction to chemical bonding - Formation of ionic bond, covalent bond and co-ordinate bond with examples; Energies of covalent bond formation, Valence bond theory – postulates and explanation, Types of covalent bonds: -σ and -π bonds; Molecular orbital theory – postulates, Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for effective combination of atomic orbitals. Molecular orbital configuration of simple molecules (H2 and He2); Similarities and distinctions between valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory; Polar and non polar covalent bonds.

6 Hours UNIT 3: Surface chemistry: Introduction, Types of adsorption – Physisorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherm, isobar, isotere, Langmuir adsorption isotherm, BET isotherm, BET equation for surface area, Langmuir-Hinshelwood, and Langmuir-Rideal mechanisms, kinetic effects of surface heterogeneity, surface inhibition and activation energies, unimolecular and bimolecular surface reactions, reactions between two adsorbed molecules, Transition state theory of surface reactions, Mechanism of chemisorption and rates of chemisorption and desorption.

7 Hours UNIT 4: Catalysis: Basic principles, classification of catalytic systems; Homogeneous catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis involving gases, Homogeneous catalysis in the liquid phase with examples including Wilkinson’s catalyst; Heterogeneous catalysis- Explanation with examples including Ziegler-Natta catalyst; Mechanism of acid-base catalysis, Catalytic reactions- Hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, hydroformylation, isomerization, Wacker’s processacetic acid from ethylene; Negative catalysis and its mechanism.

6 Hours PART – B

UNIT 5: Dyes: Colour and constitution - chromophore, and auxochrome theory , modern theory of colour, classification of dyes - by structure and by methods of application. Synthesis of dyes -


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Methyl orange, Congo red, Malachite green, Indigo and Alizarin. 6 Hours

UNIT 6: Reaction mechanism: Concept of reactive intermediates- carbanions, carbocations, inductive and resonance effects; Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2) in alkyl halides; Mechanistic concept of elimination reactions (E1 and E2); Mechanism of electrophilic substitution in benzene - Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkyl and acylation reactions; Electronic interpretation of orienting influences of substituents in aromatic electrophilic substitution of toluene, chlorobenzene, phenol and nitrobenzene.

7 Hours UNIT 7: Insecticides: Definition, classification – i) Internal or Stomach insecticide ii) External or Contact Insecticides iii) Fumigants - Explanation with examples; Organic insecticides – DDT, Chlordane, Nitrophenol, BHC (Gammexane), Aldrin, Schradan, Parathion, Malathion and Baygon - synthesis and their applications; Rodenticides, Fungicides, and Herbicides – Definition, examples and their applications.

6 Hours UNIT 8: Oils and fats-Vegetable oils- Examples; Analysis of oils- Saponification value,iodine value and acid value - their determination, Extraction of oils- Solvent extraction, Refining of oils, Hydrogenation - manufacture of Vanaspati. Soaps and detergents – Manufacture of soap by hot process; Types of soaps - Liquid soap, Toilet soaps-opaque and transparent; Mechanism of cleansing action of soap; Synthetic detergents– Ionic detergents-anionic and cationic; Nonionic detergents-Manufacture.

6 Hours Text Books: 1. Organic Chemistry, Morrision B.R. and Boyd L.L., 6th Edition, ELBS, New Delhi, 1999. 2. Physical Chemistry, Puri L.R. and Sharma B.R., 14th Edition, Chand S. and Co., New Delhi, 1998. Reference Books: 1. Modern Synthetic Reactions, House, H.O., ULBS Publishers, New Delhi. 2. Organic Reactions Mechanism, Sykes Peter, 2nd Edition, ULBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 3. Organic Chemistry, Finar, Vol 1 and 2, ULBS Publishers, New Delhi. 4. Industrial Chemistry, Sharma B.K., 11th Edition, Chand S. and Co. New Delhi, 2001. 5. Organic Chemistry, Tiwari Melhrotra and Vishnoi, 7th edition, Chand S. and Co., New Delhi, 1996. 6. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Arun Bahl and Bahl B.S., 15th Edition, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi, 1998. 7. Surface Chemistry: Theory and applications, J.J. Bikerman, 2nd Edition, Academic press, New York, 1972. 8. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, A.W. Adamson, 3rd Edition, Interscience publishers

Inc., New York, 1960


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LESSON PLAN


Hours Chapters Topics to be covered (in detail) 1 Active Methylene

compound: 1. Active Methylene compound: Preparation, properties and synthetic application of ethyl aceto acetic ester

2 Continuation of the properties, Malonic ester Preparation 3 properties and synthetic application of Malonic ester 4 Heterocyclic

compounds:

2. Heterocyclic compounds: Classification, synthesis of Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Pyridine and quinoline

5 Properties – electrophilic substitution reactions, addition reaction – hydrogenation

6 Oxygen, diel’s – Alder – reaction, diazocoupling, mercuration, Gattermann koch reaction

7 Polymerisation, formation of organometallic compounds oxidation

8 Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer – Tiepin reaction, Gattermann formylation. and N-methylation.

9 Preparation, properties of pyrrole 10 Preparation, properties of thiophene 11 Preparation, properties of quinoline 12 Colligative

properties: 1. Colligative properties: Concept of mole and mole fraction, Colligative properties – meaning and types,

13 Lowering of vapor pressure – Raoult’s law – statement, limitation,

14 Determination of molecular weight by lowering of vapor pressure, problems, Ostwald’s and Walker’s method,

15 Elevation in boiling point of a solvent – derivation 16 Experimental determination of molecular weight by

ebulliscopic method 17 Problems 18 Isotonic solutions-abnormal molecular weight 19 Osmosis and Osmotic pressure – explanation of the, effect

of temperature and concentration and simultaneous effect of both

20 Derivation of molecular weight, Berkeley and Hartely’s method

21 Problems 22 Chemistry of co-

ordination compounds:

2. Chemistry of co-ordination compounds: Warner’s theory, Nomenclature

23 Effective atomic number 24 Stability of complex ions 25 Factors affecting the stability 26 Geometrical isomerism Stereo chemistry of co-ordination

compounds 27 Isomerism of co-ordination compounds


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28 Principles of valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory;

3. Principles of valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory; Formation of hydrogen molecule with discussion on interaction between two atoms such as exchange of election,

29 Screen effect of electrons 30 Ionic character of H-H bond 31 Dyes: 4. Dyes:

Color and constitution – Chromophore and auxochrome theory

32 Modern theory of color 33 Classification of days – by structure and by methods of

application 34 Synthesis of dyes – methyl orange, congo red, malachite

green and indigo. 35 Insecticides:

5. Insecticides: Definition, Classification as internal or stomach insecticide

36 External or contact insecticides Fungiants – explanation with examples

37 Organic insecticides – DDT, Chlordane 38 Nitrophenol, BHC (Gammehexane). Aldrin, schradan,

parathion, malathion. Baygon synthesis and their application

39 Rodenticide, Fungicides 40 Herbicides – Definition, examples and their applications 41 Concepts of

resonance:

6. Concepts of resonance: Resonance energy, resonance structure

42 Resonance structure of carbonate ion and benzene 43

Roles of selection of resonance structure.

44 Reaction mechanism:

7. Reaction mechanism: Concept of reactive intermediate, Carbanions, Carbocations Inductive and resonance effects

45 Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution (Sn1 and SN2) in alkyl halides

46 Mechanistic concept of elimination reactions (E1 and E2) 47 Mechanism of electrophilic substitution in benzene.

Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation 48 Friedel – crafts alkyl and acylation reactions 49 Electronic interpretation of orienting influence of

substituents in aromatic electrophilic substitution of toluene

50 Electronic interpretation of orienting influence of substituents in aromatic electrophilic substitution of Chlorobenzene

51 Electronic interpretation of orienting influence of substituents in aromatic electrophilic substitution of phenol

52 Electronic interpretation of orienting influence of substituents in aromatic electrophilic substitution of nitrobenzene


45 MVJCE

QUESTION BANK

CHAPTER-1 Colligative properties 1) State Raoults law? Derive the expression? What is its limitation? 2) Define dipole moment? how it is helpful in knowing the structure of the molecules? 3) Describe an experiment to determine the molecular weight of a soluble by ebulliscopic

method? 4) Define osmotic pressure? Derive thermodynamically the Vant Hoff equation for dilute

solution? 5) What is osmosis? Explain the effect of concentration and temperature on osmotic pressure? 6) What is meant by the term colligative properties of a dilute solution? Name the colligative

properties of a dilute solution. What is the molal depression of freezing point of a solvent? 7) State Raoults law and discuss the determination of molecular of the substance by depression

of freezing point? 8) Write notes on additive properties, parachor and molal refraction? 9) Explain the term polarization of molecule? Differentiate the terms: Molar polarization,

Induced polarization and oxidation polarization. 10) A solution of glycol containing 1.821g per litre has an osmotic pressure of 51.8cm of Hg at

10°C. Calculate the molecular weight of glycol. 11) The V.P of CCl4 at 30°C is 143mm of Hg o.5g of a non-volatile organic substance of mol wt

65 is dissolved in 100ml of CCl4. What would be V.P of the solution? Density of CCl4 = 1.58g/cc.

12) 10 gm of a solute was dissolved in 80 g of acetone at 30°C. The V.P of solution is 271 mm of hg. Calculate molecular wt. of solute? VP of pure acetone is 283mm. Assume that the solution is not very dilute.

13) A solution containing 2.44g of a solute dissolved in 75 g of water boiled at 100.413°C. Calculate the molecular wt. of the solute. (Kb of water ==.52)

14) A solution containing .7269 g of camphor in 38.08 g of acetone boils at 56.30 °C. Determine the molal elevation constant of acetone (B.P of acetone = 56.55 °C, m.w.of camphor s 152).

15) The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 40g of an organic compound present in 600ml of its solution was 8.3 atm at 0oC. calculate the mol wt of organic compound.(R= 0.0821litre atm /K/mol)

CHAPTER-2 Chemistry of co ordination componds

1) What are co ordination compounds? 2) Define co ordination Sphere, co ordination number, Ligards 3) Explain Werner’s theory of co ordination compounds with examples? 4) Explain the nomenclature of co ordination, ie both naming of ligands & Naming of

central metal ion. 5) Explain the stability of complex ions? What are the factors, which affects the stability of

co ordination compounds? 6) Explain Stereochemistry of co ordination compounds by taking C.N. 2,3,4,5&6 with

examples. 7) Explain the Different types of Isomerism of co ordination compounds.

CHAPTER-3 Principals of Valence Bond Theory & Molecular orbital theory

1) Define the term Chemical Bonding? What are two types of chemical Bonds? 2) How valence bond approach explains the covalent bond formation? 3) What are the limitations of VB theory? 4) Explain molecular orbital theory?


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CHAPTER-4 Concepts of Resonance

1) Explain the concept of Resonance with examples. 2) Explain the resonance Structure of Carbonate ion & benzene. 3) What are rules to be followed during the selection of resonance structure?

CHAPTER-5 Dyes

1) What are active methylene componds? Explain with example. 2) Explain the preparation, physical & chemical properties of Ethyl aceto acetic Ester. 3) Explain the synthetic applications of E.A.A 4) Explain the preparation of Malonic ester with reaction. 5) Explain the physical & chemical (ketonic & acid hydrolysis ) of Malonic Ester. 6) Explain the Synthetic applications of M.E.

CHAPTER-6 Active Methylene compounds 1) What are dyes? 2) What are Auxochromes & chromophores Explain with examples. 3) Explain the Auxochrome & chromophore theory of colors. 4) Explain modern theory of colors. 5) Explain the classification of dyes based on structure & methods of application. 6) Explain the Synthesis of (1) Methyl red (2) Congo red (3) malachite green (4) Indigo.

CHAPTER-7 Heterocyclic componds; 1) What are heterocyclic componds? Explain the classification with examples.

Explain the preparation physical properties and chemical properties of the following (i) Furan (ii) Pyrrole (iii) Thiophene (iv) Pyridine (v) Quinoline.


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51 MVJCE

10CH35 – MECHANICAL OPERATIONS


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SYLLABUS

Sub code: CH35 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART A

UNIT 1: Particle Technology: Particle shape, particle size, different ways of expression of particle size , shape factor, sphericity.Mixed particle size analysis, Screens- Ideal and actual screens, Differential and cumulative screen analysis, Specific surface of a mixture of particles, number of particles in a mixture, Effectivemess of the screen.

05hrs UNIT 2: Industrial screening equipment, motion of screen, Grizzly, gyratory screen Vibrating screen, trommels, Sub sieve analysis: Air permeability method, sedimentation and elutriation methods. 05hrs UNIT 3: Size reduction: Introduction- Types of forces used for communition, criteria for communition, Characteristics of comminuted products.Laws of size reduction, Work Index,Energy Utilisation, Problems related to size reduction.Methods of operating crushers- Free crushing, choke feeding, Open circuit grinding, closed circuit grinding, Wet and dry grinding.Equipment for size reduction- Classification of size reduction equipment, Equipment- Blake jaw crusher, gyratory crusher, smooth roll crusher, toothed roll crusher, Impactor, Attrition mill.Ball mill, Critical speed of ball mill Ultra fine grinders: Fluid energy mill, colloid mill, Cutters: Knife cutter.

08hrs UNIT 4: Motion of particles through fluids:Mechanics of particle motion, Equation for one dimensional motion of particles through a fluid in gravitational and centrifugal field Terminal Velocity, Drag coefficient, Motion of particles in stokes region, Newtons region and intermediate region Criterion for setting regime, Hindered settling, Modification of equation for hindered settling, Centrifugal separators, Cyclones and Hydro cyclones. Sedimentation: Batch settling test, Application of batch settling test to design of a continuos thickner, Coe and Clevenger theory, Kynch Theory, Thickener design, Determination of thickener area. 08hrs

PART B UNIT 5: Filtration: Introduction, Classification of filtration, Cake filtration, Clarification , Batch and continuos filtration, Pressure filtration and vacuum filtration, Constant rate filtration and cake filtration, Modification of kozeny carman equation for filtration, Characteristics of filter media, Industrial filters, Sand filter, Filter press, leaf filter, rotary drum filter, Horizontal belt filter, bag filter, Centrifugal filtration-Suspended batch centrifuge, Filter aids, application of filter aids, principles of cake filtration. 07hrs


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UNIT 6: Agitation and mixing: Application of agitation, Agitation equipment, Types of impellers-Propellers, paddles and turbines, Flow patterns in agitated vessels, Prevention of swirling, Standard turbine design, Power correlations and power calculation. Mixing of solids, Types of mixers- Change can mixers, muller mixers, Mixing index, Ribbon blender, Internal screw mixer, Tumbling mixer. 06hrs UNIT 7: Sampling, storing and conveying of solids: Sampling of solids, storage of solids, Open and closed storage, Bulk and bin storage, Conveyors – Belt conveyor, Chain conveyor, Apron conveyor, Bucket conveyor, Bucket elevator, Screw conveyor, Slurry transport, Applications of fluidization, Pneumatic conveying.

06 hrs UNIT 8: Miscellaneous separation: Magnetic separation, electrostatic separation, Jigging, Heavy media separation, Froth floatation process, Additives used during floatation, Floatation cells, Typical floatation circuits, Size enlargement (only principle and equipment) – Flocculation, Briquetting, Pelletization, Granulation, Settling chambers, Centrifugal separators, Cyclones and Hydro cyclones, Electrostatic Separator, Venturi scrubber.

07 hrs Text books:

1. McCabe W.L., et, AI., “Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering”, V Edn., McGraw Hill International, Singapore, 2000.

2. Badger, W.L., and Banchero J.T., “Introduction to Chemical Engineering”, III Edn., McGraw Hill International, Singapore, 1999.

3. Coulson J.M. and Richardson.J.F., “Chemical Engineering Vol.2 Particle Technology and Separation Processes”, IV Edn., Asian Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 1998.

Reference books 1. “Unit operations” I Edn., Brown.G.G. et al. CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1995. 2. “ Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Hand book”. VII., Perry R., and Green W.D., Mcgraw hill International Edn., New York, 2000. 3.”Fuels and Combustion”, II Edn., Sarkar Samir, Orient Longman. New Delhi,New York, 2000 4. “ Principles of Unit Operations “. III Edn., Foust A.S. et al John wiley and sons, New York, 1977.


54 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN


S.No. TOPICS Hours Topics to be covered (in detail)

1 Particle technology

1 Introduction, Particle shape, particle size, different ways of expression of particle size, shape factor, sphericity.

2 Mixed particle size analysis, Screens- Ideal and actual screens, Differential and cumulative screen analysis,

3 Specific surface of a mixture of particles, number of particles in a mixture, standard screens

4 Problems on differential and cumulative analysis. 5 Effectivemess of the screen: Derivation and problems 6 Problems continued. 7 Standard screens, Industrial screening equipment,

motion of screen, Grizzly, gyratory screen. 8 Vibrating screen, trommels, Sub sieve analysis: Air

permeability method, sedimentation and elutriation methods.

2 Size Reduction 9 Introduction- Types of forces used for communition, criteria for communition, Characteristics of comminuted products.

10 Laws of size reduction, Work Index,Energy Utilisation, Problems related to size reduction.

11 Methods of operating crushers- Free crushing, choke feeding, Open circuit grinding, closed circuit grinding, Wet and dry grinding.

12 Equipment for size reduction- Classification of size reduction equipment, Equipment- Blake jaw crusher, gyratory crusher, smooth roll crusher, toothed roll crusher, Impactor, Attrition mill.

13 Ball mill, Critical speed of ball mill: Derivation and problems related to critical speed.

14 Ultra fine grinders: Fluid energy mill, colloid mill, Cutters: Knife cutter.

3 Flow of fluids past immersed bodies

15 Drag, drag coefficient, pressure drop- Kozeny carman equation.

16 Blake plummer, Ergun equation, problems related to the same

17 Problems contd. 18 Fludisation: Conditions for fludisation, Types of

fluidisation. 19 Minimum fludisation velocity, Problems related to the

same. 20 Applications of fludisation, Slurry transport, pneumatic

conveying. 4 Movement of

particles through fluids

21 Mechanics of particle motion, Equation for one dimensional motion of particles through a fluid in gravitational and centrifugal field.


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22 Terminal Velocity, Drag coefficient, Motion of particles in stokes region, Newtons region and intermediate region.

23 Criterion for setting regime, Problems related to the same.

24 Hindered settling, Modification of equation for hindered settling.

25 Problems related to the above 26 Centrifugal separators, Cyclones and Hydro cyclones.

5 Sedimentation 27 Batch settling test 28 Application of batch settling test to design of a

continuos thickner. 29 Coe and Clevenger theory, Kynch Theory 30 Thickener design, Determination of thickener area 31 Problems on the above. 32 Problems contd.

6 Filtration 33 Introduction, Classification of filtration, Cake filtration, Clarification , Batch and continuos filtration

34 Pressure filtration and vacuum filtration, Constant rate filtration and cake filtration.

35 Modification of kozeny carman equation for filtration, Problems related to the same.

36 Characteristics of filter media, Industrial filters, Sand filter, Filter press, leaf filter, rotary drum filter

37 Horizontal belt filter, bag filter, Centrifugal filtration-Suspended batch centrifuge.

38 Filter aids, application of filter aids, principles of cake filtration.

7 Agitation and mixing

39 Application of agitation, Agitation equipment, Types of impellers-Propellers, paddles and turbines.

40 Flow patterns in agitated vessels, Prevention of swirling.

41 Standard turbine design, Power correlations and power calculation.

42 Problems related to the above 43 Mixing of solids, Types of mixers- Change can mixers,

muller mixers 44 Mixing index, Ribbon blender, Internal screw mixer,

Tumbling mixer. 8 Sampling, Storage

and conveying of solids

45 Sampling of solids, storage of solids 46 Storage of solids, Open and closed storage, Bulk and

bin storage. 47 Conveyors-Belt conveyors, Chain conveyors 48 Apron conveyor, bucket conveyor, bucket elevators,

screw conveyor. 9 Miscellaneous

Separation 49 Magnetic separation, Electrostatic separation 50 Jigging, Heavy media separation, Froth flotation process,

Additives used during floltation, Flotation cells 51 Typical flotation circuits, Size enlargement (only

principle and equipment)-Flocculation 52 Briquetting, pelletization, granulation.


56 MVJCE

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

M V J COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MODEL QUESTION PAPER

Particle technology:

1. Define the following with equation a. Volume surface mean diameter b. Arithmetic mean diameter c. Mass mean diameter d. Volume mean diameter e. Sphericity f. Shape factor.

2. Define “ Ideal screening”, “Actual Screening” and “ Overall effectiveness” of screening.

3. The size distribution obtained from a counter is as follows.

Size range µm No. of particles 0-2 1000 2-4 600 4-8 500 8-12 200 12-16 110 16-20 50 20-24 10

Calculate different diameters.

4. The screen analysis shown below applies to a sample of crushed quartz. The density of the particles is 2650 kg/m3 and the shape factors are a=2 and ϕs = 0.571 . For the material between 4 mesh and 200 mesh particle size, calculate a. Aw – The specific surface of mixture in mm2/gram and Nw, the number of particles

per gram b. Volume mean diameter c. Average particle size

Mesh Screen Opening Mass fraction retained 4 4.699 0.0000 6 3.327 0.0251 8 2.362 0.1250 10 1.651 0.3207 14 1.168 0.2570 20 0.833 0.1590 28 0.589 0.538 35 0.417 0.0210 48 0.295 0.0102 65 0.208 0.0077 100 0.147 0.0058 150 0.104 0.0041 200 0.074 0.0031 pan ------ 0.0075

5. Describe the various methods of particle size analysis.


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6. Give an account of classification of screening equipment and indicate their characteristics and uses.

7. What is specific surface area of a mixture? How is it determined?

8. Explain Tyler standard series.

9. Derive an expression to find the effectiveness of the screen.

10. Find the volume surface mean diameter by both differential and cumulative analyses from the given data. Mesh No. - 4/6 6/8 8/10 10/14 14/20 20/28 28/35 35/48 48/65 -65 Screen Opening Dpi in mm

4,699 3,327 2,362 1,651 1,168 0.833 0.589 0.417 0.295 0.208 0.208

Mass fraction retained U

- 0.031 0.10 0.200 0.186 0.152 0.120 0.095 0.065 0.043 0.005

Size reduction:

11. State and explain the laws of size reduction and indicate their limitations and applications.

12. Define ‘open circuit’and ‘closed circuit’ grinding.

13. What are the advantages of ‘open circuit’and ‘closed circuit’ grinding.

14. It is estimated that the power required to crush a certain quantity of material from 4 cm to 2 cm size is 5 Kw. If the same material and same quantity is crushed from 3 cm to 1.5 cm size, what will be the power required? Assume Kick’s is valid.

15. The dia. of a set of rolls is 1.4m and take a feed of size equivalent to 5 cm. If the angle of nip is 300, what is the maximum size of the product.

16. Write a note of equipments for size reduction.

17. A ball mill 1.2m diameter is being run at 50 rpm. What is the size of the balls we have to employ for proper grinding?

18. Explain the working principle and mechanism of a BLAKE jaw crusher with a neat line diagram.

19. What is the power required to crush 100 ton/h of lime stone if 80% of the feed passes a 2” screen and 10% of the product passes in 1/8” screen? Work index of lime stone is 12.74

20. If the coefficient of friction between rock and steel is 0.4, what should be the diameter of roll of a roll crusher to reduce 38 mm particles to 18 mm rock particles.

21. What are the laws of size reduction? Give their relative applicability.

22. Derive an expression for the critical speed of a ball mill

23. What is bond’s law and work index

24. Explain the following terms: a. Wall drag b. Form drag c. Drag coefficient d. Shape factor

25. What is Darcy’s law

Flow of fluids past immersed bodies: 26. Deduce Kozeny Carman equation and Blake Plummer equation.


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27. Explain the relationship between drag coefficient and particle Reynolds equation.

28. Explain the different types of fluidization.

29. Define “Particulate fluidization” and “Aggregate fluidization” and “Continuous fluidization”

30. What are the advantages and disadvantages of batch fluidization?

31. Write the applications of batch fluidization.

32. What do you mean by pneumatic conveying? Explain

Motion of particles through fluids: 33. What are the different regions of settling?

34. Derive an expression for the terminal settling velocity of a solid spherical particle in the fluid medium under gravity.

35. Give equations for settling velocity in the different regions of settling

36. What is the basic principle involved in a “Hydro-cyclone”?

37. Explain the working of a “Hydro-cyclone” with a neat line diagram.

38. Calculate the terminal velocity of a steel ball, 2mm diameter, density 7870 kg/m3 in oil whose density is 900 kg/m3 and viscosity 50 mNs/m2

39. Determine the ration of diameter of spherical particles of galena ( sp. Gr 5.39) and quartz ( sp. Gr2.64) that have the same terminal velocity in water when settling under the free settling condition.

Sedimentation: 40. What is sedimentation? Highlight the mechanism of sedimentation.

41. Compare and contrast between batch and continuous sedimentation.

42. Describe the principle of working of a thickener.

43. Explain in detail the functioning of an “ Industrial thickeners” with the help of a neat diagram

44. A single batch settling test was made on a limestone slurry. The interface between the clear liquid and the suspended solids were observed as a function of time and the results are tabulated below. The test was made using 236 gm of limestone per liter of slurry.

Time (hrs) t 0 0.25 0.5 1.0 1.75 3/0 4.75 12 20 Height of interface (cms)

36 32.4 28.6 21 14.7 12.3 11.55 9.8 8.8

Design the thickness of the slurry if fed at a rate of 50,000 kg. Of dry solids/hr to produce a thickened sludge of 550 gm of lime stone per liter.

45. With a neat sketch explain the construction and working of a double cone classifier

46. Explain with examples how the thickeners are used in industries for the separation.

47. Discuss the step by step procedure to determine the area of the thickener required for a particular duty.

Filtration:

48. What are filter aids? How are they used?

49. Discuss the principles of filtration?


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50. How are the filter medium and cake resistances evaluated? 51. Explain the functioning of a ‘Rotary drum filter’ with a neat line diagram.

52. Explain briefly on filter aids and filter press.

53. Explain briefly about filter aid and precoat filters.

Agitation and mixing:

54. Discuss the needs of agitation and mixing.

55. Sketch the two types of impellers used for agitation and mixing

56. With a neat sketch explain the working of a mixer used for mixing dry powder.

57. Explain about “Mixing Index”

58. Explain the significance of Reynold’s, Froud’s and power numbers in the case of agitation and mixing.

59. Explain in detail the working mechanism of a “ Banbury Mixer” with a neat diagram and explain its application.

60. Explain in detail the working mechanism of a “ Ribbon blender” with a neat diagram and explain its application

61. Describe with neat figure a. Change –Can mixer b. Muller Mixers

Sampling, Storage and conveying of solids:

62. Describe the equipment used for the storage of solids in a process industry.

63. Explain the terms sampling of solids, capacity and economy of screens.

64. What are the different methods of conveying employed for moving solids?

65. Explain two methods of conveying in detail with neat sketches.

66. What are Cohesive and non cohesive materials?

67. Write the classification of important conveyors

68. Explain in detail the functioning mechanism of belt conveyor and screw conveyor.

Miscellaneous Separations

69. What are the physico chemical principles involved in upgrading of minerals by froath flotation.

70. Discuss the role of various reagents employed in froath flotation

71. Sketch a flotation cell and explain its working.

72. Explain in detail about functioning mechanism of a “Wilfley Table” with a neat diagram.

73. Discuss the functioning of a “Chance cone separator” used for heavy media separation, with a neat diagram.

74. Describe the techniques of size enlargement

75. Write short botes on: a. Theory of jigging b. Granulation equipment c. Types of jigs.


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61 MVJCE


62 MVJCE

10CH36 – COMPUTER AIDED CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT DRAWING


63 MVJCE

SYLLABUS

Sub code:10CH36 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

SECTIONAL VIEWS: Representation of the sectional planes, sectional lines and hatching, section of section planes and types of sectional views. 06 Hrs PROPORTIONATE DRAWING OF PROCESS EQUIPMENTS: Equipment and piping symbols, vessel components, vessel openings, manholes, vessel enclousures, vessel support, jackets. Shell and tube heat exchanger, reaction vessel and evaporator. 12 Hrs ASSEMBLY DRASINGS:

i) Joints: cotter joint with sleeve, cotter joint, socket and spigot joint, flanged pipe joint, union joint, stuffing box and expansion joint.

ii) Valves: Stop valves, globe valve, stop cock, and gate valve, screw down stop vavle, rams bottom safery valve, non return valve.

iii) Pumps: Cenrrifugal pump, gear types. 21Hrs Note: 1. Assignments to be given to students to practice all the drawings and weightage shall be

given to these assignments while awarding IA marks. 2. Examination consists of one question on proportionate drawing (15 marks) and one question on Assembly drawing (35 Marks). Weightage must be given for proportionate sketching drawn

on paper. Software: Solid Edge or Equivalent Software

Text books:

1. Gopal Krishna, K.R., “Machine Drawing”, 2nd Revised edn., Subhas Stores, Bangalore 1988.

2. Bhat N.D., “Machine Drawint”, 22nd edn., Charotar Publishing House, Anand 1987.

3. Joshi M.V., “Process Equipment Design, 3rd Edn., Macmillan India Publications, New Delhi 1999.

Reference books:

1. Walas S.M., “Chemical Process Equipment”, Butterworth Heinemanna Pub., 1999.

2. Ludwig E.E., “Applied Process Design”, 3rd edn., Gulf professional Publishing, New Delhi 1994.


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LESSON PLAN


Sl No. Chapter Hours Topics to be covered (in detail)

1 Introduction

1 – 3 Introduction, regarding importance of assembly drawing hatching, and role of Chemical Engg in assembly. In chemical industries.

2 Sectional Views

3 – 6 Representation of the sectional planes, sectional lines and hatching.

7 – 9 Selection of section planes and types of sectional views.

3 Proportionate Drawing Of Process Equipments

10 – 12 Equipment and piping symbols, vessel components Applications of vessel components. Explanation of parts. Draw Vessel openings. 1) Front view and top view with section Home work: Draw Manholes 1) Front view and top view with section

13 – 15 Draw Vessel enclosures 1) Front view and top view with section Home work :Draw vessel support. 1) Front view and top view with section

16 – 8 Draw jackets 1) Front view and top view with section Home work: Draw shell and tube heat exchanger. 1) Front view and top view with section

19 – 21 Draw reaction vessel 1) Front view and top view with section. Home work: Evaporator. 1) Draw front view and top view with section

4 Joints

22 – 24 Cotter and pin joints (Assembly drawing)

Applications of cotter joints. Explanation of dissembled parts of Draw socket and spigot and cotter joint. 1) Front view with section. 2) Top view. 3) Left view with half section. With all dimensions and part list.

Home work: Draw Cotter joint with sleeve. 1) Front view with section. 2) Top view with front half section. 3) Left view with half in section. With all dimensions and part list.

25 – 27 Draw strap joint with gib and cotter. 1) Front view with section. 2) Top view. 3) Right view with half in section. The section is taken along the axis of the cotter. With all dimensions and part list.


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28 – 30 Pipe joint. Introduction different types of pipe joints. Draw flanged pipe joint.

1) Front view with section.2) Side view looking from the nut end. Home work: Draw union joint. 1) Front view with top half in section. 2) Profile view With all dimensions and part list.

31 – 33 Draw gland and stuffing box expansion joint.

1) Front view in half section. 2) Profile view looking from the stuffing box end half in section. The section plane being taken across the packing. With all dimensions and part list.

5 Valves

34 – 36 Draw stop valve. 1) Front view in half section. 2) Top view. 3) Right view.

6 37 – 39 Draw globe valve.

1) Front view in half section. 2) Top view.3) Right view. Home work : Draw gate valve. 1) Front view in half section. 2) Top view. 3) Right view in half section. With all dimensions and part list.

7 40 – 42 Draw Stop cock.

1) Front view in section.2) Top view. 3) Right view.

Home work : Draw Non return valve. 1) Front view in section. 2) Top view.3) Left view. With all dimensions and part list.

8 43 – 45 Draw Ramsbottom safety valve.

1) Front view in half section. 2) Top view. 3) Right view. Home work : Draw non return valve. 1) Front view in half section. 2) Top view. With all dimensions and part list.

9 Pumps 46 – 48 Draw centrifugal pump. 1) Front view in half section. 2) Top view. 3) Right view. With all dimensions and part list.

10 49 – 50 Draw gear pump. 1) Front view in half section. 2) Top view. 3) Right view. With all dimensions and part list.


66 MVJCE

QUESTION BANK

1. Sketch the sectional view of the any two of the following propotionally

i. Socket and spigot cotter joint for rods of 25 mm dia

ii. Union joint for pipes of 35 mm dia

iii. Gland and stuffing box expansion joint

2. a) Draw the assembled front sectional view of the Ramsbottom safety valve

b) Draw the top view of the given Ramsbottom safety valve

3. Sketch the sectional view of the any two of the following propotionally

i. Union joint for pipes of 25 mm dia

ii. Gland and stuffing box for expansion joint

iii. Socket and spigot cotter joint for rods of 30 mm dia

4. a) Draw the assembled front sectional view of the Centrifugal pump

b) Draw the sectional side view

5. a) Draw the assembled half sectional view of Globe valve to suitable scale

b) Draw the top view

6. a) Draw the assembled sectional front view of the bucket steam trap

b) Draw the end view of the trap

7. Draw the full sectional front view if the thermodynamic steam trap

8. Draw the assembled full sectional front view of the non return valve

9. Draw the top view of the non return valve

10. Draw the suitable scale left half sectional front view of the rubber lined basket centrifuge

11. Draw to scale the sectional front view of the junction stop valve after assembling the

different parts


67 MVJCE


68 MVJCE


69 MVJCE


70 MVJCE


71 MVJCE

10CHL37 –MOMENTUM TRANSFER LAB


72 MVJCE

SYLLABUS

Sub code: 10CHL37 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 42 Exam Marks: 50

The experiments should be based on the following topics.

1. Friction in circular pipes.

2. Friction in non circular pipes.

3. Friction in helical / spiral coils.

4. Flow rate measurement using venturi /orifice meter (incompressible fluids).

5. Local velocity measurement using pitot tube.

6. Flow over notches.

7. Hydraulic coefficients-open orifice.

8. Packed bed.

9. Fluidized bed.

10. Study and development of characteristics for centrifugal pump.

11. Study of various pipe fittings and their equivalent lengths.

12. Compressible fluid flow measurement using venturi /orifice meter.

13. Reynolds apparatus.

14. Air lift pump.


73 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN


Hours Plan for Conducting the Experiments

I Cycle of Experiments

1.Orifice Meter 2.Friction Loss in Straight Pipe 3.Open Orifice 4.V-Notch

1-3 Introduction for all cycles of experiments 4-6 Experiment number 1 for group1

Experiment number 2 for group 2 Experiment number 3 for group3 Experiment number 4 for group4

7-9 Experiment number 2 for group1 Experiment number 3 for group 2 Experiment number 4 for group3 Experiment number 1 for group4

10-12 Experiment number 3 for group1 Experiment number 4 for group 2 Experiment number 1 for group3 Experiment number2 for group4


II Cycle of Experiments

6.Friction Loss in Pipe Fittings 7.Venturi Meter 8.Flow through Circular Coils. 9.Packed Bed

16-18

Experiment number 5 for group1 Experiment number 6 for group 2 Experiment number 7 for group3 Experiment number 8 for group4




74 MVJCE


III Cycle of Experiments

9.Centrifugal Pump 10.Fluidised Bed 11.Flow through Square Pipe 12. Flow through Annulus





40-42 Repetition Class


75 MVJCE

VIVA QUESTIONS

1) What is calibration and mention its uses. 2) Define Orifice co-efficient? Why is its value less than one. 3) What are flow measuring devices? Classify them. 4) What is β? When is it neglected. 5) Draw the orifice meter and show the pressure tapings. 6) What are the different manometer tapings for orifice meter. 7) What are different types of orifices with respect to edges. 8) What is Vena Contracta. 9) What will be the venturi Co-efficient. 10) Why is QAct less than QThe . 11)When do you prefer Orifice mater. 12) What is the approximate loss of head in Venturimeter. 13) Compare Venturimeter with Orifice mater. 14) What is a notch? What are the different types of notches. 15) Give the application of notches. 16) Write the general equation for the discharge of a notch. 17) Whether the value of n is same for all notches. 18) Give the relationship between Discharge and notch angle for an triangular notch. 19) What are the advantages of triangular notch over the rectangular notch. 20) What is an annulua. 21) Define hydeaulic radius and equivalent Diameter. 22) What is the colour of CCl4 . Why is it so in colour. 23) What are the properties of a manometric fluid. 24) Where an inverted manometer is used. 25) Where an inclined manometer is used. 26) What are the values of V¯ / Vmax for laminar and turbulent region. 27) Why is velocity zero at the surface of pipe wall. 28) What is stagnant point. 29) What is the use of an open orifice. 30) Why the coils are preferred as heat exchangers. 31) What is the relation between Cd, Cc, Cv,. 32) Give the range of values of hydraulic co-efficients for an Open orifice. 33) What is meant by a conduit? 34) Why do you prefer circular c/s when different shapes are available? 35) Distinguish between pipes and tubes. 36) What is friction, friction factor chart, Viscosity, Roughness parameter? 37) Compare the pressure loss in Orifice meter and Venturimeter. 38) What is X and Y in Open Orifice meter. 39) Why is friction more in coils compared to tubes. 40) What is Deans effect in coiols. 41) What is critical Reynolds number. 42) What is equivalent length. 43) Why convergencesection length is less than divergent section length for an Venturimeter. 44) How do you find actual and theoretical velocities in an open orifice. 45) What is steady and unsteady flow. 46) What is the relation between V, V0 in a packed bed. 47) Distinguish between absolute pressure and gauge pressure. 48) What is an ideal and an non ideal fluid.


76 MVJCE

49) What is the relationship between the velocity with respect toradius in laminar flow. 50) What do you mean by water hammer. 51) List out the required characteristics of a packing material. 52) What are different types of packing material. 53) What is a packed column. 54) What are the different forces acting on fluidisation process. 55) List out the applications of fluidisation. 56) What is minimum fluidisation velocity. 57) What is porosity. 58) What is Erguns equation? Where is it applied. 59) What is modified Nre . 60) What is drag, drag co-efficient, Buoyant force. 61) What is specific gravity of ccl4 62) What is specific gravity of mercury 63) Draw the velocity profile in a pipe for laminar and turbulentflow conditions 64) What are multistage pumps.how are they connected 65) Give different pressure measuring devices

66) What equipment is used to measure point velocity in large dia pipi 67) State newtons law of viscosity 68) What is the range of exit cone angle for an venturimeter

69) Name the instrument used for very high pressure 70) What is a manometer 71) What are Newtonian fluids 72) Give examples of Newtonian fluids 73) Give examples of Non-Newtonian fluids 74) What is Hagen poisellus equation 75) What are incompressible and compressible fluids 76) Write the continuity equation 77) What are the different types of fluidisation 78) Define NPSH 79) Define Cavitation 80) What is priming of pump ? Why is it necessary 81) State Bernoulli’s equation 82) Explain the working principle of Rotameter 83) What are the variable areameters ? Give example 84) When will you select venturimeter for flow measurement 85) How do you find the Notch constants K and n 86) What are weirs ? Where it is used 87) What is the numerical value of the slope line in laminar region in friction factor chart ? Why 88) What is a hydraulically smooth pipe 89) What is BWG No, NPS, Schedule No 90) What are different types of fittings or joints 91) On what factor does friction in a pipe depend 92) What are different arrangement of packings 93) What is shape factor and sphericity 94) What is dragforce and buoyant force 95) What is continuous fluidisation 96) What are the properties of a manometric fluid 97) Define Pascal’s law


77 MVJCE

98) Define total pressure and center of pressure 99) Define hydrostatic equilibrium 100) Define Barometric equation and for which it is more applicable 101) Define kinematics and dynamics of fluid flow 102) Define laminar turbulent and transition flow 103) Define rotational and irrotational flow 104) Define one, two three dimensional flow 105) Write the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s equation 106) Name the different forces present in fluid flow 107) For the Eulers equation of motion, which forces have taken into consideration 108) How will you obtain Bernoulli’s equation from Eulers equation 109) Draw an venturimeter and give manometric connection 110) State the Momentum equation 111) Which of the statement is correct in case of pipeflow

a) flow takes place from higher pressure to lower pressure b) flow takes place from higher velocity to lower velocity c) flow takes place from higher elevation to lower elevation d) flow takes place from higher energy to lower energy

112) Define orifice meter and mouth piece 113) Distinguish between

a) external mouth piece and internal mouth piece b) mouth piece running free and mouth piece running full

114) What is a convergent and divergent mouth piece 115) Define kinetic energy correction factor 116) What do you mean by viscous flow 117) Write Darcy’s equation 118) Define boundary layer 119) Define laminar boundary layer turbulent boundary layer and laminar sub layer 120) Why does boundary layer increases with distance from the upstream edge 121) What are the main parts of a centrifugal pump 122) Draw a characteristics curve for a centrifugal pump

123) Differentiate between centrifugal and reciprocating pump


78 MVJCE

10CHL38 – TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY LAB I


79 MVJCE

SYLLABUS

Sub code: 10CHL38 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 42 Exam Marks: 100

The experiment should be based on the following topics;

1. Estimation of HCl and CH3COOH in a given acid mixture conductometrically.

2. Determination of sulphate and nitrate in the given sample of water using Nephelometer and spectrophotometer.

3. Determination of chloride content in the given sample of water using N/40

AgNO3 solution and KCl crystals.

4. Determination of partition coefficient of iodine between water and carbon

tetrachloride.

5. Study of kinetics of the reaction between K2S2O8 and KI.

6. Determination of percentage of nitrogen in ammonium fertilizers, using 1 N NaOH solution and standard HCl solution.

7. Determination of percentage composition of binary mixture using Ostwald’s

viscometer.

8. Effect of salt on the critical solution temperature of phenol-water system.

9. Determination of molecular weight of a non-volatile solute by elevation in boiling point.(Using McCoy’s apparatus).

10. Determination of nickel as nickel dimethylglyoximate gravimetrically (after

separating iron) in the given stainless steel solution.

11. Determination of iron as ferric oxide gravimetrically (after separating copper) in the given chalcopyrites ore solution.

12. Determination of zinc in the given brass solution volumetrically (after separating

copper).

Note: A minimum of 10 experiments are to be conducted.


80 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN


No of Hours Experiments to be conducted

1 Introduction of about all the experiments.

2 Determination of partition co-efficient between iodine water and carbon tetra chloride

3 Estimation of lithium sulfate by Precipitation using Barium chloride solution

4 Determination of percentage composition of binary mixture using Ostwald’s viscometer

5 Effect of salt on the critical solution temperature of phenol water system

6 Determination of Dissolved oxygen in the given sample of water by Winkler’s iodometric method.

7 Study of the kinetics of the reaction between K2S2O8 and potassium iodide

8 Determination of Fe2O3 in chalcopyrites by gravimetry method.

9 Estimation of nickel in steel by gravimetry method

10 Determination of zinc in brass by volumetric method

11 Determination of heat of neutralization of a given strong acid & strong base

12 Determination of molecular weight of a non-volatile solute by elevation in boiling point. (Using McCoy Apparatus)


81 MVJCE

VIVA-VOCE

Determination of partition co-efficient between iodine and carbon tetra chloride

1. Define distribution co-efficient or partition co-efficient between two solvents? 2. Define Nernst’s distribution law. 3. What does Association of distributing substances mean? 4. How is iodine estimated in carbon tetra chloride and water layer? 5. Name the indicator used and describe the endpoint in the titration. 6. Define temperature co-efficient. 7. What are the conditions for the validity of distribution law? 8. Distribution co-efficient depends upon which laws.

Second order kinetics potassium per sulfate Vs potassium iodide and saponification of methyl acetate

1. Define the term order and molecularity of a reaction. 2. How is molecularity different from order of a reaction? 3. Give some examples of first order reactions. 4. Define rate constant of a reaction. 5. Define law of mass action. 6. How K is calculated in the second order kinetics? 7. During the reaction large amount of ice water is added. Why? 8. Explain the theory behind the saponification of an ester. Write the reaction. Has is meant

by pseudo unimolecular reaction? 9. What is the unit for rate constant? 10. Rate constant depends upon which factors. 11. When temperature increases what happens to the rate constant? 12. How liberated iodine reacts with sodium thio sulfate? 13. Why starch is added at the end? 14. Write the structure of starch. 15. How will you prepare 0.1NKI, 0.1NK2S2O8 and 0.01N Na2S2O3

Titration of mixture of a given weak and strong acids against strong base and precipitation titration between lithium sulfate and barium chloride.

1. Define conductance and resistance of a conductor. 2. What is the unit of conductance? 3. Define ohms law. 4. Define equivalent, molar and specific conductivity. 5. Define an electrolyte. What are the different types of electrolytes? Explain with

examples. 6. Explain Ostwald’s dilution law. 7. Define polarization. 8. Define specific resistance? What is its unit? 9. Why alternating current is used in finding the balance point in conductivity meter instead

of Galvanometer? 10. Why the conductivity decreases in the beginning and then slight increase and again it

increases steeply? 11. Define neutralization point. 12. What are the advantages of conductivity meter instead of direct titration? Write the

reaction between BaCl2 and Li2SO4. 13. In precipitate titration, initially the graph is constant and then it increases why? 14. How to prepare 0.05M BaCl2 and 0.05M Li2SO4?


82 MVJCE

15. Why alcohol is added during titration? 16. What is the principle of conductometric titration? What type of reactions involved in

titration? 17. How will you prepare 0.1M HCl and 0.1M NaOH in one litre solution? 18. What is the principle of conductometric titration? 19. What type of conductivity we are measuring in the experiment? 20. What is conductivity cell and cell constant?

Determination of dissolved oxygen

1. What is the principle involved in the dissolved oxygen experiment? 2. How manganous sulfate reacts with potassium hydroxide? 3. Explain the role of sulfuric acid. 4. Write down the different reactions taking place during the experiment. 5. How does dissolved oxygen varies with concentration of salt under pressure of one

atmosphere? 6. How does the presence of bubble inside the bottle affect the DO results?

Determination of heat of neutralization

1. Define heat of neutralization and give some examples. 2. What is enthalpy of neutralization of aqueous KOH and HCl is 13.7K calories why? 3. Explain the determination of water equivalent of the calorimeter. 4. Explain the heat of neutralization reaction.

Determination of percentage composition of binary mixtures 1. Define viscosity. 2. Explain the co-efficient of viscosity. 3. Define fluidity. 4. What is the SI unit of viscosity? 5. What is piosueeles formula? 6. What is meant by kinematic viscosity? 7. What is meant by co-efficient viscosity? 8. How does viscosity vary with temperature? 9. What are the other factors does the viscosity depends upon? 10. Why equal volume of water and liquid is taken in the viscometer? 11. Define density. What is the principle involved in viscosity? 12. What is meant by binary mix? 13. What type of viscosity is measured in this experiment? 14. What are the other methods used in finding absolute viscosity? 15. Why viscometer should be dried before taking the liquid or the water?

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