2013 A &WMA Regional Specialty Conference on

Sustainable Resources and Air Quality Management

October 23, 2013 October 26, 2013

Shangrila Boutique Hotel

Contents

Particulate Emissions to the Atmosphere from Point and Fugitive Emissions with Optical Remote Sensing Techniques1

Coexistence between effective photocatalytic hydrogen production and energy saving based on sulfur cycle system using H2S2

The Important Role of Aerosol in Climate Change, Environment and Human Health4

Sampling and Detection of Fine Particles and Precursor Gases5

AerosolGenerationandDepositionintheHumanLung6

Biomass burning aerosol and related pollutants over northern Southeast Asia: What we have learned from the Seven South East Asian Studies (7-SEAS)7

From Solid Waste Control to Sustainable Material Management10

PM2.511

13

14

- 15

17

Influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterizations on aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing over East Asia18

19

Measurement Methods and Compliance Monitoring of PM/PM2.5 Emissions: Experience Sharing from the US and Asia Pacific Region20

The Transfer Function of spherical Nanoparticle In The Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer21

Sampling and conditioning artifacts of PM2.5 in filter-based samplers22

A Combustion Chamber at IEECAS for measurement of Biomass open Burning Emission: Design, Characterization and Laboratory Tests23

24

WRF/CMAQ25

26

PM2.527

Climatology of dust optical properties and dust direct radiative forcing in North China Plain29

-30

31

Comparisonof personal exposure to fine particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from an urban office environmentand high ambient concentrations in Xian, China32

Aerosol composition, formation and its effect on visibility variation under stable atmospheric condition, in Xian, China34

Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Levoglucosan in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter in Xian, China35

Extended Producer Responsibility for Waste Fluorescent Lamp Recycling in China and the Case Study of Subsidy Standard from Fund36

Secondary organic aerosols and their precursors in the Pearl River Delta region37

Individual particle characteristics and formation mechanisms of haze in the Pearl River Delta region: cases study39

Concentrations and sources of secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 in Shanghai40

Characteristics of water-soluble organic nitrogen and free amino acids in fine particulate matter of Xian, China42

Mixing state of black carbon aerosol in a heavily polluted urban area of China44

The study of the Effects of Aeolian Dust of Jhuoshuei River on the Air Quality46

Air-soil exchange of parent, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four climate zones, China48

Characteristics of water-soluble humic-like substances at an urban site of Xian in Northwest China and source apportionment using positive matrix factorization50

Biomass Burning and Bioaerosol Source Contributions to Organic Aerosol in Taiwan and South China51

Modeling and Measurement of ENP Dynamics in a Ventilated Two-Zone Chamber52

Applying OP- and Extractive-FTIR on Odor Nuisance Investigation54

Visualization of Volatile Organic Plumes from a Large Industrial Ground Flare by Fourier Transform Infrared Image Spectrometer56

Vertical Radial Plume Mapping Methodology for Emission Measurement of Industrial Hazardous Air Pollutants58

Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Landfills59

Atmospheric PM2.5pollution and haze formation in China60

Application of Catalytic Filtration for PCDD/F Removal in an IWI61

63

64

65

An Experimental study on Performance Improvement of the Stairmand Cyclone66

Experimental study of positive pressure type virtual cyclonesas pre-air cleaners for CBRN incidents69

Deciphering mediating characteristics of electron shuttles for reductive decolorization via microbial fuel cells71

A Case Study of Regional Livestock Waste Recycling and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Eastern Taiwan72

Preparation of activated carbon from oil sand coke for removal of gaseous Hg73

75

Observed aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponentinurban area of Nanjing, China76

Is frequent haze in central-eastern China related to Tibetan Plateau77

79

Master Planning for Singapores Jurong Lake District, A Case Study in Sustainable Resource Management80

Gasficationof Solid Waste Residuals as Part of a Zero Waste Strategy82

Product Positioning and Business Risk in Green Supply Chain84

2013 A&WMA Regional Specialty Conference on

Sustainable Resources and Air Quality Management, 23-26 October

I

Particulate Emissions to the Atmosphere from Point and Fugitive Emissions with Optical Remote Sensing Techniques

Mark J. Rood1, Wangki Yuan1, Ke Du2, Sotiria Koloutsou-Vakakis1, Byung J. Kim1,3, Michael R. Kemme3, H.K. Son4

1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA

2Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China

3Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL, USA

4Kosin University, Busan, Korea

Principal Contact: Mark J. Rood, Professor of Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA, 61801, 217-333-6963, 217-333-9464, mrood@illinois.edu

Abstract

Atmospheric particulate matter adversely affects human health, contributes to visibility degradation, and impacts the radiative balance of the Earths atmosphere. Emissions of particulate matter is generated by a wide range of sources including point sources such as stationary exhaust stacks and fugitive sources such as vehicles traveling on roads, and open-detonation and open-burning of energetic materials. Real-time and in-situ optical remote sensing techniques, such as digital still cameras and micro-pulse LIDAR, have been developed and implemented to characterize particulate emissions from these sources due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of theseplumes that are challenging to characterize with point measurements. This presentation describesthe development of these techniques, implementation of these techniques in the field, and validation/verification of these techniques to quantify the opacity of plumes generated by stationary-point sources with digital-still cameras and mass-emission factors for mobile sources and for open-burning and open-detonation of energetic material sources.

Coexistence between effective photocatalytic hydrogen production and energy saving based on sulfur cycle system using H2S

Hideyuki Takahashi

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan

Merits for using H2S as the reactant for photocatalytic reactions

There are many attempts for utilizing the H2S gas as hydrogen source because of its low decomposition energy as compared with that of H2O (H2S:0.298eV, H2O:1.3eV). This decomposition process smoothly progress under the electro- and also photo- chemical reaction. In this meaning, it can be said that H2S has the great potential for the source of hydrogen. Moreover, decomposition of H2S by using solar energy and photocatalysts may gives us the candidate for the resolution of environmental problems, since quite large amounts of energy was consumed for the decomposition of H2S which evolved large amounts from the distillation of fossil fuel.

Among the various semiconductor materials, only the sulfide type photocatalysts can act stably in the H2S solution, while metallic and/or oxide type photocatalysts is sulfurized. To increasing the photocatalytic efficiency, we tried to synthesize the sulfide type (CdS, ZnS, Ag2S, etc) photocatalysts with the specific morphology which had capsule form with the gradient metal concentration in its nano sized wall, called as stratified photocatalysts[1]. These materials showed the high photocatalytic activities for the decomposition of H2S. In this meaning, photocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) into hydrogen (H2) by using the stratified type photocatalyst is considered as efficient route for the conversion of natural energy (solar energy) into clean energy (H2).

However, there is one serious problem for using H2S. HS-ion was synthesized by dissolving the H2S as follows; H2S HS+ H+ Photodecomposition of HS-ion was obeyed to the following formula ; 2HS 2H++ S22+ 2e 2H++ 2e H2 From these formulas, it is apparent that polysulfide ion (S22-) is simultaneously produced as the by-products. These by-products decrease the efficiency of H2S decomposition process as the hydrogen source, since these decrease the light absorption efficiency of photocatalysts and also these obstacles the absorption of reactant because of sulfur poisoning. Thus, it considered that poly sulfide ion should be removed from the solution. The easiest method for collecting the S22-from solution was reaction with metal ions, such as Fe2+, however it caused dissipation of useful metal substance. Chemical conversion into sulfuric acid by the oxidation was also reported, nevertheless this method was not adequate to keep solution state, since basic material, such as NaOH, was neutralized by the sulfuric acid synthesized in the oxidation process of polysulfide ion. The third idea was adsorption on the surface of solid absorbent. However, it was not chemically adsorbed on the solid absorbent surface since its surface potential was negative in basic condition, such as pH13. Sulfur cycle system; for the effective hydrogen generation. Therefore, for the effective hydrogen generation from H2S, it should be compatible that the increscent of the photocatalytic (or electrochemical) activities and the development of effective utilization method of by-products (poly sulfide ion). In our presentation, system integration to construct the sulfur cycle system for the new energy generation, which including the following research objective, will introduce. 1) Development of the photocatalysts with high activities for the effective hydrogengeneration from H2S solution 2]. 2) Development of the concentration method of S22ion dissolved in the water without using the metal ions, neutralization and adsorption.It is focused on the development of elemental sulfur resource circulation method [3]. 3) Development of the conversion route of S22ion dissolved in solution into industrial variable materials, such as vulcanized rubber. 4) Development of the effective conversion route from elemental sulfur collected by 2) method into H2S gas by using the bio reaction [4]

The Important Role of Aerosol in Climate Change, Environment and Human Health

ZHANG Ren-Jian 1[footnoteRef:2]*, HO K.F.2, SHEN Zhen-Xin 3 [2: ]

1RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

2Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

3Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China

Abstract

Aerosol is an important component in atmosphere; its source, composition, distribution and effects are very complicated. Aerosol has been paid much attention by governments and scientists and has become a hot problem due to its important role in climate change and earth environment. In this paper, the importance of aerosol in climate change, atmospheric environment, and human health is summarized; the recent serious problems of aerosol pollution and shortage of current aerosol research in China are pointed out; the necessary to enhance aerosol research in China is also emphasized.

Sampling and Detection of Fine Particles and Precursor Gases

TSAI, Chuen-Jinn[footnoteRef:3]*; LIU, Chun-Nan; HUNG, Yi-Hung; LIN, Shih-Fan; [3: ]

Institute of Environmental Engineering, Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

Abstract

PM2.5 air quality standards have been promulgated in many countries around the world to protect human health and environments. PM2.5 FRM (federal reference method) manual samplers are often used to determine the compliance of the daily-average PM2.5 concentrations with the standards. Other semi-continuous monitors are available for the determination of hourly PM2.5 concentrations and chemical compositions. Manual devices are available for stationary source sampling for PM2.5 and its precursor gases however semi-continuous monitors are not readily available yet.

In this talk, the evaporation loss of the current PM2.5 FRM samplers will be addressed followed by the study of the accuracy of semi-continuous PM2.5 monitors and OC/EC analyzers for the ambient air. Evaluation results of inorganic gaseous and particulate compositions of semi-continuous monitors made in Taiwan for ambient (wet-denuder + PILS, particle-into-liquid system) and stack monitoring (PPWD, parallel-plate wet denuder) will then be discussed. Finally, the newly developed NCTU micro-orifice cascade impactor (NMCI) and a PM2.5 sampling cyclone used for direct source sampling will be presented together with the results obtained from several stacks. With the NMCI, much more detailed mass distribution data were obtained which showed the major fraction of PM2.5 consisted of submicron particles in mass basis. This indicates the control of submicron particle emission could be much more difficult and expensive than PM2.5 emission. Field monitoring results of PPWD for acid and basic gas emission from stacks showed significant concentration variation with time, which justified the need to use semi-continuous monitors for stack emission measurement of PM2.5 precursor gases.

AerosolGenerationandDepositionintheHumanLung

Chih-Chieh Chen

Humanlungisnotonlyanaerosolcollectorbutalsoanaerosolgenerator.Themainobjectiveofthisworkwastoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenthegenerationrateofexhaledbreathaerosols(EBA)andthelungdepositionefficiency.Theexperimentalsystemconsistedofatestchamber,amouthpiece,apneumotachographflowmeter,andaparticlecounter.Bothtestssharedthesameexperimentalapparatusexcepttheaerosolgeneratingsystem.Forregionallungdepositionmeasurement,astableaerosoloutputwasessential,whileaerosol-freeairwassuppliedtothechamberwhenconductingtheEBAmeasurements,usingacondensationparticlecounter.Thevolunteerswereaskedtofollowsinusoidalbreathingpatternswhichweregeneratedbyusingapiston-cylinderbreathingsimulator.Thesubjectswereinstructedtoperformpercentageofforcedvitalcapacity(20,40,60%FVC)andfixedtidalvolume(500,750and100mL)withdifferentbreathingfrequency(10,12,14,15breath/min). TheresultsshowedthattheEBAcountsincreasedwithincreasingtidalvolume,butnearlynotaffectedbythebreathingfrequency.Aerosoldepositionefficiencyintherespiratorytractwasstronglydependentonparticlesize,breathingpattern,aerosolchargedistributionandlungmorphometricparameters.Theregionaldepositiondatashowedthatlocaldepositionefficiencyincreasedwithpenetrationvolume.ThecorrelationanalysisshowedthattotallungdepositionefficiencyincreasedwithincreasingEBAcounts,asomewhatconfusingphenomenon,indicatingthatasubjectwhocollectsaerosolsmoreefficiently,generatesmoreaerosolparticlesthroughtidalbreathing.

Biomass burning aerosol and related pollutants over northern Southeast Asia: What we have learned from the Seven South East Asian Studies (7-SEAS)

Neng-Huei (George) Lin1, Si-Chee Tsay2, Brent N. Holben2, Christina Hsu2, Nguyen Xuan Anh3, Jeffrey S. Reid4, Guey-Rong Sheu1, Kai-Hsien Chi5, Sheng-Hsiang Wang2, Chung-Te Lee6, Lin-Chi Wang7, Jia-Lin Wang8, Wei-Nai Chen9, Ellsworth J. Welton2, Shu-Ting LiangChu10, Khajornsak Sopajaree11, Hal Maring12, Serm Janjai13, Somporn Chantara14

1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan

2 Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

3 Institute of geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

4 Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, USA

5 Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

6 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan

7 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

8 Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan

9 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

10 Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, Taipei, Taiwan

11 Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

12 NASA Headquarters, Washington DC, USA

13 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

14 Chemistry Department and Environmental Science Program, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Abstract

The Seven South East Asian Studies (7-SEAS) is a grass-root program and seeks to perform interdisciplinary research in the field of aerosol-meteorology and climate interaction in the Southeast Asian region, particularly for the impact of biomass burning on cloud, atmospheric radiation, hydrological cycle, and regional climate. Participating countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, and USA (NASA and NRL). Field experiments have been conducted in boreal springtime SE Asian region: Dongsha Experiment in 2010, Son La Campaigns in 2011 and 2012, and BASELInE (Biomass burning Aerosols & Stratocumulus Environment: Lifecycles and Interactions Experiment) in 2013, respectively. The main goals of Dongsha Experiment are (1) to develop the Dongsha Island (about 2 km2, 2042'52" N, 11643'51" E) in the South China Sea as an atmospheric observing platform of atmospheric chemistry, radiation and meteorological parameters, and (2) to characterize the chemical and physical properties of biomass burning aerosols in the northern SE Asian region. A monitoring network for ground-based measurements includes the Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS, 2,862 m MSL) in central Taiwan, Hen-Chun (coastal) in the very southern tip of Taiwan, Dongsha Island in South China Sea, Da Nang (near coastal region) in central Vietnam, and Chiang Mai (about 1,400 m MSL) in northern Thailand. This experiment provides a relatively complete dataset of aerosol chemistry and physical observations conducted in the source/sink region for below marine boundary layer and lower free troposphere of biomass burning/air pollutants in the northern SE Asia. The Son La Campaigns were conducted in Son La meteorological station (21.33 N, 103.9 E; 675m MSL) in northern Vietnam for characterizing the chemical and physical properties of biomass burning aerosols in northern Vietnam. For BASELInE, in conjunction with satellite overpasses, the strategic deployments of ground-based supersites (e.g., four supersites in northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and Taiwan, and NASA SMARTLabs mobile laboratories) combined with distributed networks (e.g., NASA AERONET/MPLNET) and regional contributing measurements near/downwind of aerosol source regions and along transport pathways, offer a synergistic approach for further exploring many key atmospheric processes (e.g., complex aerosol-cloud interactions) and impacts of biomass burning on the surface-atmosphere energy budgets during lifecycles from source to receptor areas. Our recent 7-SEAS deployments and major scientific findings of regional biomass-burning studies advance the current fundamental understanding with regards to dynamical, chemical, optical, microphysical, and radiative characteristics of aerosol and clouds over northern SEA. This presentation will give an overview of 2010-2013 7-SEAS field studies and their results, particularly for the characterization of biomass burning aerosol at source regions in northern Thailand and northern Vietnam, and receptor station in Taiwan, which is rarely studied.

From Solid Waste Control to Sustainable Material Management

Harvey Houng, Ph.D., PE, CIH

Advisor

Environmental Protection Administration

Abstract

Ever since the establishment of Solid Waste Disposal Act in 1974, Taiwan has been developing waste management for nearly four decades. Over the years, the substantial increase in the amount of solid waste and the indiscriminate disposal of waste had caused serious environmental pollution problems. In 1984 the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Disposal Plan set landfill as the initial goal and incineration as the long-term policy. The MSW Disposal Plan was promulgated in 1991, empowering the Government to construct 21 incineration plants to relieve from the burdens of MSW pollution. To promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling 3R principles, the Taiwan government established the Recycling Fund Management Board and launched a series of practices including: pay-by-bag collection fee system, mandatory MSW sorting, keep trash off the ground, plastic bag limitation, package reduction, one-time-use product reduction and hazardous substance prevention.

To improve the management of waste generation and prevent the illegal dumping of waste, Taiwans Industrial Waste Control Report System (IWCRS) was established in 1997. More than 80% waste generated in Taiwan is reported using this system. More than 7,000 vehicles are equipped with a global positioning system (GPS) for waste tracking. It serves as a single portal for industrial waste management and facilitates informed decision making for resource exchange and material flow among various industries to achieve resource and environmental sustainability.

Reduce Waste Generation and Increase Waste Reuse were adopted in the past, but the direction has shifted towards sustainable substance/resource management with the goal of reducing environmental impact and preserving natural resource. Along with the idea of sustainable material management, the Taiwan government is establishing a new entity known as the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, expanding the scope of the EPA to encompass resources such as forests, agriculture, mining, hydraulics, etc.

PM2.5

*

510006

* lai.senchao@gmail.com

2012-2013300 L/min5 L/minPM2.5TOTPM2.5OCEC20126-8201212-20132PM2.540.320.2 g/m334.019.8 g/m3200620092012PM2.5[1]

Cl-NO3-SO42-Na+K+NH4+PM2.5PM2.556.88%42.88%OCECPM2.529.33%29.40%SO42-NO3- NH4+PM2.5[2-4]OCECR2=0.66R2=0.85OC/ECPM2.5SOC[5]SOC5.14 g/m34.72 g/m358.98%OC49.14%

PM2.5PM2.5SO42-NO3-SO42-SO42-98%SO42-[6]

PM2.5

Fingerprint Characteristics and Source Apportionment of PM10 at Matsu-Mawei Areasduring High ConcentrationPeriods

111*22

1(ycsngi@mail.nsysu.edu.tw)

2(ctchang@niu.edu.tw)

PM10(NK)(BG)(DY)(HQ)(BS)(MH)PM10PM10(PCA)(CMB receptor model)PM10(SIA)76%(enrichment factorEF)AlCrAsNiCdTiEF10

9.8%11.5%21.1%()15%

PM10

*

710075

2009PM109isoprenepinenecaryophyllene-/--8153 29149853 ng m-3OC2.71.0% 0.80.2% 2.11.0%BSOA//ASOAR=0.57-0.90BVOCsBSOAASOAAIMin-situ acidityBSOA-/-3-3-hydroxyglutaric acid3--1,2,3-3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid---caryophyllinic acid-/-cis-pinonic acid

: ; ; ;

-

charcharcoal-soot

-

100029,

--20102010319-22PM10800g m-3

-90 W/m2+40 W/m2-9-24 W/m2-6-21 W/m20+6 W/m2-3.9 W/m2-5.6 W/m2-9.3 W/m2+0.9 W/m2-3.0 W/m2-2.0 W/m242%

(~ -1.0C) (~ -0.3/) -0.6 ~ -1.5C~ - 0.6/

Influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterizations on aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing over East Asia

Abstract

The influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterization on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and direct radiative forcing over East Asia in summer (June, July, August) 2006 has been investigated by using an online coupled regional climate-chemistry/aerosol model (RIEMS-Chemaero). The model is run with an original scheme for aerosol hygroscopic growth in CCM3 radiation model and with a scheme developed based on observations in China, respectively. Model performances are validated with ground observations and satellite retrievals. Comparison with aerosol concentrations shows that the model is able to generally reproduce the magnitudes, distributions, and variations of aerosols over East Asia. Model validation demonstrates that aerosol hygroscopic growth affects AOD significantly, and the aerosol hygroscopic growth scheme developed based on observations in China predicts AOD apparently better than that with original scheme in terms of both magnitude and spatial pattern. In this study, the domain and seasonal mean AOD, aerosol direct radiative forcing at TOA and at the surface over East Asia are estimated to be 0.31, -9 W/m2, and -29 W/m2 by the newly developed scheme, respectively, smaller and weaker by 41%, 49%, and 14% than those estimated by the original scheme, suggesting the importance of developing aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterization with geographical characteristics in prediction of regional aerosol optical properties and radiative effects over East Asia.

1,*213344

1

2

3

4

(PAHs) 19

20537g/Nm3603,075g/Nm393.6% 96.2%2373.184.6 %236BaP/BghiPBaP/CHRAnt/(Ant+PA)FL/(FL+Pyr)IND/(IND+BghiP) BeP(BeP+CHR) 20cm40cm60cm3,7523,4161,321 g/g-oil

PAHs

Measurement Methods and Compliance Monitoring of PM/PM2.5 Emissions: Experience Sharing from the US and Asia Pacific Region

Betty Ng1, Winnie Ko1, Larry Hottenstein2, Bob Farmer3, Simeon Cheng4, CM Choi4

1ERM Hong Kong Ltd, 16/F DCH Commercial Centre, 25Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong,

2ERM 2875 Michelle Drive, Suite 200, Irvine, California 92606, USA;

3ERM 7272 E Indian School Road, Suite 100, Scottsdale, Arizona 85251, USA;

4CLP Holdings Limited, 8 Laguna Verde Avenue, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Principal Contact: Winnie Ko, ERM - Hong Kong Ltd, 16/F DCH CommercialCentre, 25Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong, Phone: +852 22713147, Fax, +852 27235600, E-mail: Winnie.ko@erm.com

Abstract

This paper examines particulate matter (PM) and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) emission measurement methodologies including massbalance, Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) and the use of emission factors. Areas of applicability, advantages and limitations of these methods are evaluated. We also examine the recent development and implementation of the regulation of PM and PM2.5emissions from power stations in the US and Asia Pacific Region. This includes licensing and control technology requirements for PM2.5emissions. The current application of PM CEMS in power stations in the US and Asian Pacific Regions is compared. The results of a literature review will be presented of the PM/PM2.5 emission measurement, monitoring technologies, and regulations in the US. These findings are evaluated as they apply to CLPs (China Light & Power) wealth of practical experience as a power company that operates in the Asia Pacific Region. The methodology to monitor and quantify PM/PM2.5 emissions varies across facilities and is highly dependent on the local regulatory and reporting requirements. CLPs experience of selecting monitoring equipment is also reported. We summarise and compare the reporting and compliance monitoring requirements of PM/PM2.5 emissions from power stations in the US and Asia Pacific region. CLPs practice on quality assurance/control for data is also reported. Finally, we present CLPs views on future PM monitoring (PM CEMS) and reporting (PM2.5) in the Asia Pacific region.

The Transfer Function of spherical Nanoparticle In The Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer

Guan-Yu Lin1, Bo-Xi Liao1, Neng-Chium Zeng1, Chun-Wan Chen2 and Chuen-Jinn Tsai1*

1Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hshinchu, Taiwan

2Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan, Taiwan

Abstract

Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (APM) classifies particles based on their ratio of mass to charge with centrifugal force and electrostatic force (Ehara et al., 1995, Ehara et al., 1996). Transfer function describes the relationship of number concentration of particles at the APM inlet and that at the APM outlet. Several models have been presented to calculate the transfer function (Ehara et al., 1995, Ehara et al., 1996, Hagwood et al., 1995, Olfert and Collings 2005). For submicron particles, some models agreed with experimental data (Ehara et al., 1996, Tajima et al., 2011). For nanopartiles, however, no models agreed well with experimental ones even the fact that their models had considered the diffusivity of particle already. The calculated results usually higher that experimental ones, and previous studies concluded that it was due to diffusion loss or transport loss of particles (Lall et al., 2009, Tajima et al., 2011). To improve the overestimation met in previous studies, a 2-D numerical model is developed based on convection diffusion equation with the larger calculation domain and the detailed flow field. The numerical transfer function of the model is compared to the model similar to previous studies. Both of the models are verified with experimental data presented in Tajima et al., 2011. The good agreement between our present model and experimental data shows that the study indeed significantly improves the accuracy of the transfer function of nanoparticle.

KeywordsAerosol Particle Mass Analyzer, APM, Transfer Function, Diffusion loss, Calculation Domain, Flow Field, Model

Sampling and conditioning artifacts of PM2.5 in filter-based samplers

Chun-Nan Liua, Sih-Fan Lina, AmitAwasthia,Chuen-Jinn Tsaia, *,

Yue-ChuenWub, Chung-Fang Chenb

aInstitute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

bEnvironmental Analysis Laboratory, Environmental Protection Administration,Jongli 320,

Abstract

Field studies were conducted at Taiwan Nation Chiao-Tung University (NCTU) campus to evaluate the evaporation loss of fine particles (PM2.5) collected by the multi-filter PM10-PM2.5 sampler (MFPPS), which was collocated with a dichotomous sampler (Dichot, Andersen, Model SA-241), a WINS PM2.5 sampler (Thermo, Model 2000-FRM), and a tapered element oscillating microbalance with the filter dynamic measurement system (TEOM-FDMS, Thermo, Model 1405-DF). Porous metal denuders (PMDs) were installed in sampling channels of the MFPPS to measure the concentration of evaporated ion species during sampling. Results show that the evaporation loss in PM2.5 is severe during sampling, accounting for 5.8 to 36.0 % of the PMD-corrected PM2.5 concentration and the percentage increases with decreasing loaded particle mass and increasing filtration velocity. During 24-h sampling, the evaporated NH4+, NO3- and Cl- concentration accounts for 9.5 6.2, 5.4 3.7, and 2.0 1.3 % in PM2.5, respectively, or 46.4 19.2, 66.9 18.5, and 74.4 14.0 %, in the concentration of each species, respectively. PM2.5concentration is decreased by 3.5 1.8 % after 24-h conditioning, and is further decreased by 5.1 1.7, 6.2 2.5, 7.4 3.3 and 8.5 3.2 % after 48, 72, 96, and 120-h conditioning, respectively. Due to the evaporation loss, PM2.5 concentrations measured by the WINS, Dichot, and MFPPS are lower than those the TEOM-FDMS by 16.6 8.8, 15.2 10.6 and 12.5 8.8 %, respectively. When the MFPPS PM2.5 concentrations are corrected for the evaporated loss determined by the PMD, good agreement with those by the TEOM-FDMS is achieved.

A Combustion Chamber at IEECAS for measurement of Biomass open Burning Emission: Design, Characterization and Laboratory Tests

Jie Tian1Yongming Han1*Haiyan Ni2L.-W.A. Chen3, 1Junji Cao1

1 Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an 710075, China

2 Xian Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049, China

3 Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA

Abstract

Biomass open burning is a significant global source of traces gases and particulate pollutant in the atmosphere and has strong impacts on global atmospheric chemistry and global climate change. To determine the emission characteristics of biomass open burning, a combustion chamberwas designed by Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS)in cooperation with Desert Research Institute (DRI). This paper focused on description ofdesign consideration, structure and working principle of the chamber which could simulate the combustion conditions of biomass open burning. A series of laboratory tests were conducted and the results were discussed to prove the chamber was well-designed. The combustion chamber at IEECAS is a facility with wide range of applications in the study of emission factors, emission inventory, and source apportionment.

Keywords: combustion chamber; Biomass open burning; Emission factor.

(TAQM)20075O3O3(0.580.78NMB -23%28%)PM10SO2NOX39O3O3

WRF/CMAQ

Joshua FuDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

2010WRF/CMAQ(Weather Research Forcasting/Community Multiscale Air Quality)20103-4NASA2006 INTEX-B(Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B)MEGAN(Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)FLAMBE(Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions)AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)10-1797-110

:WRF/CMAQ

11212

1 550002

2 210004

9

E-mail: zxb-816@126.com

4 50 1961-20101910 MODIS AODAOD 1AOD AOD0.36090 60AOD AOD0.39099% AODAOD

PM2.5

100101

Emaillizq@irsa.ac.cn

1

30PM2.5PM2.5

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-PM2.5MieAOD2.5-

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PM2.5(1)

PM_(2.5)=AOD_(2.5)k(_(2.5) )g^(-1) (MLH)f^(-1) (RH)_e1

AOD2.52.5m2.5AOD2.5AODk(2.5)AOD2.5-PM2.5MLHg(MLH)RHf(RH)ek(2.5)2.52.5k(2.5)AOD2.5-PM2.5-PM2.5

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4PM2.5AOD2.5-PM2.5

PM2.5

Climatology of dust optical properties and dust direct radiative forcing in North China Plain

Xiangao Xia

LAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029

North China Plain is frequently impacted by long-range transportation of dust aerosols from northwest China and south Mongolia in spring. Using ground-based and satellite remote sensing data including Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Clouds and Earths Radiant Energy System (CERES) over the past decade, the objective of this study is to reveal climatology of dust optical properties in North China Plain and to study dust direct radiative forcing efficiency. The results are compared to those from other studies and showed a quite different story.

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*E-mail:PL018@ fy.eud.tw

PM1025%PM10110.8 (/)1.74(/)2,970(/)PM1070.8 (/)1110(/)190(/)

201235PM2.5 (TOR) (OC) (EC) 8PM2.5 (TOC)OCEC9.154.01 ug/m37.183.20 ug/m31.970.86 ug/m3OCEC0.94 (P gasoline vehicles (22%) >diesel vehicles emissions (0.03%) in outdoor. From this result, we can infer that the toxicities of different sources were not only dependent on the source strength, but also rely on each PAH toxicity equivalency factors, and suggest that the coal combustion and biomass burning emissions PAHs in PM2.5harm the human health more seriously.

Keywords: PM2.5; PAH; personal exposure; source; toxicity ; office

Aerosol composition, formation and its effect on visibility variation under stable atmospheric condition, in Xian, China

Yi-chen Wang1, Jun-ji Cao1,2, Ning-ning Zhang1, Yang Chen1, Qi-yuan Wang2

1 Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an, 710075, P. R. China, Xian China, 710075

2Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, XianJiaotongUniversity, Xian 710049, China

Abstract

With an Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, we mainly focused on the variation of NR_PM1 species, its inorganic species formation and its effect on visibility impairment under astable atmospheric condition (lowwind speedperiod, from 1 September to 6 September, from 26 September to 1 October respectively). The NR_PM1 took up ~60% of PM2.5. Organic contributes the most (58% on average) to the NR_PM1 mass loading, other species make ~40% contributions. Through Principle component analysis, we foundNH4+, SO42- and NO3- played a stably significant role on visibility impairment within different period of the day. With the IMPROVE equation, Light scattering from NR_PM1 was ~ 80% of that from PM2.5, illustrating the dominance of NR_PM1 in the light scattering process. Organics contributed the most to light scattering during this period whereas (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 played more important role on the visibility variation than Org did. Overall, it is the combination of organics, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, not a single species that are responsible for the variation of visibility variation. Sulfate formation was dominated with gas phase reactions during daytime and droplet phase reactions at night. Nitrate particles, however, were not formed immediately after gas phase reactions in the afternoon. Two types of OA (HOA and OOA) were found in this study. The oxygenation level of organics was relatively high and photochemical reaction proceeded rapidly in the afternoon. BBOA(biomass burning organic aerosol) cannot be resolved though tracers of BBOA(m/z 60 and 73) have a prominent signal, illustrating the similar variation of time series between these two factors, which maybe resulted from the traditional energy consumption pattern in villages.

Key words: ACSM, NR_PM1, stable atmospheric condition, formationvisibilityHOA, OOA

Characterization and Seasonal Variations of Levoglucosan in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter in Xian, China

Ting Zhang1, Junji Cao1,2, Suixin Liu1, Kinfai Ho1,3, Steven Sai Hang Ho1,4, Yongming Han1 and Gehui Wang1

1 SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian, China

2 Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China

3School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

4Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA

Abstract

Samples of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected every 6 day in Xi'an from July 2008 to July 2009 are analyzed for the molecular tracer levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro--D-glucopyranose) to track biomass-combustion generated aerosol. Twenty-four hour levoglucosan concentrations ranged from 38.23 to 1888.58 ng m3, averaging 387.98 ng m3 and displayed clear summer minima and winter maxima. Besides agricultural burning, biomass combustion from household heating is another type of biomass burning which may be regionally important during residential heating season in the midwest of China. The relatively high correlation coefficients were found between levoglucosan relative to water-soluble K+ (R = 0.75), water-soluble Cl- (R = 0.80), OC (R = 0.92), EC (R = 0.70) and glyoxal (R = 0.81), which may indicate that biomass burning is a significant source of the component as mentioned above (K+, Cl-, OC, EC and glyoxal) in PM2.5 at Xian and surrounding areas. The highest levoglucosan/OC ratio was found in winter compare with other seasons, it means the major fuel component for house heating was more possibly branches and straw in that period of the year. The contributions of biomass burning emissions were estimated to account for 7.6-30.2% (on average of 17.1%) to OC and 1.3-17.5% (on average of 5.4%) to PM2.5 in Xian, respectively.

Keywordslevoglucosan, PM2.5, biomass burning

Extended Producer Responsibility for Waste Fluorescent Lamp Recycling in China and the Case Study of Subsidy Standard from Fund

Lihong Peng, Yejun Wang

College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China

Abstract

Most power products like fluorescent lamps contain a large amount of harmful materials which can threaten human health and pollute the habitats, and have different degrees of effects on the environment at the whole stage of their life cycle. Exhaust fluorescent lamps belonging to the national hazardous waste list contain mercury, a physiological toxin, which will bring serious influence to human body and ecology once its released into the environment. The annual demand and scrap of fluorescent lamps were both very high in China, as a consequence, the release of significant amounts of mercury did great harm to the environment. On account of pollution problems caused by the fluorescent lamp industry, its very urgent and necessary to recycle and dispose the waste fluorescent lamps in China. This paper aims at applying the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to fluorescent lamp recycling specific to the absence of responsibility subject of recycling, disposal and recycling of end-of-life products. This paper makes a suggestion for setting up a corresponding funds to support the implementation of the system, do the comparison and research of the recycling pattern and recycling network system of the spent fluorescent lamp. Also a case study has been conducted to predict the subsidy standard values to dispose per lamp obtained from funds.

Keywords:

Fluorescent Lamp, Mercury Emissions, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Recycling, Waste Management, Fund

Secondary organic aerosols and their precursors in the Pearl River Delta region

Xinming Wang, Xiang Ding, Yanli Zhang, Quanfu He, Zhou Zhang, Tengyu Liu, SujunLv

State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China

Abstract

Fine particles (PM2.5) were collected using filter-based high-volume samplers in the central Pearl River Delta (PRD), south China,to determine typical secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers from significant biogenic(isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) and anthropogenic (aromatics) precursors.The secondary organic carbon (SOC) estimated by the SOA-tracer method contributed 38.4% and8.7% to OC, respectively, in summer and fall-winter, During summer, aromatics-SOC and isoprene-SOC reached accounted for 76% and 18% of theestimated SOC, respectively, while during fall-winter, aromatics-SOC was dominant with a share of 79% in total estimated SOC. These results indicatedthat anthropogenic aromatics were dominant SOC precursors in the highly industrializedand urbanized PRD region. During summer, SOC levels estimated by elemental carbon(EC) tracer method were not only consistent with but also correlated well with those bySOA-tracer method. During fall-winter, however, SOC by SOA-tracer method was onlyabout one third of that by EC-tracer method. Their gaps were significantly correlated withthe biomass burning tracer levoglucosan, indicating that input from biomass burningemission with very high ratios of OC/EC during fall-winter would result in an overestimateof SOC by EC-tracer method. Simulation study with our GIG Smog Chamber onSOA from gasoline vehicle exhaust also confirmed that aromatic hydrocarbons alone could well explain the SOA yields of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the tailpipe.Source apportionment by positive matrix factorization(PMF) with ambient VOCs measured at representative urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta regionrevealed that solvent use, vehicle exhaust and biomass burning altogether accounted for 8994%of observed aromatic hydrocarbons. Vehicle exhaust was the major source for benzene with a share of 4370% and biomassburning in particular contributed about 30% to benzene in the upwind rural site; toluene, C8-aromatics andC9-aromatics, however, were mainly from solvent use, with contribution percentages of 4759%, 5259%and 4164%, respectively.

Individual particle characteristics and formation mechanisms of haze in the Pearl River Delta region: cases study

Xinhui Bi1,*, Junjie He1, 2, Guohua Zhang1, Duohong Chen 1,3, Zhen Zhou 2, Guoying Sheng 2, and Jiamo Fu 2

1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China

2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China

3. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, PR China

INTRODUCTION

Pearl River Delta (PRD) region has been subjected to substantial air pollution under a rapid industrialization. Haze occurred frequently (approximately 150 days year1) for the years between 1980 and 2006 in the PRD region1, and the extensive investigations on the chemical composition of the haze particles have been carried out 2, 3. However, previous studies were generally based on the traditional off-line filter sampling method. This method requires long time to collect a sample and thus cannot reflect the rapid variation of aerosol properties in the ambient atmosphere. In this study, we present a real-time measurement of ambient aerosols by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at the Guangdong Atmospheric Supersite of China, focusing on the variation of individual particles characteristics during two haze events and discussion on their formation mechanisms.

Concentrations and sources of secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 in Shanghai

Jialiang Feng, Man Li, Mian Zhong, Binhua Xu, Yan Du

Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health,Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China

Principal Contact: Jialiang Feng, Tel: 86-21-66137738, E-mail: fengjialiang@shu.edu.cn.

Abstract

Due to the adverse effects on human health, atmospheric visibility and climate change, PM2.5 in China is drawing more and more attention in recent years. With the fulfillment of various air pollution controlling measures and the fast increasing number of vehicles, petroleum combustion is becoming a more and more important contributor to air pollution in China besides coal combustion. Correspondingly, carbonaceous aerosols have been the important components of theurban PM2.5particles inChina, accounting for up to 40% of the PM2.5mass. Recent studies have shown that secondary organic aerosols (SOA) dominate even in urban areas, and the occurring of atmospheric haze in many Chinese cities was closely related with theformation of SOA. Seasonal PM2.5samples were collected at oneurban site and one suburban site simultaneously in a Chinese megacity, Shanghai, to study the concentrations and seasonal variation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Concentrations of water-solubleorganic carbon (WSOC) were determined together with organic and elemental carbons. Organictracers, including the tracer for biomass burning and tracers for SOA from isoprene, -pinene, -caryophyllene and toluene, were measured. Several estimation methods, including EC-based method, WSOC-based method, tracer-based methodand PMF modeling, were used to estimate the seasonal contributions of secondary organic carbon (SOC)in Shanghai, and the results from the different methods were compared and evaluated. Biomass burningwas the major contributor to the measured WSOC in the autumn sampling period especially at the suburban site, while SOA was themajor contributor in the other seasons.Due to the impact of episodic biomass burning, EC-based method might over-estimate the contribution of SOA in autumn in Shanghai. The summer concentration of isoprene SOA tracers was significantly (more than five times) higherthan the other sampling periods, while the tracers for-caryophyllene and toluene had moderate seasonal variations, showingthe different seasonal emissions of the precursors. It was also found that SOC estimated with the tracer-based methodaccounted for only a small part of the SOC from the WSOC-based method and the EC-based method in Shanghai, especially for thewinter and spring sampling periods. PMF results showed that a large part of the SOC was associated withsulfate and nitrate but not with the SOA tracers.

Keywords : PM2.5; OC/EC; WSOC; organic tracer; SOA; Shanghai

Characteristics of water-soluble organic nitrogen and free amino acids in fine particulate matter of Xian, China

K. F. Ho1,2*, Steven Sai Hang Ho2,3, S. X. Liu2, Jun-Ji Cao2,4, T. Zhang2

1 School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

2 Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian, 710075, China

3 Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA

4 Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

Abstract

There is growing evidence that organic nitrogen compounds may constitute a significant fraction of the nitrogen (N) budget in particulate matter. However, very little is known about the abundance and origin of this fraction in China, especially in inland areas. In this study, the concentration of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), major inorganic ions and free amino acids in PM2.5 were measured in urban area of Xian, China, during the period of July 2008 and July 2009.Sixty-four samples were collected and the average concentration of WSON ranged from 29.03 to 1248nmol N m3 (average concentration = 300.3263.1 nmol N m3).The average WSON measured is higher than those reported in previous urban and rural studies. The concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) were determined in PM2.5 via derivatization followed by high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection (HPLC/FL). Total 24 free amino acids were determined in the samples. The average concentration of these free amino acids in PM2.5 samples of Xian was 21791367 pmol m3 accounting for 1.20.7% of the WSON in PM2.5. Methylamine is found to be the most important individual FAA contributing by 21%, to the total FAA levels, followed by glycine. WSON seem to be part of regional pollutants, since it was found significantly correlated with NO3- (r2 = 0.8, p100 g m-3 beingcommon occurrences. Inorganic, organic, and isotopic compositions of PM2.5 were investigated to understand its sources, transformation, and deposition. Both primary and secondary PM2.5 are important contributorsat all of the cities and during both winter and summer. Based on the continuous 10 years observation, this study presents the current state of the air pollution problems andidentifies the immediate challenges to understanding and controlling air pollution atXian megacity in northern China. In situ measurement of chemical composition of non-refectory submicron aerosol, during a heavyhaze-fog event in Xian is reported.During the event, the formation of secondary sulfate and organic aerosol was very active with very low photochemical activities, indicating that other chemical processes, such aqueous-phase reactions, may play important roles. The scattering coefficient of sunlight was significantly affected by secondary sulfate, in the form of (NH4)2SO4, with contribution of 50% in wet particulate phase. Because the sulfur emission is very large in north China, this study suggests that the aqueous phase reaction is a major cause for the heavy haze-fog event in north China.

Application of Catalytic Filtration for PCDD/F Removal in an IWI

Moo-Been Chang, Pao-Chen Hung

Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Principal Contact: Moo-Been Chang, Professor

Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University

No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli City, 320, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Phone: +886-3-4227151 ext. 34663Fax: +886-3-4221602

E-mail: mbchang@ncuen.ncu.edu.tw

Abstract

Catalytic filter has been successfully applied to remove PCDD/Fsfromgas streams of various thermal processes in Europe, USA, Japan and Singapore. Dual-layer design with membrane and catalytic felt enables effective removal of particulate matter and destruction of gaseous PCDD/Fs. In this study, the effectiveness of catalytic filter applied in an industrial waste incinerator (IWI) for PCDD/F removal isevaluated. Three sampling points are set at cooler inlet, catalytic filter (CF) inlet and stack, respectively. As the temperature of flue gas at CF inlet is decreased from 195oC to 160oC byincreasing water injection rate of cooler, PCDD/F formation is significantly reduced. Furthermore, PCDD/F concentration measured at CF inlet with 160oC is slightly decreased compared with that measured at cooler inlet.PCDD/F removal efficiencies achieved with CF operated at 160oC and 195oC are 99.5% and 99.3%, respectively. Moreover, the average TEQ concentration of PCDD/Fs in fly ash is0.319 ng-TEQ/g, lower than the limit promulgated by Taiwan EPA (1.0 ng-TEQ/g). However, PCDD/F concentration in flue gas of the IWI investigated in this study is unstable. The highest inlet concentration measured was28.3 ng-TEQ/Nm3 and PCDD/F emission was higher than the limit (0.1ng-TEQ/Nm3)even arelatively high PCDD/F removal efficiencywas achieved with CF (99.5%). Therefore, AC injection with AC concentration of 50 mg/Nm3is appliedfor further reducing PCDD/F emission. Overall PCDD/F removal efficiency achieved with ACI+CF is increased to 99.8%, and PCDD/F emission meets the standard. In the meantime, PCDD/F concentration in fly ash is slightly increased to 0.495 ng-TEQ/g which is still lower than the limit. Catalytic filter is demonstrated as an environment-friendly technology in light of its high destruction efficiency of gaseous PCDD/Fs.

Keywords: Catalytic filter, PCDD/Fs, Industrial waste incinerator, Activated carbon injection

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200093

Email: yqmiao@usst.edu.cn

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123*

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[1][2, 3]

P0287

(Carbon Free Trouble Free)201226420136655,96949.712154-

An Experimental study on Performance Improvement of the Stairmand Cyclone

Chia-Wei Hsu, Sheng-Hsiu Huang and Chih-Chieh Chen

Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

INTRODUCTION

The cyclone is widely used as air cleaning device. Many studies have been made on how to enhance its particle collection efficiency or reduce the impedance, but usually the alteration of only one conformation is discussed, and only the collection efficiency or the impedance is considered. Some studies have compared the 50 % cut-off size under the same impedance, or compared the impedance under the same 50 % cut-off size to obtain the optimal configuration. Yet steps like this take long time to complete, which makes it difficult to compare the cyclone efficiency comprehensively. The objectives are to identify the most influential operating parameters and to improve the cyclone performance from the perspective of cyclone quality factor.

EXPERIMENTAL

This work adopts the cyclone quality factor as the performance index, and the cyclone designed by Stairmand is adopted as the basic configuration in the present study. With the cyclone body diameter (D) fixed, we vary the cyclone length (H), inlet height (a) and width (b), cyclone length without the cone (hb), cone height (hc), cone bottom diameter (B), and vortex finder length (S). The results show that each of these conformations has a different impact on the cyclone performance.The experimental is a closed positive pressure system. A syringe pump transports potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate solution (PSTT, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to an ultrasonic atomizing nozzle (Model 8700-60MS and Model 8700-120MS, Sono-Tek Inc., Ponghkeepsie, NY, USA.). Via the sonication, the solution is split into tiny droplets, diluted and dried as challenge aerosol. The particles then pass through a radioactive source (10 mCi Am 241) to be neutralized to the Boltzmann charge equilibrium, then enter the test chamber. The aerosol number concentration and size distribution upstream and downstream of the cyclone are measured using an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS, Model 3321, TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN), to obtain the collection efficiency as a function of particle size. The performance testing of the cyclones is carried out using positive pressure mode. Air flows are monitored and controlled by using mass flow controllers (Hasting Instruments, VA), which are calibrated against an electronic bubble meter (Gilibrator, Gilian Instrument Crop., Wayne, NJ). Flow rates ranging from 15 to 60 L/min are applied to study the flow dependency. Each experimental measurement is repeated at least five times.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the study, cyclone quality factor is an appropriate indicator for the cyclone performance. For example, through this index, it can be implied that a cyclone with cone bottom is superior in performance than the one without it. The cone bottom has significant impact on cyclone performance, as the decreasing cross-sectional area of the cone enhances the particle collection efficiency. Higher proportion of hc in H will lead to higher cyclone quality factor. The performance of the Stairmand cyclone can be improved if the hc increases from 60 mm to 70 mm, and the cone bottom diameter (B) decreases from 9 mm to 4 mm. An exceedingly large or small inlet may both lower the cyclone quality factor. An exceedingly large inlet will reduce the inlet velocity, decreasing the collection efficiency and thereby lowering the cyclone quality factor. An exceedingly small inlet will raise the impedance and hence also lower the cyclone quality factor. After the optimal inlet area has been set, changing the inlet aspect ratio of the Stairmand cyclone from a : b=13 : 5 to 20 : 3.2 will considerably improve its performance. The vortex finder length (S) and vortex finder diameter (De) also affect the cyclone quality factor. An overly short S cannot guide the airflow while an overly long one will reduce the natural vortex length and lessen the collection efficiency. The size of De also influences the natural vortex length. Both factors considered, an optimal De of the Stairmand should be reduced to 8 mm from the originally proposed 13 mm. The cyclone quality factor is a function of air flow. When the flow rate is at 30 L/min, the cyclone quality factor could be 5 times higher than the original one; when the flow rate is at 15 L/min, the cyclone quality factor could be even 12 times higher. Despite this difference, the significant effect of the configuration modification on the cyclone performance is evident, and worth further study.

CONCLUSION

The cyclone structure is simple. Yet the alterations of configurations in the cyclone affect one another, which make it complicated to fully understand the impact of every configuration on the particle collection efficiency, pressure drop, and the combined cyclone quality factor. This could explain that while many studies have been made on the simulation formula, its application is still limited. This experiment intends to adopt cyclone quality factor as the main indicator, analyzing the correlation between the configurations, collection efficiency, and impedance. It is expected that this experiment could contribute to the future design of a higher quality cyclone, and provide practical information for the development of the empirical or semi-empirical simulation formula. The complicated interactions among parameters operated in this work call for further clarification in the future experiments and model developments.

Key words : cyclone, quality factor, Stairmand cyclone.

Experimental study of positive pressure type virtual cyclonesas pre-air cleaners for CBRN incidents

Chia-Wei Hsu, Sheng-Hsiu Huang and Chih-Chieh Chen

Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

INTRODUCTION

In the wake of the March 1995 sarin attack on the Tokyo subway, as well as other recent terrorist incidents, governments and publics alike are viewing with growing concern the potential threat posed by chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons. The risk for terrorist events has led to development of new approaches for sampling, testing and controlling ambient air both indoors and outdoors.

A standard military armored vehicle is composed of a blower, a cyclone, a pleated HEPA filter unit and a charcoal pack. Though a cyclone has long been used for air cleaning, the studies about its efficacy are rare. This work adopts the clean air delivery rate (CADR) which is commonly used in air clean device an index to understand the cyclone loading effect of different parameters like inflow rate, the bottom hole position, the cone shape and back pressure.

EXPERIMENTAL

In an airtight and positive pressure system, the challenging particles that are generated by ultrasonic aerosol generator are first going through Po-210 and then dried for cyclone penetration tests. By using an aerodynamic diameter sizer spectrometer (APS), we measure the particle concentration and the collection efficiency rate. The flow rate is controlled by mass flow controller and corrected by bubble meter. The Qminor is measured by a low-resistance measurement system to avoid the flow controller error.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results demonstrate that while increasing the air flow, the CADR would be well improved. As the bottom hole is bigger, the CADR of small particles will increase. However for bigger particle size, when the bottom hole becoming smaller, the CADR is enhanced. There is no obvious measurements while the bigger the hole distance from center is, the easier the particles are carried out, but if the distance is zero, the air flow will turn to draw air instead of discharged. Therefore, the best position of the bottom hole is the margin of the circle and the smaller bottom of cone will make a better CADR. In a result, we could improve the cyclone by increasing the collection efficiency. As the back pressure which is caused by pleated HEPA filter unit and charcoal pack is bigger, the cyclone CADR is lower. It could be further studied on how to overcome the back pressure in the future.

If we switch the high pressure inflow air with general centrifugal fan, the parameters will become more complex. For example, when the particles are piled up in the pleated HEPA filter, it could increase the resistance and then the major flow rate will reduce as the total flow rate to lower the particle collection efficiency.

CONCLUSION

The air cleaning machines designed for CBRN are rare. The interacting factors are as important as individuals though the mechanisms of cleaning pollutants are different. To realize the complex relationships still requires further studies, and we are looking forward to the advancing researches in the future.

Key words : virtual cyclone, CADR, CBRN, air cleaner.

Deciphering mediating characteristics of electron shuttles for reductive decolorization via microbial fuel cells

Bor-Yann Chen, Chung-Chuan Hsueh, Shi-Qi Liu, Junming Honga, I-Son Ngb, Yu-Min Wang

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, 1 Shan-Lung Road, I-Lan, 26047 TaiwanaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 36021, ChinabDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China

71

Abstract

Prior studies revealed that decolorized intermediates could play a role of electron-shuttling mediator to enhance the performance of dye decolorization and bioelectricity generation, this study selected model compounds with auxochromes (e.g., benezene-1, 2-diol, 1,2-diaminobenzene) to explore how chemical structure(s) affected color removal and power producing capabilities in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). According to cyclic voltammetry, respiratory testing and MFC data, promising electron-shuttling capabilities of aforementioned compounds were revealed using Proteus hauseri ZMd44, Aeromonas sp. C78, Acinetobacter johnsonii NIUx72seeded MFCs. These findings clearly indicated that chemical structure(s) of decolorized mediators directly affected characteristics of simultaneous reductive decolorization and bioelectricity generation in MFCs, suggesting feasible operation strategy of MFCs for industrial applications.

Keywords: Microbial fuel cell, Electron shuttle, Auxochrome, Reductive decolorization

A Case Study of Regional Livestock Waste Recycling and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Eastern Taiwan

Ming-Chien Su1, Yi-Zih Chen2;1, 2

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan

Principal ContactMing-Chien Su,Professor, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan,Phone886-3-8633331, Fax886-3-8633339, E-mailmcsu@mail.ndhu.edu.tw

Abstract

In the past decade, manure recycling technology has been well developed world wide; in addition, the technology has successfully commercialized to full scale energy & material recovery plants in many developed countries.By the law of Waste Disposal Act and Resource Recycling Act in Taiwan, the organic waste is required to recycling, which it can be reduced the emission of greenhouse gas which resulted from traditional treatment, and in advance to increase the quality of fertilizer made by manure.In Taiwan, there isabout 5 million tonesagriculture bio-wasteproduced every year. Hualien and Taitung County are unique agriculture and rural arealocated in eastern Taiwan. Where the annual agriculture bio-waste is roughly accounted 0.24 milliontons in 2011, which it is included livestock manure, rice husk and rice straw, these are very suitable materials to produce biogas and high quality fertilizer.The objectives of this research are (1) investigatingthe feasibility of convert manure to biogas and fertilizer for advanced energy use and land application for agriculture region in eastern Taiwan; (2) estimatingthe potentiality of reduction of GHGs by using biogas which come from manure to produce electricity. The statistic results showed the volume of biogas production reach approximately 1,507,834 (m3), which can be used to generate 3,533,985 kWh of electricity and can be helped to reduce the 3,702 tons greenhouse gases per year

KeywordsManure, resources recycling, greenhouse gas

Preparation of activated carbon from oil sand coke for removal of gaseous Hg

Jia-Wei Wu, Master student, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology

Hsing-Cheng Hsi, Associate Professor, Graduate Instituteof Environmental Engineering, Nation Taiwan University

Zaher Hashisho, Associate Professor at Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada

Abstract

Mercury is a toxic pollutant. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published the Clean Air Act (Clean Air Act, CAA) in 1990 listing that mercury is a hazardous air pollutants (Hazard Air Pollutions, HAPs). The emission of mercury from coalfired power plant is the major source of mercury pollution. Activated carbon is the most commonly used adsorbent for the removal of mercury. Activated carbons can be more effective on mercury adsorption after impregnation with sulfur, even though sulfur impregnation may reduce the surface area.

Activated carbons were successfully prepared from oil sand coke, the leftover material resulting from the refining of petroleum, under various microwave activation time at a fixed proportion of KOH. The surface area and pore volume were developed within short microwave activation time. An increase in activation time caused the gradual decrease in sulfur, which greatly affects Hg0 absorption. The Hg0 absorption experiments showed that under the Hg0/N2 condition, equilibrium adsorption was not achieved for all the tested samples. Although the raw cokes F0 and D0 have small surface area (12.6 and 1.5 m2 g-1 respectively), both raw cokes had the greatest mercury removal efficiency up to 90% due to their high sulfur content up to 6 wt%. All the resulting activated carbons had smaller Hg0 absorption compared to their coke precursors, indicating the importance of sulfur on Hg0absorption. Under Hg0/N2 condition, Hg0 appeared to be chemisorbed on activated carbons.Under the flue gas condition, the Hg0 removal of D0 decreased, but the Hg0 removal of F0 and the other samples increased. These results suggest that a combination of physisorpiton and chemisorption may control the Hg0 adsorption when flue gas components involves in.

Keyword: oil sand, activated carbon, Hg, flue gas, sulfur

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1

2

*, Tel:06-2664911#6337,E-mailchiru.yang@gmail.com

()10%20%30%(mg/g-incense) 10%14%22% 0%7%19% 9%25%31%PAHs

Observed aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponentinurban area of Nanjing, China

Li Shu1,a*, Wang Tijian1,b, Han Yong1,c and Zhuang Bingliang1,d

1 School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

alishu@nju.edu.cn,btjwang@nju.edu.cn,chanyong@nju.edu.cn, dblzhuang@nju.edu.cn

*Corresponding author

Abstract

Aerosol optical properties from April 2011 to April 2012 at the Gulou station in Nanjing, China were measured and analyzed. The annual mean of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 440 nm was about 0.800.41, and the corresponding annual mean for the Angstrom exponent (AE) between 440 nm and 870 nm was about 1.220.28. The average monthly AOD440nm showed a seasonal variation with a maximum in August (1.330.53) and a minimum in October (0.650.31).The monthly mean of AE shows a minimum in May (0.880.39) and a maximum in December (1.350.18).

Keywords: aerosol optical depth, Angstrom exponent, urban area, Nanjing.

Is frequent haze in central-eastern China related to Tibetan Plateau

Tianliang Zhao1, Xiangde Xu2, Chungu Lu3, Feng Liu4, Yudi Guo1, Guoan Ding2,

Yinjun Wang1, Hongxiong xu2

1 Key Lab for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of CMA, Nanjing University of Information Science& Technology, Jiangsu, 210044, China

2 State Key Laboratory of Severe WeatherChinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China

3 National Science Foundation, VA 22230, USA

4 Center for Atmospheric Science, Division of Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA

Abstract

Frequent haze outbreaks over a large area of central-eastern China (CEC) in January 2013 have attracted worldwide attention. Apart from anthropogenic emissions related to the rapid industrialization of China in recent decades, the interplay of climate change with the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and more extreme weather events in China is found as an important natural factor for the large scale haze formation. Based on the observational data (19612012), the CEC-region from the eastern TP-edges to the flatlands in CEC is climatologically regarded as a large-scale susceptible region of frequent haze occurrences where haze events are consistent with weak surface wind and the strong sinking motion in temporal and spatial distribution. Due to the terrain effect of TP on the westerlies, the downward currents and weak winds in near-surface layers easily form a harbor stagnation area with stable atmospheric stratifications for the regional pollutant accumulations. As a vast elevated landmass, the wintertime TP acts thermodynamically as a huge cooling source protruding into the free atmosphere. The aerosol transport and depositions have increasingly dirtied and even melted the snow- and ice-dominated TP. With the changes of climate forcing via snow and ice albedos over the TP-regions, the TP-wintertime cooling source has been experiencing a decreasing trend over the past decades. In association with the debility of plateaus cooling source, the lower-tropospheric winds are declined, and the subsidence airflows are reinforced over the CEC-region, where the day number of haze has significantly negatively correlated to the surface wind with R2=0.7075. The plateaus thermal anomalies could also lead to the upper warming and lower cooling in the atmosphere, resulting in more stable atmospheric stratification in the CEC regions. The integrated consequences of weakening winds, intensifying descents and calmer atmosphere could enhance the air pollutant harbor effect of TP aggravating the haze events in the CEC with the current anthropogenic emissions. With the influence of climate change on the TP, the central-eastern region of China, known as the susceptible region of haze, is facing a bigger challenge toward maintaining clean air.

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Master Planning for Singapores Jurong Lake District, A Case Study in Sustainable Resource Management

Sara J. Head,1Sibarani Sofian,2Xiaoqing Li2, Thomas Tang, PhD3; 1AECOM, Camarillo,

CA, USA, 2AECOM, Jakarta, Singapore, 3AECOM, Hong Kong.

Principal Contact: Sara J. Head, Vice President, AECOM, 1220 Avenida Acaso, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA, phone: 805-233-3995; fax: 805-388-3577; sara.head@aecom.com

Located in the western region of Singapore, the Jurong Lake District includes a freshwater lake/reservoir surrounded by parkland. Over the next decade, the new district is expected to become home to the largest commercial hub outside the city center, boasting all the elements of a vibrant mini-metropolis, with open spaces, commercial complexes, entertainment venues and residential buildings. AECOMused its Sustainable Systems Integration Model (SSIM) and our global team to determine the optimal sustainable development plan for this new 360-hectare District.SSIM was used to guide in the modifications to the land use plan and measures that were eventually adopted in this master planning effort.The SSIM allowed the AECOM team to model and optimize key components in the overall sustainability of the development plan.

The urban form, which constitutes the largest determinant of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, was evaluated across a variety of indicators to ascertain which option had the lowest inherent carbon footprint, highest local trip capture, connectivity and land use balance.AECOM assessed the effect of building options on the microclimate, in terms of temperature, solar radiation and wind flows, as well as the wider impact of the development on the potential heat island effects of the Jurong Gateway District, the urban area of the project.SSIM's independent energy module anticipated annual electrical and gas consumption and informed a cost/benefit analysis that identified the percentage of GHG reduction per thousand dollars invested for each of a series of development options.Based on the Singapore context, the team developed a sustainable mobility modeling technique that benefits from transport enhancements at the district scale and is measurable in terms of vehicle kilometers traveled reduction, mobile GHG emissions reduction and cost-benefit relationships.

Part of the vision was to develop a natural treatment system to enhance Jurong Lake's water quality and provide a sustainable balance between rainfall and urban water demand. Strategies for water conservation, combined with treatment of stormwater and natural treatment for lake water quality can enable the District to provide for all of its water needs. AECOM's ecology team worked closely with the urban design group to identify masterplan modifications that improved ecosystems services. The team was able to identify an increase in habitat value and carbon sequestration, and a 1-degree decrease in micro-climate.

Detailed cost/benefit analysis for all sustainability components ensured that the overall optimized sustainable framework could be implemented with positive economic impact.

Gasficationof Solid Waste Residuals as Part of a Zero Waste Strategy

Samuel A. Vigil,

Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA

Principal Contact:,Samuel A. Vigil, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA, Phone: 805-471-9310, E-mail: svigil@calpoly.edu

Abstract

The residuals remaining after waste reduction, composting, and recycling have been applied to municipal solid waste may have significant fuel value. Gasification of these residuals can be an effective part of a Zero Waste strategy. Although gasification technologyhas been practiced for over 100 years, it has yet to achieve widespread use in the processing of solid waste. Several projects using unseparatedsolid waste (similar in operation to mass burn incinerators) have been tried in the past with mixed results.This presentation will discuss the theory and practice of the gasification of separated solid waste residuals. This approach allows the use of simplified low temperature air gasification. Gasification offers the potential of small scale systems suitable for smaller communities and industrial parks. The environmental effects of gasification will also be discussed. The end products of air gasification include low energy gas (syngas), liquid tars, and solid biochar. Liquid tars can be reduced or eliminated by careful control of temperatures. The solid biochar can be used as a soil amendment.Syngas, the principal product of gasification, is composed typically of about 10%CO2,20% CO, 15 %H2, 2% CH4, with the balance being N2 . The energy content of the gas is typically 5 MJ/m3 (saturated, 1 atmosphere, 0 degrees C). The syngas requires cleanup prior to use in pstonengines or gas turbines. Gas cleanup processes include particulate removal, condensate removal, and H2S treatment (depending on fuel sulfur content). Particulate removal is critical to protect the moving surfaces of turbines or piston engines. Boiler applications are less critical, usually only requiring particulate removal. Air emissions from the energy recovery systems can be controlled with existing technologies. Municipalities have been disinclined to adapt gasification processes in the past because of the perceived risk of an unfamiliar technology. The presentation will also discuss several solid waste gasification projects which are being implemented due to innovative financing schemes which reduce risk to municipalities.

Product Positioning and Business Risk in Green Supply Chain

Yenming J. Chen

Department of Logistics Management,

National Kaohsiung 1st Univ. of Sci&Tech

2 Jhuoyue Rd., Nanzih District,

Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan

Phone:011-886-7-601-1000#3214, Email: yjjchen@nkfust.edu.tw

Abstract

This paper examines the conditions under which industrial product suppliers will attain their extended producer responsibility goal when business risk is present in the emerging trend of global greenness. Differing from ordinary consumers, industrial customers are strongly affected by the extent of eco-design and production cost of the supplies. Because business risks associate with the competitive responses and customer preference, suppliers will hesitate to endow large resources to produce high green quality products. Intuitively, companies will move toward less green quality in order to avoid potential business loss due to the uncertainty of customer preference distribution. This paper strives for establishing a concrete relation between green quality and business risk with respect to market responses. We find that, under a production improvement condition, the more sensitive of customers to the their green quality preference, the firms are more willing to produce higher green quality products. When considering stochastic demand, the high-end company can grab larger market share for high uncertainty under the production improvement condition.

Keywords:Hotelling competition model, non-uniform consumer preference distribution, production cost, industrial marketing, industrial product competition in green quality, green supply chain